Biology Notes

Chapter 8:CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Q1.Name the scientist who discovered cell?

Robert Hooke is the scientist who discovered the cell.

Q2.Define cell theory

The cell theory was given by three scientists - Schleiden , Schwann and Virchow.
The three postulates of cell theory are-
a. All living organisms are made of cells.
b. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
c. All cells arise from pre- existing cells by cell division.

Q3.List the parts of a cell.In a tabular column list the functions of the parts of the cell.
Every plant and animal cell has a
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nucleus .

Parts of a cell Functions

CELL MEMBRANE / PLASMA MEMBRANE 1.It protects the cell

2.It gives shape to the cell
 outermost layer in an animal cell 3.It separates the cell from another cell and its
 second layer in the plant cell surrounding medium
4.It is porous in nature and allows the selective
movement of substances in and out of the cells

CYTOPLASM 1. It is the site for many chemical reactions

 jelly like fluid present inside the cell (breakdown of glucose)
membrane 2.It contains all the cell organelles and is an important
part of protoplasm (cytoplasm + nucleoplasm).

NUCLEUS
 largest spherical organelle found in 1. It controls all the cell activities like cell growth and
every cell. cell division.
2. It plays an important role in the inheritance of
characteristics from the parent to the offspring. This
takes place through the units of inheritance called
genes.

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Q4.Draw a neat labelled diagram of nucleus. Explain the parts of the nucleus.

STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEUS

Parts of a nucleus Structure / Functions

Nuclear membrane Double membraned layer

Nuclear pore / nucleopore Pores/gaps present in the nuclear membrane . It allows the
movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

Nucleolus Spherical body in the nucleus

Nucleoplasm Jelly like substance present in the nucleus

Chromatin material Thread-like structures .

They form chromosomes during cell division.
It contains the units of inheritance called genes. It controls the
transfer of a hereditary characteristic from parents to offspring

Q5.In a tabular column , list the functions of various organelles found in the plant and animal cell.

PARTS OF A CELL FUNCTION

PLASTIDS(CHLOROPLAST) 1.They are the pigment containing organelles found in the cytoplasm
of the plant cell.
2.chlorophyll containing plastids are called chloroplasts they play an
important role in photosynthesis.

LYSOSOMES They are called the suicide bags of the cell. They help in the digestion
of waste materials and even their own damaged cells.

ENDOPLASMIC It helps in the synthesis of the proteins and lipids.

RETICULUM

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 GOLGI BODY/ It helps in the packaging, storage and transportation of substances in
DICTYOSOMES the cell.

MITOCHONDRIA Called the powerhouse of the cell. Energy during respiration is

produced here.

VACUOLE It stores food, waste products or cell sap

Q6.List the function of cell wall found in plant cell

It gives shape, support and protection to the plant cell

Q7.List the difference between plant cell and animal cell

Parameters Plant cell Animal cell

Cell wall Present Absent

Plastids Present Absent

Vacuoles One large vacuole Many small vacuoles seen or vacuoles maybe
absent.

Location of Pushed to the periphery of the cell In the centre of the cell.
nucleus

Animal Cell

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
PLANT CELL

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 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL

STRUCTURE OF A PROKARYOTE : BACTERIA

Nucleoid
Cell membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm

Flagella

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

Parameters Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Nucleus There is no well defined nucleus There is a well defined nucleus.

Nuclear membrane Absent Present

Nuclear material It is in direct contact with It is not in direct contact with cytoplasm
cytoplasm

Examples Bacteria, blue-green algae Human beings , cat

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 Structural organisation in multicellular organisms
Cells -Tissues OransOrgan system Organism
Nerve cell – nervous tissue – organs (brain) – nervous system – organism

Draw a neat labelled diagram of a neuron

Structure of a nerve cell or neuron

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