The document discusses the properties of d-block and f-block elements. It describes that d-block elements are also known as transition metals and are present from the 4th period onwards, having electronic configurations of (n-1)d1-10ns0-2. It outlines the general properties of transition metals such as variable oxidation states, trends in ionization energies and electrode potentials, magnetic behaviors, and ability to form complexes and alloys. It then discusses important compounds like potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, and provides details about their preparation, properties, and uses. Finally, it characterizes the inner transition f-block elements and lanthanides and actinoids within it.
The document discusses the properties of d-block and f-block elements. It describes that d-block elements are also known as transition metals and are present from the 4th period onwards, having electronic configurations of (n-1)d1-10ns0-2. It outlines the general properties of transition metals such as variable oxidation states, trends in ionization energies and electrode potentials, magnetic behaviors, and ability to form complexes and alloys. It then discusses important compounds like potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, and provides details about their preparation, properties, and uses. Finally, it characterizes the inner transition f-block elements and lanthanides and actinoids within it.
Original Title
XII_CH8_D AND F BLOCK ELEMENTS_14a85ba6-8a44-4cb8-9cde-8bb7a0279540
The document discusses the properties of d-block and f-block elements. It describes that d-block elements are also known as transition metals and are present from the 4th period onwards, having electronic configurations of (n-1)d1-10ns0-2. It outlines the general properties of transition metals such as variable oxidation states, trends in ionization energies and electrode potentials, magnetic behaviors, and ability to form complexes and alloys. It then discusses important compounds like potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, and provides details about their preparation, properties, and uses. Finally, it characterizes the inner transition f-block elements and lanthanides and actinoids within it.
The document discusses the properties of d-block and f-block elements. It describes that d-block elements are also known as transition metals and are present from the 4th period onwards, having electronic configurations of (n-1)d1-10ns0-2. It outlines the general properties of transition metals such as variable oxidation states, trends in ionization energies and electrode potentials, magnetic behaviors, and ability to form complexes and alloys. It then discusses important compounds like potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, and provides details about their preparation, properties, and uses. Finally, it characterizes the inner transition f-block elements and lanthanides and actinoids within it.
1. Introduction dd-block elements are present from fourth period onwards. There are mainly three series of the transition metals – 3dd series (Sc to Zn), 4d series (Y to Cd) and 5d series (La to Hg, omitting Ce to Lu). d-block elements are known as transition elements because their position in the
the dd-block elements is (n – 1)d1-10nsº –2 but Cu+, Zn, Cd, Hg etc. [(n – 1)d10] are d-block d d d-orbitals.
Transition Metals of d-block Elements
3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th group group group group group group group group group group ns2 d1 ns2d2 ns2d3 ns2d5 ns2d5 ns2d6 ns2d7 ns2d8 ns2d10 ns2d10
(i) Atomic and Ionic Radii In transition metals, left to right net nuclear charge increases due to poor shielding effect. Due to this, the atomic and ionic radii for transition elements for a
(ii) Enthalpies of Atomisation
Transition elements exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization because of large number of unpaired electrons in their atoms. They have stronger interatomic interaction and hence, stronger bond. (iii) Ionisation Enthalpies In a series from left to right, ionization enthalpy increases due to increase in nuclear charge. d metals, though
one electron alters the relative energies of 4s and 3dd orbitals.
(iv) Oxidation States Transition metals shows variable oxidation state due to two incomplete
forms ionic compounds. In higher oxidation state compounds are normally covalent.
4 and Fe(CO)5 show zero oxidation state. (v) Trends in the Standard Electrode Potentials 2+ ions in solution and their standard electrode potentials.
enthalpy standard potential (EºM2+/M) will be positive and reactivity will be lower and vice-versa. (vi) Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States The higher oxidation numbers are achieved in TiX4, VF5 and CrF6. The + 7 state for Mn is not represented in simple halides but MnO 3F is known and beyond Mn no metal has a trihalide except FeX3 and CoF3 and increasing order of oxidizing power in the series VO2+ < Cr2O72 < MnO4 . (vii) Magnetic Properties
magnetic behavior are observed : diamagnetism and paramagnetism. Paramagnetism
due to presence of unpaired electrons, each such electron having a magnetic moment associated with its spin angular momentum.
Magnetic moment =
where, n = number of unpaired electrons.
If all electrons are paired, substance will be diamagnetic and magnetic moment will be zero. The d- and f-Block Elements
(viii) Formation of Coloured Ions
d-orbitals are non-degenerated in presence of ligands. When an electron d from a lower energy d d-orbital is excited to a higher energy dd-orbital, the energy of required wavelength is absorbed and rest light is transmitted out. Therefore, the colour observed corresponds to the complementary colour of the light absorbed.
2 O5, V is in + 5 oxidation state. It is coloured due to defects in crystal lattice. (ix) Formation of Complex Compounds
acceptance of lone pair of electron from ligands.
d-orbitals of appropriate energy in order to accommodate d the lone pair of electrons. (x) Catalytic Properties
multiple oxidation states and to form complexes, therefore used as a catalyst.
adsorbed. (xi) Formation of Interstitial Compounds
transition metals and form interstitial compounds.
as follows : (i) They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals. (ii) They are very hard, some borides approach diamond in hardness. (iii) They retain metallic conductivity. (iv) They are chemically inert. (xii) Alloy Formation Alloy is the homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. Transition metals have
structure and form homogeneous mixture and form the alloy.
E.g., Brass (copper-zinc) and bronze (copper-tin) etc. 3. Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) (i) Ore Ferrochrome or chromate (FeO.Cr2O3) or (FeCr2O4) (ii) Preparation 4FeO.Cr2O3 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2 (yellow)
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
(orange) Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl Sodium dichromate is more soluble than potassium dichromate.
depending upon pH of the solutions.
(iii) Properties
K2Cr2O7 will oxidise iodides to iodine, sulphides to sulphur, tin (II) to tin (IV) and iron (II) salts to iron (III). Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6I 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2 Cr2O72 + 3H2S + 8H+ 2Cr3+ + 3S + 7H2O Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 3Sn2+ 3Sn4+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (iv) Uses (a) K2Cr2O7 is used as oxidizing agent in volumetric analysis. (b) It is used in mordant dyes, leather industry, photography (for hardening of
(c) It is used in chromyl chloride test.
(d) It is used in cleaning glassware. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO 4) (i) Ore Pyrolusite (MnO2) (ii) Preparation 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O (green)
3MnO42 + 4H+ 2MnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
The d- and f-Block Elements
(iii) Commercial preparation
(iv) Properties KMnO4 acts as strong oxidizing agent. (a) In presence of dilute H2SO4, KMnO4 is reduced to manganous salt. MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O Acidic KMnO4 solution oxidizes oxalates to CO2, iron (II) and iron (III), nitrites to nitrates and iodides to iodine. The half reactions of reductants are C2O42 CO2 + 2e Fe2+ Fe3+ + e NO2 NO3 + 2e 2I I2 + 2e To acidify KMnO4, only H2SO4 is used and not HCl or HNO3 because HCl reacts with KMnO4 and produce Cl2 while HNO3, itself acts as oxidizing agent. (b) In alkaline medium, KMnO4 is reduced to insoluble MnO2. MnO4 + 3e + 2H2O MnO2 + 4OH Alkaline or neutral KMnO4 solution oxidizes I to IO3 , S2O32 to SO42 , Mn2+ to MnO2 etc. (v) Uses (a) In laboratory preparation of Cl2. (b) KMnO4 is used as an oxidizing agent, disinfectant. (c) In making Baeyer’s reagent. 4. The Inner Transition Elements (f-Block) The ff-block consists of the two series, lanthanoids and actinoids. Lanthanoids are known as rare earth metals and actinoids are known as radioactive elements (Th to Lr). Lanthanoids General characteristics f1-14, 5dd0-1, 6s2.
charge. This is known as lanthanoid contraction.
aqueous solutions. Neither La3+ nor Lu3+ ion shows any colour but the rest do so. f 0 type (La3+ and Ce4+) and the f14 type (Yb2+ and Lu3+) are all paramagnetic. The paramagnetism arises to maximum in neodymium. Ce4+; (Some elements) is favoured by its noble gas value for Ce4+/Ce3+ is + 1.74 V, the reaction rate is very slow and hence, Ce(IV) is a good analytical reagent. Pr, Nd, Tb and Dy also exhibit + 4 state but only in oxides. Eu 2+ is formed by losing the two s-electrons and its f7 of this ion. However, Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent changing to the common + 3 state. Similarly, Yb2+ which has f14 4+ f f-orbitals and is an oxidant.
lighters, toys, tank and tracer bullets.
Actinoids f1-14, 6dd0-2, 7s2. f f, 6dd and 7s orbitals. The genral oxidation state of actinoids is + 3.
