THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON

INFORMATION STORAGE AND DISSEMINATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

ILORIN LIBRARY KWARA STATE

BY

ADIO, OLUWATOSIN OMOLARA

LI/HND/F21/1815

SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY SCIENCE

SCHOOL COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,
THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OFFA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN LIBRARY SCIENCE

NOVEMBER, 2023

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project titled “the effect of information and communication technology

(ICT)on information storage and dissemination in the university of Ilorin library, kwara State.” is

prepared and submitted by ADIO OLUWATOSIN OMOLARA LI/HND/F21/1815 in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) in

library and information science in the school of Communication information technology, The

Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State, Nigeria.

_________________________ _____________________
Mr. Kolawole A.A. Date
Project Supervisor

_________________________ ______________________
Dr. Mrs. Adebayo, O.A. Date
Head of Department

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project work to God Almighty for the successful completion of the research work.

AND My awesome parents Mr and Mrs ADIO

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I dedicate this project work to God Almighty for the successful completion of the research work.

AND My awesome parents Mr and mrs ADIO

I am greatly indebted to Almighty God for giving me the Grace, strength, knowledge and

understanding to come this far and to end this project successfully.

My immense appreciation goes to my supervisor, MR.A.A kolawole My prayer is that you will

know not sorrow in your life. Thanks for your advice, support, patience, time and guidance in

seeing me throughout this research work.

I also acknowledge the great support of my parents,Mr and Mrs. Adio for their support morally,

spiritually and financially towards my academics, thanks for giving me a sound education. God

bless you all.

My regards and appreciation to all my supportive husband MR. adedolapo banjoko , my sisters

in person of MRS funke owoeye, Mrs. oluwabunmi oladosu, sister Elizabeth, my adorable young

sister omolola, also to my friends faith adanwonpo, Mrs bolarinwa and my colleagues thanks for

support and encouragement is well recognised. I make bold to say that even though the road was

strewn with obstacles, the Lord helped me.

I specially acknowledge the Head of Department (HOD) in person of DR.(MRS)O.A adebayo.

and every impactful lecturers in the Library and Information Science thanks.

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 ABSTRACT

This study examined the effect of information and communication technology on information
storage and dissemination in the university of Ilorin library Kwara state. The study employed
mixed methods methodology for data collection using well-structured questionnaire and
interview as primary sources of data collection. The study employed Random sampling
technique. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from the respondents. A total of fifty two (52)
questionnaire was administered of which forty two (42) was returned. Data collected from the
field were analyzed using descriptive method of analysis. Findings from the study revealed that
the storage and dissemination of information is not done with the aid of technological tools in
these Libraries and rarely make use of OPAC to provide easy access to their resources,
efficiency and effectiveness of ICT in the information storage dissemination of information were
not realized because of the low usage of ICT to drive operations in the library. The study
recommended that there should be a standard alternative source of power for proper Usage of
ICT facilities and management of university should help their users in subscribed for a database
that would assist them in having access to robust information.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

Table of Content vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to the Study 4

1.2 Statement of the Problem 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study 6

1.4 Research Questions 7

1.5 Significance of the Study 8

1.6 Scope of the Study 8

1.7 operational definition of terms 8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 9

2.1.1 The Concepts of ICTs 10

2.1.2 Advantages of ICT in Library Services 13

2.2 Availability of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Academic Libraries 14

2.3 Integrating ICT into our Libraries 16

2.4 Benefits of ICTs for Academic Library 17
2.5. Human Resources Requirements for ICT in Academic Libraries In Nigeria 18

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2.6 The Challenges of ICTs in Academic Library 19
2.7 Enabling Factors for adoption of ICT in Academic library. 20
2.8 ICT Facilities for effective Library Service Delivery 21
2.9 21st Century Information Providers 23
2.10 21st Century Information Dissemination in the Library 28
2.11 21st Century Information Dissemination Techniques 32

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 36

3.2 Population of the Study 36

3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques 37

3.4 Data Collection Instrument 38

3.5 Administration of the Instrument 39

3.6 Method of Data Analysis 39

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Data Analysis 40

4.3 Discussion of Findings 41

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings 50

5.2 Conclusion 52

5.3 Recommendations 52

Bibliography 54

Appendix 63

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Information and communication technology (ICT) refers to all technologies used to handle

telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual

processing and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions. Rana

(2015) opined that ICT holds the key to the success of modernizing information services.

Applications of ICT are numerous, but mainly it is used in converting the existing paper-print

records in the entire process of storage, retrieval and dissemination. Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure is an important resource of a modern library or

information center. ICT is the electronic means of capturing, processing, storing and

communicating information. Chandler, et al (2018) notes that ICT is the study, design,

development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based

information systems. The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer

networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television

and telephones. Ifueko et al., (2017) also presented a definition that ICT is the digital processing

and utilization of information by the use of electronic computers. It comprises of the storage,

retrieval, conversion and transmission of information.

Dissemination of library materials is fast if the documents are properly grouped, arranged and

stored in an orderly manner and in appropriate storage facilities. Carrying out research is

facilitated by easy access to information. Oketunji (2014). Easy retrieval of information depends

on the storage of the materials. ICT has revolutionized library and information usage.

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Information technology has aided library professionals to deliver quality information service and

provide remote access to the inter-nationally available information resources.

With the invention of Information and Communication Technology, libraries now use various

types of technologies to aid the services they render. Everyday new technological advances

affect the way information is handled in libraries and information centers. The impacts of new

technologies are felt by libraries in every aspect. Computing technology, communication

technology and mass storage technology are some of the areas of continuous development that

reshape the way that libraries access, retrieve, store, manipulate and disseminate information to

users. The academic library has been from its inception an integral part of institutions of higher

learning, rather than an appendix or adjunct. Oyedun (2015) defines academic libraries as those

libraries that are mainly found in tertiary institutions, they are established to support learning,

teaching and research processes. Over the past twenty seven years, academic libraries have been

affected by changes in information and communication technology. The rate of changes is still

accelerating in this area. The introduction of various information technology (ICT) trends has

lead to reorganization, change in work patterns, and demand for new skills, job retraining and

reclassification positions. Technological advancement of the past twenty five years, such as the

electronic database, online services, CD-ROMs and introduction of internet has radically

transformed access to information. Rana (2015) opines that ICT holds the key to the success of

modernizing information services. Applications of ICT are numerous but mainly it is used in

converting the existing paper-print records in the entire process of storage, retrieval and

dissemination

ICT has impacted on every sphere of academic library activity especially in the form of the

library collection development strategies, library building and consortia. ICT presents an

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opportunity to provide value-added information services and access to a wide variety of digital

based information resources to their clients. Furthermore, academic libraries are also using

modern ICTs to automate their core functions, implement efficient and effective library

cooperation and resource sharing networks, implement management information systems,

develop institutional repositories of digital local contents, and digital libraries: and initiate ICT

based capacity building programmes for library users. Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) has brought unprecedented changes and transformation to academic library

and information services, conventional LIS such as OPAC, users services, reference services,

bibliographic services, current awareness services, Document delivery, interlibrary loan, Audio

visual services and customer relations can be provided more efficiently and effectively using

ICT, as they offer convenient time, place, cost effectiveness, faster and most-up-to-date

dissemination and end users involvement in the library and information services process. The

impact of ICT characterized on information services by changes in format, contents and method

of production and contents and method of production and delivery of information products.

Emergence of internet as the largest repository of information and knowledge, changed role of

library and information science professionals from intermediary to facilitator, new tools for

dissemination of information and shift from physical to virtual services environment and

extinction of some conventional information services and emergence of new and innovational

web based. This study therefore examines the impact of ICT in the storage and dissemination of

library materials/information in academic libraries in the university of Ilorin.

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The University of Ilorin is located in the city of Ilorin in the Kwara State, north capital

Nigeria. It was one of the several Institution of higher learning established by a decree of the

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federal military of government of Nigeria. The university began in 1975 as a university college

affiliated to the University of Ibadan. Dr. T. N. Taruma who was a professor and Head of the

History Department at the University of Ibadan was appointed the first principal of the college in

September 1975. By December 1975, Taruma was appointed the Vice-Chancellor of the

University of Ibadan. As a result, Professor O. O. Akinkugbe was appointed as the new Principal

for the University of Ilorin (then, a University College) in 1975. Akinkugbe was the former Dean

of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ibadan.

Akinkugbe, made several visits to the second Military Governor of Kwara State, the late

Colonel Ibrahim Taiwo in connection with the new institution, such that by March 1976, he had

established residence at Ilorin. The support given to the fledgling Institution by Governor Taiwo

continued even more vigorously under the third Military Governor of the State, Brigadier George

Agbazika Innih, who proceeded a portion of the land of the Kwara State College of Technology

to the university. In October 1977, the institution attained full autonomous status with the

appointment of Professor O.O. Akinkugbe as the first Vice-Chancellor of the university.

The first set of 200 students were admitted on 23 October 1976 following an entrance

examination and academic work started on 25 October 1976 following the Principal's address.

The University College started with three academic faculties: Arts, Science and Education. The

university started off on a portion of the temporary campus of the Kwara State Polytechnic

known as the mini-campus. The mini-campus was the site of academic programmes for the

Faculties of Arts, Science, Education, Engineering & Technology, Business and Social Sciences

and Basic Clinical Sciences section of the Health Sciences Faculty. All operations of the

university were conducted on the mini-campus until January 1982 when more than 1000 students

studying in sciences were moved to the permanent site of the institution following completion of

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new Faculty blocks and residences for Natural Sciences and Engineering in the site. In 1983, the

law programme was established as a department under the Faculty of Business and Social

Sciences. Following a 6-year hiatus, the Law Department was accorded a full-fledged Faculty

status in 1993.

The university has fifteen faculties and dozens of (over 60) Academic Departments. The

faculties existing in University of Ilorin now are: Arts, Agriculture, Environmental Sciences,

Life Sciences, Management Sciences, Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, Communication and

Information Sciences, Education, Engineering and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences,

Veterinary Medicine, Law, Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Sciences (the last two faculties

are operating under the University College of Health Sciences). In addition, there are two

Institutes - Institute of Education and Unilorin Sugar Research Institute, this is in addition to a

full-fledged Postgraduate School. The university also has several centres notably among which

are: Centre for Ilorin Studies, Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, Ilorin Business School and

so on.

The library is the unit rendering academics information to the University and the Public.

The University of Ilorin library consist of the main library at the main campus in the college of

the University. The library was consequently opened in may, 1976.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There were times when libraries of higher learning meet the needs of their users. However, it has

been observed that during this era of information explosion, some of the Nigerian academic

libraries can no longer meet the needs of their clientele in term of information provision storage

and dissemination.

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 Information has grown technologically so much that its storage and dissemination can no

longer be met, and as such users are dissatisfied. It is against this backdrop that, this study

intends to investigate the effect of information technology on information storage and

dissemination at the university of Ilorin.

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of the study is to investigate the achievement and goals of information technology at the

university of Ilorin.

Specific objectives of the study are as follows

I. To know the numbers of information communication technology (ICT) facilities that are

available in the university of Ilorin.

II. To examine the factors that limit the acquisition of necessary ICT facilities in the library

III. To determine if the man-power to operate the facilities are sufficient enough

IV. To determine how the users get to know the operation of those facilities for their

information needs

V. To determine if the user know how to operate the gadget to the satisfaction of their needs

VI. To know the probable problem facings the library in relation to ICT facilities

VII. To determine if the availability of ICT facilities and usage enhance the performance of

students that use the library

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1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study sought answer to the following question

1) What are the numbers of information communication technology facilities that are available in

the university of Ilorin?

2) What are the factors that limit the acquisition of necessary ICT facilities in your library?

3) Is the man-power to operate the facilities sufficient enough?

4) How do the users get to know the operation of those facilities for their information needs?

5) Do users know how to operate the gadgets to the satisfaction of their needs?

6) What are the probable problems facing the library in relation to ICT strategies?

7) Does the availability of ICT facilities and usage enhance the performance of students that use

the library?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The academic library is the heart of the institution and its place in the academic setting is of great

importance to the academic community which it serves. Therefore, this study will serve as a

means of suggesting to the authorities of University of Ilorin, on the importance of information

Technology to information storage and dissemination. Also, the outcome of this study will assist

the library and its management to satisfy their user's needs, most especially in this era where the

entire world has now turned to a global village.

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1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study covers the information and communication technology (ICT) in Nigeria

academic libraries. To be specific, the study deals with the past and present level of information

communication technology at the University of Ilorin. In view of this, we would be able to

determine its strength and weaknesses in information storage and dissemination.

-1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

1) Clientele refers to the users of the library.

2) Dissemination means the manner at which information has being delivered.

3) Collection:- these are the holdings of the library.

4) Information:-is the end product of data processing

5) Information technology:- is regarded as any technology that is used in producing, organizing

and or distribution of information.

6) Academic libraries- these are library in the institution of higher learning like university,

polytechnic, colleges of education etc.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The definitions of ICT are based on the diverse views as proposed by different researchers. Make

Khan (2016) posited that ICT is all about technologies that aid in the communication process of

passing messages from the sender to the receiver. Khan (2016) concludes that technologies have

advanced the development of communication and multimedia equipment that are capable of

accepting data, processing data into information and storing both the data and information for

future use and reference purposes. Nebeolise, (2017) explains ICT to mean a branch of

Engineering dealing with the use of computers and telecommunications equipment to store,

retrieve, transmit and manipulate data. The British Northern Examination Association (BNEA)

defined ICT as “the study of information handling and its use in the society by means of modern

technology. This includes the acquisition, processing, storage and communication of information

in any form by appropriate means”. The role of Information and Communication Technology in

achieving institution’s or organization’s strategic goals has been of tremendous importance in

improving the services provided by libraries because of the inability of the existing traditional

manual methods to cope effectively and efficiently with the increasing volumes in the library.

Dissemination refers to the distribution of information to the users. This information could be of

any type and its subtypes. According International Encyclopedia of Information and Library

science, the dissemination is the “active distribution and the spreading of information of all kinds

are called dissemination of information. It concerns metadata as well as primary To disseminate

in the field of communication means to broadcast a message to the general public without direct

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feedback from the audience. Literature growth in knowledge domain has great impact on every

sphere of life especially in professional activities. This too has a visible on librarianship

profession, especially in library services. This tremendous growth has put the information service

providers in collection, processing and dissemination of desired information. At the same time

the role of librarianship “right information to the right user at the right time” is to be retained,

despite the knowledge explosion in every discipline.

The adoption of ICT has revolutionized service provision in libraries, their general information

management systems and led to the transformation in the way we manage information in the

information age. Special libraries provide a client focused library and information service. Their

staff obtains, organize, and provide access to selected, current and authoritative information

sources for their organization. The library staff uses information resources and communication

technology to facilitate effective and efficient client access to information that support the

objectives and goals of their parent institution.

2.1.1 The Concepts of ICTs

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Libraries can be understood as the

application of digital equipment’s to all aspects of library work. It can also be defined as the

type of technology that links the computer to the global computer network to make it possible for

users to acquire process, compare, store and disseminate oral, printed and pictorial information.

In effect ICT embraced all the technologies that enable the handling of information and facilities

in different forms of communication between man and electronic system, among divers’

electronic system such as Radio, TV, Cellular phones, computer network, and satellite systems

(Ormes and Dempsey, 2015)

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 According to Aina (2019), ICT in the library is concern with the technology used in

handling, capturing, processing, sorting, storing and disseminating information. It can also be

described as a range of technologies for gathering, storing, retrieving, processing, analysing,

transmitting information. Aguolu and Babatunde (2015) also opine that ICT use in libraries also

accomplish such receptive and tedious tasks as book ordering, loads and recalls much faster,

more accurately, more efficiently, and retiringly than human. In terms of professional services.

Lawal (2014) had also provided taxonomy of library tasks from which a universally applicable

ICT has emerged and adopted with local content.

Library Tasks

* Bibliography

* Bindery Preparation and Records

* Budget Preparation

* Cataloguing Classification and Indexing

* Date Processing

* Filling of Cards/Forms

* Formal Library Instruction

* General Administration

* Informal Library Instruction

* Information work and assistance to Readers

* Inter Library Loan Records

* Lending function (registration and Circulation work)

* Periodical Checking

* Photocopying
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* Policy Determination

* Public Relations

* Repairing and Mending of Books

* Selection Acquisition and withdrawal of Documents

* Shelving and Stock maintenance

ARL (1995) further emphasized that academic library is not a single entity and therefore

required technology to link the resources of many. The linkage between academic libraries and

information services are transparent to end users. Also, academic collections are not limited to

document surrogates and therefore extend to academic artefacts formats. With the above

description by ARL (1995); it suggests that automated academic library can also be referred to as

Electronic library or virtual library since their collection can both be accessed electronically via

internet resources. Having all these resources at its disposal suggest that academic library is not

only exciting but also an improvement of what obtains in the past due to better utilization of

resources and faster speed accessibility.

In agreement with the above statement, Akpan-Atata (2018) referred to academic libraries

as the organizations that provide resources such as specialized staff, to selects, structure, offered

intellectual access to, interpret, distributes, preserved the integrity and ensure the persistent

overtime of collections of academic works so that they are readily and economically available for

use by a defined community or set of community.

These suggest that academic library specifically required both the skills of librarians as

well as those of computer scientists to be able to contribute their part for their libraries to achieve

their goals. Without specialized skilled libraries that are adequately trained to use the digitization

resources, the process may not function well. Academic Libraries may not need to be single,

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completely digital system that provides instant access to all information for all sectors of society,

from anywhere in the world due to the complexities involved in building automated academic

libraries. Instead, they will most likely be collections of different resources and systems

2.1.2 Advantages of ICT in Library Services

Introduction of Information Technology (IT) in library has enormous advantages. According

to Igbeka (2015), and Adeleke (2018), they enumerated the benefits of IT to library services
as follows:

 Help researchers for effective literature review search needs.

 To introduce and provide new services, revitalize the existing services by providing faster
access to the resources, by overcoming the space and time barriers.
 The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is the computer form of assisting library
users to catalogue library materials.
 To provide need-based, (tailor made), browsing and retrospective search services to the
users.
 To have large number of databases in CDs.
 Computers have aided libraries with digital library which occupies little space but large
storage capacity.
 To utilize the staff for providing better information services.
 To retrieve and disseminate the information in user-defined format.
 To develop/upgrade the abilities of professionals.
 Information is preserved, conserved over a long period of time without image or quality
degradation.
 To encourage networking and resource sharing at local level.
 Placing orders, checking to avoid duplication of books, price, ordering etc. are done very
effectively using ICT technique.
 To have access to a number of national and international journals which are being
published only in machine readable form.
 To digitize the documents for preservation and for space saving.

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  To capture, store, manipulate, and distribute information.
 To improve the efficiency of library functions.
 Helps in the process of the serial control, preparing union list of serials and circulating
via e-mail to the branch libraries at different locations.
 To improve the cost effectiveness of library operations.
 To support library functions such as circulation, serials control, acquisition control, stock
maintenance and other routine office works and developing in-house database.
 To access library catalogues databases of other libraries through library networks. 
Global integration of library services.

 Universal access to information due to the use of Internet.

 Increased innovation and transformation of knowledge found in hardcopy books into

softcopy.

 Change in the philosophy of the library from being a physical structure housing books to
a database for universal access of information.
 IT has reduced the services/organization of the library by storing, retrieving and
discrimination of information in real time.
 Library automation has been of tremendous help to the library workers.

2.2 Availability of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Academic

Libraries
The demand for distant education in Nigeria is increasing, although this is still based on the

traditional technology of print media. Thus, there is the need to integrate IT into the distant

education programme. Majority of higher institutions in Nigeria, even those with good

Internet connectivity, are still at a low level of integration of ICT in teaching, learning,

research, library, information and managerial services (Ogunsola, 2014).

Ekong et al (2015) pointed out that some of the first generation university libraries, and a

few others, digitalization is taking place in many of their libraries and library information

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networks are established with connectivity through the university campus network to the

Internet. The Centre for Learning Resources (CLR) Covenant University, Ota has been

placed on the platform of full application of ICT because funds are made available for such

innovations. Ogunsola (2012) explained that some Nigerian University campuses are now

jam-packed with IT facilities. It is no longer strange to see lecturers and students doing their

research and other academic works using various IT devices like e-mail and the Internet.

Students can absorb more information and take less time to do so with the use of IT. declared

that librarians or any member of the academic community at Obafemi Awolowo University

Library can now easily find information concerning any book in the Library of Congress in

the US. Ogunsola (2018), in his opinion stated that University libraries can be transformed

into a new information services unit, providing electronic cataloguing (OPAC), electronics

acquisition/serials control, electronic interlibrary loan and calculation functions. Nigerian

academic libraries should not be left out of this global educational revolution. Ekong et al

(2015) pointed out that both the Federal Government of Nigeria and International funding

agencies are now interested in the general development of IT in Nigerian universities. He

also noted that, the Federal Ministry of Education embarked on the establishment of the

National Virtual (Digital) Library Project, to provide, in an equitable and cost-effective

manner, enhanced access to national and international library and information resources and

to share locally available resources with libraries all over the world using digital technology;

among other objectives. A model Virtual (Digital) Library at the National Universities

Commission (NUC) will be the laboratory of the university–based libraries.

Many academic libraries had, at different times, planned to automate their activities, but had

to drop the plans mid-way due to certain inadequacies, which Madu (2016) enumerated to

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including: Economical, Manpower problem, Political instability, Capital, Geographical

isolation, Social cultural and Exposure. Consequently, libraries especially those of tertiary

institutions have had difficulties in their attempts at achieving full application of IT in the

conduct of their operations; thereby failing to benefit maximally from such adoption. The

justification of this study thus lies in the central and critical role that IT plays in education

generally and library operations in particular that the use of audiovisual and electronic

resources has broken the barriers of time, distance, and locale, which impeded the growth of

formal education, just as Adeyemi et al (2018) emphasizes that students use these resources

to complete major assignments. He further stressed that “Audiovisual and electronic

resources have the potential for enhancing student learning. The role of these resources in

teaching and learning is one of the most important and widely-discussed issues in

contemporary education policy”. Omekwu (2016) observes that Nigerian libraries generally

lack functional Web access, and do not have home pages. Some institutions have an

institutional website, but the library has no presence there. The websites of such institutions

are being used for only admission purposes. A library homepage should be a component of

an institution's website. Libraries must upload their bibliographic records to become part of

global resources and should also be able to download information. As none of th-e

institution's libraries have a web presence, they do not exist in the virtual environment.

Etebu et al (2020) opined that without vast array of Internet facilities, librarians will not be

helpful to their clientele. It is only when they are skilled in the use of the Internet that they

can teach other library users to navigate the World Wide Web.

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2.3 Integrating ICT into our Libraries

The availability and utilization of ICT facilities is essentially to fast track the processes about and

to ensure that information resources spend the least period of time in library. It is also to provide

the most effective and efficient retrieval option to the library clientele. However Nigeria has been

struggling with a dire of technical talents to build, maintain and grow new ICTs for enhance

service delivery. In view of the rapid global transformation into knowledge based economy, the

problem of shortage of qualified human resources in the ICTs sector is a serious problem that is

compounded by shortage of funds in our academic libraries, Aina (2018). The unavailability of

high levels of skills of labour force and finances are therefore of critical importance and require

concerted efforts of all stakeholders particularly the government, the private sector, University

Governing Councils and international donor organizations if our academic libraries are to move

with time (Akparobore, 2015). The use of ICT in our academic libraries should entail three

components: Content, Delivery Mechanism and Frontend Infrastructure.

i Content: The creation of high quality interacting trained staff is the key to unlocking the

potentials of ICT usage in academic libraries as well informed and consistently high

quality staff can ensure good service delivery.

ii Delivery Mechanism: Effective Service Delivery needs communication infrastructure in

the form of broadband connectivity, fibre optic lines, table TV, Satellites link, free and

open software programmes and equipment’s.

iii Front End Infrastructure: This includes computer and its accessories, network

resources and facilities.

2.4 Benefits of ICTs for Academic Library

i ICTs- driven Academic Library has the following benefits

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 ii Improved searching methods through different search engines and manipulation of

information.

iii Improved facilities for information sharing.

iv Accessibility to information is made possible in a short time.

v Improved collaboration with other information institutions and centres. Opportunities to

form consortia where they can pull their resources together and get a good bargain of

scale to acquire library software.

vi Universal Access – people from all over the world gained access to the same information

as long as an internet connection is available.

vii Capacity - there are limited storage spaces in traditional libraries while ICTs based

academic libraries have the potential to store much more Information, simply because

digital information requires very little physical space to contain them.

viii Cost – the cost of maintaining automated academic library is much lower than that of a

traditional library. A traditional library must spend large sum of money paying for staff,

books, maintenance, rent and additional books (Ibinaye, 2015).

2.5 Human Resources Requirements for ICT in Academic Libraries In Nigeria

Human resources for ICT development and utilization in Academic Libraries in Nigeria may be

classified based on the occupational structure in the library profession and of ICT profession, or

into hardware professional, software professional, managerial professional, marketing and sales

personnel and support services personnel. Another classification may be into ICT development,

ICT programme operators and technicians (Madwewesi, 2017). Development of human

resources to enhance effective utilization of ICT in our libraries may also be done in the

following two approaches; responding to market demand, (clientele demand driven) and

18
developing skill human resources (human driven). As observed by Madwewesi (2017) in laying

down an ICT policy, the following basic factors should be taken into account:

(a) Human Resources in term of computer knowledge;

(b) The situation regarding computer hardware and computerization of the Libraries.

The questions then are: How do we use the tools provided by the free and open ICT platforms to

develop our human resources to enhance their service delivery capability? How do we prepare

our academic libraries for the present and future ICTs usage – software, hardware and

management?

2.6 The Challenges of ICTs in Academic Library

In recent study of awareness and use of ICT, Ukachi (2017), provides a valuable insight when we

consider the application of ICT in academic library The explanation for low usage is that a major

hindrance to the use of the software is unavailability of internet access in the libraries to enable

downloading of the software. This is as a result of lack of ICT equipment’s and Infrastructures in

our academic libraries, thereby denying libraries users the benefits inherent in ICT utilization.

The low patronage of the benefits of ICT had also been identified by Okojie (2016). According

to Okojie (2016): Libraries in the 21st Century have witnessed a tremendous paradigm shift from

their conventional functions of Acquisition, Organizing Storing, Preservation and dissemination

to creating hybrid functional libraries where Information and Communication Technologies

(ICTs) and Networking technologies run side by side with the traditional model. This has

transformed the manner in which services are rendered to clientele by de-emphasizing the idea of

ownership while promoting access and resource sharing. However the library and Information

Community especially in Nigeria is yet to fully annex and lineage the benefits provided by ICTs

particularly as it relates to providing better access to information resources. Academic Libraries

19
therefore that wants to move alongside this information age must embrace ICT that revolves

around computers to enhance effective service delivery. Enke (2012) found a diverse mix of both

technological (Lack of appropriate databases/mechanisms) and sociological (time, funding, and

human factors) as challenges facing the ICTs adoption in Nigerian Libraries.

2.7 Enabling Factors for adoption of ICT in Academic library.

It has been echoed earlier that library that works with the application of Information and

Communication Technologies not only has the best of the information in the world, it also has

the added advantage of meeting up the enormous demand for the information by users (Eyo &

Ebaye, 2019). In essence therefore, there are both external and internal factors to the library

environment which will endanger shift from the traditional library services to the technological

model. Omekwu (2015) identifies internal factors, which serve as catalyst for the availability

and easily utilization of ICT in academic libraries. These are:

(i) Management decision to introduce computer system.

(ii) Purchase of ICT based system like CD Ram data hold

(iii) Where the CEO of the organizational environment is computer literate or has been

successfully exposed to ICT driven information management methodologies.

(iv) Where Local Area Network has been initiated for the entire organization

(v) Where Library themselves champion the movement for application of ICT in their

organization.

(vi) The challenge to access and contribute to international Data base like Online Computer

library catalogue; Lexis, Nixes etc.

(vii) The need to increase the speed of services like bibliography compilation.

(viii) Decision to develop marketable information products and services.

20
(ix) Management decision to modernize information services and system to conform to

international standards and trends.

2.8 ICT Facilities for effective Library Service Delivery

Information as a product of research and management of the knowledge content of books,

Journals; and media outputs, have presented great challenges to library practices and information

professional in particular. Thus as information scientists whose work is information manipulation

and primary tool is data, there is a greater need to identify the appropriate ICT facilities relevant

to their designed operation, i.e. facilities that will enhance effective services delivery. Some of

these include:

(a) Computer system

(b) The Internet

(c) Fax Machines

(d) The Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)

(e) E-mail

(f) Scanners

(g) Printers

(h) Mobile phones with WAP wireless Application Protocol (i) Reprographic Machines

Computer: It is electronic devices which accepts, stores and process data as desired, retrieved

and stored data and print the result in required format. It comes in types: Analogue, Digital and

hybrid, and it can be Micro, Mini, Mainframe and supercomputer in sizes. It is called a system

when all the accessories are attached to performed aforementioned functions.

21
The Internet: The internet sometimes called the Net is a worldwide system of computer

networks. As a network of networks in which uses at any one computer granted the premium or

access, get information from any other computer. The acquisition, storage, processing and

dissemination of information processes has been the entire business of the library profession all

these years so we can be proud to say that the world has now come to apply what libraries have

loved to do all these decades, but in extremely more sophisticated and efficient manner.

The Online Public Access Catalogue: As the name implies OPAC is a computerized online

catalogue of the materials held in a particular library or library system. Modern computer OPACs

offer variety of search capabilities on several indexes book cover, video clips, and other

interactive requests and renewal functions.

E-mail: For many internet users electronic mail (e-mail) has particularly replaced postal services

for short transactions in Nigeria and the world as a whole. Its resolute hardware and software

allows unlimited usage with many service providers ability to read files written in HTML easily

accessibility and large memory to host mails, makes e-mail a reliable library tool.

Scanners: These are devices used to replicate or convert hard copies of information into

electronic formats for the purpose of editing, storage and transfer. They are another useful tool

for information delivery.

Printers: These are output devices required by computers for generation of hard copies of

information. They come in different types, speed and sizes.

Mobile Phones with Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): These are electronic/communication

devices for easily information dissemination and gathering regardless of geographical locations.

Service providers are many and very competitive for the libraries to choose from.

22
Reprographic machines: Machine in this class include Microscopy, photocopy and duplicating.

They help in duplication, storing and Retrieval of usually recorded message for easy us

2.9 21st Century Information Providers

In the context of this study, information providers shall refer to librarians, knowledge managers

and records managers. Information providers shall also refer to institutions that create and

disseminate information for public consumption (e.g. Libraries, archives and records centers).

More reference shall be made to operations in the library environment. These are professionals

tasked with the mandate to manage information or documents throughout their lifecycle; thus

from the time an information resource is created to the time it is disposed or discarded. These

information professionals manage the storage, maintenance and retrieval of information in a wide

variety of formats. Information repositories are gateways to knowledge and culture. They have

the ability to place an organization or individual at a competitive edge. In their endeavor to

achieving their objectives, various libraries or information repositories have continued to

automate their practices, digitize their collections and adopt new technologies to improve their

operations. Hence Librarians and other knowledge or information providers should equal the task

of providing the right information, at the right time, to the right people, using the right techniques

or tools. 6 For example; traditionally; librarians were known to be responsible for shelving

books, they were generally associated with the collection of books. It is the norm for a 21st

century library to have wireless connectivity and outlet access. Some libraries even have

extended services such as coffee café. 21st century information seekers view the library as their

second home due to conducive environments and services offered in the digital age. Gisolfi

(2014, para. 1) States that “public libraries are busier and more popular with patrons than ever.

23
Today’s library is a place for social interaction as well as quiet reading. It is a community

cultural center, not simply a repository for books. It is a welcoming building with a design focus

on transparency, not a series of isolated spaces.” The following are some of the emerging trends

in the 21st century library spaces; an informal community cultural center, transparency among

spaces so patrons can be seen and more easily served, reading spaces interspersed within the

various collections, larger and more varied spaces for children and teens, community, meeting,

and activity rooms of varied sizes, daylight in all areas of the building, connections to outdoor

space, spaces devoted to computer and internet instruction and online research, flexibility to

accommodate future requirements and the library as a community model for sustainable practice.

21st Century Information Dissemination Techniques The birth of technology and continuous ICT

developments are changing libraries in terms of information acquisition, storage, organization,

maintenance and the methods of rendering services (Fagbola, 2017). The following are some of

the methods used to disseminate information in the 21st century era. Most of these methods are

self-service techniques which involve the use of technology such as laptops, smartphones, PDAs,

MP3s, computers and many more. Online Public Access Catalogues and networked databases:

due to online presence of catalogues, users are able to retrieve and access information resources

in a timelier manner. Current OPACs can be accessed through the use mobile technology such as

cell phones. Library users no longer need to be within the library walls for them to access

OPACS and library databases. Information seekers retrieve various information sources through

mobile Online Public Access Catalogues and mobile based databases such as Pub Med (contains

biomedical literature with more than 26 million citations which may include Full-text content

(PubMed, 2017). The New York public library, University of Liverpool library, Jefferson county

public library and Nashville public library are some of the best practices examples in the use of

24
mobile OPACs (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016). Personal space/My Library: is a self-service platform

where library users manage their personalized accounts with custom-made collections. Here

users can set up and manage their profile, preferences for catalogue searches, receive alerts on

reserved items, check their records, track interlibrary loan request, renew borrowed items and

document delivery requests (Saxena & Yadav, 2015; Verma & Verma, 2014). National Tsing-

Hua University (NTHU) library makes use of this technology by embedding the item’s call

number, location, title and ISBN (Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2020). This platform presents a new

opportunity for electronic data interchange and selective information dissemination (Liu &

Briggs, 2015). Information providers are able to send customized scanned documents, images,

audio books and eBooks to library users’ personalized accounts (Saxena & Yadav, 2015). This

library service is also a good platform for e-learning and / distance learning (Prabhakaran &

Kalyani, 2014). Academic libraries can harness the advantages of mobile technology to

implement structures for distance learning by making information ubiquitous (Nalluri &

Gaddam, 2016). For example; Duke University implemented a free iPhone 10 application called

DukeMobile, it contains information on digital library resources. It also allows widespread

access to the library’s digital photo archive (Vollmer, 2010). Personalized user accounts and

library collections helps the users to feel in control of their information resources and increases

more interest in accessing library resources. Short Message Service (SMS) notification: It entails

the use of mobile telephony systems to disseminate information in the form of text messages and

multimedia content such as videos, images and audio files. Libraries use this service to alert

patrons regarding outstanding fees, renewals, provision of call numbers, interlibrary loan, issue

return notification, items on hold and new arrivals (Kumar, 2014; Negi, 2014; Wang, Ke, & Lu,

2015). An integrated library management software is used to generate such notifications, for

25
example; Libsys 0.7, AIM Hack, My Info Quest, Mosio's Text a Librarian, Upside wireless-used

by UCLA Libraries (Verma & Verma, 2014 ). Social media networks: information professionals

also make use of the social platforms for information dissemination. Social networks are more

appropriate for use on marketing information and delivering personalized information resources

to groups of people or individuals. SMS notification can also be used through the use of social

media networks (WhatsApp, Imo) and other web applications such as Google SMS, twitter,

Facebook and Pinterest (Prabhakaran & Kalyani, 2014). A best practices Wiki offers a list of

libraries which uses various types of SMS notification service (including web based SMS) and

other mobile library services to interact with their clients. Examples include; Denton public

libraries, Swiss National library and Simmons College library (Library success, 2014). Quick

Response (QR) codes are two dimensional barcodes that direct users to the desired websites

(Library success, 2014). It is time saving technology that acts as a pointer to indexed or

programmed URLs. The barcodes contain information about an item to which QR code is

attached. Users with smartphones use their camera features to scan images and decode the

information (Saxena & Yadav, 2015). QR codes are also known as mobile tagging (Verma &

Verma, 2014). Information professionals use this technique to direct users to relevant or

important websites, either on a certain topic or library adverts. 11 Online reference services: The

high volumes of inquires received by librarians can be overwhelming at times. Without being

able to help clients within the least reasonable time, customer service satisfaction will be

affected. Technology has made it possible for librarians and information providers to attend to

multiple customer queries at the same time (Lippincott, 2010). Using mobile reference service

technologies, brief responses to customer enquiries such as opening hours, call numbers, and

dictionary definitions can be provided instantly in real time (Liu & Briggs, 2015; Verma &

26
Verma, 2014). For example: live video calling can be done through Skype, Imo and WhatsApp

to chat with a reference librarian. Online platforms allows reference librarians to create a bond

with patrons and improve their efficiency through provision of 24/7 reference services revealed

that due to provision of mobile reference services, the Saint Louis University School of Public

Health library experienced improved marketing and delivery of library resources and services.

The librray was also able to cultivate and strenghthen liaison). Online VOD (MVOD) system

allows patrons to play videos on their mobile devise through the use of Wi-Fi or 3G network

(Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2012). Videos can be searched using access points such as name of creator or

tittle of the video (Prabhakaran & Kalyani, 2014). For example; the Oriental Institute of

Technology (OIT) library uses the MVOD system (Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2015). Library web sites

are being used in various libraries for marketing purposes and announce news or upcoming

events to their clients. Techniques such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) or ADR (Auto-Detect

and Reformat Software) are used to enable websites to rearrange and adapt to the size of the

mobile device being used (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016). With the influence of mobile technology,

libraries are transforming websites into mobile friendly interfaces (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016;

Negi, 2014). Every library should have a website that will enable information dissemination and

access by all types of users. Mailing lists: This is the most common method of information

dissemination. Using email in library services is paramount and allows for groups of people to

receive personalized information at the same time. 12 Conclusion and Recommendations From

the literature review, it is clear that ICTs allow simultaneous and multiple information access. It

is time saving and increases innovativeness. Though it provides various advantages, it has

brought with it challenges in the information management profession as roles and skills are

changing to suit the era. It is also evident from the literature that information seekers in the 21st

27
century era are also required to possess certain skills especially computer literacy skills. Libraries

that drive access to knowledge will accelerate economic development, build stronger

relationships between information providers and the community at large. Though the use of

technology, libraries can employ various information dissemination techniques such as

personalized collections, SMS notifications, QR codes, online reference services, social

networks, websites, mailing lists and OPACs. The call to re-organize libraries in developing

countries is long overdue. Technology, especially mobile technology is changing the way

information is delivered and accessed. Therefore it is only appropriate for information

repositories to challenge themselves to cope with the changes and adopt appropriate information

dissemination methods. These move will enable libraries and related institutions to remain

relevant in the 21st century era and gain competitive advantage. From the literature reviewed, the

researcher deduced that information literacy skills and technology are necessary for effective/

timely information provision and access. This will facilitate growth of a knowledge based society

with varied bene

2.10 21st Century Information Dissemination in the Library

Techniques The birth of technology and continuous ICT developments are changing libraries in

terms of information acquisition, storage, organization, maintenance and the methods of

rendering services (Fagbola, et al, 2017). The following are some of the methods used to

disseminate information in the 21st century era. Most of these methods are self-service

techniques which involve the use of technology such as laptops, smartphones, PDAs, MP3s,

computers and many more. Online Public Access Catalogues and networked databases: due to

online presence of catalogues, users are able to retrieve and access information resources in a

28
timelier manner. Current OPACs can be accessed through the use mobile technology such as cell

phones. Library users no longer need to be within the library walls for them to access OPACS

and library databases. Information seekers retrieve various information sources through mobile

Online Public Access Catalogues and mobile based databases such as Pub Med (contains

biomedical literature with more than 26 million citations which may include Full-text content

(PubMed, 2017). The New York public library, University of Liverpool library, Jefferson county

public library and Nashville public library are some of the best practices examples in the use of

mobile OPACs (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016). Personal space/My Library: is a self-service platform

where library users manage their personalized accounts with custom-made collections. Here

users can set up and manage their profile, preferences for catalogue searches, receive alerts on

reserved items, check their records, track interlibrary loan request, renew borrowed items and

document delivery requests (Saxena & Yadav, 2015; Verma & Verma, 2014). National Tsing-

Hua University (NTHU) library makes use of this technology by embedding the item’s call

number, location, title and ISBN (Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2015). This platform presents a new

opportunity for electronic data interchange and selective information dissemination (Liu &

Briggs, 2015). Information providers are able to send customized scanned documents, images,

audio books and eBooks to library users’ personalized accounts (Saxena & Yadav, 2015). This

library service is also a good platform for e-learning and / distance learning (Prabhakaran &

Kalyani, 2018). Academic libraries can harness the advantages of mobile technology to

implement structures for distance learning by making information ubiquitous (Nalluri &

Gaddam, 2016). For example; Duke University implemented a free iPhone 10 application called

DukeMobile, it contains information on digital library resources. It also allows widespread

access to the library’s digital photo archive (Vollmer, 2010). Personalized user accounts and

29
library collections helps the users to feel in control of their information resources and increases

more interest in accessing library resources. Short Message Service (SMS) notification: It entails

the use of mobile telephony systems to disseminate information in the form of text messages and

multimedia content such as videos, images and audio files. Libraries use this service to alert

patrons regarding outstanding fees, renewals, provision of call numbers, interlibrary loan, issue

return notification, items on hold and new arrivals An integrated library management software is

used to generate such notifications, for example; Libsys 0.7, AIM Hack, My Info Quest, Mosio's

Text a Librarian, Upside wireless-used by UCLA Libraries (Verma & Verma, 2014 ). Social

media networks: information professionals also make use of the social platforms for information

dissemination. Social networks are more appropriate for use on marketing information and

delivering personalized information resources to groups of people or individuals. SMS

notification can also be used through the use of social media networks (WhatsApp, Imo) and

other web applications such as Google SMS, twitter, Facebook and Pinterest (Prabhakaran &

Kalyani, 2014). A best practices Wiki offers a list of libraries which uses various types of SMS

notification service (including web based SMS) and other mobile library services to interact with

their clients. Examples include; Denton public libraries, Swiss National library and Simmons

College library (Library success, 2014). Quick Response (QR) codes are two dimensional

barcodes that direct users to the desired websites (Library success, 2014). It is time saving

technology that acts as a pointer to indexed or programmed URLs. The barcodes contain

information about an item to which QR code is attached. Users with smartphones use their

camera features to scan images and decode the information (Saxena & Yadav, 2015). QR codes

are also known as mobile tagging (Verma & Verma, 2014). Information professionals use this

technique to direct users to relevant or important websites, either on a certain topic or library

30
adverts. 11 Online reference services: The high volumes of inquires received by librarians can be

overwhelming at times. Without being able to help clients within the least reasonable time,

customer service satisfaction will be affected. Technology has made it possible for librarians and

information providers to attend to multiple customer queries at the same time (Lippincott, 2010).

Using mobile reference service technologies, brief responses to customer enquiries such as

opening hours, call numbers, and dictionary definitions can be provided instantly in real time

(Liu & Briggs, 2015; Saxena & Yadav, 2013; Verma & Verma, 2014). For example: live video

calling can be done through Skype, Imo and WhatsApp to chat with a reference librarian. Online

platforms allows reference librarians to create a bond with patrons and improve their efficiency

through provision of 24/7 reference services (Barnhart & Pierce, 2011). A study by Tao,

McCarthy, Krieger, & Webb, (2009) revealed that due to provision of mobile reference services,

the Saint Louis University School of Public Health library experienced improved marketing and

delivery of library resources and services. The librray was also able to cultivate and strenghthen

liaison relationships (Tao, McCarthy, Krieger, & Webb, 2009). Online VOD (MVOD) system

allows patrons to play videos on their mobile devise through the use of Wi-Fi or 3G network

(Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2012). Videos can be searched using access points such as name of creator or

tittle of the video (Prabhakaran & Kalyani, 2014). For example; the Oriental Institute of

Technology (OIT) library uses the MVOD system (Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2012). Library web sites

are being used in various libraries for marketing purposes and announce news or upcoming

events to their clients. Techniques such as CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) or ADR (Auto-Detect

and Reformat Software) are used to enable websites to rearrange and adapt to the size of the

mobile device being used (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016). With the influence of mobile technology,

libraries are transforming websites into mobile friendly interfaces (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016;

31
Negi, 2014). Every library should have a website that will enable information dissemination and

access by all types of users. Mailing lists: This is the most common method of information

dissemination. Using email in library services is paramount and allows for groups of people to

receive personalized information at the same time. 12 Conclusion and Recommendations From

the literature review, it is clear that ICTs allow simultaneous and multiple information access. It

is time saving and increases innovativeness. Though it provides various advantages, it has

brought with it challenges in the information management profession as roles and skills are

changing to suit the era. It is also evident from the literature that information seekers in the 21st

century era are also required to possess certain skills especially computer literacy skills. Libraries

that drive access to knowledge will accelerate economic development, build stronger

relationships between information providers and the community at large. Though the use of

technology, libraries can employ various information dissemination techniques such as

personalized collections, SMS notifications, QR codes, online reference services, social

networks, websites, mailing lists and OPACs. The call to re-organize libraries in developing

countries is long overdue. Technology, especially mobile technology is changing the way

information is delivered and accessed. Therefore it is only appropriate for information

repositories to challenge themselves to cope with the changes and adopt appropriate information

dissemination methods. These move will enable libraries and related institutions to remain

relevant in the 21st century era and gain competitive advantage. From the literature reviewed, the

researcher deduced that information literacy skills and technology are necessary for effective/

timely information provision and access. This will facilitate growth of a knowledge based society

with varied benefits

2.11 21st Century Information Dissemination Techniques

32
The birth of technology and continuous ICT developments are changing libraries in terms of

information acquisition, storage, organization, maintenance and the methods of rendering

services (Fagbola, Uzoigwe, & Ajegbomogun, 2011). The following are some of the methods

used to disseminate information in the 21st century era. Most of these methods are self-service

techniques which involve the use of technology such as laptops, smartphones, PDAs, MP3s,

computers and many more.

 Online Public Access Catalogues and networked databases: due to online

presence of catalogues, users are able to retrieve and access information resources in

a timelier manner. Current OPACs can be accessed through the use mobile

technology such as cell phones. Library users no longer need to be within the library

walls for them to access OPACS and library databases. Information seekers retrieve

various information sources through mobile Online Public Access Catalogues and

mobile based databases such as Pub Med (contains biomedical literature with more

than 26 million citations which may include Full-text content (PubMed, 2017). The

New York public library, University of Liverpool library, Jefferson county public

library and Nashville public library are some of the best practices examples in the

use of mobile OPACs (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016).

 Short Message Service (SMS) notification: It entails the use of mobile telephony

systems to disseminate information in the form of text messages and multimedia

content such as videos, images and audio files. Libraries use this service to alert

patrons regarding outstanding fees, renewals, provision of call numbers, interlibrary

loan, issue return notification, items on hold and new arrivals (Kumar & Chitra,

2008; Kumar, 2014; Negi, 2014; Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2012). An integrated library

33
 management software is used to generate such notifications, for example; Libsys

0.7, AIM Hack, My Info Quest, Mosio's Text a Librarian, Upside wireless-used by

UCLA Libraries (Verma & Verma, 2014 ).

 Social media networks: information professionals also make use of the social

platforms for information dissemination. Social networks are more appropriate for

use on marketing information and delivering personalized information resources to

groups of people or individuals. SMS notification can also be used through the use

of social media networks (WhatsApp, Imo) and other web applications such as

Google SMS, twitter, Facebook and Pinterest (Prabhakaran & Kalyani, 2014). A

best practices Wiki offers a list of libraries which uses various types of SMS

notification service (including web based SMS) and other mobile library services to

interact with their clients. Examples include; Denton public libraries, Swiss National

library and Simmons College library (Library success, 2015).

 Quick Response (QR) codes: are two dimensional barcodes that direct users to the

desired websites (Library success, 2015). It is time saving technology that acts as a

pointer to indexed or programmed URLs. The barcodes contain information about

an item to which QR code is attached. Users with smartphones use their camera

features to scan images and decode the information (Saxena & Yadav, 2018). QR

codes are also known as mobile tagging (Verma & Verma, 2019). Information

professionals use this technique to direct users to relevant or important websites,

either on a certain topic or library adverts.

34
 Online reference services: The high volumes of inquires received by librarians can

be overwhelming at times. Without being able to help clients within the least

reasonable time, customer service satisfaction will be affected. Technology has

made it possible for librarians and information providers to attend to multiple

customer queries at the same time (Lippincott, 2010). Using mobile reference

service technologies, brief responses to customer enquiries such as opening hours,

call numbers, and dictionary definitions can be provided instantly in real time (Liu

& Briggs, 2015; Saxena & Yadav, 2013; Verma & Verma, 2014). For example: live

video calling can be done through Skype, Imo and WhatsApp to chat with a

reference librarian. Online platforms allows reference librarians to create a bond

with patrons and improve their efficiency through provision of 24/7 reference

services (Barnhart & Pierce, 2011). A study by Tao, McCarthy, Krieger, & Webb,

(2009) revealed that due to provision of mobile reference services, the Saint Louis

University School of Public Health library experienced improved marketing and

delivery of library resources and services. The librray was also able to cultivate and

strenghthen liaison relationships (Tao, McCarthy, Krieger, & Webb, 2009).

 Online VOD (MVOD) system allows patrons to play videos on their mobile devise

through the use of Wi-Fi or 3G network (Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2012). Videos can be

searched using access points such as name of creator or tittle of the video

(Prabhakaran & Kalyani, 2014). For example; the Oriental Institute of Technology

(OIT) library uses the MVOD system (Wang, Ke, & Lu, 2012).

 Library web sites are being used in various libraries for marketing purposes and

announce news or upcoming events to their clients. Techniques such as CSS

35
 (Cascading Style Sheets) or ADR (Auto-Detect and Reformat Software) are used to

enable websites to rearrange and adapt to the size of the mobile device being used

(Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016). With the influence of mobile technology, libraries are

transforming websites into mobile friendly interfaces (Nalluri & Gaddam, 2016;

Negi, 2014). Every library should have a website that will enable information

dissemination and access by all types of users.

 Mailing lists: This is the most common method of information dissemination. Using

email in library services is paramount and allows for groups of people to receive

personalized information at the same time.

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The terminology research design means the plan and procedures used to conduct research

(Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018). There are three ways in which research can be investigated. It

could be by qualitative, quantitative, or mixed approaches. Based on the merits and the demerits

of the three approaches, no approach is better than the other. According to Kumar (2014), the

approach a researcher decides to make use of depends on the objectives of the study. Generally,

applying the inductive approach is usually related to qualitative researches of collecting and

analyzing the data, while the deductive approach is usually related to quantitative researches

(Marzano et al., 2015). Many researchers have made the choice of a single method approach

either qualitative or quantitative approach while some have used mixed methods approach for

their research studies. A mixed method research design will be adopted in this study. Mixed

methods research is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and “mixing” both quantitative and
36
qualitative research and methods in a single study to understand a research problem (Cresswell &

Plano Clark, 2018). Dawadi et al. (2021) categorized mixed method research design into three

namely, exploratory sequential design, explanatory sequential design, and convergent parallel

mixed-methods design. In this research project questionnaire and interview method will be used.

Questionnaires for the users and interview for the librarian, especially is the ICT department.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

Population refers to the set or group of all the units on which the findings of the research

are to be applied (Shukla, 2020). In other words, population is a set of all the units which

possess variable characteristic under study and for which findings of research can be generalized.

A sample size can be defined as a group of relatively smaller number of people selected from a

population for investigation purpose (Alvi, 2016). The process through which a sample size is

extracted from a population is called as sampling (Alvi, 2016). The members of the sample are

called as participants. Sample size is used to fairly represent the target population. It is said to be

representative when the characteristics of elements selected are similar to that of entire target

population. The more the sample is representative of the target population, the higher is the

accuracy of the inferences and better are the results generalizable (Alvi, 2016). There are

different formulae that can be used for the determination of appropriate sample sizes (Shukla,

2020).The population of this study comprises the entire fifty two (52) librarians staff of the

university of Ilorin library.

3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Sampling is the process of selecting a statistically representative sample of individuals from a

population of interest such that the inferences and study findings from the sample represent real

37
associations in the population of interest (Shukla, 2020). Sampling is an important tool for

research studies because the population of interest usually consists of too many individuals for

any research project to include as participants (Majid, 2018). A good sample is a statistical

representation of the population of interest and is large enough to answer the research question

(Alvi, 2016). A method used to select a sample is called sampling method. There are different

techniques that a researcher can use to obtain a representative sample from the population of

interest, and the techniques depends on the characteristics of the population of interest, the

desired power and significance level and the research question (Majid, 2018). Sampling methods

are broadly categorized into two major types which are probability and non- probability

sampling (Alvi, 2016). A simple random sampling method was adopted in this research and was

used to collect all the data needed for this study. In a simple random technique, every member of

the population has an equal chance of being selected (Creswell & Poth, 2018). The researcher

can use tools like random number generators or other techniques based entirely on the chance to

conduct this type of sampling. (Shukla, 2020). In gathering data and necessary information for

this project, the entire Fiffy two (52) library staff of the university of llorin was consider as the

sample size due to the low numbers of staff. Also, the Head of ICT department of the library was

interviewed.

3.4 INSTRUMENT(S) FOR DATA COLLECTION

Accurate and systematic data collection is critical to conducting scientific research. Data

collection allow us to collect information that we want to collect about our study. Data collection

is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established

systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and

evaluate outcomes (Kabir, 2016). The goal for all data collection is to capture quality evidence

38
that translates to rich data analysis and allows the building of a convincing and credible answer

to questions that have been posed (Mazhar et al., 2021). Depending on research type, methods of

data collection include: documents review, observation, interview, questionnaire, or a combinatio

n of different methods (Kabir, 2016). Questionnaire and interview is the main instrument for data

collection. These are for the Head of department of information and communication technology

and some selected users respectively. It should be noted that, the personal observation of the

researches was also used. This is to ascertain the information given by the respondents.

3.5 Administration of the Instrument

The questionnaires were given to respondent after the researchers have created a good

rapport with the legal involved. This is the personal encounter with the respondents in this study.

In achieving this how to go about the questionnaire was explained to the user. Then, the searcher

distributed the questionnaire to the respondents, the researcher had to wait until; the last person

finished filling the item and they were collected.

3.6 Method of Data Analysis

Data obtained from the field will be sorted, classified and organized into tables and/or frequency

distribution. All data collected through the well-structured questionnaire, and observation will be

subjected to statistical analysis. The result output from the analysis data will be presented in

frequency distribution tables, simple charts, percentage pie charts correlation, anova and forms

suitable for easy observations, conclusions and recommendations.

39
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Presentation of data is the data collected at the end of the study or survey. Conclusion researched

in this chapter is based on sample information gathered from the questionnaire as administered

during the field of study. It summarize the result, showing respondent covered in the study and

their response to the item under investigation with that of a questionnaire.

Table 4.1: Administered Questionnaire

No of Questionnaire Total responses Percentage of

administered Received Respondent

University of Ilorin 52 42 81%

40
The table above showed that out of 52 questionnaires distributed of which 42 questionnaire were

completed and returned. However,10 questionnaires were not returned and this represent 19%

administered.

4.2 What are the ICT facilities available in your library

ICT components used in libraries

20
10
0

Figure 4.1 above show ICT components used in libraries, all the component identified in the

literature are available in the library

Table 4.2: Demographics of Respondents

Demographics Frequency Percent (%)

Gender Male 24 57.1

Female 18 42.9

41
 Age Bracket <25 years 12 28.6
26-35 years 14 33.3
36-45 years 10 23.8
> 45 years 6 14.3
Educational Level SSCE 6 47.6
OND 10 23.8
HND/BSC 20 14.3
Master 2 4.80
Phd 4 9.50

Table 4.2 shows the response on distribution of respondents on gender, age brackets, and years of

working experience. In the gender category, Male gender has a count of 24 which is equivalent to

57.1% of the total population, while the female gender has 18 frequency counts representing

42.9%. In terms of age brackets, 12 (28.6%) of the respondents are less than 25 years, while

those within 26-35 years are 14 (33.3%). Similarly, 5 (23.8%) of them are within 36-45 years of

age, while 6 (14.3%) of them are above 45 years. In terms of the years of Educational level of the

respondents in the libraries, it was gathered that those that have SSCE certificate are 4 (9.50%);

those within OND are 10 (23.8%); those that have BSC/HND are 20 (40%). Those with master

are 10 (20.%) Only 4 (9.5%) of the respondents has Phd

4.3: Level of Application of Communication Technology on Information Storage and

Dissemination Techniques
Level of ICT Application in information VH H M L VL
storage and dissemination
Online Public Access Catalogues and networked 20 (47.6%) 19 2 (4.8%) 1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%)
databases (42.9%)
Personal space/My Library: 6 (14.3%) 22 14 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
(52.4%) (33.3%)
Short Message Service (SMS) notification: 4 (9.5%) 20 14 4 (9.5%) 0 (0.0%)
(47.6%) (33.3%)
Social media networks 6 (14.3%) 16 18 4 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%)

42
 (38.1%) (42.9%)
Quick Response (QR) 4 (9.5%) 18 12 4 0 (0.0%)
(42.9%) (28.6%) (19.0%)
Online reference services: 8 (19.0%) 10 16 8 0 (0.0%)
(23.8%) (38.1%) (19.0%)
Online VOD (MVOD) system 4 (9.5%) 10 28 0 (0.0%)
(23.8%) (66.7%)
Library web sites 2 (4.8%) 4 (9.5%) 28(66.7% 8 0 (0.0%)
) (19.0%)
Mailing lists: 2 (4.8%) 10 22 8 0 (0.0%)
(23.8%) (52.4%) (19.0%)
Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) 16 (38.1%) 12 14 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
(28.6%) (33.3%)
Use of Virtual Communication Tools in 6 (14.3%) 4 (9.5%) 22(52.4% 10 0 (0.0%)
Library ) (23.8%)

Table 4.3 shows the distribution of respondent on the level of applying ICT, especially for

dissemination of information to 20 (47.6%) of respondents rated very high that Online Public

Access Catalogues and networked databases application in the library. 16 (42.9%) of them rated

high, 2 (4.8%) of the respondent rated medium and low application, Similarly, 6 (14.3) of

respondents rated very high Personal space/My Library application in the library. 22 (52.4%) of

them rated high, 14 (33.3%) of the respondent rated medium application. Based on Short

Message Service (SMS) notification 4 (9.5%) rated very high application, 20 (47.6%) rated high,

14 (33.3%) rated low. Regarding Social media networks dissemination 6 (14.3%) of the

respondent rated very high application, 16 (38.1%) rated high level application, 18 (42.9%)

Rated moderate application only 2 (4.8%) of the respondent rated low. Also the use of Quick

Response (QR) code application 4 (9.5%) of the respondent rated very high, 18 (42.9%) rated

high, 12 (28.6%) rated moderated application and 8 (19.0%) of the respondent rated low. In

Addition, Online reference services application 16 (19.0%) rated very high, 20 (23.8%) rated

high, 8 (38.1%) rated moderate. consequently, Online VOD (MVOD) system application, 8

43
(9.5%) of the respondent rated very high the application 10 (23.8%) rated high and 28 (66.7%) of

the respondent rated moderate application. Furthermore, the application of Library web sites, 4

(4.8%) rated very high, 8 (9.5%) rated high, 28 (66.7%) rated moderate and 8 (19.0%) rated low.

Also, the application of Mailing lists, 2 (4.8%) of the respondent rated very high, 5 (23.8%) rated

high, 11(52.4%) rated moderate and 4 (19.0%) rated low. The application of Electronic Theses

and Dissertations (ETD) 8 (38.1%) of the respondent rated very high, 6 (28.6%) rated high, 7

(33.3%) rated moderate, none of the respondent rated low. Lastly the Use of Virtual

Communication Tools in Library 6 (14.3%) of the respondent rated very high, 4 (9.5%) rated

high, 22 (52.4%) rated moderate, 10 (23.8%) of the respondent rated low

Table 4.4 Contribution of ICT in the Provision of Information storage and dissemination

Contribution of ICT in the Provision VH H M L VL

Acquisition of Information Materials 16(38.1%) 18 (42.9%) 8 (19.5%) 0(0%) 0 (0.0%)

Selection of Information Materials 14(33.3%) 18 (42.9%) 8(19.5%) 2 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%)
Processing of Information Materials 10(23.8%) 20 (47.6%) 6(14.3%) 6(14.3%) 0 (0.0%)
Library Consortium 6(14.3%) 22 (52.4%) 5(23.8%) 4(9.5%) 0 (0.0%)
Organization of Information Materials 10(23.8%) 20 (47.6%) 10(23.8%) 2(4.5%) 0 (0.0%)
Dissemination of Information 8(19.0%) 24 (57.1%) 10 (23.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Materials
Tracking Record of Library users 8(19.0%) 26 (61.9%) 6(14.3%) 2 9.5%) 0 (0%)

Table 4.4 indicates the distribution of respondent on the Contribution of ICT in the Provision of

Information storage and dissemination in your library Out of all the respondents, 16 (38.1%)

rated very high that ICT contribute to the acquisition of information materials; 18 (42.9%) of

them rated high; 8 (19.0) rated moderate while none of them rated low and very low. For

selection of information, materials, 14 (33.3%) rated very high, 18 (42.9%) rated high; 8 (19.5%)

44
rated moderate 2(4.8) rated low Responses on the use of ICT for processing has a frequency of

10 (23.8%) rated very high ; 20 (47.6%) rated high 6 (14.3%) rated moderately and low.

Similarly, on the use of ICT for library consortium, has a frequency count of 6 (14.3%) rated

very high ; 22 (52.4%) rated high, 10 (23.8%) rated moderate, 4 (9.5%) rated low. For

organization of information materials with ICT, 10 (23.8%) of the respondent rated very high ;

20 (47.6%) rated high , 10 (23.8%) rated moderate. . On the use of ICT to track record of library

users, 8 (19.0%) of the respondents rated very high, 26 (61.9%) rated high ; while 8 (19.0%)

rated moderate, none of the respondent rated very low and low each disagree and strongly

disagree respectively. From the foregoing results, it can be concluded that the respondents are

aware of the great contributions of ICT in library routines such as acquisition, selection,

organization, dissemination of information, library consortium and in tracking of library users’

record.

Table 4.5 Efficiencies and Effectiveness of ICT on information storage and dissemination

VH H L VL
Efficiency and Effectiveness of ICT M
Taking record of library users is now 16(38.1%) 18 (38.1%) 10(23.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0.0%)
so easy with the application of some
ICT facilities
Most of referral services done in the 14(33.3%) 16 (38.1%) 4(9.52%) 6 (28.6%) 0 (0.0%)
library are fast and reliable
Reprographic ICT tools have made 18 (42.9%) 10 (23.8%) 6(14.3%) 6 (14.3%) 2 (4.8%)
information dissemination to be
easier
The availability of Internet for library 8(19.0%) 18 (42.9%) 2(4.8%) 14 (33.3%) 0 (0%)
users has reduced the workload on
librarians
The library carries out Current 6 (14.3%) 8 (19.04%) 8(19.04%) 16(38.1%) 4(9.5%)
Awareness Services
Users of the library have access to 8 (19.04%) 10 (23.8%) 4(9.52%) 18 (42.9%) 4 (4.8%)
library databases and E-resources

45
Table 4.5 shows the distribution of respondent received on the efficiency and effectiveness of

ICT in the dissemination of information I the library. The preposition, taking record of library

users is now so easy with the application of some ICT facilities rated very high and high with the

frequency of 16 (38.1%) respectively while 10 (23.7%) rated moderate and none of them rate

low and very low. Also 14 (33.3%) rate very high that most of referral services done in the

library is fast and reliable; 16 (38.1%) of them rated high 4 (9.3%) rated moderate, 12 (28.6%)

rate low. while none of them rated very low On the application of reprographic ICT tools as 18

(42.9%) of the respondents rated very high reprographic ICT tools have made information

dissemination to be easier; 10 (23.8%) rate high 6 (14.3%) rated moderate ; while 6 (14.3%) low

and 2 (4.8%) rated very low. Subsequently, 8 (19.0%) rated very high that the availability of

internet for library users has reduce the workload on librarians; 18 (42.9%) high 2 (4.8%) rated

moderately 14 (33.3%) rated low while none of them rated very low with this. On whether the

library carries out current awareness services 6 (14.3%) rated very high; 8 (19.04%) rated high, 8

(19.04%) rated moderate 16 (38.1%) low while 4 (9.52%) rated very low . Also, 8 (19.04%)

rated very high the preposition that users of their library have access to library databases and e-

resources which have more resources, credibility than some printed books; 10(23.8%) rated high,

4 (9.52) rated moderate with this while 16 (42.9%) rated.

Table 4.6: What are the Challenges associated with the Application of ICT on Information
storage and dissemination
Challenges associated with the SA A D SD
Application of ICT
Poor electricity 20 (47.6%) 10(23.8%) 8 (19.0%) 4 (9.5%)
Slow internet connectivity 20 (47.6%) 18(42.9%) 2 (4.8%) 2 (4.8%)
Poor library settings 14 (33.3%) 10 (23.8%) 14 (33.3%) 4 (9.5%)
Insufficient information materials 10 (23.8%) 10(23.8%) 18 (42.9%) 4 (9.5%)

46
 Lackadaisical attitude of the library staff 12 (28.6%) 8 (19.0%) 16 (38.1%) 6 (14.3%)
High workload 8 (19.0%) 10(23.8%) 22 (52.4%) 2 (4.8%)
Poor information retrieval skill 10 (23.8%) 12(28.6%) 16 (38.1%) 4 (9.5%)

Table 4.6 shows the distribution of respondents on the challenges faced in the application of ICT

on Information storage and dissemination in in university of Ilorin library. with a majority of

respondents identified slow internet connectivity as a major problem. This is followed by poor

electrical; poor library settings, and poor information retrieval skill. High workload, the

lackadaisical attitude of library staff, and insufficient information materials were not part of the

major challenges faced in the application of ICT.

Table 4.7: factors that promote Information storage and dissemination

SA A D SD
Factors that Promotes the Use of ICT
Orientation of the management 12 (28.6%) 22 (52.4%) 6 (14.3%) 2 (4.8%)
Attitude of Library Users 8 (19.0%) 24 (57.1%) 8 (19.0%) 2 (4.8%)
Types of Resources 10 (23.8%) 26 (61.9%) 6 (14.3%) 0 (0.0%)
Nature of Research and Development on 10 (23.8%) 22 (52.4%) 10 (23.8%) 0 (0.0%)
the institution

Table 4.7 shows the response on distribution of the factors which could promote Information

storage and dissemination in university of Ilorin library indicated that 12 (28.6%) strongly agree

that orientation of the management is a great factor that promote the use of ICT while 22 (52.4%)

agree; 6 (14.3%) disagree and 2 (4.8%) strongly disagree. Similarly, an attitude of library users, 4

(19.0%) strongly agree while 12 (57.1%) agree; 8 (19.0%) disagree and 2 (4.8%) strongly

47
disagree. On whether the nature of research and development of the institution is a factor that

promote the use of ICT, 10 (23.8%) strongly agree; 22 (52.4%) of them agree while the

remaining 10 (23.8%) disagree. From all indications, it could be inferred that “types of

resources” and “orientation of management” are the two major factors that can promotes

Information storage and dissemination in university of Ilorin library.

INTERVIEW REPORT

The report of the interview conducted by the researcher with the Head of Department of

the Department of information Communication Technology, University of Ilorin, revealed that:

1. Information technology was introduced to the library system in 1996.

2. The library has been fully automated.

3. Through automation of library services, there is improvement in services delivery.

4. There is enough storage capacity as the collection are compact and there is easy

accessibility of materials.

5. Presently, there are computers, scanners, uninterrupted power supply (UPS), CD-ROM,

Printer flash Disk, internet facilities and CD writer.

48
6. The facilities are effectively utilized.

7. Presently, the software used is GLASS but soon the library will change to SLAM-

Strategic library Association Manager.

8. The library has being connected to internet.

9. The library does not share resources with other library.

10. The library staffs are qualified and competent to handle ICT facilities.

11. The library are managing the little available fund, as no organization can prove financial

sufficient.

12. I will assist in accessing journal within the library.

13. The attitude of users is encouraging.

14. There are problem facing the library as well as the user most especially in the use of ICT,

some of these problems include power failure, fluctuation of network, connectivity

problem and some of the users don't have search strategy.

15. The library offer programme to student called information retrieval.

16. The programme is very academic year,

17. Only those who need to use the ICT facilities are doing so.

18. The management is in full support of ICT programme.

49
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.I SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.

Technology has turned out to be one of the major drivers in many sectors and institutions. Many

libraries, especially universities libraries now make use of Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) related gadgets to facilitate operations. Consequent on how ICT drives

operations in university libraries, this research project understudied “The effect of information

and communication technology on information storage and dissemination in the university of

Ilorin library Kwara State. In order to ascertain application of ICT in the dissemination of

Information in the understudied libraries, the objectives formulated were to know the numbers

of information communication technology (ICT) facilities that are available in the university of

Ilorin, To examine the factors that limit the acquisition of necessary ICT facilities in the library,

To determine if the man-power to operate the facilities are sufficient enough, To determine how

the users get to know the operation of those facilities for their information needs, To determine if

50
the user know how to operate the gadget to the satisfaction of their needs, To know the probable

problem facings the library in relation to ICT facilities.

On the level of application of ICT in the storage and dissemination and of information in the

university libraries. The study reveals that ICT helps in integrating library services to the library

users, library services rendered to the staff and other library users are done using ICT tools,

selective dissemination of information is always done with the aid of technological tools, the

library, rendered current awareness service using some ICT tools like email, Usenet, OPAC is

used to access and anytime. The finding is supported by Mamman, (2015) that the application of

ICT in university operations also reduces the tedious and energy-sapping tasks associated with

manual operations in the library. On the efficiencies and effectiveness of ICT in the storage and

dissemination of information on the university library The study reveals that taking record of

library users is now so easy with the application of some ICT, referral services done in the

library very fast, reprographic ICT tools have made information dissemination to be easing, the

availability of Internet for library users has reduced the workload on librarians and users of the

library have access to library databases and resources which have more resources credibility than

some printed books. The finding of this study is in line with Madu and Azubogu (2017) that ICT

has to be made an addition to university library and a critical component towards supporting the

provision of effective information services to the parent organization. The finding of this study

also reveals that ICT has greatly influenced the acquisition, selection, processing, library

consortium, organization, dissemination and tracking record of library users in the library.

Ramzan and Singh (2009) support that’s easy integration of various library activities, increases

efficiency in the acquisition, access to data, cataloguing, classification, information retrieval and

dissemination

51
 Based on the presentation and analysis of data as reported in the last chapter, the

following are the summary of this study's finding:-

i. There is availability of modern information technology at the University of Ilorin.

ii. User educations are in place to facilitate in maximum utilization of ICT materials.

iii. Power Failure, fluctuation of network services are rampant.

Some users don't have the knowledge of search strategy. These are the problem faced

with the use of ICT.

iv. Through the use of ICT, the library is being connected to Internet. Thus, this make the

user to have access to information from diverse sources.

v. There is a limited number of staff working in Unilorin libraries in Ilorin

vi. ICT facility is available in the libraries but not fully adopted and used for some library

services like SDI, CAS, etc.

vii. Low use of ICT makes library operation not to be effective and efficient as expected.

viii. Users of the libraries rarely have access to library databases and E-resources which have

more resources credibility than some printed books

ix. The orientation of the management, attitude of library users, types of resources and

nature of Research and Development in the institutional libraries are the key factors that

can promote ICT usage

x. Hindrances faced in the use of the limited ICT available are poor internet connection;

power outage, inadequate information retrieval skills.

5.2 CONCLUSION
52
 Conclusively the problem faced by the University of Ilorin, in term of storage and

Dissemination of information. In the entire library need to contend with the following problems:-

(i) Power failure

(ii) Network problem

(iii) Inadequate Fund

(iv) Lack of storage search knowledge in the part of the users.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of the summary of findings and conclusions drawn above, the following are

recommended:-

(i) The school management should make a provision for standby generator that will assist in

case of power failure.

(ii) There should be uninterrupted power supply (UPS) attached to the ICTs Devices. This

will also help the users for some time, if there is power failure.

(iii) The library management should organize seminar that will gear towards educating the

users on various way of searching for information through internet.

(iv) There should be available that for the library so as to implement their programme when

the need arise to do so.

(v) In terms of network fluctuation, the library should subscribe to more than one service

provider.

53
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QUESTIONNAIRE
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA, KWARA STATE.

Dear Respondent

The questionnaire is designed to gather data from respondents on the “THE EFFECT OF
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON INFORMATION
STORAGE AND DISSEMINATION IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN LIBRARY
KWARA STATE. In partial fulfilment of the award of Higher National Diploma in library and
information science

Attached are set of questions for your kind response. The response would be treated in strict
confident and shall be used for academic pursue only.

Thanks

Section A: Demographic Characteristic

INSTRUCTION: Tick (√) the box with your appropriate answer and that best describes the extent to
which you agree with each of the statements afterward.
A. RESPONDENT’S PERSONAL INFORMATION AND SOCIAL ECONOMIC PROFILES

60
Kindly ticks appropriately if you: Strongly Agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree or Strongly
Disagree with the following statement, Note; Strongly Agree = SA, Agree = A, Neutral = N,
Disagree = D, Strongly Disagree = SD

1. Age: 20-35 [ ] 36-45 [ ] 46-55 [ ] > 55 [ ]

2. Gender: Female [ ] Male [ ]

3. What is your educational Level?

a. SSCE [ ] b. OND [ ] c. BSC/HND [ ] d. Masters [ ] e. Other [ ]

Section B

What are the ICT facilities available in your library?

ICT components used in libraries Available Not Available

computer
Printer
Server
Facsimile (FAX)
CD-ROM
Cell phone
Internet
Email

SECTION C
Rate The following Level of Application of Communication Technology on Information Storage
and Dissemination Techniques in your library
Note: VH= Very high, H= High, M=Moderate, VL=Very Low

Level of ICT Application in information VH H M L VL

storage and dissemination
Online Public Access Catalogues and networked 10 9 (42.9%) 1 (4.8%) 1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%)

61
 databases (47.6%)
Personal space/My Library: 3 11(52.4%) 7 (33.3%) 0 0 (0.0%)
(14.3%) (0.0%)
Short Message Service (SMS) notification: 2 10(47.6%) 7 (33.3%) 2 (9.5%) 0 (0.0%)
(9.5%)
Social media networks 3 8 (38.1%) 9 (42.9%) 1 (4.8%) 0 (0.0%)
(14.3%)
Quick Response (QR) 2 (9.5%) 9 (42.9%) 6 (28.6%) 4 0 (0.0%)
(19.0%)
Online reference services: 4 5 (23.8%) 8 (38.1%) 4 0 (0.0%)
(19.0%) (19.0%)
Online VOD (MVOD) system 2 (9.5%) 5 (23.8%) 14(66.7% 0 (0.0%)
)
Library web sites 1 (4.8%) 2 (9.5%) 14(66.7% 4 0 (0.0%)
) (19.0%)
Mailing lists: 1 (4.8%) 5 (23.8%) 11(52.4% 4 0 (0.0%)
) (19.0%)
Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) 8 6 (28.6%) 7 (33.3%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%)
(38.1%)
Use of Virtual Communication Tools in 3 2 (9.5%) 11(52.4% 5 0 (0.0%)
Library (14.3%) ) (23.8%)

Section D
Rate the following Contribution of ICT in the Provision of Information storage and dissemination in
your library
Note: VH= Very high, H= High, M=Moderate, VL=Very Low

Contribution of ICT in the Provision of

M
Information storage and dissemination VH H L VL

Acquisition of Information Materials

Selection of Information Materials

Processing of Information Materials

Library Consortium

Organization of Information Materials

Dissemination of Information
Materials

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SECTION E

Rate the efficiencies and effectiveness of ICT on information storage and dissemination of
information in your library?

Note: VH= Very high, H= High, M=Moderate, VL=Very Low

VL
VH H M L
Efficiency and Effectiveness of ICT
Taking record of library users is now so easy with
the application of some ICT facilities
Most of referral services done in the library are
fast and reliable
Reprographic ICT tools have made
information dissemination to be easier
The availability of Internet for library users has
reduced the workload on librarians
The library carries out Current Awareness
Services (CAS)
Users of the library have access to library
databases and E-resources which have more
resources credibility than some printed books

Section F
What are the Challenges associated with the Application of ICT on Information storage and
dissemination in your library?
Note: SA= strongly agree, A= agree, D=disagree, SD=strongly disagree
Challenges associated with the Application
SA A SD D
of ICT in the library
Poor electricity

Slow internet connectivity

Poor library settings

Insufficient information materials

Lackadaisical attitude of the library staff

High workload

63
Poor information retrieval skill

SECTION G
What are factors that promote Information storage and dissemination in your library?
Note: SA= strongly agree, A= agree, D=disagree, SD=strongly disagree

Factors that Promote Information SA A D SD

storage and dissemination
Orientation of the management
Attitude of Library Users
Types of Resources
Nature of Research and Development on
the institution

64