Case

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Groundwater Resources in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija: A Quality Assessment
A Case Study
Presented to
Engr. Rosel Verdadero Babalcon
Of College of Engineering - Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
Cabanatuan City, Philippines
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
In CE 222 Geology for Civil Engineers
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Presented by
Cheska E. Barrientos
Dhea Mae DL. Madis
Dgillian Veronica P. Sanchez
2 SEMESTER A.Y. 2022- 2023

nd
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincere appreciation and profound gratitude for the
invaluable assistance given by the people behind the success of this study:
Heavenly Father, for providing the researchers with strength, power, knowledge, and wisdom;
Central Luzon State University - College of Fisheries for accommodating the researchers and
allowing them to use their laboratory and equipment;
Dr. Alvin T. Reyes Ph.D., for the assistance and guidance to the researchers throughout the
laboratory process;
Engr. Rosel Verdadero Babalcon, the professor in-charge for her consistent assistance,
motivation, and monitoring of the processes the researchers went through until the completion of the
study;
The respondents from Cabanatuan City, for their full cooperation that led to the completion and
success of this study;
The family, friends, and relatives of the researchers for their unconditional love and endless
provisions;
To God be the Highest Glory!
Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 2

TECHNOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………….4
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………..4
Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………………………...5
Background…………………………………………………………………………………………..5
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………...6
Parameters………………………………………………………………………………......6
Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………...8
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………...8
Results and Discussion……………………………………………………………………...10
Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………..14
Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………14
References……………………………………………………………………………………………15
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………………...16

TECHNOLOGY

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study was accomplished to assess the quality of the groundwater in various barangays of
Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. Groundwater samples were collected from six (6) barangays in
Cabanatuan City, and the water quality was assessed through Physico-chemical and Bacteriological
Analysis. The physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, pH level, Dissolved Oxygen, Total
Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, and Pressure; and Bacteriological tests such as Escherichia
coli count, Edwardsiella spp count, and Total Coliform count were analyzed in order to determine the
present state of groundwater quality.
The result of the laboratory testing was scored and weighted in compliance with the World
Health Organization and Environmental Protection Agency standards for drinking Water. It was then
observed that all water samples were not fit to pass as drinking water, and all were labeled as being at
risk for water contamination.
INTRODUCTION
Groundwater is a vital resource for many regions around the world and is often the primary
source of drinking water for rural and urban communities (Ebrahimi et al., 2020). The quality of
groundwater can be influenced by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors, including land use
change, agricultural practices, industrial activities, and mining (Dahal et al., 2018). These factors can
impact the chemical and biological properties of groundwater and affect its suitability for various uses,
including drinking water, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Assessing the quality and quantity of groundwater resources is critical for effective
management and sustainable use (Babiker et al., 2008). Methods for assessing groundwater resources
include groundwater modeling, monitoring of groundwater levels and water quality, and the use of
remote sensing technologies (Hao et al., 2020). Regular assessments can help to identify potential
contamination sources and implement measures to prevent and mitigate their impacts on groundwater
quality.

TECHNOLOGY
Theoretical Framework
Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis
Identification Sensitivity
Interpretation
of Parameter Analysis
Weight
Aggregation
assignment
Normalization Scoring
BACKGROUND
Groundwater is an essential resource that plays a critical role in sustaining ecosystems and
human livelihoods. It is a primary source of drinking water for many communities around the world,
especially in regions where surface water is scarce or contaminated (Gleeson et al., 2012). According
to Freeze and Cherry (1979), groundwater is stored in underground aquifers, typically composed of
permeable rocks and sediments that allow water to move through them.
The quality of groundwater is influenced by a range of natural and human-induced factors,
including geological processes, land use practices, and pollution from agricultural and industrial
activities (USGS, n.d.). As Chilton (2019) notes, the availability of groundwater can also be affected
by climate change, which can alter patterns of precipitation and evapotranspiration and lead to changes
in recharge rates.
To ensure the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it is important to conduct
regular assessments of water quality and quantity (WHO, 2011). This can involve monitoring
groundwater levels, tracking water quality indicators such as pH and dissolved oxygen, and analyzing
samples for contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals (USGS, n.d.).

TECHNOLOGY

Objectives
• To determine the current status of groundwater resources in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, in
terms of quality
• To create a map of groundwater quality in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija to identify areas with
high and low levels of contaminants.
• To determine the compliance of groundwater quality in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, with the
World Health Organization and Environmental Protection Agency standards for Drinking
Water.
Study Area
Cabanatuan City, located in the province of Nueva Ecija in the Philippines, is one of the fastest-
growing cities in the region. As the city's population continues to increase, the demand for water
resources also intensifies, particularly groundwater. Groundwater is a vital resource for Cabanatuan
City as it provides water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses.
However, the quality of groundwater in Cabanatuan City is of concern due to potential
contamination from various sources such as agricultural practices, landfills, and industrial activities. In
recent years, there have been reports of waterborne illnesses and outbreaks in the city, which highlight
the need for a quality assessment of groundwater resources.
Several studies have been conducted to assess the quality of groundwater in Cabanatuan City.
A study by de Vera et al. (2015) analyzed the physicochemical properties of groundwater in the city
and found that some samples had elevated levels of contaminants such as nitrate, total dissolved solids,
and chloride. Another study by Ong et al. (2017) assessed the microbial quality of groundwater in the
city and identified the presence of fecal coliforms in some samples.
To address the concerns about the quality of groundwater in Cabanatuan City, various measures
have been proposed, including the implementation of proper waste disposal practices, the establishment
of groundwater protection zones, and the use of alternative water sources. The local government and
other stakeholders must take a proactive approach to ensure the sustainability and safety of groundwater
resources in Cabanatuan City.
Parameters
Assessing the quality of underground water in Cabanatuan involves analyzing various
parameters that determine its suitability for human consumption and other uses. The following are some
of the essential factors to consider when assessing the quality of underground water in Cabanatuan:
Temperature
Temperature is an important parameter in assessing the quality of water resources as it affects
chemical and biological reactions and can indicate the presence of pollutants.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is a critical parameter in determining water quality, as it is essential for
aquatic life and can provide insights into the degree of organic pollution and other environmental
stressors in a water body. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), healthy water should
generally have dissolved oxygen concentrations above 6.5-8 ppm and between about 80-120 %

TECHNOLOGY

pH Level
The pH level of water determines its acidity or alkalinity. The recommended pH range for
drinking water is between 6.5 and 8.5. If the pH level of underground water in Cabanatuan is outside
this range, it could indicate contamination and may require treatment.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Total Dissolved Solids refers to the total concentration of dissolved minerals and salts in water.
High levels of TDS in water can cause a metallic taste and may indicate contamination. The
recommended TDS limit for drinking water is 50-150 ppm. This parameter is under the Turbidity factor,
but more specific.
Conductivity
Conductivity provides an indication of the presence of dissolved salts and other contaminants
that can affect water quality and its suitability for various uses. Conductivity less than 1000 µmhos/cm
is the accepted standard value for drinking water.
Pressure
Pressure affects the flow of water and the distribution of contaminants, making it essential for
understanding and managing groundwater resources.
Escherichia coli Count
Escherichia coli count is a common indicator of fecal contamination and can pose significant
health risks to humans if present in high concentrations.
Edwardshiella spp. Count
Edwardshiella spp. count is a parameter that can be used to assess the quality of groundwater,
as it is a group of bacteria that are often associated with environmental contamination and can indicate
the presence of potential health hazards. However, research on Edwardshiella spp. in groundwater is
still limited, and further studies are needed to better understand their significance in water quality
assessments.
Total Coliform Bacteria
Coliform bacteria are a group of bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals,
including humans. The presence of coliform bacteria in underground water indicates fecal
contamination and could pose health risks to consumers.
To assess the quality of underground water in Cabanatuan, water samples need to be collected from
various sources and analyzed for the above parameters. The results can then be compared to the
recommended limits for each parameter to determine the suitability of the water for human consumption
and other uses.

TECHNOLOGY

DATA ANALYSIS
METHODOLOGY
General Procedures
Physico-chemical and
Collection of the Treatment of the Bacteriological
groundwater samples groundwater samples Analysis of the
from pumps
samples
Water Collection
Total of four (4) bottles of groundwater were collected from selected Barangays of Cabanatuan
City which are: Daan Sarile, Balite, Calauagan, and Aduas. Each bottle contains 1000 milliliters of
water. Samples were iced, transported to the laboratory, and processed within five hours after
collection.
Other samples were asked from our co-researchers, namely Reiner Aviado, Jose Brian Agsalud,
John Lemmor Candelaria, Jerald Anthony Bartolome, and Rainnier Dexter Quierrez from their study
entitled “Groundwater Assessment in Barangay Isla”, as both of the study undergone an exact physico-
chemical and bacteriological analysis regarding groundwaters in Cabanatuan City under the same
consultant, Mr. Alvin T. Reyes.
Treatment and Experimental design
The water samples were labeled 1,2,3, and 4 respectively and diluted into 3 appropriate
concentrations for plating with 3 replications each sample.
The details of the concentration are as follows:
Sample 1 Groundwater from Daan Sarile
Concentration 100 >>>>>> pure water sample
Concentration 101 >>>>>> 1:10 (water sample: distilled water)
Sample 2 Groundwater from Balite
Sample 3 Groundwater from Calauagan

TECHNOLOGY

Sample 4 Groundwater from Aduas
Physico-chemical Analysis
Each sample contained 100 mL (milliliters) of water, which was put into a graduated cylinder.
Calibrated digital equipment was utilized to measure the parameters, including pH level, TDS (total
dissolve solids), temperature, pressure, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen.
Bacteriological Analysis
Preparation of Agar
The researcher prepared 40.12g of McConkey agar after that, the agar is then heated for 2hrs
with 810 milliliters of distilled water at the temperature of 100 oC and then transferred into a poly- Stene
petri dish, then cooled at room temperature.
Spread Plate and Serial Dilution
One milliliter of a sample and sample dilutions was aseptically pipetted into a pre-dried agar
plate standard round, 100 by 15 mm, poly- Stene petri dish. Serial dilutions of the water samples were
prepared by addition of distilled water. Spread plates were prepared in triplicate as described in Standard
Methods’ (Taylor, R.H. et, al). Samples of appropriate dilutions [a maximum inoculum of 1 mL) were
pipetted onto pre-poured and dried plate count agar and then the contents were spread evenly over the
surface with a sterile bent glass rod.
Data Gathering and Score & Weight Assessment
The data gathered were the Ph level, TDS (total dissolve solids), temperature, pressure,
conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total coliform colonies. The method used in the analysis of water
samples was through the use of calibrated digital equipment. Meanwhile, bacterial enumeration and
identification were conducted using serial dilution and spread plate method using a selective/differential
medium, the McConkey agar.
Data gathered were analyzed using the scoring system of the World Health Organization
(WHO) for the accepted parameter values of drinking water.

TECHNOLOGY

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physico-chemical Analysis Bacteriological Analysis
Total Total
Dissolved Escherichia Edwardsiella
Temperature Dissolved Conductivity Pressure Coliform
Oxygen pH coli Count spp. Count
(°C) Solids (µmhos/cm) (psi) Count
(ppm) (CFU/mL) (CFU/mL)
(ppm) (CFU/mL)
Sample 1 1.5 x 10 3
23.5 4.83 7.08 271 582 14.58 1.5 x 103 --
(Daan Sarile)
Sample 2
23.90 3.58 6.62 271 429 14.58 5.9 x 102 1.1 x 10 4 4.4 x 10 2
(Balite)
Sample 3
23.20 3.40 6.71 163 332 14.58 8.0 x 102 1.1 x 10 3 1.9 x 10 3
(Calauagan)
Sample 4
23.30 5.39 6.74 332 693 14.58 1.8 x 102 -- --
(Aduas)
Sample 5
27.30 3.32 6.84 326 -- 14.61 10 1.1 x 10 4 1.1 x 10 4
(Isla)
Sample 6
27.25 3.17 6.64 279 -- 14.61 20 47 67
(Pagas)
Table 1: Physico-chemical analysis and Bacteriological Analysis
Weighted
Physico-chemical Analysis Bacteriological Analysis
Score
Total
Total
Dissolved Dissolved Conductivity Edwardsiella
Temperature pH Escherichia Coliform
Oxygen Solids (µmhos/cm) spp. Count
(°C) 6.5- coli Count Count
(ppm) (ppm) <1000 (CFU/mL)
20-50°C 8.5 (CFU/mL) (CFU/mL)
6.5-8 ppm 50-150 µmhos/cm Zero
(5%) (10%) (20%) Zero
(15%) ppm (5%) (20%)
(20%)
(5%)
Sample 1
(Daan 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Sarile)
0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.40
Sample 2
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
(Balite)
0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20
Sample 3
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
(Calauagan)
0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20
Sample 4
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
(Aduas)
0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.20 0.20 0.60
Sample 5
1 0 1 0 0 0.25 0 0
(Isla)
0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.20
Sample 6
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
(Pagas)
0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15
Table 2: Scores and Weight Assignment
1 – safe
0.75 – low risk
0.50 – medium risk
0.25 – high risk
0 – extremely high risk
**for Escherichia coli count
0 – not succeeded to comply with WHO and EPA standards
1 – succeeded to comply with WHO and EPA standards
Transforming Communities through Science and Technology10

TECHNOLOGY

For the total weighted score:
0-0.25 – High risk
0.26-0.50 – Medium risk
0.51-0.75 – Low risk
0.76-1 – Safe
Physico-chemical Analysis
Temperature
The temperature of the water samples varied from 23.2 °C to 27.3 °C and were found within the
recommended temperature range.
pH
Most of the waters are slightly acidic. The pH values of water samples varied between 6.62 to 7.08 and
were found within the recommended pH range for drinking water (6.5 to 8.5), indicating that there’s no
water contamination in terms of just the water samples’ pH values.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

The DO values varied from 3.17 to 5.39. All of the groundwater samples showed slightly low Dissolved
Oxygen indicating contamination by organic matter. DO indicates the degree of pollution in water
bodies.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
TDS values varied from 163 ppm to 332 ppm and were found unacceptable for the recommended limit
for drinking water.
Electrical Conductivity
Only four of the water samples showed electrical conductivity during the laboratory testing. EC values
varied from 332 µmhos/cm to 693 µmhos/cm and were found within the recommended EC of drinking
water (less than 1000 µmhos/cm).
Bacteriological Analysis
Escherichia coli Count

The water samples had an E-coli count ranging from 1.5x10 CFU/mL to 20 CFU/mL and all were found
3
to be at risk for water contamination.

Edwardsiella spp Count
Only two samples, Sample 1 (Daan Sarile) and Sample 4 (Aduas) showed no signs of Edwardsiella spp,
while the rest of the water samples are at risk for water contamination.
Coliform Count
Five samples are positive to coliform bacteria and were found at risk for water contamination. Only the
groundwater from Barangay Aduas was labeled safe.

TECHNOLOGY

Groundwater Mapping

TECHNOLOGY
Sample Weighted Score Is the groundwater where the sample collected is used as a
Ratings source of drinking water?
1 Medium Risk No
2 High Risk No
3 High Risk No
4 Low Risk No
5 High Risk No
6 High Risk No
Table 3: Weighted Score Assessment and Drinking Usage
Table 3 shows that Samples 2, 3, 5, and 6 are at high risk when used as drinking water. On the
other hand, Sample 1 is at medium risk and Sample 4 is at low risk. As suggested by the drinking water
standards, the results explain the choices of the respondents for not using groundwater as a source of
drinking water since all the samples are at risk of contamination.

TECHNOLOGY

CONCLUSION
To sum it up, no water samples passed the World Health Organization’s standard scoring
system for drinking water. The groundwater samples collected from water pumps in various barangays
in Cabanatuan City all possess water contamination as a result of the samples’ total weighted score. The
reason behind this may be due to urbanization, industrial activities, irregular uses of water pumps, and
other human activities and interventions.
Although the samples passed the standard values for drinking water in some parameters, such
as temperature and pH level, they will not be suitable as drinking water due to their overall quality.
Samples 1-4 are marked safe in terms of their Electrical Conductivity, while Samples 5 and 6 resulted
in a high-risk score. All of the samples are labeled low risks to high risks in terms of their Dissolved
Oxygen and Total Dissolved Solids parameters.
RECOMMENDATIONS
This study recommends treating groundwater that is positive for coliform bacteria by using
chlorine or ultraviolet light which can kill E-coli. Utilization of chlorine must be applied to get rid of
microorganisms in the drinking water. It is necessary to disinfect systems that use surface water sources
to make sure that all bacterial contamination, including the inactivation of E. coli.
It also recommends testing for other parameters that are included in the quality index and this
includes the materials (such as nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, chloride sulfates, fluoride, iron,
and total phosphorus) present in the water.
Collection of additional samples from different parts of Cabanatuan City for accurate findings
of a quality assessment of groundwater.

TECHNOLOGY

REFERENCES
Babiker, I. S., Mohamed, A. M. O., & Hiyama, T. (2008). Impact of climate change on groundwater
resources: a global-scale study. Water Resources Management, 22(9), 1261-1272.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9237-0
Chilton, J. (2019). Groundwater: Our Hidden Asset. UNESCO.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367727
Dahal, B. M., Fenton, O., O'Halloran, J., & Richards, K. G. (2018). Groundwater quality assessment: a
review of current trends and future challenges. Science of the Total Environment, 637-638, 97-
115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.178
de Vera, R. M., de Luna, M. D. G., Castillo, A. B., & Palconit, J. P. (2015). Groundwater quality
assessment in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. Journal of Environmental Science and
Management, 18(1), 1-13.
Devi, S., & Premkumar, R. (2012). Physicochemical Analysis of Groundwater samples near Industrial
Area, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India. International Journal of ChemTech Research 4(1).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351028_Physicochemical_Analysis_of_Ground
water_samples_near_Industrial_Area_Cuddalore_District_Tamilnadu_India
Ebrahimi, H., Bonakdari, H., & Sadeghian, S. (2020). A comprehensive review of water quality
assessment indices. Journal of Environmental Management, 268, 110668.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110668
Freeze, R. A., & Cherry, J. A. (1979). Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN: 978-0133653126.
Gleeson, T., Wada, Y., Bierkens, M. F. P., & van Beek, L. P. H. (2012). Water balance of global aquifers
revealed by groundwater footprint. Nature, 488(7410), 197–200.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11295
Hao, Y., Zhou, Y., Jia, Y., & Yang, X. (2020). Remote sensing technology for groundwater resources:
a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(22), 27051-27061.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09110-2
Ong, S. K., Angeles, J. M., Dela Cruz, L. M., & Villaflor, J. D. (2017). Microbial quality of groundwater
sources in Cabanatuan City, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management,
20(2), 74-82.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). (n.d.). Groundwater Basics. https://www.usgs.gov/special-
topic/water-science-school/science/groundwater-basics?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-
science_center_objects
World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 4th Edition.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/97892415481

TECHNOLOGY

APPENDIX

TECHNOLOGY
RESULTS AFTER TESTING
SAMPLE 1

TECHNOLOGY
SAMPLE 2 SAMPLE 3
SAMPLE 4

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

Case

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Case

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Case

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Groundwater Resources in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija: A Quality Assessment

Engr. Rosel Verdadero Babalcon

Of College of Engineering - Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

Cabanatuan City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

In CE 222 Geology for Civil Engineers

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Dhea Mae DL. Madis

Dgillian Veronica P. Sanchez

2 SEMESTER A.Y. 2022- 2023

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 2

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 3

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 4

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 5

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 6

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 7

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 8

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology 9

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Physico-chemical Analysis Bacteriological Analysis

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology10

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Escherichia coli Count

to be at risk for water contamination.

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology11

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology12

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology13

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology14

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology15

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology16

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

RESULTS AFTER TESTING

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology17

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology18

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology19

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology20

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - Civil Engineering Department

Transforming Communities through Science and Technology21