Experiment Instructions

HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation

Apparatus
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus
06/97
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Experiment Instruction

Please read and follow the instructions before the first installation!

Publication-No.: 917.000 10 A 150 12 06/97

 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

Table of Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Apparatus description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 Apparatus structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.2 Method of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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2.3 Initial operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.4 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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2.4.1 Venting the apparatus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.4.2 Assembly of the glass pane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4.3 Filling and injecting the ink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 Maintenance and care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.1 Danger of injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Safety of apparatus and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4 Theoretical background and experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 Terms definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.2 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1 Flow diagram of a triangular profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.2 Flow diagram of a wing profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.3 Sources and negative sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.4 Additional obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.1 Notations and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.2 Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
06/97
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 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

1 Introduction

The flow visualisation apparatus HM 150.10

serves to visualise parallel flow lines around
obstacles. The apparatus is adapted in shape and
size to fit the basic hydraulics bench HM 150,
however, it can also be used as stand-alone.
The apparatus operates with water as the flowing
medium.
A means of contrast, ink, is injected into the flow
chamber by means of fine nozzles. The flow cham-
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ber is covered by a glass pane so that optimal

observation is possible.
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Various supplied obstacles can be placed in the

flow chamber.
Moreover, sources of flow and negative sources
of flow can be simulated and visualised in the swirl
chamber via four additional bore holes.
Handling of the apparatus is not complicated, so
that it is highly suitable for student experiments.
The following topics can be dealt with by using this
apparatus:
- Definition of flow and path lines in the field of
fluid mechanics
- Representation of parallel flow lines around
obstacles
- Influence of various obstacles shapes on the
flow
- Test of the influences of sources and negative
sources on flow lines

1 Introduction 1
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

2 Apparatus description

2.1 Apparatus structure

1 3

5 9

8 12
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2
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13

11

10 4

Fig. 2.1 Apparatus structure

• Base plate (1) with grips (2)

• Connections for water supply (3) and water
discharge (4)
• Adjustable reservoir tank for contrast dye (5)
• Flow chamber (6)
• Glass pane (7) with knurled-head screws (8)
• Supply valves (9) for flow chamber
• Discharge valves (10)
• Injection bore holes (11) for contrast dye
• Various flat rubber obstacles (12)
• Hoses for supply and discharge (not illustra-
ted), as well as a short ascending pipe (13)

2 Apparatus description 2
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

2.2 Method of operation

A Water flows through the flow chamber. The directi-

on of flow is from left to right as shown in Fig. 2.2.
13
B 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e The water flowing through the flow chamber can
be regulated by means of the supply valve (9a). An
ascending pipe (13) is installed to prevent applying
the full water pressure of the pump.
10b c d e
The flow chamber has 15 injection bore holes on
C
the left side that are connected with each other,
through which the means of contrast can be in-
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Fig. 2.2 Layout of the valves jected. Valve (B) regulates the ink supply. The ink
can be evenly distributed over the entire width of
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the swirl chamber by means of valve (C).

By moving the hose from valve (B) to valve (A), the
injection bore holes can be rinsed out.

Valves (9b-e) regulate the supply of the additional

bore holes (sources of flow), whereas valves (10b-
b d e) regulate the discharge (negative sources of
flow). See Fig. 2.3.
c e

Fig. 2.3 Flow sources and negative

flow sources

2 Apparatus description 3
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

2.3 Initial operation

13 - Place the flow visualisation apparatus on the

edge of the basic hydraulics bench HM 150.
- Supply water by connecting the hose of HM
150 to the supply connection (3).
- Install a hose to the discharge connection (4)
and guide it into the trough.
- Install the provided ascending pipe (13).
Fig. 2.4 Assembly of the ascending - Open the discharge of the HM 150.
pipe
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2.4 Operation

2.4.1 Venting the apparatus

Before tests or experiments can be performed, all

the hoses and valves must be vented:
- Install and position the flat gasket.
- Install the glass pane and fasten it using 10
knurled-head screws.
- Connect the reservoir tank to the flow chamber
via the hose.
- Fill water into the reservoir tank. Supply water
and open all the valves of the apparatus. The
hoses and valves will be rinsed out by a strong
water flow.
- When no more air bubbles can be seen, close
all the valves again and maintain the water
supply!
- Carefully remove the glass pane. If necessary,
push it out to the side in order to prevent
adhesion.

2 Apparatus description 4
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

2.4.2 Assembly of the glass pane

- Position the flat gasket exactly onto the bore

7 holes of the flow chamber.
- If desired, install obstacle models and press
Water
firmly onto the plastic plate.
- Lay the glass pane onto the gasket on one side
at the supply side. Ensure the water supply via
the supply valve and slowly lower the glass
pane down on the other side. Make sure that
there are no air bubbles. If necessary, repeat
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Fig. 2.5 Assembly of the glass pane

this procedure.
In order to avoid the formation of air bubbles, a
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drop of detergent liquid may help.

- Install all of the knurled-head screws and
tighten them by hand.

2.4.3 Filling and injecting the ink

For good results, it is sufficient to dilute the provi-

ded ink in a ratio of 1:5.
- Make sure that valve (B) is closed and that the
pump of the HM 150 is switched on.
- Slightly open valve (9a). Water will flow through
the flow chamber.
- Fill the reservoir tank to the 2/3 with diluted ink.
- Open valve (C) and slightly open valve (B). Ink
will now flow through the thin hose to the injec-
tion bore holes.
- When the water at valve (C) has a bluish colour,
close valves (B) and (C).
- The apparatus is now ready to perform experi-
ments.
- In order to avoid the formation of air bubbles,
make sure that there is always enough ink
in the reservoir tank!

2 Apparatus description 5
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

2.5 Maintenance and care

- The tank of the HM 150 unit has a capacity of

approx. 170 liters. In order to ensure proper
observations, the water should be renewed
after 6 - 7 ink cartridges.
- Ink can be washed out of textiles, however, it
adheres to aluminium and plastics. For this
reason, wash away any splashed ink that co-
mes onto the apparatus immediately.
- The white flow channel surface and the glass
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pane must be kept absolutely clean in order to

ensure proper function. Please use a lint-free
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cloth.
- Clogged injection nozzles can be rinsed out or
can be carefully freed of dirt by using a thin drill
bit, Ø0.7 mm.

2 Apparatus description 6
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

3 Safety instructions

3.1 Danger of injury

- DANGER! Do not work with glass panes

that have been damaged on the edges!
This could cause considerable injury.

3.2 Safety of apparatus and function

- ATTENTION! The knurled-head screws may

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not enter into the tank!

There is the danger that they could be sucked
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in and may destroy the pump of the HM 150.

- ATTENTION! Do not operate the apparatus

without an ascending pipe!
Flooding could occur due to exiting water.

3 Safety instructions 7
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

4 Theoretical background and experiments

4.1 Terms definitions

The flow of a fluid, such as water, around a body,

can be observed by making the flow lines visible.
In the case of steady flows, the flow lines coincide
with the path lines, i.e. the movement paths of the
single fluid particles.
The closer the flow lines are situated to each other,
the faster the flow speed is.
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4.2 Experiments
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4.2.1 Flow diagram of a triangular profile

The flow chamber diagram of the flow around a

triangular profile is shown in Fig. 4.1. It can be seen
that the fow around the upper part of the body is
clean. After passing the edge, however, the flow
lines detach from the body and eddies are formed.

eddy
Fig. 4.1 Triangular profile

4.2.2 Flow diagram of a wing profile

In the case of the flow around a wing profile (Fig.

4.2), it can be seen that the flow detachment is not
at all as strong. However, the eddy increases when
the Reynolds number decreases:
wlρ
Re = (4.1)
η

given:
eddy
Fig. 4.2 Wing profile

4 Theoretical background and experiments 8

 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

w - flow speed
l - length of the wing profile
ρ - density of the water (at 20°C, ρ = 890 kg⁄m3)
η - dynamic viscosity (η = 1.002⋅10−3 kg⁄ms).
An adjustment of the wing leads to an increased
detachment of the flow.
Also pay close attention to the distance between
the flow lines. This is a measurement for the flow
speed.
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4.2.3 Sources and negative sources

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Interesting flow diagrams can be achieved by the

additional supply of water (source) and/or by addi-
tional suction of water (negative source).
Figure 4.3 shows an example diagram with two
negative sources of flow.
In real life, for example, the flow properties of an
airplane wing can be improved by sucking air at
the rear part of the wing (negative source) so that
the flow is maintained for a longer distance.

Fig. 4.3 Flow diagram with two nega-

tive sources

4.2.4 Additional obstacles

Several models can be cut out from the provided

rubber material and tested in the flow chamber.

4 Theoretical background and experiments 9

 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

5 Appendix

5.1 Notations and units

w- flow speed m/s

l- length of the wing profile m
ρ- density of the water kg/m3
η dynamic viscosity kg/ms

5.2 Models
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5 Appendix 10
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

5.3 Technical data

Suitable means of contrast: ink

Capacity of reservoir tank: 200 ml

Supply/discharge connection:
outer-Ø20 mm

Hydrostatic pressure in the flow chamber

50 - 150 mmWS
06/97
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Weight approx. 17 kg
Main dimensions (LxWxH):
640 x 520 x 485 mm

5 Appendix 11
 HM 150.10 Flow Visualisation Apparatus

5.4 Index

A
air bubbles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Apparatus structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
ascending pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D
Detergent liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
E
eddy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
F
flow lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
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flow speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
I
Injection bore holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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ink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 10
K
knurled-head screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
M
Means of contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
N
negative source of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
negative sources of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 3
P
path lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
R
Reservoir tank for means of contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Reynolds number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
S
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
source of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
sources of flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 3
T
Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
W
water supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
wing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5 Appendix 12