Assignment 3

Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
Department of Mathematics
Tutorial Sheet-3 Linear Algebra and Partial Differential Equations (MAL210)
1. Let T be a linear operator. Then the following are equivalent.

(i) A scalar λ is an eigenvalue of T .
(ii) The linear operator λI − T is singular.
(iii) The scalar λ is a root of the characteristic polynomial ∆(t) of T .
2. Suppose v1 , v2 , ..., vn are nonzero eigenvectors of a linear operator T belonging to dis-

tinct eigenvalues λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn . Then v1 , v2 , ..., vn are linearly independent.
3. Suppose the characteristic polynomial ∆(t) of T is a product of n distinct factors, say,

∆(t) = (t − a1 )(t − a2 )...(t − an ). Then T can be represented by the diagonal matrix
D = dig(a1 , a2 , ..., an ).
4. Let A be a real symmetric matrix. Then each root λ of its characteristic polynomial is
real.
5. Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by T (x, y, z) = (4x + y − z, 2x + 5y − 2z, x + y + 2z).

(a) Find all eigenvalues of T .
(b) Find a maximal set S of linearly independent eigenvectors of A.
(c) Is T diagonalizable? If yes, find P such that D = P −1 T P is diagonal.
6. Find the minimal polynomial m(t) of

 
2 2 −5
A = 3 7 −15 
1 2 −4
7. Let F, G : R3 → R3 be linear operator defined as F (x, y, z) = (4x − 2y + 2z, 6x −

3y + 4z, 3x − 2y + 3z) and G(x, y, z) = (3x − 2y + 2z, 4x − 4y + 6z, 2x − 3y + 5z). The
characteristic polynomial of both operator is ∆(t) = (t − 2)(t − 1)2 . Find the minimal
polynomial m(t) of each linear operator.
8. For each of the following operator: T : R2 → R2 , find all eigenvalues and corresponding
linearly independent eigenvactors:
(a) T (x, y) = (2x − 3y, 2x − 5y)
(b) T (x, y) = (2x + 4y, −x + 6y)
(c) T (x, y) = (x − 4y, 3x − 7y)
When possible, find the nonsingular matrix P that diagonalizes T .
9. Let T : R2 → R2 be linear operator defined as T (x, y) = (2x − y, −2x + 3y)

(a) Find eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors.
(b) Find a nonsingular matrix P such that D = P −1 T P is diagonal.
(c) Find A8 and f (A) where f (t) = t4 − 5t3 + 7t2 − 2t + 5.
1
10. Let {e1 , ...., en } be an orthonormal bases of an inner product space V . Let P = [aij ] be
an orthogonal matrix. Then the following n Vectors form an orthonormal basis for V :
e0i = a1i e1 + a2i e2 + ... + ani en , i = 1, 2, .....n
11. Show that a 2 × 2 real symmetric matrix

a b a b
A= =
c d b d
is positive definite if and only if the diagonal entries a and d are positive and the
determinant |A| = ad − bc = ad − b2 is positive.
12. Verify that the following is an inner product on R2 , where u = (x1 , x2 ) and v = (y1 , y2 ):
f (u, v) = x1 y1 − 2x1 y2 − 2x2 y1 + 5x2 y2
13. Find the values of k so that the following is an inner product on R2 , where u = (x1 , x2 )
and v = (y1 , y2 ):
f (u, v) = x1 y1 − 3x1 y2 − 3x2 y1 + kx2 y2
R 1 of polynomials over R of degree ≤ 2 with inner product

14. Let V be the vector space
defined by < f, g >= 0 f (t)g(t)dt. Find a basis of the subspace W orthogonal to
h(t) = 2t + 1.
15. Find a basis of the subspace W of R4 orthogonal to u1 = (1, −2, 3, 4) and u2 =
(3, −5, 7, 8).
16. Let W be the subspace of R4 orthogonal to u1 = (1, 1, 2, 2) and u2 = (0, 1, 2, −1). Find
(a) an orthogonal basis for W , (b) an orthonormal basis for W .
17. Let U be the subspace of R4 spanned by
v1 = (1, 1, 1, 1), v2 = (1, −1, 2, 2) v3 = (1, 2, −3, −4)
(a) Apply the Gram-Schmidt algorithm to find an orthogonal and an orthonormal basis
for U .
(b) Find the projection of v = (1, 2, −3, 4) onto U .
R1
18. Consider p(t) with inner product < f, g >= −1 f (t)g(t)dt and the subspace W = P3 (t).
(a) Find an orthogonal basis for W by applying the Gram-Schmidt algorithm to
{1, t, t2 , t3 }.
(b) Find the projection of f (t) = t5 onto W .
19. Find a symmetric orthogonal matrix P whose first row is ( 31 , 32 , 32 ).
R1
20. Let V = C[0, 1] over R with inner product < x, u >= 0 x(t)u(t)dt. Let V0 = P2 . Find
best approximation for x from V0 , where x(t) is given by (i) et (ii) t3 (iii) cos t.
21. Let A be a real positive definite matrix. Then show that the function < u, v >= uT Av
is an inner product on Rn .
***

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Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur

Tutorial Sheet-3 Linear Algebra and Partial Differential Equations (MAL210)

1. Let T be a linear operator. Then the following are equivalent.

2. Suppose v1 , v2 , ..., vn are nonzero eigenvectors of a linear operator T belonging to dis-

3. Suppose the characteristic polynomial ∆(t) of T is a product of n distinct factors, say,

5. Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by T (x, y, z) = (4x + y − z, 2x + 5y − 2z, x + y + 2z).

6. Find the minimal polynomial m(t) of

7. Let F, G : R3 → R3 be linear operator defined as F (x, y, z) = (4x − 2y + 2z, 6x −

9. Let T : R2 → R2 be linear operator defined as T (x, y) = (2x − y, −2x + 3y)

11. Show that a 2 × 2 real symmetric matrix

R 1 of polynomials over R of degree ≤ 2 with inner product

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