Public Fiscal Management and Accountability

Name: AMILER, MARLOWE JUNE I.
Course Code: MPA 205 Units 3 Day: Sat Time: 1-6pm

Course Description: Public Fiscal Management and Accountability
Course/Yr/Sec/: MPA 1Y2-10
Professor Name: DR. GESTONI C. RECTIN
PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 1

Essay:
Instructions: Insert references and use APA 7th edition when citing your sources.
1. What is the best leadership style in public organizations? Is participative

leadership a good option in Philippine public organization?
As an MPA student, understanding leadership styles is not easy since it has
been a subject of extensive researches in the field of organizational behavior and
management.
Leadership is essential in an organization. Since the ancient time up to the

modern public governance era, leadership style steers a higher level of productivity
of an organization. It breeds cooperation and motivation among employees. While
leadership is different from person to person, it is affected by perception. These
perceptions influence expectancies and elicit actions from subordinates (Viernes,
M.Z. et al., 2018).
In Lewin's leadership styles framework, often referred to as the "Lewin's

Leadership Styles Model," it identifies three primary leadership styles: autocratic,
democratic, and laissez-faire. This model suggests that the way leaders interact
with their team members can have a profound effect on group dynamics and
outcomes.
As the name suggests, autocratic leadership style is characterized by a high

level of control and little input from subordinates. While it can be effective in
situations requiring quick decision-making, it may lead to low employee morale
and motivation. On the other hand, Laissez-faire leaders provide minimal guidance
and allow team members to make their own decisions. While it can promote
creativity and independence, it may result in a lack of structure and accountability.
Meanwhile, a balanced between the two mentioned above lies the democratic
leadership style, also known in other references as participative or participatory,
wherein leaders encourage participation and input from team members in the
decision-making process. This approach cultivates a sense of collaboration and can
enhance employee satisfaction and commitment.
While I don’t have a definite answer to what is the best leadership style is
for me, I would just dive to the local context of the leadership style in our country,
the Philippines. I believe that democratic or participatory leadership is a good
option for our public organizations. The American scholar Likert (1961), after his
extensive experimental research on democratic leadership, formally introduced the
concept of participative leadership in his book “A New Model of Management” and
revealed the three main principles of participative leadership theory, including the
mutual support principle, the group decision principle and the high standards
principle. Since the introduction of participative leadership, it has received much
attention from a large number of researchers.
In addition, based on the previous research, Kahai et al. (1997) redefined

it as participative leadership, which refers to a leadership style in which leaders
ask employees for their opinions before making decisions, delegate decision-
making authority to subordinates in practice, and encourage active participation
by employees to make decisions together.
The two literatures mentioned above clearly described the kind of

leadership and government we have in the country.
In conclusion, while I can’t directly say what is the best leadership style is,
it is evident that democratic/participative leadership style is a good choice for our
country as it facilitates employee engagement, fosters creativity, and cultivates
flexibility, all of which are crucial attributes for tackling many issues and concerns
encountered in the public sector. Additionally, it is essential to note that effective
leadership is context-specific, and leaders may need to adjust their styles based
on the unique demands of their organization and the challenges they face.
References:
Kahai S. S., Sosik J. J., Avolio B. J. (2004). Effects of participative and directive
leadership in electronic groups. Group Organ. Manage. 29 67–105.
10.1177/1059601103252100
Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in
experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10(2),
271-299.
Likert R. (1961). New Patterns of Management. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book

Company.
Viernes, M., Binuya, C., Lanorio, M., San Pedro, A. (2018). The Perceived
Leadership Styles of Division Chiefs and Department Heads of the Local
Government Unit of Cabanatuan City in the Philippines. Department of
Public Administration, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology,
Cabanatuan City, Philippines.
DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1104763
2. What is public policy and how does the government implement public
policies?
Public policy is the sum of all government activities, whether acting directly
or through agents, as it has an influence on the life of citizens (Pollitt, 2010).
Meanwhile, Llanto (2019) defined public policy as comprising a wide range of
governmental policies, initiatives, and decisions designed to address societal issues
and achieve a country's ultimate goals. He also added that it essentially refers to
a set of policies implemented by the government to address societal challenges
such as unemployment, poverty, healthcare, education, and environmental
concerns.
Public policies take many forms, including legislation, regulations,

initiatives, and even persuasive language, and they play an important part in
accelerating societal evolution and advancement (Llanto, 2019).
In implementing public policies especially in our country, it undergone

various stages, including its formulation, coordination, execution/implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation. Consequently, key actors include national government
agencies, local government units (LGUs), and other stakeholders.
Banzon-Bautista, E. (2005) espoused that local government units (LGUs)

play a significant role in policy implementation, especially in decentralized
governance structures. They have the responsibility to execute and manage
policies at the community level. In addition, these policies often require
collaboration among different government agencies. Inter-agency coordination
ensures that various departments work together to achieve policy objectives
(Caballero-Anthony, 2008). Budget allocation also is one important factors of
successful policy implementation as the government should allocate budgets to
relevant agencies and departments to carry out necessary activities and programs,
particularly those involving social services such as health, education, sanitation
and many more (Diokno, 2016).
Asia Foundation (2018) outlined that crucial also in the determination

whether a policy is effective or it fails to address persisting societal issues lies in
the effectiveness of a regular monitoring and evaluation. This is equally important
to assess progress and impact. Evaluation involves assessing whether the policy is
achieving its intended outcomes. Moreover, public awareness and participation are
critical also for successful policy implementation. Engaging citizens in the decision-
making process contribute to the effectiveness of policies. These policies also may
require legal enforcement to ensure compliance in such that law enforcement
agencies may be involved in enforcing regulations (Magno-Ballesteros, 2012).
References:
Asia Foundation. (2018). Enhancing Local Government Performance and Service

Delivery in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/EnhancingLocalGovernmentPerf
ormanceandServiceDeliveryinthePhilippines.pdf
Banzon-Bautista, E. (2005). Governance and Local Democracy: Theory and

Evidence from the Philippines. The Developing Economies, 43(4), 477-504.
Caballero-Anthony, M. (2008). Governance and Politics in Post-Marcos Philippines:

The Politics of Adjustment and Reform. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Diokno, B. (2016). The Philippine economy: No longer the East Asian exception?
Philippine Journal of Development, 43(1), 3-49.
Llanto, G.M. (2019). Public Policy Making in the Philippines: The Inclusive Growth
Agenda. Philippine Institute for Development Studies
Magno-Ballesteros, M. M. (2012). Democracy and governance in the Philippines:

The local government dimension. In Democratic Governance in the
Philippines: Assessing the State of Governance (pp. 33-64). Friedrich Ebert
Stiftung.
Pollitt, C. (2010). Time, policy, management: Governing with the past. Oxford
University Press.
3. What is administrative law? Is it applicable only to public employees?

Where can a government employee go for complaints like employee’s
concerns, unfair labor practices?
The concept of administrative law is mostly deals about government or the

public sector but it also covers private entities that do public work or use rights
that have been given to them.
Administrative law is the legal framework within which public administration

is implemented. It arises from the need to create and develop a system of public
administration under rule, an idea that may be compared with the much older
notion of fairness under law. Since administration involves the exercise of power
by the executive branch of government, administrative law is of constitutional and
political, as well as juridical, importance.
Moreover, administrative laws make sure that government administrative
bodies follow the rules when making decisions. It sets up and controls the link
between these groups and the people. The main goal of administrative law is to
make sure that choices made by the government are fair, clear, and accountable.
The Civil Service Commission (CSC) in the Philippines plays a crucial role in
handling administrative cases involving government employees. The CSC is tasked
with ensuring the efficiency and integrity of the civil service by implementing rules
and regulations, including those related to administrative cases. The specific role
of the Civil Service Commission in administrative cases includes the following
aspects: Investigation and Adjudication, Decisions and Penalties, Appeals Process,
Rule-Making Authority, Personnel Actions, and Policy Formulation.
In addition, government employees can also file complaints through the 888
Citizen’s Complaint Center that provides various communication channels for the
public to directly reach out to the government for specific societal issues and
concerns. The center aims to address issues such as inaction on submitted
applications, slow processing of papers, attitudes of government employees,
overcharging fees, and presence of fixers to government employees.
References:
Republic Act No. 6713, Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials
and Employees
Republic Act No. 807. Civil Service Law of the Philippines
Executive Order No. 292. (1987). Administrative Code of 1987

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Name: AMILER, MARLOWE JUNE I.

Course Code: MPA 205 Units 3 Day: Sat Time: 1-6pm

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 1

1. What is the best leadership style in public organizations? Is participative

Leadership is essential in an organization. Since the ancient time up to the

In Lewin's leadership styles framework, often referred to as the "Lewin's

As the name suggests, autocratic leadership style is characterized by a high

In addition, based on the previous research, Kahai et al. (1997) redefined

The two literatures mentioned above clearly described the kind of

Likert R. (1961). New Patterns of Management. New York: Mcgraw-Hill Book

Public policies take many forms, including legislation, regulations,

In implementing public policies especially in our country, it undergone

Banzon-Bautista, E. (2005) espoused that local government units (LGUs)

Asia Foundation (2018) outlined that crucial also in the determination

Asia Foundation. (2018). Enhancing Local Government Performance and Service

Banzon-Bautista, E. (2005). Governance and Local Democracy: Theory and

Caballero-Anthony, M. (2008). Governance and Politics in Post-Marcos Philippines:

Magno-Ballesteros, M. M. (2012). Democracy and governance in the Philippines:

3. What is administrative law? Is it applicable only to public employees?

The concept of administrative law is mostly deals about government or the

Administrative law is the legal framework within which public administration

Republic Act No. 807. Civil Service Law of the Philippines

Executive Order No. 292. (1987). Administrative Code of 1987

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