Solutions:

SIMPLE CONNECTIONS PROBLEM

1. For the given riveted connection shown,

having the allowable stresses:
Fy = 248 MPa, Fv = 150 MPa
Tensile Stress = 0.60 Fy
Bearing Stress = 1.35 Fy
The Rivet hole has a diameter 2 mm
greater than the rivet diameter.
The main plate has a width of 300mm
and thickness of 20 mm.

a. Compute the diameter of rivets such

the shear capacity of the rivets is equal to its
bearing capacity.
b. Compute the max. value of P so as not to exceed the allowable shearing stress
c. Compute the max. value of P so as not to exceed the allowable tensile stress of the
plate.

Solution:
2. Two plates each with thickness t =
16 mm are bolted together with
6−22mm∅ bolts forming a lap
connection. Bolt spacing are as
follows:
S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80mm, S3 =
100.
Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm.
Allowable stresses:
Tensile stresses on gross area of
the plate = 0.60 Fy
Tensile stresses on net area of the
plate = 0.50 Fu
Shear stress on the bolt: Fv = 120 MPa
Bearing stress on the bolt: Fb =1.2 Fu

Calculate the tensile load P under the following conditions:

a. Shear capacity of bolts
b. Bearing capacity of bolts
c. Block shear strength

Solution:
3. From the figure shown a double lap splice of
a bearing type connection with the threads
excluded from the shear plane and consists
of a double row of bolts. A36 steel is used
with Fy = 248.8 MPa. The bolts used are
A325 bolts having a diameter of 18mm in
standard size holes. Minimum tensile stress
Fu = 400 MPa. Use NSCP Specs. Assume
the diameter of rivet holes to be 3 mm bigger
than the bolt diameter. Allowable shear
stress of A325 bolts is 207 MPa Use: Fp =
1.5 Fu.

a. Compute the tensile capacity of the plates

b. Compute the number of 18 mm bolts is required to develop the full strength of the
plates.

Solution:
Staggered Connections
1. An angle with staggered fasteners in each leg is shown in the figure. A36 steel is
used, and holes are for 22mm-diameter bolts. Determine the design and
allowable strength of the member.

Given:
𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Yielding:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝐴𝑔 = (200)(13) + (150 − 13)(13)

𝐴𝑔 = 4381 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑛 = (248 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(4381 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑃𝑛 = 1086.488 𝑘𝑁

Fracture:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑠2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − Σ𝑑 + Σ
4𝑔
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 22 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚 = 26 𝑚𝑚
 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑈 = 𝐴𝑛 (1.0)

Failure Path A:
𝐴𝑛 = 4381 𝑚𝑚2 − 2(26 𝑚𝑚)(13) = 3705 𝑚𝑚2

Failure Path B:

2
352 352
𝐴𝑛 = 4381 𝑚𝑚 − 3(26 𝑚𝑚)(13) + (13) + (13) = 3467.382 𝑚𝑚2
4(60) 4(75 + 55 − 13)
Failure Path C:
352 352 352
𝐴𝑛 = 4381 𝑚𝑚2 − 4(26 𝑚𝑚)(13) + (13) + (13) + (13)
4(60) 4(117) 4(75)
𝐴𝑛 = 3182.465 𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!
𝑃𝑛 = (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(3182.465 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑃𝑛 = 1272.986 𝑘𝑁

Design and Allowable Strength of the Member:

LRFD Yielding: Φ𝑡 = 0.90
Φ𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = (0.9)1086.488 𝑘𝑁 = 977.839 𝑘𝑁
LRFD Fracture: Φ𝑡 = 0.75
Φ𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = (0.75)1272.986 𝑘𝑁 = 954.74 𝑘𝑁 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!
ASD Yielding: Ω𝑡 = 1.67
𝑃𝑛 1086.488 𝑘𝑁
= = 650.592 𝑘𝑁
Ω𝑡 1.67
ASD Fracture: Ω𝑡 = 2.00
𝑃𝑛 1272.986 𝑘𝑁
= = 636.493 𝑘𝑁 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!
Ω𝑡 2.00
 1. Determine the design and allowable strength for the channel as shown in the
figure. The holes are for 16mm-diameter bolts

Given:
𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐹𝑢 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Yielding:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔

𝐴𝑔 = 2465 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑛 = (248 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(2465 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝑃𝑛 = 611.32 𝑘𝑁

Fracture:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒

𝑠2
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴𝑔 − Σ𝑑 + Σ
4𝑔
∅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 16 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚 + 2 𝑚𝑚 = 20 𝑚𝑚
𝑥̅ 𝑥̅ 𝑥̅
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑈 = 𝐴𝑛 (1 − ) = 𝐴𝑛 (1 − ) = 𝐴𝑛 (1 − )
𝑙 50 + 50 + 50 + 50 200
𝐴1 = (2)(70)(8) = 1120 𝑚𝑚2
70
𝑥1 = = 35 𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴2 = (38 + 38 + 75 − 8 − 8)(10) = 1350 𝑚𝑚2
10
𝑥2 = = 5 𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴1 𝑥 1 + 𝐴2 𝑥 2 (1120 )(35 ) + (1350 )(5 )
𝑥̅ = = = 18.603
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 (1120 ) + (1350 )
Failure Path A:
𝐴𝑛 = 2465 𝑚𝑚2 − 1(20 𝑚𝑚)(10) = 2265 𝑚𝑚2

Failure Path B:

2
502
𝐴𝑛 = 2465 𝑚𝑚 − 2(20 𝑚𝑚)(10) + (10)
4(75)
𝐴𝑛 = 2148.333 𝑚𝑚2 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!
18.603
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛 𝑈 = (2148.333)(1 − ) = 1948.506 𝑚𝑚2
200
𝑃𝑛 = (400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(1948.506 𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑃𝑛 = 779.402 𝑘𝑁

Design and Allowable Strength of the Member:

LRFD Yielding: Φ𝑡 = 0.90
Φ𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = (0.9)611.32 𝑘𝑁 = 550.188 𝑘𝑁 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!
LRFD Fracture: Φ𝑡 = 0.75
Φ𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = (0.75)779.402 𝑘𝑁 = 584.552 𝑘𝑁
ASD Yielding: Ω𝑡 = 1.67
𝑃𝑛 611.32 𝑘𝑁
= = 366.056 𝑘𝑁 𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑠!
Ω𝑡 1.67
ASD Fracture: Ω𝑡 = 2.00
𝑃𝑛 779.402 𝑘𝑁
= = 389.701 𝑘𝑁
Ω𝑡 2.00
3. Find the design or allowable
strength of the W-Shape as shown in
the figure. The holes are for 20 mm
diameter bolts. Use A36 steel.

Projected View:
12 85
𝑔1 = (70 − ) + ( ) = 106.5 𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝐴𝑔 = (150)(12)(2) + 226(8) = 5408 𝑚𝑚2

LRFD
(1) Yielding: ∅𝑡 = 0.90
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 = 1341.184 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 1207.07 𝑘𝑁
(2) Fracture: ∅𝑡 = 0.75; 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑛
@a
𝐴𝑛1 = 5408 − 4(24)(12) − 24(8)
𝐴𝑛1 = 4064 𝑚𝑚2
@b
𝐴𝑛2 = 5408 − (24)(12)(2)
352
− [24 − ] (8)
4(106.5)
352
− [24 − ] (8)(2)
4(55)
352
− [24 − ] (12)(2)
4(106.5)
= 3861.11 𝑚𝑚2
 352 352
𝐴𝑛3 = 5408 − (24)(12)(2) − 24(8) − [24 − ] (8) − [24 − ] (12)(2) = 3985.56 𝑚𝑚2
4(55) 4(106.5)

Get the smallest net area, 𝐴𝑛2

400(3861.11)
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒 = = 1544.44 𝑘𝑁
1000
∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 1158.333 𝑘𝑁

Maximum Strength:
∅𝑡 𝑃𝑛 = 1158.333 𝑘𝑁 (LRFD)
𝑃𝑛
𝛺
= 772.22 𝑘𝑁 (ASD; using 𝛺 = 2.0)
BLOCK SHEAR STRENGTH
1. A channel C12x20.7 of A36 steel supports a service dead load of 250kN and a service
live load of 550 kN. Solve for ASD and LRFD based on block shear. Determine the
adequacy of the section.

Solution:
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = [100 − 2(22 + 3)](7.2) = 360 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 2[(50 + 75 + 75)](7.2) = 2880 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 𝐴𝑔𝑣 − 𝐴ℎ
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 2880 − 2[2.5(22 + 3)(7.2)]
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 1980 𝑚𝑚2

𝑃𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡

0.6(248)(2880) + 1.0(400)(360)
𝑃𝑛 =
1000
𝑃𝑛 = 572.54 𝑘𝑁
0.6(400)(1980) + 1.0(400)(360)
𝑃𝑛 =
1000
𝑃𝑛 = 619.2 𝑘𝑁

Use small for block shear

𝑃𝑛 = 572.54 𝑘𝑁

LRFD:
𝑃𝑢 = 0.75(572.54) = 429.41 𝑘𝑁
ASD:
572.54
𝑃𝑎 = = 286.27 𝑘𝑁
2

Capacity:
𝑃𝑢 = 429.41 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑎 = 286.27 𝑘𝑁
Compare to loading:

Pu compare to 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL

Pa compare to DL + LL

Capacity > Loading

∴ not adequate
 2. Determine its allowable strength and
design strength based on block shear.
The bolts are 16mm-diameter bolts, and
A36 steel is used.

Solution:

At a:

𝐴𝑛𝑣 = [175 − 2.5(20)](13)(2)

𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 3250 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑔𝑣 = (175)(13)(2) = 4550 𝑚𝑚2

0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 677.04 𝑘𝑁

0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 780 𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑛𝑡 = (55 − 20)(13) = 455 𝑚𝑚2

400(1.0)(425)
𝑃𝑛𝑎 = 677.04 +
1000
𝑃𝑛𝑎 = 853.04 𝑘𝑁

At b:
3250
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = = 1625 𝑚𝑚2
2
1550
𝐴𝑛𝑣 = = 2275 𝑚𝑚2
2

0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 338.52 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑛𝑡 = [75 − 1.5(20)](13)

𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 585 𝑚𝑚2

400(1.0)(585)
𝑃𝑛𝑏 = 338.52 +
1000
𝑃𝑛𝑏 = 572.52 𝑘𝑁

∅𝑃𝑛 = 429.39 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑛 /Ω = 286.56 𝑘𝑁
 3. The tension member is a PL ⅜ X 5-½ of
A242 steel. It is connected to a ⅜ in.
thick gusset plate, also of A242 steel,
with ¾ inch diameter bolts as shown.
Determine the nominal block shear
strength of the tension member.
Given: Fy = 50 ksi, Fu = 70 ksi

Solution:

Shear Area:
3
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 7.5 (8) (2) = 5.625 𝑖𝑛2
3 3 1
𝐴𝑔𝑣 = ( ) (7.5 − 2.5 ( + )) (2) = 3.984 𝑖𝑛2
8 4 8

Tension Area:
3 3 1
𝐴𝑛𝑡 = (2.5 − 1 ( + )) = 0.609 𝑖𝑛2
8 4 8
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 0.6(70)(3.984) + 1(70)(0.609) = 209.958 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 + 𝑈𝑏𝑠 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑡 = 0.6(50)(5.625) + 1(70)(0.609) = 211.38 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
𝑅𝑛 = 210 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
SAMPLE PROBLEMS: DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS
1. SELECT THE LIGHTEST W10 SECTION THAT WILL RESIST THE GIVEN LOAD. THE MEMBER IS 7.5m
LONG AND IS ASSUMED ONE LINE OF HOLES IN EACH FLANGE AND TWO LINES OF HOLES IN THE
WEB. ASSUME THERE ARE FOUR BOLTS IN EACH LINE 75 mm ON CENTER. USE A992 Gr. 50 STEEL
(Fy= 345 MPa and Fu= 448 MPa) AND 22mm DIA BOLTS. DL=780 KN AND LL=1200 KN. USE LRFD
METHOD. NEGLECT BLOCK SHEAR.

GIVEN:
Fy = 345 MPa
Fu = 448 MPa
Dia. Bolts = 22mm
DL=780 KN
LL=1200 KN
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
LOAD COMBINATIONS: (Factored Load, Pu)
Pu = 1.4PDL = 1.4 (780) = 1092 kN
Pu = 1.2PDL + 1.6PLL = 1.2 (780) + 1.6 (1200) = 2856 kN ( ↑ governs!)
DESIGN THE TENSION MEMBERS: (Solve for gross-area and minimum radius of gyration)
FOR YIELDING:
Pu 2856x1000
Ag = = → Ag = 9198.068 mm2
0.90Fy 0.90 (345)
FOR FRACTURE/RUPTURE:
Pu 2856x1000
Ae = = → Ae = 8500 mm2
0.75Fu 0.75 (448)
Ae = An U ; U = 1
Ae = An = 8500 mm2
Ag = An + Ahole

Ahole = nt(dia. +2) = 2t(22 + 2)

Ag = 8500 mm2 + [4t f (22 + 2) + 2t w (22 + 2)]

Ag = 8500 mm2 + (94t f + 48t w )

MINIMUM RADIUS OF GYRATION, rmin:

L 7.5 x 1000
rmin = = = 25 mm
300 300
NEXT STEP: TRIAL AND ERROR
Where:
Try: W10x54
Where:
Ag = 10200 mm2

bf = 254 mm
t W = 9.4 mm
t f = 15.6 mm
rx = 111 mm ( ↑ governs!) > 25mm (ok!)
ry = 65 mm

FOR YIELDING:
Pucap = 0.90Fy Ag

Pucap = 0.90 (345)(10200)

Pucap = 3167.1 kN > Pu = 2856 kN ( ok!)

FOR FRACTURE/RUPTURE:
Ae = An = Ag − Ahole
Ae = An = 10200 − [94(15.6) + 48(9.4)]
Ae = An = 8282.4 mm2
Pucap = 0.75Fu Ae

Pucap = 0.75 (448) (8282.4)

Pucap = 2782.89 kN > Pu = 2856 kN ( failed!)

Try: W10x60
Ag = 11400 mm2

bf = 257 mm
t W = 10.7 mm
t f = 17.3 mm
rx = 112 mm ( ↑ governs!) > 25mm (ok!)
ry = 65.3 mm

DESIGN STRENGTH:
FOR YIELDING:
Pucap = 0.90Fy Ag

Pucap = 0.90 (345)(11400)

Pucap = 3539.7 kN > Pu = 2856 kN ( ok!)

FOR FRACTURE/RUPTURE:
Ae = An = Ag − Ahole

Ae = An = 11400 − [94(17.3) + 48(10.7)]

Ae = An = 9260.2 mm2
Pucap = 0.75Fu Ae

Pucap = 0.75 (448) (9260.2)

Pucap = 3111.43 kN > Pu = 2856 kN ( ok!)

∴ 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐖𝟏𝟎𝐱𝟔𝟎