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AWC SDPWS2015 Commentary Printable

This section provides background on the general design requirements in the SDPWS. It discusses the scope, design methods, terminology, and basis for nominal strengths and resistance factors. The SDPWS covers allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for wood members and systems resisting wind and seismic loads. Both ASD and LRFD reference design values are derived from nominal strengths through the use of reduction factors.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
227 views52 pages

AWC SDPWS2015 Commentary Printable

This section provides background on the general design requirements in the SDPWS. It discusses the scope, design methods, terminology, and basis for nominal strengths and resistance factors. The SDPWS covers allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for wood members and systems resisting wind and seismic loads. Both ASD and LRFD reference design values are derived from nominal strengths through the use of reduction factors.

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Terry Triest
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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 49

SDPWS
ERRATA
January 2017
April 2018
COMMENTARY

C2 General Design Requirements 51


C3 Members and Connections 53
C4 Lateral Force-Resisting Systems 59
C
Commentary References 95

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
50 SDPWS COMMENTARY

FOREWORD
The Special Design Provisions for Wind and Seismic In developing the provisions of the SDPWS, data and
(SDPWS) document was first issued in 2002. It contains experience with structures in-service has been carefully
provisions for materials, design, and construction of wood evaluated by the AWC Wood Design Standards Committee
members, fasteners, and assemblies to resist wind and for the purpose of providing a standard of practice. It is
seismic forces. The 2015 edition is the fourth edition of intended that this document be used in conjunction with
this publication. competent engineering design, accurate fabrication, and
The Commentary to the SDPWS is provided herein and adequate supervision of construction. Therefore AWC does
includes background information for most sections as well not assume any responsibility for errors or omissions in
as sample calculations for each of the design value tables. the SDPWS and SDPWS Commentary, nor for engineering
The Commentary follows the same subject matter designs and plans prepared from it.
organization as the SDPWS. Discussion of a particular Inquiries, comments and suggestions from the readers
provision in the SDPWS is identified in the Commentary of this document are invited.
by the same section or subsection. When available, refer- American Wood Council
ences to more detailed information on specific subjects
are included.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 51

C2 GENERAL DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
C2.1 General
C2.1.1 Scope C2.1.3 Sizes

Allowable stress design (ASD) and load and resistance Sizes of wood products vary by both product type and
factor design (LRFD) provisions are applicable for the end use conditions. Actual wood product dimensions are
design of wood members and systems to resist wind and typically a function of moisture content at the time that
seismic loads. For other than short-term wind and seismic measurements are taken. For this reason, dimensions are
loads (10-minute basis), adjustment of design capacities reported in terms of reference environmental conditions.
for load duration or time effect shall be in accordance Products such as lumber, timbers, and wood structural
with the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood panels have been historically reported in terms of “nomi-
Construction (6). nal” dimension nomenclature. These product names are
associated with minimum dimensions at reference en-
C2.1.2 Design Methods vironmental conditions or a reference moisture content
specification for the manufacturing process as described in C
Both ASD and LRFD (also referred to as strength the product standards. For example, the minimum dressed
design) formats are addressed by reference to the National dry dimensions of a “2x4” are 1.5 inches x 3.5 inches for

COMMENTARY: GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS


Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction (6) for the moisture content specification that permits the lumber
design of wood members and connections. The design of to be marked as “S Dry”.
elements throughout a structure will generally utilize either Similarly, wood structural panels are described in
the ASD or LRFD format; however, specific requirements terms of “Performance Category” descriptors which are
to use a single design format for all elements within a struc- related to the panel thickness range at reference environ-
ture are not included. The suitability of mixing formats mental conditions described as “nominal panel thickness”
within a structure is the responsibility of the designer in in this standard. Use of the term “nominal panel thickness”
compliance with requirements of the authority having ju- is consistent with terminology used in previous versions of
risdiction. ASCE 7 – Minimum Design Loads for Buildings this standard and the U.S. model building codes. Common
and Other Structures (5) limits mixing of design formats Performance Categories and Span Ratings are provided in
to cases where there are changes in materials. Table C4.2.2C.

C2.2 Terminology
ASD Reduction Factor: This term denotes the spe- shear walls and diaphragms in seismic applications. The
cific adjustment factor used to convert nominal design nominal unit shear capacity for seismic, νs, was derived
values to ASD reference design values. by dividing the nominal unit shear capacity for wind by
Nominal Strength: Nominal strength (or nominal 1.4. This was done to be consistent with the ratio of wind
capacity) is used to provide a common reference point and seismic design capacities for wood structural panel
from which to derive ASD or LRFD reference design shear walls and diaphragms in model building codes (2)
values. For wood structural panels, tabulated nominal and allow for a single ASD Reduction Factor of 2.0 to be
unit shear capacities for wind, νw, (nominal strength) were used for both wind and seismic applications. For fiberboard
derived using ASD tabulated seismic values from industry and lumber shear walls and lumber diaphragms, similar
design documents and model building codes (2, 18, 19, assumptions were used.
20) times a factor of 2.8. The factor of 2.8, based on mini- For shear walls utilizing other materials, ASD unit
mum performance requirements (8), has commonly been shear capacity values from model building codes (2) and
considered the target minimum safety factor associated industry design documents (20) were multiplied by 2.0 to
with ASD unit shear capacity for wood structural panel
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
52 SDPWS COMMENTARY: GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

develop nominal unit shear capacity values for both wind is due to the fact that typical reference design values are
and seismic. based on a statistical estimate of a near-minimum value
While varying approaches are used across the variety (5th percentile).
of products (e.g. wood structural panels, lumber sheathing, The following resistance factors are used in SDPWS:
structural fiberboard, gypsum wallboard) and applications a) sheathing in-plane shear, fD = 0.80, b) sheathing out-
(e.g. shear walls, diaphragms, wall sheathing, and roof of-plane bending fb = 0.85, and c) connections, fz = 0.65.
sheathing) covered by SDPWS, the most common basis LRFD resistance factors have been determined by an
of nominal strength is the factoring up of historic ASD ASTM consensus standard committee (16). Examination
design values such that when nominal strength is divided of fD=0.80 is addressed in ASTM D 5457 (16) where
by the specified ASD reduction factor, the identical design calibration is used to reduce differences between ASD and
value to that specified in prior codes will result. Under LRFD for in-plane shear. For seismic design of shear walls
such an approach, conservatisms inherent in the original and diaphragms, the specified fD = 0.80 is applied to the
ASD design value determination and the product standards nominal unit shear capacity for seismic which is a reduced
are maintained. Importantly, nominal strength values and nominal unit shear capacity derived by dividing the nomi-
methods of adjusting values for use as part of engineered nal unit shear capacity for wind by 1.4 (see C2.2 Nominal
design using either ASD or LRFD (e.g. ASD reduction Strength). Use of the reduced seismic nominal unit shear
factors or LRFD resistance factors) are based upon the capacity times fD = 0.80 is algebraically equivalent to use
premise that the structural products fully comply with the of an “effective fD = 0.57” times the unreduced nominal
applicable product standards referenced in this Specifica- unit shear capacity (i.e. nominal unit shear capacity for
tion. For example, wood structural panels used in shear wind, Rwind) for calculation of the LRFD design unit shear
wall and diaphragm applications or as wall and roof sheath- capacity for seismic:
ing must conform to the requirements found in DOC PS
1 (58) or PS 2 (8) as applicable. These product standards 0.8 RWind
include minimum performance requirements, applicable vSeismic
= − LRFD 0.8
= RSeismic = 0.57 RWind (C2.2-1)
1.4
test methods, and quality assurance for which design meth-
ods in this specification are considered suitable. Examples where:
of such baseline criteria include requirements for strength,
0.80 = φD; sheathing resistance factor for in-plane
stiffness, and fastener performance in product standards shear of shear walls and diaphragms for
for sheathing and panel products used in shear walls and/ both wind and seismic
or diaphragms.
Resistance Factor: For LRFD, resistance factors are Rwind = nominal unit shear capacity for wind
assigned to various wood properties with only one factor Rseismic = nominal unit shear capacity for seismic
for each stress mode (i.e. bending, shear, compression,
tension, and stability). Theoretically, the magnitude of a 0.57 = “effective φD” where reference strength is
associated with the unreduced nominal unit
resistance factor is considered to, in part, reflect relative
shear capacity (i.e. Rwind)
variability of wood product properties. However, for wood
design provisions, actual differences in product variability
are already embedded in the reference design values. This

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 53

C3 MEMBERS AND
CONNECTIONS
C3.1 Framing
C3.1.1.1 Wall Stud Bending Strength and Stiffness For design purposes, a slightly more conservative
Design Value Increase: Wall studs sheathed on both sides value of 1.5 was chosen to represent a modified 2x4 stud
are stronger and stiffer in flexure (i.e., wind loads applied wall system as follows:
perpendicular to the wall plane) than those in similar,
unsheathed wall assemblies. The enhanced performance 2x4 Stud grade Douglas fir studs
of these wood stud wall assemblies is recognized in wood Framing
at 24" o.c.
design with the wall stud repetitive member factor, Cr, for
1/2" gypsum wallboard attached
bending strength and stiffness, which accounts for effects
with 5d cooler nails at 7" o.c.
of partial composite action and load-sharing (1). This is in Interior Sheathing
edge and 10" o.c. field (applied
contrast to the repetitive member factor, Cr, in the NDS (6)
vertically).
which applies to a much broader range of repetitive mem-
ber assembly applications and is limited to bending stress 3/8" wood structural panels at-
increases of no more than 15%. Increases in the assembly
stiffness are directly proportional to partial composite
Exterior Sheath- tached with 8d common nails
ing at 6" o.c. edge and 12" o.c. field
C
action and load-sharing; the effect can conservatively be (blocked).
approximated with the wall stud repetitive member fac-

COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS


tor. Wall stud repetitive member factors in SDPWS Table For other stud depths, the wall stud repetitive member
3.1.1.1 are applicable for out-of-plane wind loads and were factor is taken as a function of the relative stiffness (EI) of
derived based on wall tests (9). Factors in Table 3.1.1.1 the stud material. A repetitive member factor of 1.15 was
increase the calculated strength and stiffness of pinned- assumed for a 2x12 stud in a wall system and Equation
end, bare studs when used in sheathed wall assemblies in C3.1.1-1 was used to interpolate repetitive member factors
accordance with 3.1.1.1. A factor of 1.56 was determined for 2x6, 2x8, and 2x10 studs:
for a wall configured as follows: 0.076
178in4  (C3.1.1-1)
Framing
2x4 Stud grade Douglas fir studs Cr = 1.15  
at 16" o.c.  I stud 
1/2" gypsum wallboard attached Slight differences between calculated Cr values and
with 4d cooler nails at 7" o.c. those appearing in SDPWS Table 3.1.1.1 are due to round-
Interior Sheathing
edge and 10" o.c. field (applied ing.
vertically).
3/8" rough sanded 303 siding at-
Exterior Sheath- tached with 6d box nails at 6" o.c.
ing edge and 12" o.c. field (applied
vertically).

C3.2 Sheathing
Nominal uniform load capacities in SDPWS Tables results in higher capacity, the more conservative two-span
3.2.1 and 3.2.2 assume a two-span continuous condition. continuous condition was selected because this condition
Out-of-plane sheathing capacities are often tabulated in frequently exists at building end zones where the largest
other documents on the basis of a three-span continuous wind forces occur.
condition. Although the three-span continuous condition
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
54 SDPWS COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

Table C3.2A provides out-of-plane bending strength


Table C3.2B Wood Structural Panel
capacities for wood structural panels based on bending
Sheathing Dry Shear
design values and section properties from AWC’s 2012
Capacities in the Plane
ASD/LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construction
(Section M9: Wood Structural Panels) (60). As noted in Span Shear in the Plane, FS
footnotes 1 and 2 to Table C3.2A, the bending capacities Rating: [lb/Q] (lb/ft width)
are based on the lesser of the calculated bending capacities Sheathing Strength Axis Either Perpendicu-
for OSB or plywood for the given span rating.
lar or Parallel to Supports
Table C3.2B provides out-of-plane shear strength ca-
pacities for wood structural panels based on shear design 24/0 130
values and section properties from AWC’s 2012 ASD/ 24/16 150
LRFD Manual for Engineered Wood Construction (Sec- 32/16 165
tion M9: Wood Structural Panels). The shear capacities 40/20 205
are based on the lesser of the calculated shear capacities
48/24 250
for OSB or plywood for the given span rating.
Examples C3.2.1-1 and C3.2.1-2 illustrate how values
in SDPWS Table 3.2.1 were generated using wood struc- Table C3.2C Cellulosic Fiberboard
tural panel out-of-plane bending and shear values given Sheathing Design
in Tables C3.2A and C3.2B. Although the following two Bending Strength
examples are for SDPWS Table 3.2.1, the same procedure can Capacities
be used to generate values shown in SDPWS Table 3.2.2.
Table C3.2C provides out-of-plane bending strength Span Rating: Bending Strength, FbS
capacities for cellulosic fiberboard sheathing based on Sheathing (lb-in./ft width)
minimum modulus of rupture criteria in ASTM C 208. Strength Axis Either Perpendicu-
Nominal uniform load capacities for cellulosic fiberboard lar or Parallel to Supports
sheathing in SDPWS Table 3.2.1 can be derived using the
same procedure as described in Example C3.2.1-1. Regular 1/2" 55
Structural 1/2" 80
Table C3.2A Wood Structural Panel Structural 25/32" 97
Sheathing Dry Design
Bending Strength
Capacities

Span Bending Strength, FbS


Rating: (lb-in./ft width)
Sheathing Strength Strength Axis Parallel to
Axis Supports
Perpen-
dicular to
Supports
12"&16" spac- 24" spacing
ing of framing of framing
members members
24/0 250 1
54 1
652
24/16 3201 641 772
32/16 3701 921 1102
40/20 6251 1501 1802
48/24 930 2
270 2
2702
1. Tabulated bending strength capacities are based on the lesser of OSB or
plywood with 3 plies for the given span ratings.
2. Tabulated bending strength capacities are based on the lesser of OSB or
plywood with 4 plies for the given span ratings.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 55

EXAMPLE C3.2.1-1 Determine the Nominal Uniform Load Capacity in SDPWS


Table 3.2.1

Determine the nominal uniform load capacity in Maximum uniform load based on shear strength for a
SDPWS Table 3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities two-span condition:
(psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind
Loads for the following conditions: 19.2 Fs Ib / Q 19.2 × 130
ws = = = 238 psf
lclearspan (12 − 1.5)
Sheathing type = wood structural panels
Span rating or grade = 24/0 Maximum uniform load based on bending governs.
Min. nominal thickness = 3/8 in. Converting to the nominal capacity basis of SDPWS
Strength axis = perpendicular to supports Table 3.2.1:
Actual stud spacing = 12 in.
 2.16 
wnominal =   × ASD10 -yr
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) bending capacity:  fb 
Fb S = 250 lb-in./ft width from Table C3.2A SDPWS Table 3.2.1
2.16
= ×167 = 424 psf
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) shear capacity: 0.85
Fs I b/Q = 130 lb/ft width from Table C3.2B ≈ 425 psf
where:
Maximum uniform load based on bending strength for a
two-span condition:
C
2.16/0.85 = conversion from a normal load du-
96 Fb S 96 × 250 ration (i.e., 10-yr ASD basis) to the short-term
wb = = = 167 psf

COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS


l2 122 (10-min) nominal capacity basis of SDPWS
Table 3.2.1.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
56 SDPWS COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

EXAMPLE C3.2.1-2 Determine the Nominal Uniform Load Capacity in SDPWS


Table 3.2.1

Determine the nominal uniform load capacity in Maximum uniform load based on shear strength for a
SDPWS Table 3.2.1 Nominal Uniform Load Capacities two-span condition:
(psf) for Wall Sheathing Resisting Out-of-Plane Wind
Loads for the following conditions: 19.2 Fs Ib / Q 19.2 × 205
ws = = = 375 psf
lclearspan (12 − 1.5)
Sheathing type = wood structural panels
Span rating or grade = 40/20 Maximum uniform load based on shear governs. Con-
Min. nominal thickness = 19/32 in. verting to the nominal capacity basis of SDPWS Table
Strength axis = perpendicular to supports 3.2.1:
Actual stud spacing = 12 in.  2.16 
wnominal =   × ASD10− yr
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) bending capacity:  φb  SDPWS Table 3.2.1
Fb S = 625 lb-in./ft width from Table C3.2A 2.16
= × 375 = 953 psf
0.85
ASD (normal load duration, i.e., 10-yr) shear capacity:
Fs I b/Q = 205 lb/ft width from Table C3.2B ≈ 955 psf

Maximum uniform load based on bending strength for a where:


two-span condition:
2.16/0.85 = conversion from a normal load du-
96 Fb S 96 × 625 ration (i.e., 10-yr ASD basis) to the short-term
wb = = = 417 psf
l2 122 (10-min) nominal capacity basis of SDPWS
Table 3.2.1.

C3.2.1 Wall Sheathing

Where wood structural panel wall sheathing is used


to provide the load path for wind uplift loads, the walls
must be designed in accordance with 4.4. All other uplift
force resisting systems must comply with 3.4.2.

C3.3 Connections
Section 3.3 refers the user to the NDS (6) when design- the connection) rather than out-of-plane bending or shear
ing connections to resist wind or seismic forces. In many capacity of the panel.
cases, resistance to out-of-plane forces due to wind may
be limited by connection capacity (withdrawal capacity of

C3.4 Uplift Force Resisting Systems


Section 3.4 applies to all uplift force resisting systems. rod tie-downs consisting of threaded rods or cables, must
Where wood structural panels are used to provide load path comply with Section 3.4.2. The design of such systems
for wind uplift loads, the provisions of 4.4 apply in lieu must be in accordance with accepted engineering prac-
of 3.4.2. All other uplift force resisting systems, including tice and, for systems utilizing proprietary components,
systems that utilize metal connectors and/or continuous the manufacturer’s literature and code evaluation report,
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 57

where applicable. The design must account for stresses within the system; cross-grain bending and/or tension
induced into framing members and all other components perpendicular-to-the-grain of wood members within the
and hardware within the system, as well as resulting de- system.
flections thereof. Eccentricities resulting in cross-grain bending or
When detailing uplift force resisting systems, ec- tension perpendicular-to-the-grain stresses within wood
centricities in the uplift load path should be minimized or members should be avoided. Other factors that must be
eliminated wherever possible (see Figure C3.4). In loca- considered include deflection compatibility of the uplift
tions where this is not possible, the effect of eccentricities force resisting system with the wall(s) in which it is used
in the uplift load path must be considered. Such effects and dimensional changes in the wood elements due to
may include, but are not limited to: moments induced moisture content fluctuations.
into elements of the uplift force resisting system; torsion
within, and rotation of, the top plate and/or other elements

Figure C3.4 Examples of Roof Uplift Connectors

COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS


Appropriate uplift load path with uplift connector Inappropriate uplift load path prone to top plate rota-
aligned with the wood structural panel sheathing pro- tion due to eccentric placement of uplift connector
viding wind uplift resistance. relative to the wood structural panel sheathing providing
wind uplift resistance.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
58 SDPWS COMMENTARY: MEMBERS AND CONNECTIONS

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 59

C4 LATERAL FORCE-
RESISTING SYSTEMS
C4.1 General

C4.1.1 Design Requirements seismic forces from concrete or masonry walls are given to
address deformation compatibility and are largely based on
General design requirements for lateral force-resisting field observations following major seismic events. Wood
systems are described in this section and are applicable to diaphragms and horizontal trusses are specifically permit-
engineered structures. ted to resist horizontal seismic forces from masonry or
concrete walls. For construction over one story in height,
C4.1.2 Shear Capacity wood diaphragms and horizontal trusses are permitted to
resist horizontal seismic forces from masonry or concrete
Nominal unit shear capacities (see C2.2) for wind and walls provided that the design of the diaphragm does not
seismic require adjustment in accordance with SDPWS rely on torsional force distribution through the diaphragm.
4.2.3 for diaphragms and SDPWS 4.3.3 for shear walls to Primary considerations for this limitation are the flexibility
derive an appropriate design value. of the wood diaphragm relative to masonry or concrete C
walls and the limited ability of masonry or concrete walls
C4.1.3 Deformation Requirements to tolerate out-of-plane wall displacements without failure.
The term “horizontal trusses” refers to trusses that are

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


Consideration of deformations (such as deformation oriented such that their top and bottom chords and web
of the overall structure, elements, connections, and sys- members are in a horizontal or near horizontal plane. A
tems within the structure) that can occur is necessary to horizontal truss transmits lateral loads to shear walls in
maintain load path and ensure proper detailing. Special a manner similar to a floor or roof diaphragm. In this
requirements are provided for wood members resisting context, a horizontal truss is a bracing system capable of
forces from concrete and masonry (see C4.1.5) due to po- resisting horizontal seismic forces contributed by masonry
tentially large differences in stiffness and deflection limits or concrete walls.
for wood and concrete systems. Special requirements are Where wood structural panel shear walls are used to
also provided for open front buildings (C4.2.5.2) where provide resistance to seismic forces contributed by ma-
forces are distributed by diaphragm rotation. sonry and concrete walls, deflections are limited to 0.7%
of the story height in accordance with deflection limits
C4.1.4 Boundary Elements (5) for masonry and concrete construction. Strength level
forces and appropriate deflection amplification factors, Cd,
Boundary elements must be sized to transfer design in accordance with ASCE 7 should be used when calcu-
tension and compression forces. Good construction lating design story drift, ∆. The intent of the design story
practice and efficient design and detailing for boundary drift limit is to limit failure of the masonry or concrete
elements utilize framing members in the plane or tangent portions of the structure due to excessive deflection. For
to the plane of the diaphragm or shear wall. example, inadequate diaphragm stiffness may lead to ex-
cessive out-of-plane deformation of the attached masonry
C4.1.5 Wood Members and or concrete wall.
Systems Resisting Seismic Forces C4.1.5.1 Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Struc-
Contributed by Masonry and tural Walls to Diaphragms: For seismic design, the use of
Concrete Walls subdiaphragms as an analytical tool for transfer of wall
anchorage forces was first introduced into the building
The use of wood diaphragms with masonry or con- code in the 1976 Uniform Building Code (UBC) (50) along
crete walls is common practice. Story height and other with special detailing requirements to address observations
limitations for wood members and wood systems resisting of earthquake damage to buildings having plywood dia-

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
60 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

phragms and walls of structural concrete or masonry (46, span taken as the distance between continuous cross-ties
47, 48, and 49). The changes were introduced to prohibit of the main diaphragm, or use of a subdiaphragm that
designs that induced cross grain bending in wood members spans the full distance between side walls. In either case,
and relied on plywood sheathing in lieu of tension ties. subdiaphragms must meet all requirements for diaphragms
The requirement for continuous ties, the subdiaphragm and additionally are limited to a maximum aspect ratio of
concept, and special detailing requirements in SDPWS are 2.5:1 consistent with the ASCE 7 limitation and intended
consistent with those found in ASCE 7 and prior editions to limit bending deformation and address deformation
of the building code where they originally appeared. compatibility with the rest of the diaphragm. The 2.5:1
Continuous ties spanning the full width of the aspect ratio limit first appeared in the 1997 UBC. Although
diaphragm are required to be provided at wall anchorage some designs have successfully used aspect ratios as high
points to the diaphragm so that the entire diaphragm width as 4, which is the limiting aspect ratio for blocked wood
is engaged in resisting wall anchorage forces. Because wall structural panel diaphragms, the aspect ratio limit of 2.5:1
anchors are often spaced as close as 4 feet on center, and is the maximum permitted and considered more suitable
because it is inefficient to provide continuous ties across for a broad range of applications.
the full diaphragm width at this close spacing, the subdia- C4.1.5.1.1 While direct loading of wood framing in
phragm concept has been developed. This analytical tool cross grain bending or cross grain tension is not associated
enables a designer to detail connections along the continu- with an allowable design stress and should therefore be
ous tie load paths within the diaphragm, without resorting avoided as part of a designed load path, transfer of anchor-
to complex analysis which would be needed given the high age forces through wood framing subject to cross grain
level of redundancy within a wood framed diaphragm. bending and cross grain tension are specifically prohibited.
The subdiaphragm is a smaller diaphragm within the main Details commonly employed for transfer of anchorage
diaphragm (Figure C4.1.5A) designed to ensure the local forces into the diaphragm use mechanical attachment
wall anchorage forces can be safely transferred through between the wall anchor and wood framing oriented per-
the connections and members to the main diaphragm. Wall pendicular to the wall (Figure C4.1.5B) avoiding direct
anchor forces are developed into the subdiaphragm, and loading of wood framing in cross grain bending. Figure
continuous ties across the diaphragm are provided at each C4.1.5B illustrates a typical wall anchor attached to a
end of each subdiaphragm rather than at each wall anchor. sub-diaphragm roof purlin. Sheathing edge nailing into the
Figure C4.1.5A illustrates subdiaphragms that anchor the purlin is provided as part of the load path between sheets
west wall for seismic loading in the east-west direction. of panel sheathing, but the sheathing is not considered
Similar subdiaphragms would be provided along the north part of the connection between the purlin and the ledger.
and south walls for loading in the north-south direction Detailing of cross ties for tension relies on mechanical
and along the east wall. attachment of framing members (Figure C4.1.5C) avoid-
Use of subdiaphragms for purposes of distributing ing direct loading of wood framing in cross grain tension.
concrete or masonry structural wall anchorage forces
may entail multiple subdiaphragms with subdiaphragm

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 61

Figure C4.1.5A Illustration of Subdiaphragm and Continuous Tie Concept (for


west wall only)
(Note: For east west loading, subdiaphragm span is 40' between continuous ties and width
is 40'. The ratio of L/W = 40'/40' = 1.00 is less than the 2.5:1 aspect ratio limit of 4.1.5.1).

Wood Structural
Panel Sheathing

Subdiaphragm for
east-west loads

Continuous ties extend Develop beam as


to subdiaphragm chord. continuous tie
Wall anchor into
subdiaphragm (See
Figure C4.1.5B)

C
See Figure C4.1.5C for ties
between framing members Subdiaphragm chord Concrete or Masonry Wall

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


Figure C4.1.5B Example Details of Appropriate and Inappropriate Concrete and
Masonry Wall Anchorage to Wood Diaphragms

Tie Force
Tie Force Tie Force Tie Force

Potential cross-grain
bending failure

a) Appropriate wall anchor detail where anchor b) Inappropriate wall anchor detail where
forces are transferred directly into diaphragm anchor forces induce cross-grain bending in
framing the wood ledger (not permitted)

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62 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Figure C4.1.5C Example Details of Appropriate and Inappropriate Continuity


Tie Details

Tie Force Tie Force

Tie Force Tie Force

Potential for splitting due to tension


perpendicular-to-grain stresses

a) Appropriate continuity tie detail where b) Inappropriate continuity tie detail where
continuity of wall anchor forces is maintained sheathing is used to maintain continuity of
by ties between framing members tension where tension perpendicular to grain
stresses are induced in the wood beam
(not permitted)

C4.1.5.1.2 Reliance on diaphragm sheathing to pro- shall be designed to account for seismic forces generated
vide continuity between framing members is specifically by the additional mass of such elements.
prohibited. The intended design approach is to preserve Design of wood members to support the additional
sheathing and sheathing nailing for in-plane shear loading mass of concrete and masonry elements shall be in ac-
and to reduce potential for concentration of deformation cordance with the NDS and required deflection limits as
at sheathing joints between chords. The limitation is also specified in concrete or masonry standards or model build-
intended to prohibit the design of wood sheathing to pro- ing codes (2). Masonry is defined as a built-up construction
vide tension continuity for wall anchorage forces (Figure or combination of building units or materials of clay, shale,
C4.1.5C). concrete, glass, gypsum, stone, or other approved units
bonded together with or without mortar or grout or other
C4.1.6 Wood Members and accepted methods of joining.
Systems Resisting Seismic Forces
from Other Concrete or Masonry C4.1.7 Toe-Nailed Connections
Construction
Limits on use of toe-nailed connections in seismic
Seismic forces from other concrete or masonry con- design categories D, E, and F for transfer of seismic forces
struction (i.e. other than walls) are permitted and should is consistent with building code requirements (2). Test
be accounted for in design. SDPWS 4.1.6 is not intended to data (12) suggests that the toe-nailed connection limit on
restrict the use of concrete floors – including wood floors a bandjoist to wall plate connection may be too restrictive;
with concrete toppings as well as reinforced concrete however, an appropriate alternative limit requires further
slabs – or similar such elements in floor construction. It study. Where blocking is used to transfer high seismic
is intended to clarify that, where such elements are pres- forces, toe-nailed connections can sometimes split the
ent in combination with a wood system, the wood system block or provide a weakened plane for splitting.

C4.2 Wood Diaphragms

C4.2.1 Application Requirements C4.2.2 Deflection

General requirements for wood diaphragms include The total mid-span deflection of a blocked, uniformly
consideration of diaphragm strength and deflection. nailed (e.g. same panel edge naling) wood structural panel
diaphragm can be calculated by summing the effects of
four sources of deflection: framing bending deflection,

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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 63

panel shear deflection, deflection from nail slip, and de- E = modulus of elasticity of diaphragm chords,
flection due to chord splice slip: psi
(bending, chord (shear, panel (shear, panel (bending, chord A = area of chord cross-section, in.2
deformation deformation) nail slip) splice slip)
excluding slip)
W = width of diaphragm in direction of applied

δ dia =
5vL
+
3
vL
+ 0.188 Len +
∑ ( x∆ c ) (C4.2.2-1)
force, ft

8 EAW 4Gv tv 2W Ga = apparent diaphragm shear stiffness, kips/


in.
where: x = distance from chord splice to nearest
ν = induced unit shear, plf support, ft

L = diaphragm dimension perpendicular to the ∆c = diaphragm chord splice slip at the induced
direction of the applied force, ft unit shear, in.

E = modulus of elasticity of diaphragm chords, Distribution of shear forces among shear panels in a
psi diaphragm is a function of the layup and nailing pattern
A = area of chord cross-section, in.2 of panels to framing. For this reason, shear deflection in
a wood diaphragm is related to panel shear, panel layout,
W = width of diaphragm in direction of applied
nailing pattern, and nail load-slip relationship. In Equa-
force, ft
tion C4.2.2-2, panel shear and nail slip are assumed to be
inter-related and have been combined into a single term to
Gνtν = shear stiffness, lb/in. of panel depth. See
Table C4.2.2A or C4.2.2B. account for shear deformations. Equation C4.2.2-3 equates C
apparent shear stiffness, Ga, to nail slip and panel shear
x = distance from chord splice to nearest stiffness terms used in the four-term equation:

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


support, ft. For example, a shear wall aligned
parallel to the loaded direction of the 1.4vs ( ASD )
diaphragm would typically be considered a Ga = (C4.2.2-3)
1.4vs ( ASD )
support. + 0.75en
Gv tv
∆c = diaphragm chord splice slip at the induced
unit shear, in. where:
en = nail slip, in. See Table C4.2.2D. 1.4 vs(ASD) = 1.4 times the ASD unit shear capacity for
seismic. The value of 1.4 converts ASD level
forces to strength level forces.
Note: the 5/8 constant incorporates background
Calculated deflection, using either the 4-term (Equa-
derivations that cancel out the units of feet in the
tion C4.2.2-1) or 3-term equation (SDPWS Equation
first term of the equation.
4.2-1), is identical at the critical strength design level
SDPWS Equation 4.2-1 is a simplification of Equation — 1.4 times the allowable shear value for seismic (see
C4.2.2-1, using only three terms for calculation of the total Figure C4.3.2).
mid-span diaphragm deflection: For unblocked wood structural panel diaphragms,
tabulated values of Ga are based on limited test data for
(bending, chord (shear, panel (bending, chord
deformation shear and splice slip) blocked and unblocked diaphragms (3, 4, and 11). For dia-
excluding slip) nail slip) phragms of Case 1, reduced shear stiffness equal to 0.6Ga
was used to derive tabulated Ga values. For unblocked
5vL3 0.25vL ∑ ( x∆ c ) (C4.2.2-2)
δ dia = + + diaphragms of Case 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, reduced shear stiff-
8 EAW 1000Ga 2W ness equal to 0.4Ga was used to derive tabulated Ga values.
where:
Examples C4.2.2-1 and C4.2.2-2 show derivations of Ga
in SDPWS Tables 4.2A and 4.2B, respectively.
ν = induced unit shear, plf A factor of 0.5 is provided in the diaphragm table
L = diaphragm dimension perpendicular to the
footnotes to adjust tabulated Ga values (based on fabricated
direction of the applied force, ft dry condition) to approximate Ga where “green” fram-
ing is used. This factor is based on analysis of apparent

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
64 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

shear stiffness for wood structural panel shear wall and Diaphragm length, L = 24 ft
diaphragm construction where: Diaphragm width, W = 24 ft
Panel edge nail spacing = 6 in.
1) framing moisture content is greater than 19% Boundary nail spacing = 6 in. o.c. at boundary
at time of fabrication (green), and parallel to load (4 in. o.c. at boundary perpen-
2) framing moisture content is less than or equal dicular to load for walls A and B)
to 19% in-service (dry).
Calculated deflections at 1.4 x ns(ASD) closely match
The average ratio of “green” to “dry” for Ga across test data for blocked and unblocked diaphragms.
shear wall and diaphragm cells ranged from approximately In Table C4.2.2F, calculated deflections using SDPWS
0.52 to 0.55. A rounded value of 0.5 results in slightly Equation 4.2-1 are compared to deflections from two tests
greater values of calculated deflection for “green” fram- of 20 ft x 60 ft (W = 20 ft, L = 60 ft) diaphragms (26) at
ing when compared to the more detailed 4-term deflection 1.4 times the allowable seismic design value for a hori-
equations. Although based on nail slip relationships zontally sheathed and single diagonally sheathed lumber
applicable to wood structural panel shear walls, this reduc- diaphragm. Calculated deflections include estimates of
tion can also be extended to lumber sheathed diaphragm deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip. For both
construction. diaphragms, calculated shear deformation accounted for
nearly 85% of the total calculated mid-span deflection.
Comparison with Diaphragm Test Data Tested deflection for Diaphragm 4 is slightly greater than
Tests of blocked and unblocked diaphragms (4) are estimated by calculation and may be attributed to limited
compared in Table C4.2.2E for diaphragms constructed effectiveness of the diaphragm chord construction which
as follows: utilized blocking to transfer forces to the double 2x6 top
plate chord. For Diaphragm 2, chord construction utilized
Sheathing material = Sheathing Grade, 3/8" mini- 2-2x10 band joists.
mum nominal panel thickness
Nail size = 8d common (0.131" diameter, 2½"
length)

Table C4.2.2A Shear Stiffness, Gνtν (lb/in. of depth), for Wood Structural Panels

Minimum Structural Sheathing Structural I


Span Nominal Panel Plywood Plywood
Rating4 Thickness (in.) OSB OSB
3-ply 4-ply 5-ply 3
3-ply 4-ply 5-ply3
Sheathing Grades1
24/0 3/82 25,000 32,500 37,500 77,500 32,500 42,500 41,500 77,500
24/16 7/16 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 35,000 45,500 44,500 83,500
32/16 15/32 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 35,000 45,500 44,500 83,500
40/20 19/32 28,500 37,000 43,000 88,500 37,000 48,000 47,500 88,500
48/24 23/32 31,000 40,500 46,500 96,000 40,500 52,500 51,000 96,000
Single Floor Grades
16 oc 19/32 27,000 35,000 40,500 83,500 35,000 45,500 44,500 83,500
20 oc 19/32 28,000 36,500 42,000 87,000 36,500 47,500 46,000 87,000
24 oc 23/32 30,000 39,000 45,000 93,000 39,000 50,500 49,500 93,000
32 oc 7/8 36,000 47,000 54,000 110,000 47,000 61,000 59,500 110,000
48 oc 1-1/8 50,500 65,500 76,000 155,000 65,500 85,000 83,500 155,000
1. Sheathing grades used for calculating Ga values for diaphragm and shear wall tables.
2. Gntn values for 3/8" panels with span rating of 24/0 used to estimate Ga values for 5/16" panels.
3. 5-ply applies to plywood with five or more layers. For 5-ply plywood with three layers, use Gntn values for 4-ply panels.
4. See Table 4.2.2C for relationship between span rating and nominal panel thickness.
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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 65

Table C4.2.2B Shear Stiffness, Gνtν (lb/in. of depth), for Other Sheathing
Materials

Minimum Nominal
Sheathing Material Gvtv
Panel Thickness (in.)
Plywood Siding 5/16 & 3/8 25,000
3/8 25,000
Particleboard 1/2 28,000
5/8 28,500
Structural Fiberboard 1/2 & 25/32 25,000
Gypsum board 1/2 & 5/8 40,000
Lumber All 25,000

Table C4.2.2C Relationship Between Span Rating and Nominal Thickness

Span Nominal Thickness (in.)


Rating 3/8 7/16 15/32 1/2 19/32 5/8 23/32 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8

24/0 P A A A
Sheathing
C
24/16 P A A
32/16 P A A A

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


40/20 P A A A
48/24 P A A
Single Floor Grade
16 oc P A
20 oc P A
24 oc P A
32 oc P A
48 oc P
P = Predominant nominal thickness for each span rating.
A = Alternative nominal thickness that may be available for each span rating. Check with suppliers regarding availability.

Table C4.2.2D Fastener Slip, en (in.)

Maximum Fastener Fastener Slip, en (in.)


Load ( Vn) Fabricated w/green Fabricated w/dry
Sheathing Fastener Size
(lb/fastener) (>19% m.c.) lumber (≤ 19% m.c.) lumber
Wood Structural 6d common 180 (Vn/434)2.314 (Vn/456)3.144
Panel (WSP) or 8d common 220 (Vn/857)1.869 (Vn/616)3.018
Particleboard1
10d common 260 (Vn/977)1.894 (Vn/769)3.276
Structural Fiberboard All - - 0.07
Gypsum Board All - - 0.03
Lumber All - - 0.07
1. Slip values are based on plywood and OSB fastened to lumber with a specific gravity of 0.50 or greater. The slip shall be increased by 20 percent when plywood
or OSB is not Structural I. Nail slip for common nails have been extended to galvanized box or galvanized casing nails of equivalent penny weight for purposes
of calculating Ga.
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66 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Table C4.2.2E Data Summary for Blocked and Unblocked Wood Structural
Panel Diaphragms

Blocked/ 1.4vs(ASD) Actual Apparent Stiffness1, Calculated Diaphragm


Wall Unblocked (plf) Deflection, (in.) Ga, (kips/in.) Deflection, (in.) Layout
A Blocked 378 0.22 14.4 0.18 Case 1
D Unblocked 336 0.26 (0.60 x 14.4) = 8.6 0.26 Case 1
B Blocked 378 0.15 14.4 0.18 Case 3
E Unblocked 252 0.23 (0.40 x 14.4) = 5.8 0.29 Case 3
1. Values of Ga for the blocked diaphragm case were taken from SDPWS Table 4.2A and multiplied by 1.2 (see footnote 3) because sheathing material was assumed
to be comparable to 4/5-ply construction.

Table C4.2.2F Data Summary for Horizontal Lumber and Diagonal Lumber
Sheathed Diaphragms

Calculated Actual
Diaphragm Description 1.4vs(ASD) Ga δ1
δ
(plf) (kips/in.) (in.) (in.)
Horizontal Lumber Sheathing
Diaphragm 4
– Dry Lumber Sheathing 70 1.5 0.81 0.93
– 2 x 6 chord (double top plates), 5 splices
Diagonal Lumber Sheathing
Diaphragm 2 – Green Lumber Sheathing
420 6.0 1.23 1.05
– 2 x 10 chord, 3 splices
– Exposed outdoors for 1 month
1. Calculated deflection equal to 0.81" includes estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip (0.036" + 0.7" + 0.07" = 0.81"). Calculated deflection
equal to 1.23" includes estimates of deflection due to bending, shear, and chord slip (0.13" + 1.05" + 0.05" = 1.23").

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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 67

EXAMPLE C4.2.2-1 Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2A

Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2A for a blocked wood Panel shear stiffness:
structural panel diaphragm constructed as follows: Gntn = 77,500 lb/in. of panel depth Table C4.2.2A

Sheathing grade = Structural I Nail load/slip at 1.4 νs(ASD):


(OSB) Vn = fastener load (lb/nail)
Sheathing layup = Case 1 = 1.4 νs(ASD) (6 in.)/(12 in.)
Nail size = 6d common
(0.113" = 129.5 lb/nail
diameter, 2" en = (Vn/456)3.144 Table C4.2.2D
length) = (129.5/456)3.144 = 0.0191 in.
Minimum nominal panel thickness = 5/16 in.
Boundary and panel edge nail spacing = 6 in. Calculate Ga:
Minimum width of nailed face = 2x nominal
Nominal unit shear capacity for 1.4vs ( ASD ) (C4.2.2-3)
Ga =
seismic, νs = 370 plf 1.4vs ( ASD )
SDPWS Table 4.2A + 0.75en
Gv tv
Allowable unit shear capacity for seismic: Ga = 14,660 lb/in. ≈ 15 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2A
νs(ASD) = 370 plf/2 = 185 plf C

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


EXAMPLE C4.2.2-2 Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2B

Derive Ga in SDPWS Table 4.2B for an unblocked Ga = 15 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2A
wood structural panel diaphragm constructed as follows:
Case 1 - unblocked
Sheathing grade = Structural I Ga = 0.6 Ga (blocked)
(OSB) = 0.6 (15.0) = 9.0 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2B
Nail size = 6d common
(0.113" Cases 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 - unblocked
diameter, 2" Ga = 0.4 Ga (blocked)
length) = 0.4 (15.0) = 6.0 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.2B
Minimum nominal panel thickness = 5/16 in.
Minimum width of nailed face = 2x nominal
Boundary and panel edge nail spacing = 6 in.

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68 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

EXAMPLE C4.2.2-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection

Figure C4.2.2A Diaphragm allowable design value for a single 16d common nail in
Dimensions a face-nailed connection is: Z′ASD = 226 lb.
and Shear and
Moment Diagram The axial force (T or C) at each joint:
L = 48'
16' 16'
M x 65, 280 ft − lb
(T or C ) =
A B
C ase 1 blo cked = = 2, 720 lb
D ia p h ra gm
d iaphra grm , W 24 ft
chord joint 7 /16" O S B
she ath ing , 8d
W = 24' com m on nail a t The number of 16d common nails, n, is:
6 " o.c. a t a ll
p a n el edges
2, 720 lb
n= = 12 nails
226 lb / nail
A llow ab le stress design load, ω = 2 5 5 plf
Use twelve 16d common nails on each side of joint
vm ax = 2 55 plf A and joint B to transfer chord axial forces. Designers
should consider whether a single maximum chord force
Vx = ω(L/2 - x)
at mid-span of the diaphragm should be used to determine
the number of fasteners in each splice joint since the
x M m ax = 7 3,44 0 ft-lb
M = 6 5,28 0 ft-lb M = 6 5,28 0 ft-lb actual location of joints may not be known. The number
of 16d common nails based on the maximum chord force
Mx = ω x (L - x)
2
at mid-span of the diaphragm is:

Calculate mid-span deflection for the blocked wood 73, 440 ft − lb / 24 ft


structural panel diaphragm shown in Figure C4.2.2A. n= = 14 nails
226 lb / nail
The diaphragm chord splice is sized using allowable
stress design loads from seismic while deflection due to
seismic is based on strength design loads in accordance Figure C4.2.2B Diaphragm Chord,
with ASCE 7. Double Top Plate
with Two Joints in
Diaphragm apparent shear stiffness, Ga: Upper Plate
Ga = 14 kips/in. (SDPWS Table 4.2A)
U p p e r p la te d e sig ned as S p lice
contin uous chord p la tes
Diaphragm allowable unit shear capacity for seismic, Jo in t A Jo in t B
vs (ASD):
vs (ASD) = 255 plf (SDPWS Table 4.2A)
1 6' 1 6'
Diaphragm chord: 4 8'

Two 2x6 No. 2 Douglas Fir-Larch, E = 1,600,000


psi, and G = 0.50
W id e fa ce o f u p p e r top p la te . T w e lve n a ils o n e a c h side of each joint.
Part 1 - Calculate the number of 16d common nails
in the chord splice
Part 2 - Calculated mid-span deflection
For each chord, one top plate is designed to resist
induced axial force (tension or compression) while the ASCE 7 requires that seismic story drift be determined
second top plate is designed as a splice plate (see Figure using strength level design loads; therefore, induced unit
C4.2.2B). The connection at the chord splice consists of shears and chord forces used in terms 1, 2, and 3 of the
16d common nails (0.162" diameter x 3-1/2" length). The deflection equation are calculated using strength level
(continued)
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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 69

EXAMPLE C4.2.2-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection (continued)

design loads. Strength level design loads can be estimated The second top plate is designed as a splice plate.
by multiplying the allowable stress design seismic loads,
shown in Figure C4.2.2A, by 1.4. Term 2. Deflection due to shear, panel shear, and
A spliced chord member has an “effective” stiffness nail slip:
(EA) due to the splice slip that occurs throughout the 0.25vL
chord. In this example, and for typical applications of δ dia ( panel shear + nail slip ) =
1000Ga
Equation C4.2.2-2, the effect of the spliced chord on mid-
span deflection is addressed by independently considering 0.25(1.4 x 255 plf )( 48 ft )
=
deflection from: a) chord deformation due to elongation 1000(14 kips / in.)
or shortening assuming a continuous chord member per = 0.306 in.
deflection equation Term 1, and b) deformations due to
chord splice slip at chord joints per deflection equation where:
Term 3. Ga = 14 kips/in., apparent shear stiffness
Diaphragm deflection is calculated in accordance with (SDPWS Table 4.2A)
the following:
Term 3. Deflection due to bending and chord splice

5vL3 0.25vL
slip:
C
δ dia = +
8 EAW 1000Ga δ dia ( chord splice slip ) =
∑ ( x∆ )
c

2W
∑ ( x∆ )

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


c
+ (SDPWS C4.2.2-2)
2W where:
x = 16 ft, distance from the joint to the nearest
Term 1. Deflection due to bending and chord deforma-
tion (excluding chord splice slip): support (see Figure C4.2.2A). Each joint
is located 16 ft from the nearest support.
5vL3 Δc = Joint deformation (in.) due to chord splice
δ dia ( bending , chords ) =
8 EAW slip in each joint. The chord force, T or C,
5(1.4 x 255 plf )(48 ft )3 at each joint is:
=
8(1, 600, 000 psi )(8.25 in.2 )(24 ft )
(1.4 x 65, 280 ft − lb)
= 0.078 in. (T or C ) = = 3, 808 lb
24 ft
where:
v = 1.4 x 255 plf, induced unit shear due to The slip, Δ, associated with each joint:
strength level seismic load
L = 48 ft, diaphragm length 2 (T or C )
W = 24 ft, diaphragm width ∆c =
γn
E = 1,600,000 psi, modulus of elasticity of
2 (3, 808 lb)
the 2x6 chord member ignoring effects =
11, 737 lb / in./ nail (12 nails )
of chord splice slip. The effect of chord
splice slip on chord deformation is = 0.054 in.
addressed in deflection equation Term 3.
A = 8.25 in.2, cross sectional area of one 2x6
top plate designed to resist axial forces.
(continued)
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70 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

EXAMPLE C4.2.2-3 Calculate Mid-Span Diaphragm Deflection (continued)

where: δ dia ( compression chord splice slip ) = 0.036 in.


γ = 11,737 lb/in./nail, load slip modulus
for dowel type fasteners determined Total deflection due to chord splice slip is:
in accordance with National Design
δ dia ( chord splice slip ) = 0.036 in. + 0.036 in. = 0.072 in.
Specification for Wood Construction
(NDS) Section 11.3.6, γ =180,000 D1.5.
Total mid-span deflection:
(Note: A constant of 2 is used in the numerator to account
for slip in nailed splices on each side of the joint.) Summing deflection components from deflection
equation Term 1, Term 2, and Term 3 results in the fol-
Deflection due to tension chord splice slip is: lowing total diaphragm mid-span deflection:

∑ (16 ft × 0.054 in.) + (16 ft × 0.054 in.) δ dia = 0.078 in. + 0.306 in. + 0.072 in. = 0.456 in.
δ dia (tension chord splice slip ) =
2(24 ft )
= 0.036 in.

Assuming butt joints in the compression chord are


not tight and have a gap that exceeds the splice slip, the
tension chord slip calculation is also applicable to the
compression chord:

C4.2.3 Unit Shear Capacities where:


0.8 = resistance factor, fD, for shear walls and
ASD and LRFD unit shear capacities for wind and diaphragms
seismic are calculated as follows from nominal values for
wind, νw, and seismic, νs. C4.2.4 Diaphragm Aspect Ratios
ASD unit shear capacity for wind, νw(ASD): Maximum aspect ratios for floor and roof diaphragms
v (SDPWS Table 4.2.4) using wood structural panel or
vw ( ASD ) = w (C4.2.3-1)
2.0 diagonal board sheathing are based on building code re-
quirements (See SDPWS 4.2.5.1 for aspect ratio limits for
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, νs(ASD): cases where a torsional irregularity exists, for open front
vs buildings, and cantilevered diaphragms).
vs ( ASD ) = (C4.2.3-2)
2.0
where: C4.2.5 Horizontal Distribution of
2.0 = ASD reduction factor Shear

Seismic design requirements of ASCE 7 (5) clas-


LRFD unit shear capacity for wind, νw(LRFD):
sify diaphragms as semi-rigid, idealized as flexible, and
vw ( LRFD ) = 0.8vw (C4.2.3-3) idealized as rigid. The significance of “idealized” is to
recognize that wood diaphragms always have some rigid-
LRFD unit shear capacity for seismic, νs(LRFD): ity and are neither truly flexible nor truly rigid but can be
vs ( LRFD ) = 0.8vs idealized as such where certain conditions are met. An
(C4.2.3-4)
idealization is employed to simplify structural analysis
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SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 71

for distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear loads. For ASCE 7 and applicable for diaphragms idealized as rigid or
diaphragms idealized as flexible, loads are distributed to modeled as semi-rigid. For diaphragms idealized as flex-
vertical resisting elements (e.g. shear walls) according to ible, where distribution is by tributary area, requirements of
tributary area, whereas for diaphragms idealized as rigid, this section are not applicable because such structures are
loads are distributed according to the relative stiffnesses of not considered to be torsionally irregular under ASCE 7.
the vertical resisting elements. For diaphragms modeled as C4.2.5.2 Open Front Structures: While 4.2.5.2 in-
semi-rigid, the distribution of horizontal diaphragm shear troduces requirements specific to wood diaphragms in
loads to shear wall lines employs a more complex analysis open front structures, these are in addition to and not a
dependent on the relative stiffness of the diaphragm and replacement of general seismic design criteria of ASCE 7.
vertical resisting elements. A defining characteristic of an open front structure is the
The use of semi-rigid diaphragm modeling for presence of a cantilevered diaphragm for transfer of forces
purposes of distribution of horizontal force is always to vertical elements of the lateral force-resisting system.
permissible under ASCE 7. It is the method considered to A structure with shear walls on three sides only (open
most rationally account for actual distribution of horizontal front) is one simple form of an open front structure. Open
diaphragm shear loads to vertical resisting elements; how- front structures rely on diaphragm rigidity for transfer of
ever, a semi-rigid diaphragm analysis requires significant forces through diaphragm rotation and are considered to be
calculation effort for all but the simplest box structures. more vulnerable to torsional response than other box type
An acceptable alternative to semi-rigid diaphragm analysis structure configurations due to reliance on the diaphragm
is the envelope analysis where distribution of horizontal for torsional force distribution to elements that are not
diaphragm shear to each vertical resisting element is the optimally located at diaphragm edges. As a result, open
larger of the shear forces resulting from analyses where
the diaphragm is idealized as flexible and the diaphragm
front structure provisions require limitations on seismic
drift and building configuration similar to provisions for C
is idealized as rigid. While two separate analyses must torsionally irregular structures that are not open front for
be performed, one for the diaphragm idealized as flexible the purpose of reducing the likelihood of an unacceptable

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


and one for the diaphragm idealized as rigid, the envelope torsional response of such structures.
analysis avoids calculation effort associated with distribu- For loading parallel to the open side, the requirement
tion of horizontal diaphragm shear loads based on relative to check drift at building edges applies regardless of the
stiffness of the diaphragm and vertical resisting elements. analysis method used (e.g. diaphragm idealized as rigid,
Consistent with prior editions of SDPWS, the ideal- semi-rigid analysis, or envelope analysis) and regardless
ized as rigid diaphragm condition is permitted only where of whether the test for torsional irregularity indicates pres-
computed maximum in-plane deflection of the diaphragm ence of a torsional irregularity. The required use of either
itself under lateral load is less than or equal to two times idealized as rigid or semi-rigid analysis for loading parallel
the average deflection of adjoining vertical elements of to the open front is due to the reliance on diaphragm rigid-
the lateral force-resisting system of the associated story ity for transfer of torsional forces. Required use of these
under equivalent tributary lateral load. This requirement analysis methods is also intended to ensure that torsional
is considered an appropriate corollary to the calculation- irregularity and associated requirements for torsion in
based “idealized as flexible diaphragm” condition of ASCE 7 are invoked as applicable for this structure type.
ASCE 7. Wood diaphragms used with wood frame shear There are no specific requirements for diaphragm rigidity
walls will often calculate as meeting the idealized as for loading perpendicular to the open front. For example, it
rigid condition; however, in most cases wood diaphragms is not required for diaphragms to be modeled as semi-rigid
are idealized as flexible in accordance with the ASCE 7 or idealized as rigid for loading perpendicular to the open
prescriptive conditions allowing the idealized as flexible front. Open front building plans often have regular place-
analysis assumption. Importantly, the ASCE 7 prescrip- ment of walls aligned perpendicular to the open front that
tive condition for light frame construction requires that the is conducive to the idealized as flexible analysis method
allowable story drift be satisfied for each line of vertical for loading perpendicular to the open side.
resisting elements. Example C4.2.5.2 illustrates components of deflection
C4.2.5.1 Torsional Irregularity: Excessive torsional contributing seismic drift at edges for a simple cantilevered
response of a structure can be a potential cause of failure. diaphragm structure. The cantilevered diaphragm struc-
For structures identified as torsionally irregular, special ture depicted in Figure C4.2.5A consists of a cantilevered
requirements must be met to improve diaphragm rigidity, diaphragm of length Lʹ, transverse resisting shear walls
including limits on diaphragm materials, diaphragm aspect of length Lʹ, and longitudinal shear wall of length Wʹ.
ratio, and drift. The test for torsional irregularity is from The seismic force is uniformly distributed over cantilever
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
72 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

diaphragm length, Lʹ. Center of rigidity, CR, is located at The exception in SDPWS 4.2.5.2 excludes relatively
the mid-point of the longitudinal shear wall and center of small diaphragm cantilevers from open front criteria. Small
mass, CM, is located at the geometric center of diaphragm diaphragm cantilevers, with Lʹ of six feet or less, are often
dimensions LʹxWʹ. Components of diaphragm deflection present and the complexity and limitations associated with
contributing to seismic drift at edges consist of translation, open front criteria was not judged to be warranted. While
rotation, and diaphragm shear including flexural deforma- such small diaphragm cantilevers are exempt from open
tions as depicted in Figure C4.2.5B. An important aspect of front requirements of 4.2.5.2, general seismic design cri-
the example is that flexural and shear deformations of the teria of ASCE 7 remain applicable as well as provisions of
diaphragm are to be included in the required check of drift 4.2.5.1 for cases where a torsional irregularity is present.
at diaphragm edges. This deformation of the diaphragm is
to be included whether the diaphragm is idealized as rigid
or modeled as semi-rigid.

Example C4.2.5.2 Illustrate Components of Deflection Contributing to Seismic


Story Drift at Edges for a Simple Cantilever Diaphragm
Structure

Figure C4.2.5A Simple Cantilever


Diaphragm Structure

W'

CR

V L'
CM

Figure C4.2.5B Components of Diaphragm Deflection Contributing to Seismic


Story Drift at Edges

∆ Translation ∆ Rotation ∆ Diaphragm shear ∆ Total


and flexure
Discussion: Components of diaphragm deflection assumed distributed shear loading and includes in-
contributing to story drift consists of translation, rota- plane shear and flexural deflection of the diaphragm.
tion, and diaphragm shear and flexural deformations as
depicted in Figure C4.2.5B. Consistent with ASCE 7 requirements, when check-
• The translation component of deflection is from ing design story drift at edges against ASCE 7 allowable
deflection of the longitudinal shear wall Wʹ under story drift limits, it is necessary to multiply deflection
the applied shear loading. determined using strength level forces by the applicable
• The rotation component of deflection is from deflec- deflection amplification factor (i.e. ∆ Total calculated at
tion of transverse shear walls, Lʹ, under torsional strength level forces is multiplied by Cd to estimate de-
moment caused by eccentric loading. sign story drift). Where vertical elements of the seismic
• The diaphragm shear and flexure component of force resisting system are wood frame wood structural
deflection is from the diaphragm itself under the panel shear walls in a bearing wall system, the applicable
deflection amplification factor, Cd, is equal to 4.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 73

C4.2.5.2.1 Simplification of open front criteria was tabulating Ga values for 3-ply, 4-ply, 5-ply, and composite
judged appropriate for relatively small one story structures panels separately.
where Lʹ is not more than 25 feet and Lʹ/Wʹ is less than or C4.2.6.3 Fasteners: Adhesive attachment in dia-
equal to 1:1. In such structures, the diaphragm is permit- phragms can only be used in combination with fasteners.
ted to be idealized as rigid for distribution of horizontal Details on type, size, and spacing of mechanical fasteners
shear forces regardless of whether the diaphragm meets used for typical floor, roof, and ceiling diaphragm assem-
the calculation based definition of idealized as rigid in SD- blies are provided in Tables 4.2A, 4.2B, 4.2C, and 4.2D
PWS 4.2.5. Other requirements for cantilever diaphragms and in SDPWS 4.2.7 Diaphragm Assemblies.
remain applicable including provisions of 4.2.5.1 for cases
where a torsional irregularity is present as well as general C4.2.7 Diaphragm Assemblies
seismic design criteria of ASCE 7.
C4.2.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Diaphragms: Where
C4.2.6 Construction Requirements wood structural panel sheathing is applied to solid
lumber planking or laminated decking – such as in a
C4.2.6.1 Framing Requirements: The transfer of forces retrofit or new construction where wood structural panel
into and out of diaphragms is required for a continuous load diaphragm capacities are desired – additional fastening,
path. Boundary elements must be sized and connected to aspect ratio limits, and other requirements are prescribed
the diaphragm to ensure force transfer. This section pro- to develop diaphragm capacity and transfer forces to
vides basic framing requirements for boundary elements boundary elements.
in diaphragms. Good construction practice and efficient C4.2.7.1.1 Blocked Diaphragms: Standard construc-
design and detailing for boundary elements utilize framing
members in the plane of the diaphragm or tangent to the
tion of wood structural panel diaphragms requires use of
full size sheets, not less than 4'x8' except at changes in C
plane of the diaphragm (See C4.1.4). Where splices occur framing where smaller pieces may be needed to cover the
in boundary elements, transfer of force between boundary roof or floor. Panel edges must be supported by and fas-

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


elements should be through the addition of framing mem- tened to framing members or blocking. The 24" width limit
bers or metal connectors. The use of diaphragm sheathing coincides with the minimum width where panel strength
to splice boundary elements is not permitted. capacities for bending and axial tension are applicable (6).
C4.2.6.2 Sheathing: Sheathing types for diaphragms For widths less than 24", capacities for bending and axial
included in SDPWS Table 4.2A and Table 4.2B are catego- tension should be reduced in accordance with applicable
rized in terms of the following structural use panel grades: panel size adjustment factors (panel width adjustment
Structural I, Sheathing, and Single-Floor. Sheathing grades factors are described in the Commentary to the National
rated for subfloor, roof, and wall use are usually unsanded Design Specification for Wood Construction (6)). Apparent
and are manufactured with exterior glue. The Structural I shear stiffness values provided in SDPWS Table 4.2A are
sheathing grade is used where the greatest available shear based on standard assumptions for panel shear stiffness
and cross-panel strength properties are required. Structural for oriented strand board (OSB), plywood, and nail load
I is made with exterior glue only. The Single-Floor sheath- slip (see C4.2.2).
ing grade is rated for use as a combination of subfloor and In accordance with SDPWS Table 4.2A, nail spacing
underlayment, usually with tongue and groove edges, and requirements for a given unit shear capacity vary by the
has sanded or touch sanded faces. direction of continuous panel joints with respect to a) the
SDPWS Table 4.2A and Table 4.2B are applicable to loading direction and b)direction of framing members. The
both oriented strand board (OSB) and plywood. While six possible cases are depicted in SDPWS Table 4.2A and
strength properties between equivalent grades and thick- are grouped as Cases 1 and 3, Cases 2 and 4, and Cases
ness of OSB and plywood are the same, shear stiffness of 5 and 6 to show that diaphragm resistance is independent
OSB is greater than that of plywood of equivalent grade of panel orientation.
and thickness. C4.2.7.1.1(3) For closely spaced or larger diameter
Tabulated plywood Ga values are based on 3-ply ply- nails, staggered nail placement at each panel edge is
wood. Separate values of Ga for 4-ply, 5-ply, and composite intended to prevent splitting in the framing member (see
panels were calculated and ratios of these values to Ga Figure C4.2.7).
based on 3-ply were shown to be in the order of 1.09 to
1.22 for shear walls and 1.04 to 1.16 for diaphragms. A
single Ga multiplier of 1.2 was chosen for 4-ply, and 5-ply
in table footnotes. This option was considered preferable to
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
74 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Figure C4.2.7 Staggering of Nails at Panel Edges of Blocked Diaphragms

P an el e dge
P an el e d g e
P an el e dge

P an el e dge P an el e dge
n ail sp acing n ail sp acing
P an el e dge
n ail sp acing

2 x fram ing 3 x fram ing


(m inim u m ) (m inim u m )

S ta g g ered ro w o f fasteners A d jo in in g P an el E d g e
a t p an e l e d g e (stag g e re d ro w o f fas te n e rs
a t each p an el e d g e )

C4.2.7.1.2 High Load Blocked Diaphragms: Provi- in-use relative to moisture content immediately following
sions for wood structural panel blocked diaphragms with manufacture. In some cases, due to exposure conditions
multiple rows of fasteners, also known as “high load following manufacture, the expected increase in panel
diaphragms” are consistent with provisions in the 2006 dimensions is smaller than anticipated by the 1/8" mini-
International Building Code (IBC) and the 2003 Na- mum gap and therefore the gap at time of installation may
tional Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) be less than 1/8" minimum. Dimensional change and
Provisions. Tests of nailed plywood-lumber joints (32) recommendations for installation can vary by product
closely match recommended nailing patterns and verify and manufacturer, therefore recommendations of the
calculations of unit shear associated with multiple rows manufacturer for the specific product should be followed.
of 10d common wire nails in Table 4.2B. The high load C4.2.7.1.3 Unblocked Diaphragms: Standard con-
diaphragm table specifies use of framing with a minimum struction of unblocked wood structural panel diaphragms
3" or 4" nominal width for the nailed face and a minimum requires use of full size sheets, not less than 4′x8′ except at
3" nominal depth at adjoining panel edges and boundaries changes in framing where smaller sections may be needed
to provide adequate edge distance and penetration depth for to cover the roof or floor. Unblocked panel widths are
multiple rows of 10d common wire nails at these locations limited to 24" or wider. Where smaller widths are used,
(see SDPWS Figure 4B). These requirements are important panel edges must be supported by and fastened to framing
to limit splitting associated with the specified nailing re- members or blocking. The 24" width limit coincides with
quired for high load blocked diaphragms. Fastener spacing the minimum width where panel strength capacities for
per line is listed in Table 4.2B as well as number of lines of bending and axial tension are applicable (6). For widths
fasteners. Nails should not be located closer than 3/8" from less than 24", capacities for bending and axial tension
panel edges. Where the nominal width of nailed face and should be reduced in accordance with applicable panel size
nail schedule permits greater panel edge distance, a 1/2" factors, Cs, in the National Design Specification (NDS) for
minimum distance from adjoining panel edges is speci- Wood Construction (6). Apparent shear stiffness values
fied. Apparent shear stiffness values are tabulated for each provided in SDPWS Table 4.2C are based on standard
combination of nailing and sheathing thickness consistent assumptions for panel shear stiffness for oriented strand
with the format of tabulating apparent shear stiffness, Ga, board (OSB), plywood, and nail load slip (see C4.2.2).
for typical blocked and unblocked diaphragms. C4.2.7.2 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with Single
SDPWS Figure 4B depicts a 1/8" minimum gap be- Layer of Lumber: Single diagonally sheathed lumber dia-
tween adjoining panel edges to allow for dimensional phragms have comparable strength and stiffness to many
change of the panel. In general, 4′x8′ panels will increase wood structural panel diaphragm systems. Apparent shear
slightly in dimension due to increased moisture content
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 75

stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on assumptions aphragms have low strength and stiffness when compared
of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2). to those provided by wood structural panel diaphragms
C4.2.7.3 Diaphragms Diagonally Sheathed with and diagonally sheathed lumber diaphragms of the same
Double-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed overall dimensions. In new and existing construction,
lumber diaphragms have comparable strength and stiff- added strength and stiffness can be developed through
ness to many wood structural panel diaphragm systems. attachment of wood structural panels over horizontally
Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on sheathed lumber diaphragms (see SDPWS 4.2.7.1). Ap-
assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2). parent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.2D is based on
C4.2.7.4 Diaphragms Horizontally Sheathed with assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2).
Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lumber di-

C4.3 Wood Shear Walls

C4.3.1 Application Requirements E = modulus of elasticity of end posts, psi

A = area of end posts cross-section, in.2


General requirements for wood shear walls include
consideration of shear wall deflection (discussed in 4.3.2) b = shear wall length, ft
and strength (discussed in 4.3.3), and are predicated on
using products that are in compliance with the product
Gntn = shear stiffness, lb/in. of panel depth. See
Table C4.2.2A or C4.2.2B. C
standards referenced in this Specification.
Shear wall performance has been evaluated by mono- ∆a = total vertical elongation of wall anchorage
system (including fastener slip, device

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


tonic and cyclic testing and references to test reports are
elongation, rod elongation, etc.) at the
provided throughout the Commentary. Cyclic testing in
induced unit shear in the shear wall, in.
accordance with ASTM E 2126 (34) Method C is com-
monly used to study seismic performance of wood frame en = nail slip, in. See Table C4.2.2D.
shear wall behavior (14, 22, 25, 29, and 33). The cyclic
loading protocol associated with ASTM E 2126 Method Note: the constant 8 in the first term and the con-
C is also known as the “CUREE” protocol (37). Reports stant 0.75 in the third term incorporate background
containing results (15, 28, and 36) from other cyclic derivations that cancel out the units of feet in
protocol, such as ASTM E 2126 Method A and Method each term.
B, commonly referred to as the “SEAoSC” and “ISO”
protocols respectively, are also included as references for SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 is a simplification of Equation
seismic design provisions of the SDPWS. C4.3.2-1, using only three terms for calculation of shear
wall deflection:
C4.3.2 Deflection
(bending) (shear) (wall anchorage slip)
The deflection of a shear wall can be calculated by 8vh3 vh h
summing the effects of four sources of deflection: fram- δ sw = + + ∆a (C4.3.2-2)
ing bending deflection, panel shear deflection, deflection EAb 1000Ga b
from nail slip, and deflection due to wall anchorage slip: where:
(bending) (shear) (nail slip) (wall anchorage slip) ν = induced unit shear, plf
8vh3
vh h
δ SW = + + 0.75hen + ∆ a (C4.3.2-1) h = shear wall height, ft
EAb Gv tv b
E = modulus of elasticity of end posts, psi
where:
A = area of end post cross-section, in.2
ν = induced unit shear, plf
b = shear wall length, ft
h = shear wall height, ft
Ga = apparent shear wall shear stiffness,
kips/in.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
76 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

∆a = total vertical elongation of wall anchorage rods in the standard test set-up. The relative contribution
system (including fastener slip, device of each of the deflection components will vary by aspect
elongation, rod elongation, etc.) at the ratio of the shear wall. For other than narrow shear walls,
induced unit shear in the shear wall, in. deformation due to shear deformation (combined effect
In SDPWS Equation 4.3-1, deflection due to panel of nail slip and panel shear deformation) is the largest
shear and nail slip are accounted for by a single appar- component of overall shear wall deflection.
ent shear stiffness term, Ga. Calculated deflection, using Effect of wall anchorage slip becomes more signifi-
either the 4-term (Equation C4.3.2-1) or 3-term equation cant as the aspect ratio increases. The SDPWS requires an
(SDPWS Equation 4.3-1), are identical at 1.4 times the al- anchoring device (see SDPWS 4.3.6.4.2) at each end of
lowable shear value for seismic (see Figure C4.3.2). Below the shear wall where dead load stabilizing moment is not
1.4 times the allowable shear value for seismic, calculation sufficient to prevent uplift due to overturning. For standard
using the 3-term equation overestimates deflection rela- anchoring devices (tie-downs), manufacturers’ literature
tive to the 4-term equation but are generally negligible for typically includes ASD capacity (based on short-term
design purposes. These small differences, however, can load duration for wind and seismic), and corresponding
influence load distribution assumptions based on relative deflection of the device at ASD levels. Deflection of the
stiffness if both deflection calculation methods are used device at strength level forces may also be obtained from
in a design. For consistency and to minimize calculation- manufacturers’ literature. Reported deflection may or may
based differences, either the 4-term equation or 3-term not include total deflection of the device relative to a wood
equation should be used. post and elongation of the tie-down bolt or strap in ten-
Each term of the 3-term deflection equation accounts sion. All sources of vertical elongation of the anchoring
for independent deflection components that contribute to device, such as slip in the connection of the device to the
overall shear wall deflection. For example, apparent shear wood post, elongation of the tie-down rod, and slack in
stiffness is intended to represent only the shear component the anchorage strap, should be considered when estimating
of deflection and does not also attempt to account for the Δa term in SDPWS Equation 4.3-1. Estimates of Δa at
bending or wall anchorage slip. In many cases, such as strength level forces are needed when evaluating drift in
for gypsum wallboard shear walls and fiberboard shear accordance with ASCE 7 is required.
walls, results from prior testing (17 and 23) used to verify In shear wall table footnotes (SDPWS Table 4.3A),
apparent shear stiffness estimates were based on ASTM a factor of 0.5 is provided to adjust tabulated Ga values
E 72 (41) where effect of bending and wall anchorage (based on fabricated dry condition) to approximate Ga
slip are minimized due to the presence of metal tie-down where “green” framing is used. This factor is based on
analysis of apparent shear stiffness for wood structural
Figure C4.3.2 Comparison of 4-Term panel shear wall and diaphragm construction where:
and 3-Term Deflection
Equations 1) framing moisture content is greater than 19% at
time of fabrication (green), and
SDPWS, Linear 3-term equation 2) framing moisture content is less than or equal to
Non-linear, 4-term equation
19% in-service (dry).

The average ratio of “green” to “dry” for Ga across


Identical at 1.4 ASD shear wall and diaphragm cells ranged from approximately
0.52 to 0.55. A rounded value of 0.5 results in slightly
Load, plf

greater values of calculated deflection for “green” fram-


ASD unit shear
ing when compared to the more detailed 4-term deflection
equations. Although based on nail slip relationships appli-
cable to wood structural panel shear walls, this reduction
is also extended to other shear wall types.
In Table C4.3.2A, calculated deflections using SDPWS
Equation 4.3-1 are compared to deflections from tests at
1.4 times the allowable design value of the assembly for
shear walls with fiberboard, gypsum sheathing, and lumber
sheathing. For lumber sheathing, calculated stiffness is
Displacement, inches
underestimated when compared to test-based stiffness val-
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 77

Table C4.3.2A Data Summary for Structural Fiberboard, Gypsum Wallboard,


Gypsum Sheathing, and Lumber Sheathed Shear Walls

Calculated1 Actual
Reference Description 1.4ns(ASD) Ga d d Ga
(plf) (kips/in.) (in.) (in.) (kips/in.)
Structural Fiberboard Sheathing
1/2" structural fiberboard, roofing nail (11 gage x
1-3/4"), 2" edge spacing, 6" field spacing, 16" stud 364 5.5 0.53 0.46 6.3
spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests).
Ref. 17
25/32" structural fiberboard, roofing nail (11 gage x
1-3/4"), 2" edge spacing, 6" field spacing, 16" stud 378 5.5 0.55 0.53 5.7
spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests).
Gypsum Wallboard (GWB) and Gypsum Sheathing
1/2" GWB interior applied vertically and joint
finished. GWB Nail (1-1/4") at 8" o.c. at all framing
Ref. 572 92 3.5 0.21 0.16 4.6
members. 24" stud spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests –
controls).
1/2" GWB interior applied horizontally and joint
finished and 1/2" gypsum sheathing exterior ap- C
plied vertically. GWB Nail (1-1/4") at 8" o.c. at all
framing members. Gypsum sheathing nail (1-1/2" 315 12.0 0.21 0.23 11.0

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


galvanized roofing) at 4" o.c. at panel edges and 8"
o.c. in field. 24" stud spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests –
configuration 8).
Ref. 232,3
1/2" GWB interior applied horizontally and joint
finished and 1/2" gypsum sheathing exterior ap-
plied vertically.GWB Nail (1-1/4") at 8" o.c. at all
framing members. Gypsum sheathing nail (1-1/2" 338 13.3 0.20 0.22 12.3
galvanized roofing) at 4" o.c. at panel edges and 8"
o.c. in field. 16" stud spacing. 8' x 8' wall. (3 tests –
configuration 10).
Lumber Sheathing
Horizontal lumber sheathing, 8' x 12' wall. 1x8
Ref. 21 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud crossing. Stud spac- 70 1.5 0.37 0.34 1.7
ing 16" o.c. (13 tests - controls).
Horizontal lumber sheathing. 9' x 14' wall. 1x6 and
1x8 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud crossing. Stud 70 1.5 0.42 0.25 2.5
spacing 16" o.c. (3 tests - panel 2A, 33, 27).
Diagonal lumber sheathing (in tension), 9' x 14'
Ref. 24 wall. 1x8 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud crossing. 420 6.0 0.63 0.50 7.6
Stud spacing 16" o.c. (test panel 5).
Diagonal lumber sheathing (in tension), 7.33' x
12.1' wall. 1x8 boards. (2) 8d nails at each stud 420 6.0 0.51 0.36 8.6
crossing. Stud spacing 16" o.c. (test panel 26).
1. Calculated deflection based on shear component only. For walls tested, small aspect ratio and use of tie-down rods (ASTM E 72) or use of hold-downs (ASTM E
546) in testing of gypsum wall board shear walls (57) is assumed to keep bending and tie-down slip components of deflection small relative to the shear component
of deflection.
2. Unit shear and apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3B for 1/2" GWB with 7" fastener spacing multiplied by 7/8 to approximate unit shear and stiffness for
GWB tested assemblies using 8" fastener spacing.
3. Calculated unit shear and Ga for the two-sided test assembly based on 4.3.3.3.1.
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78 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

EXAMPLE C4.3.2-1 Calculate the Apparent Shear Stiffness, Ga, in SDPWS


Table 4.3A

Calculate the apparent shear stiffness, Ga, in SDPWS Nail load/slip at 1.4 νs(ASD):
Table 4.3A for a wood structural panel shear wall con- Vn = fastener load (lb/nail)
structed as follows:
= 1.4 vs(ASD) (6 in.)/(12 in.)
Sheathing grade = Structural I = 140 lb/nail
(OSB) en = (Vn/456)3.144 Table C4.2.2D
Nail size = 6d common = (140/456) 3.144
= 0.0244 in.
(0.113" diameter,
2" length) Calculate Ga:
Minimum nominal panel thickness = 5/16 in.
Panel edge fastener spacing = 6 in. 1.4vs ( ASD )
Nominal unit shear capacity for Ga =
1.4vs ( ASD )
seismic, νs = 400 plf + 0.75en Equation C4.2.2-3
SDPWS Table 4.3A Gv tv

Allowable unit shear capacity for seismic: Ga = 12,772 lb/in. ≈ 13 kips/in. SDPWS Table 4.3A
νs(ASD) = 400 plf/2 = 200 plf

Panel shear stiffness:


Gntn = 77,500 lb/in. of panel depth
Table C4.2.2A

ues. However, the lower stated stiffness for horizontal and edge nail spacing of 6" o.c. is the reference condition for
diagonal lumber sheathing is considered to better reflect determination of unblocked shear wall nominal unit shear
stiffness after lumber sheathing dries in service. Early stud- capacity (e.g. ν ub = ν b Cub). Blocked shear wall nominal
ies (24) suggest that stiffness after drying in service may unit shear capacity is not to be adjusted by Table 4.3A foot-
be 1/2 of that during tests where friction between boards note 2 even if unblocked shear wall construction consists
in lumber sheathed assemblies is a significant factor. of studs spaced a maximum of 16" o.c. or panels applied
C4.3.2.1 Deflection of Perforated Shear Walls: The with the long dimension across studs.
deflection of a perforated shear wall can be calculated using To account for the reduction in unblocked shear wall
SDPWS Equation 4.3-1 using substitution rules as follows stiffness, which is proportional to reduction in strength,
to account for reduced stiffness of full-height perforated SDPWS 4.3.2.2 specifies that deflection of unblocked shear
shear wall segments: walls is to be calculated from standard deflection equations
ν = maximum induced unit shear force (plf) in a using an amplified value of induced unit shear equal to ν
perforated shear wall per SDPWS Equation 4.3- / Cub. Substituting ν / Cub for ν in Equation 4.3-1 results in
9 the following equation for unblocked shear wall deflection:
b = sum of perforated shear wall segment lengths
(full-height), ft (bending) (shear) (wall anchorage slip)

C4.3.2.2 Deflection of Unblocked Wood Structural


 v  3  v 
8 h  h
Panel Shear Walls: Unblocked shear walls exhibit load  Cub   Cub  h
deflection behavior similar to that of a blocked shear wall
δ sw = + + ∆a (C4.3.2.2-1)
EAb 1000Ga b
but with reduced values of strength and stiffness. The
unblocked shear wall adjustment factor, Cub, accounts for Where values of Cub are less than 1.0, induced unit
the effect of unblocked joints on strength and stiffness. shear is amplified by 1/Cub resulting in larger deflection for
Nominal unit shear capacity of a blocked wood structural the less stiff unblocked shear wall relative to the blocked
panel shear wall with stud spacing of 24" o.c. and panel shear wall reference condition. The Cub factor can also
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 79

be viewed as a stiffness reduction factor. For example, shear resistance, as compared with other panel types and
simplification of the shear term in Eq. C4.3.2.2-1 yields: fastener options. Except for Plywood Siding of Group 5
species (e.g. Basswood and Balsam Poplar) as defined in
vh PS 1, nominal unit shear capacities associated with the
(C4.3.2.2-2)
1000 ( Cub Ga ) “Sheathing” designation are applicable for Plywood Siding
when nailed with the larger galvanized box or common
where: nails and the nominal panel thickness is determined at the
(Cub Ga) = Apparent shear stiffness of an unblocked point of nailing along panel edges.
shear wall, Ga unblocked
Table C.4.3.3.1 Dimension of
C4.3.2.3 Deflection of Structural Fiberboard Shear Galvanized Casing
Walls: The calculated deflection of shear walls sheathed Nails in Accordance
with structural fiberboard having an aspect ratio greater With ASTM F1667 (59)
than 1.0 is underestimated when compared to results from
cyclic testing (29). An adjustment factor equal to (h/bs)1/2 Shank
is therefore used to account for the increased deflection Penny- Length Head Diameter
Diameter
of structural fiberboard shear walls having aspect ratios weight (in) (in)
(in)
greater than 1.0.
6d 2 0.099 0.142
C4.3.3 Unit Shear Capacities 8d 2-1/2 0.113 0.155

See C4.2.3 for calculation of ASD unit shear capacity


C4.3.3.2 Unblocked Wood Structural Panel Shear
C
and LRFD factored unit shear resistance. Shear capacity
of perforated shear walls is discussed further in section Walls: Monotonic and cyclic tests of unblocked wood
C4.3.3.5. structural panel shear walls (18, 27, and 28) are the basis

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


C4.3.3.1 Tabulated Nominal Unit Shear Capacities: of the unblocked shear wall factor, Cub, which accounts for
SDPWS Table 4.3A provides nominal unit shear capaci- reduced strength and stiffness of unblocked shear walls
ties for seismic, νs, and for wind, νw, (see C2.2) for OSB, when compared to similarly constructed blocked shear
plywood, plywood siding, particleboard, and structural walls. Test results show comparable displacement capac-
fiberboard sheathing. SDPWS Table 4.3B provides nominal ity characteristics to similarly constructed blocked wood
unit shear capacities for wood structural panels applied structural panel shear walls over a range of unblocked
over 1/2" or 5/8" gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheathing panel configurations. Tests included a range of panel edge
board. SDPWS Table 4.3C provides nominal unit shear and field nail spacing, stud spacing, wall height, gap dis-
capacities for gypsum wallboard, gypsum sheathing, plas- tance at adjacent unblocked panel edges, and simultaneous
ter, gypsum lath and plaster, and portland cement plaster application of gravity load. The maximum unblocked shear
(stucco). Nominal unit strength capacities are based on wall height tested was 16′ and the maximum gap distance
adjustment of allowable values in building codes and between adjacent unblocked panel edges was 1/2". Maxi-
industry reference documents (See C2.2). mum unit shear capacities are limited to values applicable
Table 4.3A lists nominal unit shear capacities for Wood for 6" o.c. panel edge nail spacing regardless of actual
Structural Panels in three distinct groupings: Structural I, panel edge nail spacing used. The limit on maximum unit
Sheathing, and Plywood Siding. Structural I and Sheath- shear is to address limited observations of stud splitting
ing are applicable for Sheathing and Single-Floor wood in walls tested to higher shear capacities associated with
structural panel grades in conformance with requirements panel edge nail spacing of 4" o.c.
of PS1 and PS2 (58, 8). The Structural I designation is C4.3.3.3 Summing Shear Capacities: A wall sheathed
associated with panels that meet additional requirements on two-sides (e.g., a two-sided wall) has twice the ca-
including those for cross-panel strength and stiffness pacity of a wall sheathed on one-side (e.g., a one-sided
and for racking load performance. For Plywood Siding, wall) where sheathing material and fastener attachment
tabulated nominal unit shear capacities are associated schedules on each side are identical. Where sheathing
with reduced thickness at ornamental grooves and panel materials are the same on both sides, but different fasten-
shiplap joints. The combination of a small head galvanized ing schedules are used, provisions of SDPWS 4.3.3.3.1 are
casing nail (see Table C.4.3.3.1) and nailing through the applicable. Although not common for new construction,
reduced thickness portion of the siding panel reduces the use of different fastening schedules is more likely to occur
in retrofit of existing construction.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
80 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

C4.3.3.3.1 For two-sided walls with the same sheath- when panels are applied on both faces of a shear wall, nail
ing material on each side (e.g., wood structural panel) and spacing is less than 6" on center on either side, and the
same fastener type, SDPWS Equation 4.3-3 and SDPWS framing member nailed face width is less than 3x framing.
Equation 4.3-4 provide for determination of combined C4.3.3.4 Shear Walls in a Line: The provisions for
stiffness and unit shear capacity based on relative stiffness distribution of shear force to shear walls in a line are lim-
of each side. ited to shear walls of similar materials and construction;
C4.3.3.3.2 For seismic design of two-sided walls with however, materials and construction are not required to
different materials on each side (e.g., gypsum on side one be identical. The intended purpose of the requirement is
and wood structural panels on side two), the combined unit to limit applicability of provisions to various assemblies
shear capacity is taken as twice the smaller nominal unit of the same material (e.g. nailed wood structural panels,
shear capacity or the larger nominal unit shear capacity, or nailed structural fiberboard) that also exhibit similar
whichever is greater. Due to lateral system combination load/deformation behavior up to failure. Nailed wood
rules for seismic design (5), the two-sided unit shear structural panel shear walls, regardless of sheathing grade
capacity based on different materials on each side of the or thickness and nailing schedule are considered to exhibit
wall will require use of the least seismic response modi- compatible behavior. For example, combination of a shear
fication coefficient, R, for calculation of seismic loads. wall with 2" nail spacing in line with a shear wall with
For a two-sided shear wall consisting of wood-structural 6" nail spacing does not violate the similar materials and
panel exterior and gypsum wallboard interior, R = 2 is construction type requirement. Provisions for distribution
applicable where shear wall design is based on two times force apply whether force is from wind or seismic and for
the capacity of the gypsum wallboard because R = 2 (as- shear walls of any length.
sociated with gypsum wallboard shear walls in a bearing C4.3.3.4.1 The distribution of shear force to shear
wall system) is the least R contributing to the two-sided walls in a line is in proportion to the stiffness of each shear
shear wall design capacity. For the same wall condition, wall. In design, at a given deflection the force in each wall
when design is based on wood structural panel shear wall is determined by multiplying the wall stiffness times the
capacity alone, R = 6.5 (associated with wood structural deflection (e.g. commonly referred to as distribution based
panel shear walls in a bearing wall system) is applicable on relative stiffness or the equal deflection approach). For
and commonly employed for design of WSP shear walls all but the case where a wall line is comprised entirely of
as the seismic force resisting system. equal stiffness shear walls, this approach results in a design
For wind design, direct summing of the contribution capacity of the shear wall line that is less than would result
of gypsum wallboard with the unit shear capacity of wood from the sum of shear wall lengths times the full design
structural panel, structural fiberboard, or hardboard panel unit shear capacity, because for a given deflection, full unit
siding is permitted based on tests (10 and 15). shear forces are not developed simultaneously in all walls
Figure C4.3.3 illustrates the provisions in Footnote 6 (see Example C4.3.3.4.1-1). The design capacity of the
of Table 4.3A and Footnote 5 of Table 4.3B requiring panel shear wall line will be the sum of the forces in each shear
joints to be offset to fall on different framing members wall at a given deflection. The limiting value of deflection

Figure C4.3.3 Detail for Adjoining Panel Edges where Structural Panels are
Applied to Both Faces of the Wall

Adjoining panel edge 3x framing Adjoining


or blocking panel edge

Adjoining panel Adjoining


edge staggered panel edge

a. Adjoining panel edges staggered b. Adjoining panel edges not staggered


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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 81

may be associated with the shear wall in the line whose is permitted provided that shear walls with aspect ratio
design strength occurs at the smallest deflection of any greater than 2:1 have strength adjusted by the 2bs/h fac-
shear wall in the wall line or may be associated with drift tor. For structural fiberboard, distribution in proportion
or deflection limits. to shear strength of each shear wall is permitted provided
Drift limits for resistance to seismic forces are pro- that shear walls with aspect ratio greater than 1:1 have
vided in ASCE 7 and vary by building risk category, story strength multiplied by the 0.1+0.9bs/h factor. Both fac-
height, and construction material. For wood frame shear tors are based on reduced stiffness observed from testing
wall structures, allowable story drift limits for seismic (29, 35, and 36) and provide roughly similar results to
design range from 1% to 2.5% of the story height. While equal deflection for a reference wall line configuration
there is no prescribed deflection limit for wind design, con- comprised of 1:1 to 3.5:1 aspect ratio walls (see Example
sideration should be given to limiting deflections to avoid C4.3.3.4.1-2). It was judged suitable for design purposes
serviceability problems associated with finish materials for any combination of shear wall lengths.
and operability of doors and windows. Compliance with Where distribution of shear is based on the simplified
construction and materials requirements and associated alternative adjustment factor methods (e.g. 2bs/h for wood
design unit shear capacities in SDPWS for wind design structural panels and 0.1+0.9bs/h for structural fiberboard)
have been considered to provide acceptable serviceability further reduction of shear strength by the aspect ratio
performance for resistance to wind loads. factors in 4.3.4.2 is not required because the strength re-
A simplified approach is also permitted. In lieu of dis- ductions to provide for deflection compatibility represent
tribution of shear based on the equal deflection calculation the more conservative of the adjustments to account for
method, it is permitted to distribute shear in proportion to reduced stiffness and reduced strength of high aspect ratio
the strength of the shear wall provided that certain require-
ments are met. For wood structural panels, distribution of
shear walls.
C
shear in proportion to shear strength of each shear wall

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
82 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Example C4.3.3.4.1-1. Calculate the ASD Shear Capacity of Shear Walls in a


Line Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach

Calculate the ASD shear capacity for the shear wall Shear Wall 2 (SW2):
line as shown in Figure C4.3.3A using the equal deflec- Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf
tion calculation approach. The individual blocked wood (SDPWS Table 4.3A)
structural panel shear walls are constructed with 15/32 SW2 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 3.5
in. thick wood structural panel sheathing attached to No.2 Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength =
Douglas fir 2x4 framing with 8d nails (common or galva- 1.25 – 0.125h/bs = 0.81 (SDPWS 4.3.4.2)
nized box) spaced at 6 in. and have a reference nominal ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW2 =
unit shear value for seismic of 520 plf and apparent shear 520 plf/2 x 0.81 = 210 plf
stiffness, Ga, of 13 kips/in. The end posts for both walls
Ga = 13.0 kips/in
are double 2x4’s. Vertical elongation of wall anchorage
is 1/8" at 3500 lb load. EA = 16,800,000 lb
The solution approach is to determine the proportion
of load in each shear wall at a given deflection by use Recognizing that the ASD unit shear capacity of SW1
of the SDPWS shear wall deflection equations and then is associated with the smaller deflection, the problem can
summing the shears to arrive at an ASD shear capacity be simplified to finding the reduced design unit shear in
for the shear wall line (Figure C4.3.3B). the less stiff SW2 that produces the same deflection as
SW1.
Figure C4.3.3A Shear Wall Line
Part 1 – Determine the deflection of SW1 at its ASD
unit shear capacity
V δ δ
Deflection associated with the ASD unit shear
capacity is calculated in accordance with the following
equation
8vSW 1h 3 ν SW 1h h∆
8' SW1 SW2 δ SW 1 = + + a
EAbSW 1 1000Ga bSW 1

δ SW 1 = 0.008 + 0.16 + 0.074 = 0.242 in


where:
8' 2.3' vSW1 = 260 plf
h = 8 ft
Shear Wall 1 (SW1):
EA = 16,800,000 lb
Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf bSW1 = 8 ft
(SDPWS Table 4.3A) Ga = 13 kips/in
∆a,SW1 = 0.074 in.
SW1 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 1.0
Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 1.0 (SDPWS Note: Vertical elongation of wall anchorage is as-
4.3.4.2) sumed to vary linearly with overturning anchorage
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW1 = 520 plf/2 x force calculated as 2080 lb (i.e. 260 plf x 8 ft = 2080 lb).
1.0 = 260 plf Under this linear elastic assumption, the stiffness of the
Ga = 13.0 kips/in anchorage is: k = 3500 lb/0.125 in = 28,000 lb/in. Vertical
EA = 16,800,000 lb elongation of the anchorage in SW1 is: 2080 lb/3500 lb
x 0.125in. = 0.074 in. For purposes of this example, over-
turning resistance contributed by dead load is ignored.

(continued)
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 83

Example C4.3.3.4.1-1. Calculate the ASD Shear Capacity of Shear Walls in a


Line Using the Equal Deflection Calculation Approach
(continued)

Part 2 – Determine the unit shear in SW2 that pro- Part 3 – Sum design strengths associated with
duces the same deflection as SW1 distribution of shear based on the equal deflection
Using equation 4.3-1, solve for unit shear that pro- calculation approach
duces equal deflection to SW1: VSW1 = 260 plf x 8 ft = 2080 lb
δ VSW2 = 141 plf x 2.3 ft = 324 lb
ν SW 2 = 141 plf
8h 3 h h2 VShear wall line = 2080 lb + 324 lb = 2404 lb
+ +
EAbSW 2 1000Ga kbSW 2 This example illustrates calculation of the ASD
shear capacity for the shear wall line (i.e. VShear wall line =
where: 2404 lb). Distribution of shear by the equal deflection
δ = 0.242 in. calculation method is equally applicable to a more typical
h = 8 ft design problem where a design load is associated with a
given shear wall line and the shear wall line is designed
EA = 16,800,000 lb to provide resistance in excess of the design load. This
= 2.3 ft calculation example includes a check of the induced unit
shear in each shear wall (i.e. SW1 and SW2) to ensure
Ga
k
= 13 kips/in.
= 28,000 lb/in. that unit shear does not exceed the unit shear capacity C
determined from aspect ratio strength reductions in ac-
Note: For SW2, the overturning anchorage force is cordance with 4.3.4.2.

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


1128 lb (i.e. 141 plf x 8 ft = 1128 lb). The correspond-
ing vertical elongation of the anchorage is: ∆a,SW2 = Figure C4.3.3B Illustration of
1128 lb/28,000 lb/in = 0.040 in. For purposes of this Equal Deflection
example, overturning resistance contributed by dead Calculation Method
3000
load is ignored.
ASD strength and deflection
of shear wall line
vSW2 =141 plf ≤ 210 plf ; OK - 141plf controls (VShear wall line = 2404 lb)
2500
ASD strength and
Note: The induced unit shear of 141 plf does not deflection of SW1
exceed the unit shear capacity of 210 plf determined (VSW1 = 2080 lb)
from aspect ratio strength reductions in accordance with 2000
4.3.4.2.

Deflection associated with this unit shear is confirmed


Load, lb

1500
to equal 0.242 in. calculated in accordance with the fol- ASD strength of SW2
lowing equation: at SW1 deflection limit
(VSW2 = 324 lb)
1000
8vSW 2 h3 v h h∆
δ SW 2 = + SW 2 + a , SW 2 ASD strength of
SW2 per SDPWS
EAbSW 2 1000Ga bSW 2 4.3.4.2

500
δ SW 2 = 0.015 + 0.087 + 0.140 = 0.242 in

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

Deflection, in. SW1


SW2
SW1 + SW2

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
84 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Example C4.3.3.4.1-2. Calculate the ASD Shear Capacity of Shear Walls in a


Line Using the Exception to 4.3.3.4.1

Calculate the ASD shear capacity for the shear wall SW2 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 3.5
line from Example C4.3.3.4.1-1. In lieu of the equal Aspect ratio adjustment = 2bs/h = 0.57
deflection calculation approach of 4.3.3.4.1, the solution
approach is based on the Exception to 4.3.3.4.1 which (SDPWS 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1)
permits distribution of shear in proportion to strength Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength = 0.81
where strength of wood structural panel shear walls is (SDPWS 4.3.4.2)
adjusted by the 2bs/h factor.

Shear wall 1 (SW1): ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW2 = 520 plf/2 x
0.57 = 148 plf
Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf
Unit shear capacity from 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1 does
(SDPWS Table 4.3A) not exceed the unit shear capacity determined from aspect
SW1 Aspect ratio (h/bs) = 1.0 ratio strength reductions in accordance with 4.3.4.2.
Aspect ratio adjustment = 2bs/h = 1.0
Sum design strengths associated with distribution
(SDPWS 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1) of shear based on the aspect ratio factor adjustment
Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength =1.0 approach (e.g. 4.3.3.4.1 Exception)
(SDPWS 4.3.4.2)
VSW1 = 260 plf x 8 ft = 2080 lb
VSW2 = 148 plf x 2.3 ft = 340 lb
ASD unit shear capacity for seismic, vSW1 = 520 plf/2 x VShear wall line = 2080 lb + 340 lb = 2420 lb
1.0 = 260 plf
Note: This example illustrates the calculation ap-
Unit shear capacity from 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1 does proach in accordance with 4.3.3.4.1 Exception 1. The
not exceed the unit shear capacity determined from aspect aspect ratio adjustment, 2bs/h is not applied cumulatively
ratio strength reductions in accordance with 4.3.4.2. with the Aspect Ratio Factor (WSP) for strength reduc-
tion of 4.3.4.2. Both are evaluated as separate checks on
Shear wall 2 (SW2): design shear strength.
Nominal unit shear capacity for seismic = 520 plf
(SDPWS Table 4.3A)

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 85

C4.3.3.5 Shear Capacity of Perforated Shear Walls: sheathed on two sides, and perforated shear walls with
The shear capacity adjustment factor, Co, for perforated high aspect ratio shear wall segments (15, 42, 43, and 44).
shear walls accounts for reduced shear wall capacity due
to presence of openings and is derived from empirical C4.3.4 Shear Wall Aspect Ratios
Equations C4.3.3.5-1 and C4.3.3.5-2 (13): and Capacity Adjustments
F = r/(3 – 2r) (C4.3.3.5-1) C4.3.4.2 The aspect ratio factor, 1.25 - 0.125h/bs, is
applicable to blocked wood structural panel shear walls
r = 1/(1+Ao/(h∑Li)) (C4.3.3.5-2) designed to resist either wind or seismic forces. The factor
ranges in value from 1.0 for 2:1 aspect ratio shear walls
The opening adjustment factor, Co, and the shear ca- to 0.81 for 3.5:1 aspect ratio shear walls and accounts for
pacity ratio, F, are related as follows: reduced unit shear capacity of high aspect ratio shear walls
relative to lower aspect ratio shear walls observed from
Co(ΣLi) = F(Ltot) (C4.3.3.5-3) monotonic and cyclic tests (35, 36). The aspect ratio fac-
tor, 1.09 - 0.09 h/bs, is applicable to structural fiberboard
shear walls designed to resist either wind or seismic forces.
SDPWS Equation 4.3-5 can be obtained by simplifica-
The factor accounts for observed reduction in peak unit
tion of C4.3.3.5-1, C4.3.3.5-2, and C4.3.3.5-3. Values of shear capacity from testing (29) and varies from 1.0 for
the shear capacity adjustment factors in Table 4.3.3.5 can 1:1 aspect ratio shear walls to 0.78 for 3.5:1 aspect ratio
be determined by assuming a constant maximum opening shear walls.
height, ho-max, such that Ao = ho‑max(Ltot‑ΣLi). Substituting Reductions in shear wall unit shear capacity are ad-
this value of Ao into Equation C4.3.3.5-2 and simplifying: dressed with aspect ratio factors in 4.3.4.2; however, the
  −1

loss of stiffness as aspect ratio increases can be large and C
ho − max  Ltot  affect usable design unit shear capacity. For example, due
 1 +  − 1  
 Ltot    h  ∑ Li    to reduced stiffness, a high aspect ratio shear wall may
Co =   −1  (C4.3.3.5-4) reach a deflection limit or drift limit prior to developing

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


∑ i
L  h  Ltot  
 3 − 2 1 +
o − max
x
 − 1   even the reduced unit shear capacity associated with the
  h  ∑ Li    high aspect ratio shear wall based on unit shear capacity
reductions of 4.3.4.2. In addition, where a high aspect ra-
where:
tio shear wall is in line with a low aspect ratio shear wall,
development of the full design unit shear capacity of the
Co = shear capacity adjustment factor (for low aspect ratio shear wall is likely to occur at relatively
perforated shear wall segments) small deflections where only a fraction of the full design
F = shear capacity ratio based on total length unit shear capacity of the high aspect ratio shear wall is
of the perforated shear wall developed.
Requirements of 4.3.4.2 address the shear wall strength
r = sheathing area ratio limit state while those in 4.3.3.4 address deflection com-
patibility between shear walls in a line. Both strength and
Ao = total area of openings, ft2
deflection compatibility criteria must be addressed as part
h = wall height, ft of a design. For example, unit shear capacity associated
with each shear wall must satisfy deflection compatibility
ho-max = maximum opening height, ft criteria as well as criteria of 4.3.4.2 establishing unit shear
Ltot = total length of a perforated shear wall capacity based on shear wall aspect ratio. The smaller of
including lengths of perforated shear the design unit shear capacities associated with require-
wall segments and segments containing ments of 4.3.4.2 and 4.3.3.4 is used as the controlling
openings, ft design unit shear capacity for each shear wall (see Example
C4.3.3.4.1-1 and C4.3.3.4.1-2).
∑Li = sum of perforated shear wall segment
lengths, Li, ft. Lengths of perforated shear C4.3.5 Shear Wall Types
wall segments with aspect ratios greater
than 2:1 shall be adjusted in accordance
SDPWS identifies shear walls as one of the following
with 4.3.4.3.
“types”:
Full-scale perforated shear wall tests include mono- 1. Individual Full-Height Wall Segment Shear Walls
tonic and cyclic loads, long perforated shear walls with (i.e., no openings within an individual full-height
asymmetrically placed openings, perforated shear walls segment);
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
86 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

2. Force-transfer Shear Walls (i.e., with openings, but consistency with the judgment to limit maximum nominal
framing members, blocking, and connections around unit shear capacity for wind based on tests.
openings are designed for force-transfer);
3. Perforated Shear Walls (i.e., with openings, but C4.3.6 Construction Requirements
rather than design for force-transfer around open-
ings, reduced shear strength is used based on size C4.3.6.1 Framing Requirements: Framing require-
of openings). ments are intended to ensure that boundary members and
other framing are adequately sized to resist induced loads.
C4.3.5.1 Individual Full-Height Wall Segments: Shear C4.3.6.1.1 General framing requirements for shear
wall design provisions for individual full-height wall walls permits the use of two 2x members in lieu of a
segments, designed as shear walls without openings, are single member provided they are adequately connected
applicable to walls with wood structural panel sheathing, for transfer of induced shear forces. Cyclic tests of shear
designed and constructed in accordance with provisions walls confirms that use of two 2x members nailed (22,
as outlined in SDPWS 4.3.5.1. 25, and 30) or screwed (33) together results in shear wall
C4.3.5.2 Force-transfer Shear Walls: Force-transfer performance that is comparable to that obtained by use
shear wall design provisions are applicable to walls of a single 3x member at the adjoining panel edge. While
with wood structural panel sheathing, designed and introduced as a substitute for a 3x member at adjoining
constructed in accordance with provisions as outlined in panel edges in shear wall construction, it is also permis-
SDPWS 4.3.5.2. Design of shear walls with openings as sible to use two 2x members to substitute for a single 2x
force-transfer shear walls, also known as design for force member (e.g. for blocking, and top plates). Attachment
transfer around openings (FTAO), is required to be in ac- of the two 2x members to each other is required to equal
cordance with a rational analysis as described in SDPWS or exceed design unit shear forces in the shear wall. As
4.3.5.2. Under this approach, it is the responsibility of the an alternative, a capacity-based design approach can be
designer to establish detailing to ensure appropriateness of used where the connection between the two 2x members
the assumptions in the analysis. Limited testing has been equals or exceeds the capacity of the sheathing to framing
conducted to evaluate several rational analysis methods attachment. Where fastener spacing used in the intercon-
commonly referred to as the drag strut, cantilever beam nection of the two 2x stud members is closer than 4" on
and Diekmann methods (53). The mathematical develop- center, staggered placement is required to limit potential
ment of the drag strut method and cantilever beam method for wood splitting.
(54) are based on assumptions for shear transfer above C4.3.6.1.2 Tension and Compression Chords: SDPWS
and below the openings and development of the Diek- Equation 4.3-7 provides for calculation of tension and
mann method (55) is based on resolving internal forces compression chord force due to induced unit shear acting
assuming rigid body behavior. Another rational analysis at the top of the wall (e.g., tension and compression due
method, referred to as the SEAOC-Thompson method (56) to wall overturning moment). To provide an adequate load
is commonly employed for the design of shear walls with path per SDPWS 4.3.6.4.4, design of elements and connec-
openings for FTAO. Limited evaluation of the SEAOC- tions must consider forces contributed by each story (i.e.,
Thompson method has shown that the results for strap force shear and overturning moment must be accumulated and
predictions are similar to those of the Diekman method accounted for in the design).
for several tested wall configurations (46). C4.3.6.1.3 Tension and Compression Chords of Per-
C4.3.5.3 Perforated Shear Walls: Perforated shear forated Shear Walls: SDPWS Equation 4.3-8 provides for
wall design provisions are applicable to walls with wood calculation of tension force and compression force at each
structural panel sheathing, designed and constructed in end of a perforated shear wall, due to shear in the wall,
accordance with provisions as outlined in SDPWS 4.3.5.3. and includes the term 1/Co to account for the non-uniform
The single side limits for seismic and wind, 1,740 plf nomi- distribution of shear in a perforated shear wall. For ex-
nal and 2,435 plf nominal respectively, are based on tests ample, a perforated shear wall segment with tension end
utilizing 10d common nails at 2" o.c. at panel edges on one restraint at the end of the perforated shear wall can develop
side (45). The single side limits on maximum nominal unit the same shear capacity as an individual full-height wall
shear capacity are also applicable for double-sided walls segment (7).
(walls sheathed on two sides) because the tested walls C4.3.6.3 Fasteners: Details on type, size, and spacing
represent the maximum unit shear strength for which tests of mechanical fasteners used for typical shear wall assem-
are available. The maximum nominal unit shear capacity blies in Table 4.3A, 4.3B, 4.3C, and 4.3D are provided in
for seismic design of a double-sided wall, is 1,740 plf for SDPWS 4.3.7 Shear Wall Systems.
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 87

C4.3.6.3.1 Adhesives: Adhesive attachment of shear The washer need not extend to within 1/2" of the
wall sheathing is generally prohibited unless approved sheathed edge where sheathing material nominal unit shear
by the authority having jurisdiction. Because of limited capacity for seismic is less than or equal to 400 plf nominal.
ductility and brittle failure modes of rigid adhesive shear This allowance is based on observations from tests and
wall systems (38) such systems are limited to seismic field performance of gypsum products where sheathing
design categories A, B, and C and the values of R and fastener tear-out or sheathing slotting at fastener locations
Ω0 are limited (R =1.5 and Ω0 = 2.5 unless other values were the dominant failure modes. Other sheathing materi-
are approved). If adhesives are used to attach shear wall als with nominal unit shear capacity for seismic less than
sheathing, the effects of increased stiffness (see C4.1.3 400 plf nominal are included in this provision based on
and C4.2.5), increased strength, and potential for brittle the judgment that the magnitude of unit uplift force versus
failure modes corresponding to adhesive or wood failure, sheathing type is the significant factor leading to potential
should be addressed. for bottom plate splitting.
Tabulated values of apparent shear stiffness, Ga, are Cyclic testing of wood structural panel shear walls
based on assumed nail slip behavior (see Table C4.2.2D) (25 and 30) forms the basis of the exception to the 1/2"
and are therefore not applicable for adhesive shear wall distance requirement. In these tests, edge distance was not
systems where shear wall sheathing is rigidly bonded to a significant factor for shear walls having full-overturning
shear wall boundary members. restraint provided at end posts. Overturning restraint of
C4.3.6.4.1.1 In-plane Shear Anchorage for Perforated wall segments coupled with the nominal capacity of walls
Shear Walls: SDPWS Equation 4.3-9 for in-plane shear tested were viewed as primary factors in determining wall
anchorage includes the term 1/Co to account for non- performance and failure limit states.
uniform distribution of shear in a perforated shear wall.
For example, a perforated shear wall segment with tension
Bottom plate anchor straps can also be effective in
mitigating cross-grain bending failure in the bottom plate C
end restraint at the end of the perforated shear wall can provided they have been properly tested, load rated, and
develop the same shear capacity as an individual full- installed on the sheathed side of the bottom plate.

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


height wall segment (7). The extension of plate washer requirements to founda-
C4.3.6.4.2.1 Uplift Anchorage for Perforated Shear tion sill plate applications is depicted in Figure C4.3.6B.
Walls: Attachment of the perforated shear wall bottom Locating the washer’s edge within 1/2" of the sheathed
plate to elements below is intended to ensure that the wall edge is accomplished by placement of cuts, notches or
capacity is governed by sheathing to framing attachment holes in the rim board or blocking. The extent of such
(shear wall nailing) and not bottom plate attachment for alterations to the rim board or blocking for placement of
shear (see C4.3.6.4.1.1) and uplift. An example design (7) the washer should be kept to a practical minimum and be
provides typical details for transfer of uplift forces. in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations
C4.3.6.4.3 Anchor Bolts: Plate washer size and loca- or be specifically addressed in the design of the member.
tion are specified for anchoring of wall bottom plates Anchor bolt connections designed per SDPWS
to minimize potential for cross-grain bending failure 4.3.6.4.3 are designed for the shear load in the sill plate.
in the bottom plate (see Figure C4.3.6A). For a 3" x 3" If the shear capacity of a double-sided shear wall is twice
plate washer centered on the wide face of a 2x4 bottom that of a single-sided shear wall, the anchor bolt spac-
plate, edges of the plate washer are always within 1/2" of ing derived based on the anchor bolt shear capacity for
the sheathed side of the bottom plate. For wider bottom a double-sided shear wall would be half the spacing of a
plates, such as 2x6, a larger plate washer may be used so single-sided shear wall. Staggering the anchor bolts 1/2"
that the edge of the plate washer extends to within 1/2" from the plate edge for a double-sided shear wall provides
of the sheathed side, or alternatively, the anchor bolt can uplift resistance on each edge of the sill plate equivalent
be located such that the 3" x 3" plate washer extends to to a single row of anchor bolts located 1/2" from the plate
within 1/2" of the sheathed side of the wall. edge on a single-sided shear wall.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
88 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

Figure C4.3.6A Distance for Plate Washer Edge to Sheathed Edge

Figure C4.3.6B Section and Elevation View of Plate Washer in Foundation Sill
Plate (Raised Floor) Application

RIM JOIST OR BLOCKING

RIM JOIST
OR BLOCKING

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 89

C4.3.6.4.4 Load Path: Specified requirements for or length is not in increments of 4′, shear wall height is less
shear, tension, and compression in SDPWS 4.3.6 are to than a full 8′, or shear wall length is less than 4′). Racking
address the effect of induced unit shear on individual wall tests conducted on 4.5′ x 8.5′ blocked shear walls showed
elements. Overall design of an element must consider similar performance whether sheathed length and height
forces contributed from multiple stories (i.e., shear and consisted of: one 4′x8′ panel and two 6" wide sheathing
moment must be accumulated and accounted for in the pieces to make up the height and length, or one 2.5′ x 6.5′
design). In some cases, the presence of load from stories panel and two 2′ wide sheathing pieces to make up the
above may increase forces (e.g., effect of gravity loads on height and length (14).
compression end posts) while in other cases it may reduce C4.3.7.1(5): A single 3x framing member is specified
forces (e.g., effect of gravity loads reduces net tension on at adjoining panel edges for cases prone to splitting and
end posts). where nominal unit shear capacity exceeds 700 plf in
Consistent with a continuous load path for individual seismic design categories (SDC) D, E, and F. An alterna-
full-height wall segments and force transfer shear walls, tive to single 3x framing, included in SDPWS, and based
a continuous load path to the foundation must also be on principles of mechanics, is the use of 2-2x “stitched”
provided for perforated shear walls. Consideration of or interconnected two 2x members adequately fastened
accumulated forces (for example, from stories above) is together (See C4.3.6.1.1 for additional information). For
required. Accumulation of forces will affect tie-downs at sheathing attachment to framing with closely spaced or
each end of the perforated shear wall, compression resis- larger diameter nails, staggered nail placement at each
tance at each end of each perforated shear wall segment, panel edge is intended to prevent splitting in the framing
and distributed forces, ν and t, at each perforated shear wall member (Figure C4.2.7).
segment. Where ends of perforated shear wall segments
occur over beams or headers, the beam or header will need
C4.3.7.2 Shear Walls using Wood Structural Panels
over Gypsum Wallboard or Gypsum Sheathing Board: C
to be checked for vertical tension and compression forces Shear walls using wood structural panels applied over gyp-
in addition to gravity forces. Where adequate collectors sum wallboard or gypsum sheathing are commonly used

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


are provided to distribute shear, the average shear in the for exterior walls of buildings that are fire-resistance-rated
perforated shear wall above (e.g., equivalent to design for both interior and exterior fire exposure. For example,
shear loads), and not the increased shear for anchorage a one hour fire resistance rating can be achieved with 5/8"
of upper story wall bottom plates to elements below (7), Type X gypsum wallboard. Nominal unit shear capacities
needs to be considered. and apparent shear stiffness values in Table 4.3B for 8d
and 10d nails (common or galvanized box) are based on
C4.3.7 Shear Wall Systems nominal unit shear capacities and apparent shear stiffness
values in Table 4.3A for 6d and 8d nails (common or
Requirements for shear wall sheathing materials, galvanized box), respectively, to account for the effect of
framing, and nailing are consistent with industry recom- gypsum wallboard or gypsum sheathing between wood
mendations and building code requirements. The minimum framing and wood structural panel sheathing. Tests of 3/8"
width of the nailed face of framing members and block- wood structural panels over 1/2" and 5/8" gypsum wall-
ing for all shear wall types is 2" nominal with maximum board support using lower nominal unit shear capacities
spacing between framing of 24". Edges of wood-based associated with smaller nails (18).
panels (wood structural panel, particleboard, and structural C4.3.7.3 Particleboard Shear Walls: Panel size re-
fiberboard) are required to be backed by blocking or fram- quirements are consistent with those for wood structural
ing except as specified in 4.3.3.2. In addition, fasteners are panels (see C4.3.7.1). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS
to be placed at least 3/8" from edges and ends of panels Table 4.3A is based on assumptions of relative stiffness
but not less than distances specified by the manufacturer and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2). For closely spaced
in the manufacturers’ literature or code evaluation report. or larger diameter nails, staggered nail placement at each
C4.3.7.1 Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls: For wood panel edge is intended to prevent splitting in the framing
structural panel shear walls, framing members or block- member (Figure C4.2.7).
ing is required at edges of all panels except as specified C4.3.7.4 Structural Fiberboard Shear Walls: Panel size
in 4.3.3.2 and a minimum panel dimension of 4′ x 8′ is requirements are consistent with those for wood structural
specified except at boundaries and changes in framing. panels (see C4.3.7.1). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS
Shear wall construction is intended to consist primarily of Table 4.3A is based on assumptions of relative stiffness
full-size sheets except where wall dimensions require use and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2). Minimum panel
of smaller sheathing pieces (e.g. where shear wall height edge distance for nailing at top and bottom plates is 3/4" to
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
90 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

match edge distances present in cyclic tests of high aspect wood structural panel shear wall systems. Apparent shear
ratio structural fiberboard shear walls (29). stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3D is based on assumptions
C4.3.7.5 Gypsum Wallboard, Gypsum Veneer Base, of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2).
Water-Resistant Backing Board, Gypsum Sheathing, Gyp- Early reports (24) indicated that diagonally sheathed
sum Lath and Plaster, or Portland Cement Plaster Shear lumber shear walls averaged four times the rigidity of
Walls: The variety of gypsum-based sheathing materials horizontally sheathed lumber walls when boards were
reflects systems addressed in the model building code loaded primarily in tension. Where load was primarily in
(2). Appropriate use of these systems requires adherence compression, a single test showed about seven times the
to referenced standards for proper materials and instal- rigidity of a horizontally sheathed lumber wall.
lation. Where gypsum wallboard is used as a shear wall, C4.3.7.7 Shear Walls Diagonally Sheathed with Dou-
edge fastening (e.g. nails or screws) in accordance with ble-Layer of Lumber: Double diagonally sheathed lumber
SDPWS Table 4.3C requirements should be specified and shear walls have comparable strength and stiffness to many
overturning restraint provided where applicable (see SDPWS wood structural panel shear wall systems. Apparent shear
4.3.6.4.2). Apparent shear stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3C stiffness in SDPWS Table 4.3D is based on assumptions
is based on assumptions of relative stiffness and nail slip of relative stiffness and nail slip (see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2).
(see C4.2.2 and C4.3.2). The nominal unit shear capacity C4.3.7.8 Shear Walls Horizontally Sheathed with
and apparent shear stiffness values for plain or perforated Single-Layer of Lumber: Horizontally sheathed lumber
gypsum lath with staggered vertical joints are based on shear walls have limited unit shear capacity and stiffness
results from cyclic tests (31). Unit shear capacity and when compared to those provided by wood structural panel
apparent shear stiffness values are larger than those for shear walls of the same overall dimensions. Early reports
plain or perforated gypsum lath where vertical joints are (21 and 24) attributed strength and stiffness of lumber
not staggered. sheathed walls to nail couples at stud crossings and veri-
C4.3.7.6 Shear Walls Diagonally Sheathed with fied low unit shear capacity and stiffness when compared
Single-Layer of Lumber: Diagonally sheathed lumber to other bracing methods.
shear walls have comparable strength and stiffness to many

C4.4 Wood Structural Panels Designed to Resist


Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind

C4.4.1 Application ASD unit shear capacity for wind, nw(ASD):


vw
Panels with a minimum thickness of 7/16" and strength vw ( ASD ) = (C4.4.1-2)
axis oriented parallel to studs are permitted to be used in 2.0
combined uplift and shear applications for resistance to
where:
wind forces. Tabulated values of nominal uplift capacity
(see SDPWS Table 4.4.1) for various combinations of 2.0 = ASD reduction factor
nailing schedules and panel type and thickness are based
on calculations in accordance with the National Design LRFD unit uplift capacity for wind, uw(LRFD):
Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction and verified
by full scale testing (39 and 40). uw ( LRFD ) = 0.65uw (C4.4.1-3)
ASD and LRFD unit uplift and shear capacities are
calculated as follows from nominal unit uplift and shear LRFD unit shear capacity for wind, νw(LRFD):
values.
vw ( LRFD ) = 0.8vw (C4.4.1-4)
ASD unit uplift capacity for wind, uw(ASD):
where:
u 0.65 = resistance factor, fz, for connections
uw ( ASD ) = w (C4.4.1-1)
2.0
0.8 = resistance factor, fD, for shear walls and
diaphragms
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 91

Examples C4.4.1-1 and C4.4.2-1 illustrate how the panels to resist uplift and shear closely match construc-
values in SDPWS Tables 4.4.1 and 4.4.2, respectively, tion present in verification tests. For example, testing of
were generated. Tabulated values of nominal uplift capac- shear walls resisting uplift and combined uplift and shear
ity in Table 4.4.1 and Table 4.4.2 are based on assumed used 16" o.c. and up to 48" anchor bolt spacing, 3"x3"
use of framing with specific gravity, G, equal to 0.42. An plate washers, and nails with minimum 1/2" to 3/4" panel
increase factor is provided in table footnotes to adjust edge distance depending on the number of rows of nails.
values for effect of higher specific gravity framing on the Anchor bolt spacing and size and location of plate washers
strength of the nailed connection between sheathing and were found to be important factors enabling strength of
framing. Where lower specific gravity framing is used, the sheathing to bottom plate connection to develop prior
reduced values of nominal uplift capacity are applicable to onset of bottom plate failure. Required anchor bolt
based on the effect of lower specific gravity framing on spacings as shown in Table 4.4.1.6 are a function of the
the strength of the nailed connection between sheathing combined uplift and shear forces on the bottom plate and
and framing – for example, the reduction factor is 0.92 for are based on a combination of full-scale tests and numerical
framing with G = 0.35. Adjustment factors over a range analysis (51, 52). Where other anchoring devices are used,
of framing specific gravity can be determined as follows: it is intended that spacing not exceed the values provided
Specific Gravity Adjustment Factor = [1-(0.5-G)]/0.92 for in Table 4.4.1.6 and in addition that such devices enable
0.35 ≤ G ≤ 0.49. performance of walls to be comparable to those tested with
C4.4.1.2 Panels: Full-scale testing (see C4.4.1) required anchor bolts and plate washers.
utilized panels with strength axis oriented parallel and Figure C4.4.1A illustrates the anchor bolt spacing pro-
perpendicular to studs. NDS nail connection capacities are visions in 4.4.1.6 and depicts the requirements of 4.4.6(3)
independent of panel strength axis orientation.
C4.4.1.6. Sheathing Extending to Bottom Plate or Sill
regarding placement of anchor bolts at ends of plates.
C
Plate: Construction requirements for use of wood structural

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


Figure C4.4.1A Anchor Bolt Placement Requirements For Wood Structural
Panels Designed to Resist Combined Shear and Wind Uplift

splice

spacing per Table 4.4.1.6


distance distance
distance from end from end of
from end of of plate per hold-down
hold-down 4.4.1.6(3) anchor per
anchor per Exception to
Exception to 4.4.1.6(3)
4.4.1.6(3)
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
92 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

C4.4.1.7 Sheathing Splices: In multi-story applica- C4.4.1.7(2) The panel splice across studs detail in
tions where the upper story and lower story sheathing Figure 4I relies on increased nailing between vertical
adjoin over a common horizontal framing member, the framing (e.g. studs) and sheathing to transfer tension forces
connection of the sheathing to the framing member can while shear is transferred through nailed connections to
be designed to maintain a load path for tension and shear. horizontal framing such as horizontal blocking. This detail
It is recognized that wood is directly stressed in tension assumes no direct loading of framing members in tension
perpendicular to grain in some details; however, those perpendicular to grain for development of the tension load
cases are prescriptively permitted and also limited to nail path. Additional nailing between sheathing and vertical
size and spacing verified by testing. Splice panel orienta- framing on each side of the panel splice maintains load
tion does not affect capacity of the sheathed tension splice path for tension. Where the panel is continuous between
joint and therefore panel orientation can be either parallel stories, as shown in Figure 4I, one option to maintain load
or perpendicular to studs. path for shear utilizes attachment of sheathing to wall plate
C4.4.1.7(1) Where sheathing edges from the upper framing as shown in Figure C4.4.1C .
and lower story meet over a common horizontal framing
member, wood stressed in tension perpendicular to grain Figure C4.4.1C Detail for Continuous
is relied upon directly to maintain load path for tension Panel Between Levels
(Figure C4.4.1B ). The location of sheathing splices (Load Path for Shear
need not occur at mid-height of the horizontal framing. Transfer Into and Out
Wall height, floor depth, available panel lengths, and of the Diaphragm Not
maintaining minimum edge distances between sheathing Shown)
nails and framing will influence the practical location of
the sheathing splice in the horizontal framing member.
Wood member stresses in this application are limited to
S pacing for shear
that which can be developed with nail spacing to 3" o.c. in upper level
(minimum) for a single-row and 6" o.c. (minimum) for a
double-row at each panel edge based on results from test-
ing. Limiting tension stresses perpendicular to grain in F asteners for shear load
horizontal framing members is accomplished by limiting path in fram ing above and
S pacing for shea r
nail spacing to 3" o.c. (minimum) for a single-row and in low er level below the diaphragm
6" o.c. (minimum) for a double-row. This limitation does
not preclude use of more closely spaced nails where the
horizontal framing member is an engineered rim board
or similar product that can resist higher induced tension
stresses perpendicular to grain. Follow manufacturers'
recommendations for minimum nail spacing permitted
for this application.
C ontinous panel betw een levels
Figure C4.4.1B Panel Splice Over
Common Horizontal C4.4.2 Wood Structural Panels
Framing Member Designed to Resist Only Uplift
from Wind

Panels with a minimum thickness of 3/8" are permitted


to be used in this application to resist uplift from wind only
P a n e l sp lice need not when panels are installed with the strength axis parallel
o ccu r a t m id -height of
h o rizonta l fram ing to studs (see SDPWS 4.4.1 for provisions on resistance to
combined shear and uplift from wind). Tabulated unit uplift
capacities are applicable for wood structural panels with
3/8" and greater thickness. For applications where panel
strength axis is oriented perpendicular to studs, manufac-
F or e n g in e e re d rim board
p ro d u ct, se e m a nu fa cturer's turer recommendations should be followed.
re co m m e n dations

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 93

EXAMPLE C4.4.1-1 Calculate Nominal Uplift Capacity for Combined Uplift and
Shear Case

Calculate the nominal uplift capacity in SDPWS Table Z = 82 lb NDS Table 12Q (Main member:
4.4.1 for a wood structural panel shear wall constructed G = 0.42 (SPF), Side member: 15/32" OSB)
as follows:
CD = 1.6 (NDS Table 2.3.2)
Sheathing grade = Structural I (OSB) Z′ = 82 lb x 1.6 = 131 lb
Nail size = 10d common
(0.148" diameter, 3" Allowable uplift capacity = 131 lb x 2 nails/foot = 262
plf
length)
Minimum nominal panel Nominal uplift capacity = 262 plf x ASD reduction
thickness = 15/32" factor
Nailing for shear = 6" panel edge spacing
(2 nails per foot), 12" Nominal uplift capacity = 262 plf x 2 = 524 plf
field spacing (SDPWS Table 4.4.1)
Alternate nail spacing at top
and bottom plate edges = 3" (single row, 4 nails When subjected to combined shear and wind uplift
per foot) forces, the calculation for nominal uplift capacity is based
Nails available for uplift = Nails from alternate on the assumption that nails resist either shear or wind
nail spacing − Nails uplift forces. C
available for shear
only
= 4 nails per foot − 2

COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS


nails per foot = 2 nails
per foot

EXAMPLE C4.4.2-1 Calculate Nominal Uplift Capacity for Wind Uplift Only Case

Calculate nominal uplift capacity, in SDPWS Table Z = 78 lb NDS Table 12Q (Main member:
4.4.2 for wood structural panel sheathing over framing G = 0.42 (SPF), Side member: 3/8" OSB)
constructed as follows:
CD = 1.6 (NDS Table 2.3.2)
Sheathing grade = Structural I (OSB) Z′ = 78 x 1.6 = 125 lb
Nail size = 10d common
(0.148" diameter, 3" Allowable uplift capacity = 125 lb x 4 nails/ft = 500 plf
length)
Nominal uplift capacity = 500 plf x ASD reduction
Minimum nominal panel factor
thickness = 3/8"
Alternate nail spacing at Nominal uplift capacity = 500 plf x 2 = 1,000 plf
top and bottom plate (SDPWS Table 4.4.2)
edges = 3" (single row, 4 nails
per foot)
Nails available for uplift = Nails from alternate
nail spacing
= 4 nails per foot

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
94 SDPWS COMMENTARY: LATERAL FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEMS

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
SPECIAL DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR WIND AND SEISMIC 95

COMMENTARY REFERENCES
1. ASTM Standard D 6555-03, Standard Guide for Eval- 12. Ryan, T. J., K. J. Fridley, D. G. Pollock, and R. Y.
uating System Effects in Repetitive-Member Wood Itani, Inter-Story Shear Transfer in Woodframe Build-
Assemblies, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014. ings: Final Report, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA, 2001.
2. International Building Code (IBC), International
Code Council, Washington, DC, 2015. 13. Sugiyama, Hideo, 1981, The Evaluation of Shear
Strength of Plywood-Sheathed Walls with Openings,
3. Laboratory Report 55, Lateral Tests on Plywood Mokuzai Kogyo (Wood Industry) 36-7, 1981.
Sheathed Diaphragms (out of print), Douglas Fir
Plywood Association (now APA-The Engineered 14. Using Narrow Pieces of Wood Structural Panel
Wood Association), Tacoma, WA, 1952. Sheathing in Wood Shear Walls, APA T2005-08,
APA- The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma,
4. Laboratory Report 63a, 1954 Horizontal Plywood WA, 2005.
Diaphragm Tests (out of print), Douglas Fir Plywood
Association (now APA-The Engineered Wood As- 15. Wood Structural Panel Shear Walls with Gypsum
sociation), Tacoma, WA, 1955. Wallboard and Window/Door Openings, APA 157,
APA- The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma,
5. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other WA, 1996. C
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Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No reproduction or transfer authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
American Wood Council
AWC Mission Statement
To increase the use of wood by assuring the broad
regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing
design tools and guidelines for wood construction,
and influencing the development of public policies
affecting the use and manufacture of wood products.
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American Wood Council


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