M ACH I N E TOOLS

Assoc.Prof. Orhan ÇAKIR

Assist.Prof. Mihrigül Ekşi ALTAN

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Course Objective
† Having knowledge about machine tools
industry. Defining optimal and economical
machine tools selection criteria according to
machining process.
† Designing of driving systems and
mechanism in machine tools according to
machine tool construction.
† Choosing proper machine tool and
equipments according to machining quality.
Having knowledge about machine tools and
their operation areas.
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Course Content
† Driving systems and construction of
machine tools, power and efficiency
in machine tools, design principles of
machine tools, turning machines,
milling machines, sawing machines,
drilling machines, broaching
machines, grinding machines, gear
cutter machines, super finish
machines.
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Recommended Books
† In English,
- M a ch in e t ools : de sign, r e lia bilit y a n d sa fe t y
S.P.Anderson, New York : Nova Science Publishers, c2011
- Handbook of machine tools, Manfred Weck, New York : Wiley,
c1984 (Volume 1,2,3,4)

† In Turkish
- Talaş Kaldırma Bilimi ve Teknolojisi CNC Takım Tezgahları ve
Üretim Otomasyonu, Mustafa AKKURT, Birsen Yayınevi,
2009
- Takım Tezgahları Tasarımı, Faruk MENDİ, Gazi Kitapevi, 1999

- Takım Tezgahları, Faruk AKÜN, İTÜ Yayınları, 1973-1978, Cilt

- Takım Tezgahları, H. Oktay BODUR, Birsen Yayınevi, 1984

1 ve 2

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Course Learning Outcomes
† Gaining knowledge about design,
production and application of machine
tools.
† Gaining knowledge about turning
machines, milling machines, sawing
machines, drilling machines, broaching
machines, grinding machines, gear cutter
machines, super finish machines.
† Having ability of choosing appropriate
machine tool for machining operations by
making power and time analyses.
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The General Plan of the Course
† †
D r .Or h a n Ça k ır ’ s Se ct ion D r . M ih r igü l Alt a n ’ s Se ct ion
Turning Machines General Definitions, Basic
†
Concepts
†
Drilling Machines
†
Classification of Machine
Milling Machines
†
Tools
Shaping Machines †
†
Installation and Foundation
of Machine Tools
†
Grinding Machines
† Sawing Machines and Constructive and Auxiliary
Machine Tool Elements
†
Broaching Machines
†
Driving Systems and
Gear Cutter Machines and Mechanisms in Machine
Super Finish Machines Tools
† Power and Efficiency in
Machine Tools

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Evaluation and Exams
† Two midterms; in the 8th week and 13th
week of the term.
The exact dates will be announced by
Department of Mechanical Engineering.
(effectiveness of each midterm is 25%)

† One homework (effectiveness is about 10%)

Details about the content of the homework will be given in
following weeks.
† One final exam (effectiveness is 40%)

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What is machine tool?

Machine tools are machines that give

special forms to the materials in
desired shapes and tolerances.

These can be metal forming,

machining, welding, casting machines
or plastic processing machines, non-
traditional manufacturing machines…
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W h a t is m a n u fa ct u r in g?
Manufacturing is the industrial activity that changes the form
of raw materials to create products. The derivation of the
word manufacture reflects its original meaning: to make
by hand.
As the power of the hand tool is limited, manufacturing is
done largely by machinery today. Manufacturing
technology constitutes all methods used for shaping the
raw metal materials into a final product.

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*Parts manufactured by plastic forming, casting,
sintering,and molding are often finished by subsequent
machining operations.

*So machining is not only for shaping materials but also it is

for to obtain a finished product of the desired dimensions
and surface quality.

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If we classify them in general;
1- Machine tools for machining (lathes,
milling machines, drilling etc.)
2- Metal forming machines (press,
rolling, extrusion machines)
3- Thermoplastic machines (injection
molding, blow molding machines)
4- Chemical and physical non-traditional
machining machines (EDM)

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Short history of machine tools in
machining

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† The development of metal cutting machines (once briefl y
called machine tools) started from the
invention of the cylinder, which was changed to a roller guided by
a journal bearing. The ancient
Egyptians used these rollers for transporting the required stones
from a quarry to the building site.
† The first deep hole drilling machine was built by Leonardo da
Vinci (1452–1519).
† In 1840, the first engine lathe was introduced. Maudslay
(1771–1831) added the lead screw, back gears, and the tool
post to the previous design.

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† Further developments for these conventional machines came via the
introduction of copying techniques, cams, attachments, and automatic
mechanisms that reduced manual labor and consequently raised product
accuracy.

† Machine tool dynamometers are used with machine tools to measure,

monitor, and control forces generated during machining operations. Such
forces determine the method of holding the tool or WP and are closely
related to product accuracy and surface integrity.

† In 1953, the introduction of numerical control (NC) technology opened

doors to computer numerical control (CNC) and direct numerical control
(DNC) machining centers that enhanced product accuracy and uniformity.

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 * * M a ch in in g t e ch n ology cove r s a w ide r a n ge of a spe ct s t h a t sh ou ld be
u n de r st ood for pr ope r u n de r st a n din g a n d se le ct ion of a give n m a ch in in g
t e ch n ology. Toolin g, a cce ssor ie s, a n d t h e m a ch in e t ool it se lf de t e r m in e
t h e n a t u r e of m a ch in in g ope r a t ion u se d for a pa r t icu la r m a t e r ia l.

* * Th e m a in obj e ct ive of t h e t e ch n ology a dopt e d is t o ut ilize t he se le ct e d

m a ch in in g r e sou r ce s t o pr odu ce t h e com pon e n t e con om ica lly a n d a t h igh
r a t e s of pr odu ct ion . Pa r t s sh ou ld be m a ch in e d a t le ve ls of a ccu r a cy, su r fa ce
t e x t u r e , a n d su r fa ce in t e gr it y t h a t sa t isfy t h e pr odu ct de sign e r a n d a void t h e
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n e e d for post m a ch in in g t r e a t m e n t , w h ich , in t u r n , m a in t a in s a cce pt a ble
m a ch in in g cost s.
† Metal cutting machines (machine tools) are characterized
by higher production accuracy compared with metal
forming machines. They are used for the production of
relatively smaller number of pieces; conversely, metal
forming machines are economical for producing larger
lots.
† Machine tools constitute about 70% of the total
operating manufacturing machines in industry.

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Th e su cce ssfu l de sign of m a ch in e t ool
r e quir e s t he follow ing funda m e nt a l
k now le dge ;

1. Mechanics of the machining processes to evaluate the

magnitude and direction and to control the cutting forces
2. The machinability of the different materials to be
processed
3. The properties of the materials used to manufacture the
different parts of the machine tool
4. The manufacturing techniques that are used to produce
each machine tool part economically
5. The durability and capability of the different tool materials
6. The principles of engineering economy.

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The productivity of a machine tool is measured either by the number of parts
produced in a unit of time, by the volumetric removal rate, or by the specific
removal rate per unit of power consumed.

Productivity levels can be enhanced using the following methods:

1. Increasing the machine speeds and feed rates

2. Increasing the machine tool available power
3. Using several tools or several WPs machined simultaneously
4. Increasing the traverse speed of the operative units during the non machining
parts of the production time
5. Increasing the level of automation for the machine tool operative units and
their switching elements
6. Adopting modern control techniques such as NC and CNC
7. Selecting the machining processes properly based on the machined part
material, shape complexity, accuracy, and surface integrity
8. Introducing jigs (for WP) and fixtures (for tool) that locate and clamp the
work parts in the minimum possible time

Machine tools are designed to achieve the maximum possible

productivity and to maintain the prescribed accuracy and the
degree of surface finish over their entire service life.

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Therefore, the machine tools must also provide the
following general requirements:

1. High static stiffness of the different machine tool elements

such as structure, joints, and spindles
2. Avoidance of unacceptable natural frequencies that cause
resonance of the machine tool
3. Acceptable level of vibration
4. Adequate damping capacity
5. High speeds and feeds
6. Low rates of wear in the sliding parts
7. Low thermal distortion of the different machine tool
elements
8. Low design, development, maintenance, repair, and
manufacturing cost

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MACHINE
TOOLS IN MACHINING
A- According to the geometrical shapes
of the workpieces.
B-According to the number of the
workpieces.
C-According to the functions of the
machines.

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A- Accor din g t o t h e ge om e t r ica l
sh a pe s of t h e w or k pie ce s.
1- Machine tools for machining flat
surfaces (shapers, planers)
2- Machine tools for machining
cylindrical surfaces (lathes)
3- Machine tools for making holes
(drilling machines)
4- Machine tools for machining profiles
(milling, hobbing machine tools)

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B-According to the number of the
workpieces.
1-Simple Machine Tools
2-Universal Machine Tools ( ge n e r a l pu r pose )
3-Production Machine Tools ( spe cia l
pu r pose )

4- Special Machine Tools ( lim it e d pu r pose )

5-Transfer Machine Tools
6- Numerical Controlled Machine Tools

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A simple machine

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Universal Machine Tools
† These machines can be used for
many aims. The capacity and the
efficiency of these machines are low,
the amortized value is high and the
necessity of qualified workers are the
disadvantages of these machines. For
example; universal turning machines
or universal milling machines.

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 spindle chuck tool-post tail-stock tail-stock wheel

lead-screw
carriage wheel carriage cross-slide wheel

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Production Machine Tools
† These machines are only for special
usage or aim. These machines
provide the work to be done in a
short time without the necessiy of
qualified worker. These kind of
machines can be used for bul
production in small scales.For
example, revolver turning machine.

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Special Machine Tools
† These machines can be used for
special aims and these machines are
more economic and have high
efficiency.

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Transfer Machine Tools
† They are for net shape bulk
production.They are the groups of
machine tools designed in a speacial
range of next to each other.They are
generally automatic. They can have
one station or multi station.

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 33
www.mossgroupautomation.com
N u m e r ica l Con t r olle d ( N C) M a ch in e
Tools

† These machines can be used to

machine complex geometrical parts in
high amount. The manufacturing time
is short and the efficiency is high.
† The demand of fixturing, controlling
and measurement equipments is low
in NC machine tools.

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C- Accor din g t o t h e fu n ct ion s of
t h e m a ch in e s
† Turning Machines
† Drilling Machines
† Milling Machines
† Shaping Machines
† Grinding Machines
† Sawing Machines
† Broaching Machines
† Gear Cutter Machines
† Super Finish Machines

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 EFFECTI VE FACTORS I N
SELECTI ON OF TH E M ACH I N E
TOOLS
† The machine tools should be selected that
can reduce labor cost and other general
charges to minimum.
† Constructively, one motor should be
present to drive the workpiece and the
machine tool itself. (A secondary motor
can be also for coolant or some other
necessities).
† The slides should be machined precisely.
They must have high wear resistance and
be hardened.
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† Revolutions should be arranged by a
command. Some auxiliary equipments
shoul be present for minimising the
manufacturing time in bulk productions.
† The elements of the machine tool, e.g.,
gears must be made from high quality
materials.
† Big and heavy workpieces should be
machined in one fixturing.

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† Small workpieces shoul be machined
in small machine tools. If they are
machined on bigger machine tools,
this will increase cost. On the
contrary, if the big workpieces are
macihned on small machine tools
then, vibrations may occur and this
will shorthen the life of the machine
tool.
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† The usage of commands, switches
and buttons should be easy. Some
symbols or signs can be uses on
machines.
† Safety precautions must be
considered and the design of the
machine tool is important for the easy
working of the employee.

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 The sections of the machine tools;
1. A structure that is composed of bed, column,
or frame
2. Slides and tool attachments
3. Spindles and spindle bearings
4. A drive system (power unit)
5. Work holding and tool holding elements
6. Control systems
7. A transmission linkage spindle chuck tool-post tail-stock tail-stock wheel

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lead-screw
carriage wheel carriage cross-slide wheel
Stresses on Machine Tools
Stresses produced during machining, which tend to deform
the machine tool or a WP, are usually caused by one of
the following factors:
1. Static loads that include the weight of the machine and its
various parts
2. Dynamic loads that are induced by the rotating or
reciprocating parts
3. Cutting forces generated by the material removal process

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Structure of the Machine Tools
The machine tool structure includes a body, which carries
and accommodates all other machine parts.
The main functions of the machine structure include the
following:
1. Ability of the structure or the bed to resist distortion
caused by static and dynamic loads
2. Stability and accuracy of the moving parts
3. Wear resistance of the guideway
4. Freedom from residual stresses
5. Damping of vibration

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Driving Units in Machine Tools
There are two main types of motions
that are effective;
1-Rotational motion
2-Lineer (forward-backward motions)

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The extreme spindle speeds of a machine tool main gearbox
nmax and nmin can be determined by

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† Driving mechanisms that arrange
revolutions can be classified into two
categories:
A- Steppless speed drives
B- Stepped speed drives

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STEPPING OF SPEEDS
† Arithmetic progression
Let n1, n2, … , nz be arranged
according to arithmetic
progression. Then
n1 – n2 = n3 – n2 = constant

Accordingly, for an economical

cutting speed vo, the lowest speed
v1 is not constant; it decreases
with increasing diameter.
Therefore,
the arithmetic progression does
not permit economical machining
at large diameter ranges.

If the revolutions are stepped, then we use some diagrams 46

and progressions. This diagram is called sawtooth diagram.

Geometric progression

--- The percentage drop from one

step to the other is constant, and the

expedient cutting speed Δv is

absolute loss of economically

constant all over the whole diameter

range.

Δvmax/vo is also constant. Geometric

---The relative loss of cutting speed

progression, therefore, allows

machining to take place between
limits vo and vu independent of the
WP diameter, where vo is the
economical cutting speed and vu is
the allowable minimum cutting
speed.
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48
Usage of both progression
together

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MACHINE TOOL DRIVES
† To obtain a machined part by a machine tool, coordinated
motions must be imparted to its working members. These
motions are either primary (cutting and feed) movements,
which removes the chips from the WP or auxiliary motions that
are required to prepare for machining and ensure the
successive machining of several surfaces of one WP or a similar
surface of different WPs.
† Principal motions may be either rotating or straight
reciprocating. In some machine tools, this motion is a
combination of rotating and reciprocating motions. Feed
movement may be continuous (lathes, milling machine, drilling
machine) or intermittent (shapers, planers).

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STEPPED SPEED D RI VES
† Stepped Speed Drives with Two Axises.
These kind of stepped mechanisms are
compose of one belted transmission
mechanism or a couple of gear .

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Cla ssifica t ion of t r a nsm ission of
r ot a r y m ot ion

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STEPPED SPEED D RI VES
1- Mechanism with Belting Transmission

A belted transmission is compose of

a belt and tombours. It is possible
to change the location of the belt
according to the selected revolution.

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2- Mechanisms with gear transmission

Gear mechanisms can be grouped into 3

caterigories;
1- Mechanisms with couplings
2- Mechanisms with sliding key
3- Mechanisms with sliding gears

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Illustrations of gears with keys and
couplings

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Main mechanism with coupling and two axises

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Main mechanism of sliding gears with
two axises

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Mechanism for reverse variable
transmission

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Stepped mechanisms with multi axises

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DIAGRAMS OF REVOLUTIONS
IN STEPPED MECHANISMS AND
THE FORCE LINES

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A mechanism with 12 outputs and 4 spindles

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STEPLESS SPEED DRIVES
† Mechanical stepless speed drives
† Hydraulic stepless speed drives
† Electric stepless speed drives

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Mechanical stepless speed drives

5 categories;
1-Friction stepples drives with wheels
2-Friction stepples drives with conical wheels
3-Friction stepples drives with spheres and discs

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4-Friction stepples drives with
spherical friction component
5-Friction stepples drives with conical
wheels

(positive infinitively variable-PIV)

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 An example of combination of
stepped and steppless drive
mechanisms on a turning machine

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 -Hydraulic steppless drives-
The advantages of the hydraulic
systems are as follows:
1. Has a wide range of speed
variation
2. Changes in the magnitude and
direction of speed can be easily
performed
3. Provides smooth and quiet
operation
4. Ensures self-lubrication
5. Has automatic protection against
overloads

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Types of Hydraulic Steppless Drive
Mechanisms
† Open looped: Oil turns back to tank
† Closed looped: Oil travels on the
system without turning back to tank.

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Open looped hydraulic cycle

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Closed looped hydraulic cycle

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Open looped with directional valve

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Ele m e n t s of h ydr a u lic cycle s
1 - Pu m ps
A-Gear pumps
B-Adjustable pumps
B1-Tracked valve
B2-Pump with pistons
B2.1- Radial piston pumps
B2.2- Axial piston pumps

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2 - Adj u st in g e le m e n t s
A-Gates B-Valves
3 - D ir e ct ion a l e le m e n t s ( D .E.)
A- Manual bolts
B- D.E. with mechanic controls
C- D.E. with hdraulic controls
D- D.E. with electromagnetic controls
4 - Pipe pla n t
5 - H ydr a u lic m ot or s
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PUMPS

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-Electrical stepless speed drives-
1-Direct current and alternativa current
motors
2- Step motors
3-Tri-phase current motors

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CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF
MACHINE TOOLS

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1- BODY AND GUIDEWAYS
2-SPINDLES AND BEARINGS
3-COUPLINGS

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BODY AND GUIDEWAYS

A cr isscr oss r ib st r u ct u r e for lon g bodie s

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This figure shows a typical machine tool bed of the lathe and
a frame of the drilling machines.

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† Machine tool structures are classified by layouts into open (C-frames)
and closed frames. Open frames provide excellent accessibility to the
tool and the WP. Typical examples of open frames are found in turning,

.
drilling, milling, shaping, grinding, slotting, and boring machines

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Closed frames find application in planers, jig boring, and
double-spindle milling machines.

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Machine tool frames can be produced as cast or welded construction.
Welded structures ensure great saving of the material and the pattern
costs. Figure shows typical cast and fabricated machine tool structures.
A cast iron (CI) structure ensures the following advantages:
Better lubricating property (due to the presence of free graphite); most
suitable for beds in which rubbing is the main criterion,
High compressive strength, Better damping capacity
Easily cast and machined.

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GUIDEWAYS
Guideways are required to perform the necessary machine tool motion at a
high level of accuracy under severe machining conditions. Generally
guideways, therefore, control the movement of the different parts of the
machine tool in all positions during machining and non-machining times.

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Sliding friction guideways

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Rolling friction guideways

Rolle r s, n e e dle s, or ba lls a r e in se r t e d be t w e e n t h e m ovin g pa r t s t o

m in im ize t h e fr ict iona l r e sist a n ce , w h ich is k e pt con st a n t
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ir r e spe ct ive of t h e t r a ve lin g spe e d.
Externally pressurized guideways

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SPINDLES
Machine tool spindles are supported inside housings by means of ball,
roller, or antifriction bearings. Precision bearings are used for a
precision machine tool. The geometrical accuracy and surface
finish of the machined components depend on the quality of the
spindle bearings.

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COUPLINGS

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