PASSAGES 1

ASSESSMENT
The final score will be given as following:

Aspects Details Percentage

Every seen Unit two tests will
Exams
take place. 50%
(Written and Oral)

Ss. Will submit the

Workbook corresponding unit of the 20%
workbook before the test.
Ss. Will be required to have an
Participation active and accurate 10%
participation in class.
At the end of the trimester Ss.
Vocabulary notebook Will present the unknown 20%
vocabulary on a notebook.
ICEBREAKER
Let’s introduce ourselves!
Use the following line to introduce yourself and in the last part of the sentence
add what you struggle with in English. Then say your age and one thing you
enjoy doing.

My name is ______ and I _______. I am _______ years old and I love _______.
 UNIT 1 A

VERBS
FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
When using two verbs together the first verb dictates the form of the second
verb (either an infinitive or a gerund). The tense of the first verb is not
important.
RULE
GERUND vs INFINITIVE

• I stopped to drink some coffee.

• I stopped drinking coffee.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
Some verbs and expressions are followed only by Gerunds:

deny discuss finish mention practice quit resist suggest

admit consist enjoy detest

1. She quit learning French.

2. I enjoy cooking for my family.
3. He avoids expressing his ideas in public.
4. The teacher suggested reading page 175.
5. They enjoy playing Xbox for hours.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
Some verbs are followed only by Infinitives:

ask expect happen hope intend promise persuade refuse

would like agree want need decide

1. I've persuaded him to come shopping.

2. We all agreed to go to the movies tonight.
3. I can't afford to go on vacations this year.
4. He promised to stop drinking.
5. I asked my mum to help me with my homework.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
Use a Gerund after these expressions containing prepositions:

Insist on feel like be into worry about

1. I insist on making my own decisions.

2. I always feel like going dancing.
3. She’s into going out to new foreign restaurants.
4. He never worries about cleaning up.
5. She worries about losing her job.
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUNDS
Use the gerund or infinitive form after these verbs.
• I can’t stand being / to be in a messy room.
• I love taking / to take my friends to new clubs.
• I hate getting up / to get up for early morning classes.

Some verbs take either a gerund or an infinitive, but the meaning will be different.
• He remembered to do his homework (He did his homework)
• She remembered meeting him last year. (She had a memory)

• I regret to tell you that she’s not coming home. (I’m sorry)
• I regret telling her that I lost all my money. (I wish I hadn’t)
PRACTICE
Put the verb into the correct form:

1. I don’t fancy ______________ (go) out tonight.

2. She avoided ______________ (tell) him about her plans.
3. I would like ______________ (come) to the party with you.
4. He enjoys ______________ (have) a bath in the evening.
5. She kept ______________ (talk) during the film.
6. I am learning ______________ (speak) English.
7. Do you mind ______________ (give) me a hand?
8. She helped me ______________ (carry) my suitcases.
9. I’ve finished ______________ (cook). Come and eat!
10. He decided ______________ (study) Biology.
PRACTICE
 UNIT 1 B

NOUN CLAUSES
AFTER BE
NOUN CLAUSES AFTER BE
A noun clause is a group of words that function together as a noun. Every
noun clause has a subject and a predicate.

• An advantage of having older brothers or sisters is their advice. (Noun)

• An advantage of having older brothers or sisters is (that) they can give you
advice. (Noun Clause)

• One benefit of being an only child is the attention. (Noun)

• One benefit of being an only child is that you get a lot of attention. (NC)
NOUN CLAUSES AFTER BE
Use noun clauses after be to express a personal opinion about an x topic

Preposition + Gerund + Verb Be + (That) + Noun Clause

1. The only trouble with being a two- income family is (that) we don’t spend
as much time together.

2. The big advantage of having Grandma at home is (that) she can babysit
more often.

3. The nice thing about being the youngest in the family is (that) I get a lot of
attention.
PRACTICE
What are your thoughts on:

• Study college.
• Save money.
• Learn languages.
• Get marry.
• Live with your family.
• Have strict parents.
 UNIT 2 A

PAST MODALS AND

PHRASAL MODALS
OF OBLIGATION
PAST MODALS AND PHRASAL
MODALS OF OBLIGATION
MANDATORY
• I was supposed to water my neighbor’s plants.

• I had to water my neighbor’s plants.

• I should have watered my neighbor’s plants.

• I needed to water my neighbor’s plants.

• I didn’t have to water my neighbor’s plants.

OPTIONAL
PAST MODALS AND PHRASAL
MODALS OF OBLIGATION
We use past modals and phrasal modals to describe obligations in the past
(something that we should have done, but we didn’t)

I should have stayed home and studied!

(it was a good idea but I didn’t do it)
I was supposed to be studying this weekend.
(It was expected, but I didn’t do it)
I had to wear a uniform.
(We were forced to do this)
I didn’t have to go with my friends, but I did.
(There was no obligation)
I thought I needed to have more outfits.
(I thought this was necessary)
 UNIT 2 B

MODALS WITH
MULTIPLE USES
MODALS WITH MULTIPLE
USES
Modals express many different meanings or moods. They can also express
degrees of certainty, obligation, advice or opinions.

To express degrees of certainty use: Must, Could, might or may.

1. I’m certain Bansky must have wanted to win that Oscar.

2. People thought he could have been trying to get publicity.
3. That website hoax might have been planned by Banksy himself.

100% must

50% could

0% may / might
MODALS WITH MULTIPLE
USES
To express obligation, advice or opinions use only: Should.
should have + past participle
• Banksy shouldn’t have painted on other people’s property. (Obligation)
• He shouldn’t have stolen the gold. (Obligation)

• The magazine readers shouldn’t have expected Bansky to revel his

identity just because of an article. (Opinion)
• The Academy should have given Banksy an Oscar (Opinion)

• He should be more careful. (Advice)

• You should drink some tea. (Advice)
 UNIT 3 A

DEFINING AND
NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
 DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
A relative clause functions like an adjective because they add information
about a noun or noun phrase.

I have a blue bike. // I have a bike which is blue.

WHO WHICH THAT

I know a man, They have a dog She lives in a house

who lives in France. which is brown and black. that is very big.
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining relative clauses:

They give essential information about the noun. They must always
immediately be followed by the noun.

1. People like to go to restaurants that have good food.

2. The Myrong-dong has dozens of shops that sell the latest fashions.
3. The spring and fall are the seasons when most people come to visit.
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Non- defining relative clauses:

Also describe a noun, but the information they give is not essential to
understand the noun. They are set off by commas.

1. That restaurant, which has good food, is the most popular one in town.
2. Most restaurants here stay open until midnight, when many locals are still
enjoying dinner.
3. Beijing has many popular tourist attractions, which include the summer
palace and the forbidden city.
COMPOUND TERMS FOR
TOWNS
Border town: is a town or city close to the boundary between two countries,
states, or regions. e.g. Tijuana, San Luis, California, etc.
Coastal cities: are located on the interface or transition areas between land
and sea, including large inland lakes.
A college town or university town: is a community that is dominated by
its university population.
Industrial town: a town that has a lot of heavy industry / factories.
Mountain town: a town in a mountain region.
Port town: a town located by a body of water that has facilities for docking
ships.
COMPOUND TERMS FOR
TOWNS
Resort town: a town that specializes in providing facilities for summer and /
or winter sports and hotels for tourists.
Rural town: a town in the countryside, usually surrounded by farms.
Suburban town: a town mainly housing people who commute to a nearby
city for work.
Tourist town: a town that attracts visitors for its location, history,
entertainment, or season sports opportunities.
 UNIT 3 B

ORDER OF
MODIFIERS
ORDER OF MODIFIERS
Adjectives or modifiers are divided in two sections:

Adjectives like: nice, beautiful, delicious are Opinions adjectives.

They tell us what somebody thinks of something or somebody.

Adjectives like: new, large, round, wooden are Fact adjectives.

They give us factual information about age, size. Color etc.

Opinions adjectives go before fact adjectives:

1. A nice long summer holiday.
2. An interesting young man
3. A beautiful large round wooden table.
 ORDER OF MODIFIERS
3 4 5
1 2
What Where What is it NOUN
How big? How Old?
color? from? made of?

1. A tall young man (1 – 2 )

2. Big blue eyes (1 – 3)
3. A small black plastic bag (1 – 3 – 5)
4. An old Russian song (2 – 4)
5. An old white cotton shirt (2 – 3 - 5)
6. A large wooden table (1 – 5)
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
Complete the sentences with the correct order of adjectives.

1. Mary fell in love with a _______________________ (good-looking, tall, strapping) man.

2. We have ____________________________ (English, interesting, two) classes this week.
3. We have ______________________________ (a few, tasteless, tiny) hot dogs for dinner.
4. We meet a group of ________________________________ (five, smart, young) authors.
5. Today, we have a ______________________________ (difficult, extensive, math) exam.
6. We are looking for ___________________________________ (fresh, red, some) apples.
7. This restaurant had _____________________________ (Atlantic, delicious, some) crabs.
8. Aunt Lucy bought an ___________________________ (antique, rocking, wooden) chair.
9. Jason wrote a _______________________________________ (horror, long, new) novel.
10. Tony survived a ___________________________________ (big, electric, violent) storm.
 UNIT 3 C

CONNECTING
CONTRASTING
IDEAS
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
VOCABULARY

Although: A pesar de que.

Even though / Though: Aunque.
In spite of / Despite: A pesar de.
Nevertheless: Sin embargo
However: Sin embargo
On the other hand: Por otro lado / Por otra parte.
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
In spite of and Despite are used to express an unexpected event, they are
placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
They are followed by a Gerund or a Noun.

1. I got the part in spite of having no experience.

2. We enjoyed the trip despite the bad weather.
3. In spite of / Despite having little money, we were very happy.
4. Despite arriving 5 minutes late, the teacher didn’t allow us in.
5. In spite of getting married, Tom hasn’t settled down yet.
6. He continued to work despite being ill.
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
1. We all enjoyed the walk even though it rained.
In …............................................................................

2. The bag was heavy but she managed to carry it herself.

Despite …..................................................................

3. We managed to talk seriously although there were a lot of people around.

In …...........................................................................

4. His mother refused to let him go to the party but he went anyway.
He went to the party in spite …...............................
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
These words contrast two events or ideas, Even though and Although can
be placed at the beginning or in the middle

Even though: Makes a stronger contrast. It emphasizes the speaker’s

surprise that two facts are true.

1. She was given the part even though she had no experience.
2. Even though finding an apartment is easy in this town, it tends to be
expensive.

Although:
1. Although I enjoyed the book, I found the ending very disappointing.
2. Although I’m a stage actor, I like making movies.
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
1. Betty isn’t very tall, but she can run very fast.
Although ….................................................................................................

2. He doesn’t have much money, but he wants to buy car.

Although.....................................................................................................

3. It’s rather cold, but I think I’ll go for a walk.

Even though …..........................................................................................

4. There wasn’t much food at the party. However, everybody had a good time.
Even though...............................................................................................
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
We can use either of the adverbs However or Nevertheless to make
contrasts The difference is one of formality.

However:
1. Johnny Depp is a really good actor. However, I didn’t enjoy his latest film.
2. I'm a vegetarian. However, I sometimes eat fish.
Nevertheless:
1. Tom said his English is terrible. Nevertheless, he got a perfect score on
his English test.
2. The doctor said that Benjamin needs to stop eating meat. Nevertheless,
he still eats a hamburger every day for lunch.
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
1. Although I tried hard, I couldn’t find the book you lent me.
However …........................................................................................

2. Although he loves Joan very much, he isn’t going to marry her.

Nevertheless ….................................................................................

3. Although she buys a lot of new dresses every month, she always dresses
shabbily.
However ….........................................................................................

4. Even if our new house is very nice, we’ll still miss our old flat.
Nevertheless ….................................................................................
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
"On the other hand" is used to show two sides of an issue. But it doesn't
always describe an opposite situation. When on the other hand is used, the
first sentence or paragraph often begins with “On the one hand”.

1. Living in a cold climate is difficult for

some people; on the other hand, there are
many fun winter activities, such as
sledding, that you can't do in a warm
climate.
2. On the one hand, the development of
new technology has made our lives
easier; on the other hand, it has also
resulted in the development of weapons
that can kill large numbers of people.
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
1. On the one hand, you could rent a flat instead of buying one. __________
you are always at the mercy of landlords.

2. People are friendly in the North, ____________ in London no one speaks to

you.

3. The flat is conveniently located, ______________ there's a lot of noise from

the traffic.

4. My husband likes classical music – I, ________________, like all kinds.

CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
1. We all enjoyed the walk even though it rained. (Despite)

2. His mother refused to let him go to the party but he went anyway. (In spite
of)

3. He doesn’t have much money, but he wants to buy car. (Although)

4. There wasn’t much food at the party. However, everybody had a good
time. (Even though)

5. Although I tried hard, I couldn’t find the book you lent me. (However)
CONNECTING CONTRASTING
IDEAS
1. Although he loves Joan very much, he isn’t going to marry her.
(Nevertheless)

2. My husband likes classical music – I, ________________, like all kinds. (On

the other hand)

3. On the one hand, you could rent a flat instead of buying one. __________
you are always at the mercy of landlords. (On the other hand)
 UNIT 4 A

REDUCED TIME
CLAUSES
REDUCED TIME CLAUSES
In some cases we are able to shorten time clause.

We can do this only if the time clause begins with: Before (Right before)
After (Right after) and While; also both clauses have the same subject.

Time clause + Sub + Base verb

Complete
Reduced Time clause + Gerund

1. After I finish / After finishing my workout, I head to the office.

2. While I take / While taking my lunch break at work, I have a 5 min. nap.
3. I’m not very approachable right after I wake up / right after waking up.
REDUCED TIME CLAUSES
However, other time clauses cannot be usually be reduced:

1. Ever since I was a kid, I’ve had trouble getting up early.

2. As soon as I get up in the morning, I race off to the gym.
3. Until I’ve had my morning coffee, I’m such a grouch.
4. Whenever you have to work with numbers, plan to do it at noon.
5. I’ve been a night person from the moment I stared college.
REDUCED TIME CLAUSES
Can the time clauses in the following sentences be reduced? If so, how?

1. I usually read the newspaper while I have breakfast.

2. My mother races off to work right after I leave for school.

3. After she brushes her teeth, my sister won't drink orange juice.
REDUCED TIME CLAUSES
Can the time clauses in the following sentences be reduced? If so, how?

1. While I was walking in the park, I saw a classmate.

2. As soon as I am in the classroom, I listen to the teacher

3. After I finished the book, I returned it to the library.

4. Before I drank a beer, I made sure my friend could drive me home.

 UNIT 4 B

CLAUSES STATING
REASONS AND
CONDITIONS
CLAUSES STATING REASONS
AND CONDITIONS
VOCABULARY

Even if: Incluso si.

Considering that: Teniendo en cuenta que.
As long as: Mientras que, siempre que.
Unless: A menos que, a no ser que.
(Just) In case: Por si acaso.
Only if or only... If: Sólo si.
CLAUSES STATING REASONS
AND CONDITIONS
Even If: Used to introduce something that does not affect the result of the
main clause.

1. I’ll be at the meeting even if I am really busy.

2. Even if I’m totally exhausted, I can’t sleep on airplanes.
(If I am busy, I will still go the meeting. The amount of work I have
Considering that: introduces causes and reasons that explain the main
clause.

1. I'm lucky I can get by on six hours of sleep considering that most people
need 8.
2. Considering that I took a nap, I shouldn't feel this drowsy.
CLAUSES STATING REASONS
AND CONDITIONS
As long as: Is used to introduce that something will only happen or be true
under specific circumstances.

1. I will be at the meeting as long as I’m not busy.

2. As long as the bus is on time, he won’t be late for work.

Unless: Used to communicate that something is true or will happen except if

something else happens.

1. I’ll be at the meeting unless I am really busy.

2. He jogs after work unless he’s too tired at the end of the day.
CLAUSES STATING REASONS
AND CONDITIONS
Just in case: Used to introduce something that someone is preparing for
because there is a chance it might happen.

1. I’m afraid to nap at lunch just in case I start snoring at my desk.

2. (Just) in case I can’t go to the meeting, I asked Tim to take notes for me.

Only if: Used to introduce something that must happen or be true for the
main clause to happen.

1. I’ll miss the meeting only if I have something really urgent to take care of.
2. I’ll only miss the meeting if I have something really urgent to take care of.
PRACTICE
1. Under what circumstances would you move to another country?

2. Under what circumstances would you accept a promotion without a

raise?

3. Under what circumstances would you quit your current job?

4. Under what circumstances would you consider a career change?

5. Under what circumstances would you work two jobs?

6. Under what circumstances would you retire at age 50?

PRACTICE
1. Unless _______________________, I won’t_______________________.

2. I wouldn’t _______________________unless _______________________.

3. Even if _______________________, I wouldn’t_______________________.

4. I would still_______________________, even if ____________________.

5. I would _______________________ only if _______________________.

6. I will _______________________only if_______________________.

7. Now that_______________________, I’m not so _____________________.

8. It’s hard to _______________________ now that _____________________.

9. Just in case_______________________, I_______________________.

10. I don’t want to ____________________, just in case _________________.

11. As long as _______________________, I _______________________.

12. I feel _______________________, as long as _______________________.

 UNIT 5 A

INFINITIVE AND
GERUND PHRASES
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
PHRASES
Infinitive and gerund phrases are used to comment on behavior.

Infinitive phrases:
1. It’s rude to ignore your conversation partner.
2. It’s a good idea to try out different topics.

These sentences can also be restated with gerund phrases:

1. Ignoring your conversation partner is rude.
2. Trying out different topics is a good idea.
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
PHRASES
The word considered may also be in this kind of sentence.

Infinitive phrase:
1. It’s considered impolite to interrupt people.
2. It’s considered rude to use your cellphone while talking to people.

Gerund Phrase:
1. Interrupting people is considered impolite.
2. Using your phone while talking to people is considered rude.
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
PHRASES
These sentences can also include the phrase for + Person / Pronoun:

Infinitive Phrase:
1. It’s customary for the complimenter to say nice things about others.
2. It’s customary for North Americans to celebrate the 4th of July with family.

Gerund Phrase:
1. Saying nice things about others is customary for the complimenter.
2. Celebrating the 4th of July with family it’s customary for North Americans.
 UNIT 5 B

REPORTED
SPEECH: Commands
 What did the doctor say?

Take this
medicine 3
times a week
REPORTED SPEECH:
Commands
Reported speech is used to talk about or report, something that was asked
or said in the past. Use Ask, Tell and Say.

Sub + Past Simple + Infinitive

Direct Speech: Requests.

1. “Bring a dictionary tomorrow.”
2. “Close the door behind you”

Reported Speech:
1. The teacher said to bring a dictionary tomorrow.
2. She asked me to close the door behind me.
REPORTED SPEECH:
Commands
Sub + Said / Told + Not + Infinitive

Direct Speech: Negative requests

1. Don’t stay out past midnight.
2. Don’t forget to put your clothes away.

Reported Speech:
1. She told me not to stay out past midnight.
2. He told me not to forget to put my clothes away.
REPORTED SPEECH:
Commands
Sub + Asked + Infinitive

Direct Speech: Interrogative Requests

1. Can you play your music more quietly?
2. Can you open the window?
3. Can you pick up the trash?

Reported Speech:
1. She asked me to play my music more quietly.
2. He asked me to open the window.
3. She asked me to pick up the trash.
REPORTED SPEECH:
Commands
1. Wash your dad’s car.
2. Please help me carry this.
3. Would you mind passing the salt.
4. Tidy your room.
5. Wait here.
6. Do the washing up.
7. Eat your dinner.
8. Don’t do that.
9. Please, buy some milk.
 UNIT 5 B

REPORTED
SPEECH: Statements
 REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
REPORTED SPEECH BACKSHIFT
DIRECT REPORTED
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect
Past perfect Past perfect
Must Had to
Will Would
Can Could
May Might
REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
Some words describing time and place also change (if we are reporting
something at a later date or in a different place):
• The match is tomorrow, my teacher said.
• My teacher told me that the match was the next day.

Direct speech Reported speech

today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
last week the previous week
here there
this that
REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
I travel a lot in my job. He said (that) he travelled a lot in his
job.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
I am doing my homework. He told me (that) He was doing his
homework.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
I have planned an exciting trip. She said (that) she had planned an
exciting trip.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
I have been waiting for an hour. He said (that) he had been waiting for
an hour.
REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Past Simple Past Perfect
I saw Helen at a party. She said (that) she had seen Helen at
a party.
Will Would
She will invite john to the wedding. She said (that) she would invite John
to her wedding.
Can Could
She can’t go to the cinema with us. She said (that) she couldn’t go to the
cinema with us.
May Might
We may go out with friends. They said (that) they might go out.
Must Had to
I must do my homework. He said he had to do his homework.
REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
You met Anna. Here are some of the things she said in direct speech:

1. My parents are fine.

2. I'm going to learn to drive.
3. I want to buy a car.
4. John has a new job
5. I can't come to the party on Friday.
6. I don't have much free time.
7. I'm going away for a few days.
8. I'll phone you when I get back.
REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
REPORTED SPEECH:
statements
 UNIT 5 B

REPORTED
SPEECH: Questions
REPORTED SPEECH:
Questions
WH-QUESTIONS YES / NO QUESTIONS
Direct questions: Direct questions:
1. Where do you live? 1. Do you study German at school?
2. When did you lose your 2. Does she have my phone
homework? number?

Reported questions:
Reported questions:
1. John asked me if I studied
1. The police asked where I lived.
German at school.
2. My teacher asked me when I had
2. He asked me whether she had my
lost my homework.
phone number.
REPORTED SPEECH:
Questions
Convert the questions below into reported speech:

1) Where is he?
2) What are you doing?
3) Where will you live after graduation?
4) What were you doing when I saw you?
5) Can you help me?
6) Do you like coffee?
7) Have you studied reported speech before?
8) Can they play the piano?
9) Have you ever been to Lisbon?
10) How much does it cost?
REPORTED SPEECH:
Questions
Convert the questions below into yes / no reported speech questions:

1) Is John at home?
2) Is it cold outside?
3) Am I late?
4) Is the bus stop near the shopping center?
5) Are James and Lucy from France?
6) Does Julie drink tea?
7) Do you like chocolate?
8) Do they go on holiday every summer?
9) Does Jennifer want a new job?
10) Does it rain a lot in London?
REPORTED SPEECH:
Questions
Convert the questions below into wh- reported speech questions:

1) What's for dinner?

2) Why is Julie sad?
3) When is the party?
4) Who is the woman in the red dress?
5) How much is the rent on your flat?
6) Who is the Prime Minister of Canada?
7) Where do you usually go swimming?
8) How much TV do you watch?
9) Why do you study English?
10) Where does John work?
REPORTED SPEECH:
Questions
1. He asked: ”Where have you been Tom?”
He asked me
___________________________________________________________________

2. The teacher wanted to know: ”Who discovered America?”

The teacher wanted to know
________________________________________________________

3. The referee asked: ”How many players do you want to substitute?”

The referee asked
_______________________________________________________________
REPORTED SPEECH:
Questions
4. He asked: ”What would you do if you were a celebrity?”
He asked me
___________________________________________________________________

5. She wondered:” how much pay can I expect?”

She wondered
__________________________________________________________________

6. The captain asked: ”When will we get to the coast, guide?”

The captain asked
_______________________________________________________________
 UNIT 6 A

PRESENT PERFECT
vs PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT VS
PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST
Present perfect is used to talk about Simple past is used to describe an
a recent event in the past without event that happened at a specific
giving a specific time reference. time in the past.

sub + have / has + past participle sub + past simple verb

1. I’ve locked my keys in the car. 1. After a day at the mall, the woman
2. She’s painted her bedroom went out to her car.
yellow. 2. I stared teaching her to paint last
year.
PRESENT PERFECT VS
PAST SIMPLE
Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in past simple or present
perfect.

1. She loves Paris. She _____________ (be) there many times.

2. Bill _____________ (work) in that company for 3 years. (Still works there)
3. They _____________ (go) to London on holiday last summer.
4. I _____________ (read) that book. It's good.
5. His parents _____________ (be) here yesterday.
6. They _____________ (go) to Germany when he _____________ (be) only 4.
PRESENT PERFECT VS
PAST SIMPLE
Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets in past simple or present
perfect.

7. ________ you ________ (watch) any films last night?

8. I _____________ (have) a couple of toasts for breakfast this morning.
9. He _____________ (live) in Rome since he was a teenager.
10. The house looks different. _____ you _____ (paint) it?
11. I _____________ (not see) you in class last Friday.
12. Shakespeare _____________ (write) over one hundred sonnets.
PRESENT PERFECT VS
PAST SIMPLE
Say if the following sentences are right or wrong. Correct them if necessary.

1. Have you ever been to Thailand?

2. I've had sausages for lunch at half past one.
3. She's enjoyed herself at the party last night.
4. I've read that book but I didn't like it much.
5. Tom has left school one year ago.
6. My cousins have lived in Dublin since they've been children.
7. We have worked here for a year and a half.
8. My parents lived in Britain for a couple of years.
9. James has made a cake yesterday.
10. I've washed the car. It looks great now.
 UNIT 6 B

PRESENT PERFECT vs
PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect describes The present perfect continuous is
permanent situations and recently use to describe temporary situations
completed actions. and actions that are not yet
completed.
1. I’ve always surfed with my dog.
(permanent situation) 1. A dog has been stealing all the
attention. (temporary situation)
2. I’ve locked my keys in the car.
(recently completed action) 2. Maggie has been amazing visitors
by painting for her supper. (not yet
completed action)
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Complete the sentences with the correct tense.

1. I ___________________ (not / do) the housework yet.

2. They ___________________ (study) very hard recently.
3. She ___________________ (promise) to help many times.
4. He ___________________ (clean) the kitchen. Everything is sparkling clean.
5. He ___________________ (see) the film ‘The King’s Speech’ about six times.
6. We ___________________ (paint) our living room. I think it looks a lot better.
7. She ___________________ (take) French lessons lately.
8. Lucy ___________________ (already / leave).
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Complete the sentences with the correct tense.

1. How much petrol ___________________ (she / buy)?

2. I ___________________ (be) in London for three years.
3. I ___________________ (paint) my house all day, but it’s not finished yet.
4. Julie ___________________ (be) at the office since 6 am.
5. How many times ___________________ (you / visit) Scotland?
6. We ___________________ (know) James for ages.
7. It’s really smelly in here. ___________________ (somebody / smoke)?
8. She ___________________ (eat) chocolate all morning, so she feels sick.
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.

1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:

(how long / learn / Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?

2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
(wait / long?) Have ___________________________________________________

3 You see somebody fi shing by the river. You ask:

(catch / any fish?) ___________________________________________________

4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people / invite?) __________________________________________
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.

5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:

(how long / teach?) ___________________________________________________

6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask:

(how many books / write?) ___________________________________________
(how long / write / books?) ___________________________________________

7 A friend of yours is saving money to go on a world trip. You ask:

(how long / save?) ___________________________________________________
(how much money / save?) __________________________________________
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
 UNIT 6 C

ADVERBS WITH
SIMPLE PAST AND
PAST PERFECT
ADVERBS WITH SIMPLE
PAST AND PAST PERFECT
Adverbs of time help to clarify when an event or situation in the past took
place in relation to another event or situation.

Use afterwards, later, the next day with past simple:

To describe something that happened at a later time.
• Afterwards we all went to have dinner.

Use when, as soon as, the moment with past simple:

To describe two things at the same time.
• As soon as I got to work, my boss asked to speak to me.

Use up until then, before that, until that time with past perfect to describe
something that was true or that happened before another event in the past.
• Up until then I had never lost anything important.
ADVERBS WITH SIMPLE
PAST AND PAST PERFECT
When and the simple past and past perfect can be used to express different
time relationships.
1. When I arrived in Bangkok, my connecting flight had already departed.
2. When I arrived in Bangkok, my friend met me at the airport.

When before makes the sequence of events clear, the simple past or past
perfect can be used.
1. It began to rain before she boarded the plane.
2. It had begun to rain before she boarded the plane.

Yet and already are used with both present perfect and past perfect to show
that an event took place earlier.
1. It had already started raining when I arrived in Bangkok.
2. It hadn't started raining yet when I arrived in Bangkok.