Arduino Class DOC - 20230430 - WA0001

Promoting robotic design and entrepreneurship
experiences among students and teachers
Lesson 5:
Introduction to Arduino
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, July 2017 - 19
Mechatronics, Controls, and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering
CONTENTS
• Microcontrollers and microprocessors
• Introduction to Arduino
• Types of Arduino boards
• Programming basics: Structure of a code
• TASK/ACTIVITY:
➢ Blink on-board LED
➢ Blink LED(s)
➢ Change brightness of LEDs
Promoting Robotic Design and Entrepreneurship Experiences Among Students and Teachers 2
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, July 2017-19
WHAT IS A MICROCONTROLLER?
New Lesson
• A compact - Photos
integrated circuit on a
single chip containing a processor,
memory, and input/output as its main
components
• Typically, it is "embedded" inside a
device that is controlL E DS
• A microcontroller is often small and of
low cost
Source
MICROPROCESSOR VS MICROCONTROLLER
• The key difference: Microprocessor consists of only a Central Processing

Unit, whereas the microcontroller contains a CPU, memory, I/O all integrated
into one chip
Source
Source
MORE ABOUT THE DEVICES
What is the difference between a computer, a microprocessor and a
New Lesson - Photos
microcontroller?
• Microprocessor is a full computation engine fabricated on a single chip; It acts
as the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer
• A Computer is a microprocessor packaged on a single circuit board with

many interfaces and memory chips; General purpose computers, i.e., PCs,
are designed explicitly to interface with humans
• Microcontrollers are designed to interface, interact, and communicate with

➢ Electrical/electronic devices
➢ Sensor/actuators
➢ High-tech gadgets, etc.
COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT
• As discussed earlier:
Source
Source
Source
Source
Source
Source
Promoting Robotic Design and Entrepreneurship Experiences Among Students and Teachers
6
WHAT IS ARDUINO???
• ArduinoNew
is an open-source
Lesson electronic
- Photos
platform for easy use of hardware and
software
• It can sense the environment by

receiving input from variety of sensors Source
and make decision and then give the

output
• It can be used to develop stand-alone

interactive objects or can be connected
to software on your computer
Arduino
WHAT DOES IT DO???
• Working: The microcontroller (computer) is programmed (code) to receive
information (input) from the sensors and the output is given through
computer (IDE) or other peripherals
ACTIVITY 1
• What is the circuit doing?
• What elements do you see

on the circuit?
• Is there any input?

• If yes, what is the input?
• Is there any output?

• If yes, what is the output?
Source
ACTIVITY 1 - SOLUTION
• What is the circuit doing?
Light up the on-board LED
on button press
• What elements do you see on

the circuit?
Button, resistor, wires
• Is there any input? Yes

• If yes, what is the input?
Button
• Is there any output? Yes

Source
• If yes, what is the output? LED
ARDUINO
• The word Arduino can mean 3 things:
Hardware An interface A community
Source Source Source
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, July 2017-19 11
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARDUINO
Arduino NANO Arduino Micro
Arduino LilyPad
Arduino UNO R3 Arduino Leonardo
Arduino IOT board
Arduino MEGA 2560 R3
Arduino MKR ZERO

PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO
Rubik's cube solver Spider bot with Arduino
Line following Turtlebot
LED cube powered by Arduino App controlled trainable arm with Arduino
PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO
• An example of a human-following cooler called, “Follow me”
Follow me cooler with Arduino
PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO - NYU
• Human-following luggage with Arduino:
PROJECTS BASED ON ARDUINO - NYU
• Jarvis – Voice assistant with Arduino:
Source
ARDUINO UNO DEVELOPMENT BOARD
Source
ARDUINO HARDWARE SUMMARY
. ACTIVITY 2
Check out: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
1. Download and install the Arduino environment
(IDE) according to your system (Mac or Windows)

2. Connect the board to your computer via the USB
cable
3. If needed, install the drivers
4. Launch the Arduino IDE
. POWERING UP THE ARDUINO WITH USB
• Connecting via USB cable to load the code and provide power at the same time
Source
Promoting Robotic Design and todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

Entrepreneurship Experiences Among Students and Teachers
SELECT SERIAL PORT AND BOARD
• Select the board Arduino UNO and the port showing in the Serial Port section
. ACTIVITY 3
Source
Program to blink the on-board LED

1. Select your board
2. Select your serial port
3. Open the blink example
4. Upload the program
• Go to File > Examples > Digital > Blink
Source
A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THE CODE
Sketch: Arduino code is referred to as sketch and consists of: Sketch
void setup() {
• Instructions between the two curly brackets will be run
only once when the Arduino program first runs and used
for the purpose of setup
• Initialize I/O pins (directions), initialize serial
communication, etc.
}
void loop() { Source
• This function is run after setup has finished

• It runs in a continuous loop until power is removed
}
BASIC SYNTAX FOR ARDUINO PROGRAMS
Basic rules of programming Arduino:
• // Single line comment
• /*
Multi line comment, or block‐comment
• */
• {} Curly braces to indicate starting and ending of a block of code unbalanced

curly braces will cause compile-time errors
• ; Each line of code must end with a semicolon

NOTE: Semicolon should not be used after #include, #define and for “if, else
statements, for, while loops” if code is inside the curly braces
PROGRAMMING: I/O
pinMode(pin, mode)
• pin refers to digital I/O pin number and mode argument refers to INPUT or
OUTPUT
• Can use digital I/O pin 2 to 13 (0 and 1 used for RX and TX)
• Digital I/O pins have default mode as INPUT, no need to explicitly declare as
inputs
➢ Connection: Connect an OUTPUT pin to an external device in series with a 470Ω

or 1KΩ resistor
9
UPLOADING YOUR CODE
• Select your board Arduino
UNO
• Select your port from tools
• Upload the code to the
Arduino as shown
• Check for errors
• Check if the code is
compiled successfully
BLINK AN EXTERNAL LED
Things to remember:
1. Longer leg (Anode) of the LED goes to one end of the resistor in series and the
other end of resistor goes to pin (3) here
2. Shorter leg (Cathode) goes to ground (GND)
Cathode Anode
Source
Blink LED
ACTIVITY 4
• Write a program to blink one external LED using Arduino
➢ Connections:
Pins: 6, GND
Source
➢ Code:
PROGRAMMING ESSENTIALS: I/O
• Digital I/O pins:
digitalRead(pin)
• Reads the value from a specified digital pin with the result being 1 (HIGH) or 0
(LOW)
• Pin can be specified as a variable or constant (0-13)
➢ Syntax: value = digitalRead(pin); //sets 'value' equal to the state of the input pin
digitalWrite(pin, value)
• Pin refers to a digital pin, can be a variable or a constant (0-13)
• Value is either logic level HIGH/LOW, TRUE/FALSE, 1/0
• Outputs either logic level HIGH or LOW at a specified digital pin
➢ Syntax: digitalWrite(pin, value); //sets 'value’ as the state of the input pin
analogRead(pin)
• Reads the value from a specified analog pin with a 10-bit resolution
• Pin argument can be specified as a variable or constant (0-5)
• Resulting integer values range from 0 to 1023 and must be scaled to
appropriate units
➢ Syntax: value = analogRead(pin); //sets 'value' equal to analog

reading on 'pin’
analogWrite(pin, value)
• Outputs a PWM signal to the specified output pin
• This function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11
• Value can be specified as a variable or constant with range 0-255
➢ Syntax: analogWrite(pin, value); //writes 'value' to 'pin'

ACTIVITY 5
• Attach 2 LEDs to your Arduino, each to a separate pin, blink one

LED only once and the other repeatedly
Source
➢ Connections:
Pins: 10, 11, GND
Source Source
➢ Code:
PROGRAMMING ESSENTIALS
New Lesson - Photos

Serial.begin(rate)
• Opens serial port and sets the baud rate for serial data transmission
• Typical baud rate for communicating with PC is 9600 although other speeds are
supported
• When using serial communication, digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) cannot be used at
the same time
delay(ms)
• Pauses the program for time as specified in milliseconds, with 1000 being equal
to 1 second
PWM BASIC CONCEPTS
• Pulse width modulation (PWM): Converts a digital
value to analog output
• Pulse width modulation (PWM) allows Arduino to
generate a series of pulses
• When a pin is output high, the apparent voltage at that
pin will be close to 5 V
• When the pin is made output low it is close to 0 V
Source
Source
PWM BASIC CONCEPTS
• Duty cycle: Higher the duty cycle, higher is the voltage

• Duty specifies the analog output level as a fraction of 256ths of 5 V ranging
from 0 to 4.98 V
Source
Source
ACTIVITY 6
New Lesson - Photos
• Attach one LED to your Arduino and write a program to change its
brightness
New Lesson - Photos
➢ Connections:
Pins: 6, GND
Source
➢ Code:
New Lesson - Photos
STATUS MESSAGES
Successful upload: Wrong port selected:
Error in compiling: Wrong board selected:
ACTIVITY 7
New Lesson - Photos
• Attach at least 5 LEDs to your Arduino, each to a separate pin.

Blink them together
Cathode
New Lesson - Photos Anode
➢ Connections:
Pins: 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, GND
➢ Code:
New Lesson - Photos
New Lesson - Photos
VARIABLES
• A variable is a place to store a piece of data
• It has a name, a value, a type and size accordingly
• Syntax: variable_type variable_name = value;
Type Bytes(size) Example

boolean 1 boolean led_on=True;
char 1 char char_1 = ‘a’;
int 2 int temp = 48;
float 4 float height = 2.5;
long 4 long time = 5;
VARIABLES
• Save the results in different variable types:
int a = 50; int a = 50; float a = 50; float a = 50;

int b = 30; int b = 30; float b = 30; float b = 30;
int c = 0; float c = 0; float c = 0; int c = 0;
c = a / b; c = a / b; c = a / b; c = a / b;
Output: 1 Output: 1.00 Output: 1.66 Output: 1
ACTIVITY 8
New Lesson - Photos
• Divide 5 by 2 and store the value as int and as float
New Lesson - Photos
int a = 5; int a = 5;
int b = 2; int b = 2;
int c = 0; float c = 0;
c = a / b; c = a / b;
Output: 2 Output: 2.00
Thank You!
Questions and Feedback?
Innovative Technology Experiences for Students and Teachers (ITEST), Professional Development Program, July 2017 - 19
Mechatronics, Controls, and Robotics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

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Promoting robotic design and entrepreneurship

experiences among students and teachers

• The key difference: Microprocessor consists of only a Central Processing

• A Computer is a microprocessor packaged on a single circuit board with

• Microcontrollers are designed to interface, interact, and communicate with

• It can sense the environment by

and make decision and then give the

• It can be used to develop stand-alone

• What is the circuit doing?

• What elements do you see

• Is there any input?

• Is there any output?

• What elements do you see on

• Is there any input? Yes

• Is there any output? Yes

• The word Arduino can mean 3 things:

Hardware An interface A community

Source Source Source

Arduino NANO Arduino Micro

Arduino UNO R3 Arduino Leonardo

Arduino IOT board

Arduino MEGA 2560 R3

Arduino MKR ZERO

Rubik's cube solver Spider bot with Arduino

Line following Turtlebot

• An example of a human-following cooler called, “Follow me”

Follow me cooler with Arduino

1. Download and install the Arduino environment

(IDE) according to your system (Mac or Windows)

4. Launch the Arduino IDE

Promoting Robotic Design and todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

Program to blink the on-board LED

void loop() { Source

• This function is run after setup has finished

• // Single line comment

• {} Curly braces to indicate starting and ending of a block of code unbalanced

• ; Each line of code must end with a semicolon

➢ Connection: Connect an OUTPUT pin to an external device in series with a 470Ω

• Write a program to blink one external LED using Arduino

➢ Syntax: value = analogRead(pin); //sets 'value' equal to analog

➢ Syntax: analogWrite(pin, value); //writes 'value' to 'pin'

• Attach 2 LEDs to your Arduino, each to a separate pin, blink one

New Lesson - Photos

• Duty cycle: Higher the duty cycle, higher is the voltage

New Lesson - Photos

Error in compiling: Wrong board selected:

• Attach at least 5 LEDs to your Arduino, each to a separate pin.

• Syntax: variable_type variable_name = value;

Type Bytes(size) Example

• Save the results in different variable types:

int a = 50; int a = 50; float a = 50; float a = 50;

Output: 1 Output: 1.00 Output: 1.66 Output: 1

• Divide 5 by 2 and store the value as int and as float

Output: 2 Output: 2.00

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