COMPUTER THEORY NOTES:

 Computer meaning
 The characteristics of computers
 The first computer of the world
 The Generations of computers
 The basic electronic components of computers
 The types of computers
 Computer hardware& software
 A) Computer meaning:

Computer is electronic device, used for information processing. Its

accept the instructions by the user with the help of input devices than
stored in its memory, process it next produce the result on output
devices.

Computer can works on IPO cycle. IPO means Input& Output-

processing cycle. Showing on down.
B) The characteristics of computer:
a) Speed:
Computer can work at an incredible speed. The speed of the
computer is measured in terms of
Milliseconds
Microsecond
Nanoseconds or Pico seconds.
The speed of processing is it is accepting million instructions per
second.
b) Accuracy:
In working being fast computer also accurate, they either give the
correct answer or not at all.
c) Consistency:
Computers being machine are highly consistent, they never get
bored too.
d) Automatic:
 Computer can work automatically by itself because once stored on
a job they carry in until the job is finished normally without any
human assistance.
e) Storage capacity:
Today’s computer can stored huge amount of data. Once recorded
a piece of information is never forgotten the storing capacity of
computer measured by Kilobyte, mega byte& gigabyte.
f) Flexibility:
computer are used not only one thing, it is used to
entertainment(movie, song, animation), account maintaining,
creating letters& letter heads, play games, weather forecasting,
railway reservation counter, aircraft, satellite, studio designing and
sending the information in whole Word(internet). & multimedia.
C) The first computer of the world:
Sl no Nation Year Computer Innovator
Name
1 China 450 bc Abacus
2 Scotland 1617 Napier bones Sir. John
Napier
3 French 1642 Pascaline (Pascal Mr. Blaise
calculator) Pascal

4 Germen 1671 Arithmetic Mr. Gatrified

 replica
5 England 19th Difference Sir. Charls
century engine babage
6 USA 1948 Mark I Haward aikey
CHARLES BABAGE is a father of the computer, professor of
Cambridge university was invented “DIFFRENCE ENGINE” in
19th century, which is called the first computer of the world.
D) Computer generations:

Sl Particulars 1st generation 2nd 3rd 4th

5th generation
n generation generation generation
o
1 Year 1951-58 1959-64 1965-70 1971-85 Now
onwards
2 Component Vacuum Transistors Integrate Micro Micro
used tubes circuits processor processor
3 Speed 5000 Faster then faster faster Faster
additions& 1st generation
350
multifications
for second.
4 Language Machine Assembly BASIC, LOGO, C, LOGO, C,
language language FORTRAN C++, C++,
, POSCAL Database Database
5 Electric 150kw/hour less less less 230wats/hour
 consumption
6 Size 50x50 feet 1/1200 size less smaller 80to 80x
of valve Cabinet & 19
inches
monitor
7 Use calculations programming Information Information Information
processing processing processing,
commercial,
business
purpose,
weather
forecasting &
Internet
8 Note Difficult to They were They were They were To work
transports, more more more without prior
heat reliable, reliable, reliable, instruction
generation faster, and faster, and faster, and like as
too much. accurate than accurate accurate Artificial
1st generation than 1st than 1st integrated
computers. generation generation machine
computers. computers. (robot)
9 Storage 2GB TO
capacity 250GB.

E. The basic electronic components of computers:

Basic electronic components used inside of the computer
which are required to working computer.

1) Vaccume tubes:
This component were designed with as ‘valves’ also
called as vaccum tubes as basic electronic components
in 1st generation computers
2) Transistors:
Transistors were used an assembly language could used
for programming, Transistor were used in place of
vaccum tubes as a basic electronic component in 2 nd
generation computers. This size of transistor was
1/1200 size of valve.
3) Integrated circuits:
IC is a composition of many transistors in integrated
form many transistors integrated in single IC reduced
the size & cost of the components, because only one IC
replaced many transistors. IC used for language
FORTRAN, PASCAL in 3rd generation computers.
4) Micro processor:
Micro processor is a integrated form of of entire
electronic circuits along with the components on a
single silicon chip.
 It is used for 4th & 5th generation computes.

E) Types of Computers:

We have 2 classifications about computer types.

a) Based on size & capability:
The computers can be divided in to four categories based on their
size & capability.
Micro computer:
Personal computer is known as microcomputer, microcomputer is
very simple & built with only one single IC& only one Microprocessor.
It is used on schools, home& personal use. Only one person can operate
at a time.
Mini computer:
Mini computer is advanced than microcomputer in terms of
performance, speed. At the most 8 persons can use simultaneously work
on a single minicomputer is much more than micro computers.
Mainframe computers:
Computers which are big in size and faster than minicomputer are
known as mainframe computer. More than 8 persons can work
simultaneously on single mainframe computers.
Ex: Railway, airlines etc.
Super Computer:
Super computer is specially designed computer built with more
number of processor for particular purpose, it is used special
applications like military, weather fore casting, space, satellite work etc.
PARAM-1000 is the first Indian super computer.
b) Based on flow of information& hardware:
The basis of flow of information& hardware computers can be
classified 3 categories.
Digital computer:
Digital computer used 2 digits ‘0’ & ‘1’ as the switch can be either
on or off. They can understand only machine language that is in the form
‘0’ &‘1’.
Computers which consist of large number of interconnected
switch in IC work on digital electronic technique are called
digital computer.
Analog computer:
Analog is Greek words which mean “comparing between 2 values
or 2 quantities”. The analog computers number indicated as a result of
voltage& current, like as clock. Analog computer worked with electric
signals. These computers are used control robot, rockets lunching pad
etc,

Hybrid computer:
The computer which have a characteristic of both digital & analog
computers are called hybrid computer. This is used for robot, pathfinder,
temperature control, CNC machine, computer with multimedia etc.

Computer Hardware& Software:

Hardware:
Computer is not only one thing, it is integration form many
hardware. Hardware means the visible parts of computer, like monitor,
printer, CPU, keyboard, mouse etc. it’s all parts helps to working
properly.
The parts of computer:
Computer in fact is an integration of many parts, each part its
own specific job that cannot be replaced another part, there
fore it is very important to study the used and working of the
various parts of computer.
All these parts classifieds in following as:

1) Input devices
2) Output devices
3) CPU
a) ALU
b) CU
c) MU
4) Some important parts
a. Input devices:
The devices which we used to feed the information/data to
computer that device are called input devices.

b. Keyboard:
The keyboard containing alphabets from A to Z, & numbers 0 to 9
& many other function keys (! @#$%&*>?<+). It is used enter the
text/data &number &operate other function. There are 2 types of
keyboard
a. normal keyboard
b. multimedia keyboard
c. Mouse:
Mouse is used to operate the system by selecting menus& used to
painting & drawing pictures. Its having a 2-3 buttons on a top, it is used
painting.
There are 3 types of mouse.
a. Normal mouse
b. Optical mouse
c. Power mouse
d. Scanner:
Scanner is used scan the images, photos &with the help of scanner
we can input alphabets, logos, letter heads in to computer.
e. Joystick:
 It is used to playing games

f. Web camera:
It is used feed our photos to computer.

g. Output devices:
The devices that are used to getting the result the processed
information from the computer.

1. Monitor:
It’s like TV. On a monitor we can see which we are typing &
processed data. The size of monitor is 7 inches to 9 inches. There
are several types of monitors.
a. Black and white monitor
b. color monitor
c. digital monitor
d. TFT monitor
e. CRT monitor

2. Printer:
Printer paint on result or out put in a color or black.
a. ink jet printer –ink
 b. Dot-matrix printer –power &tape
c. Laser jet printer

3. Speakers:
It is used to listen the music &sound.
Note: CD &Floppy are also using both input &out put device
we have learn about its in memory devices.
3) CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (C P U)
The information or data is sent to the computer using input
device the data/information is processed in the c p u. Hence c p u can be
termed as the brain of computer
a) Arithmetic logic unit (A L U)
b) Control unit (C U)
c) Memory unit (M U)

A) A L U:
When we have to calculator something like 2+2 we apply our
brain similarly the computer will calculate in the ALU of CPU.
This kind of produce of calculating is called “data
processing”.
B) Control Unit:
 CU is which control all activities by sending signal to
different parts of computer at appropriate time. This enable be
smooth functioning of computer.

C) Memory Unit:
In computer language memory means storage of all the data
or information is stored in the memory in the forms of 0 & 1, that
is 0&1 is called bits. In a memory unit information is organized in
the form of cells, each cell can store either 0 or 1; the group of
8cells or bits is called 1 byte.
Units of memory
8bits1byte
1024byte 1 kilobyte
1024 kb 1 megabyte
1024 mb1 gigabyte

Types of memory:
a. Primary memory
b. Secondary memory

Primary memory:
1) RAM:
 RAM is temporary memory unit. It works only when the computer
is switched on, the stored information can be changed, erased or
rewritten, as the data can be accessed randomly to read &write using this
memory.

2) ROM:
ROM is temporary memory; the information stored in will not be
last even when the computer is switched off, because the data or
information stored in ROM is read only. We cannot change this
according to our requirements.
i) Secondary memory:
This is permanent memory, its stores all the information even
when the computer is switched off. It is also called backup memory. Ex:
floppy, hard disk, cd etc.
ii) Floppy disk &drive:
Flexible & circular plastic plate coated with magnetic oxide, the
data is stored on the floppy. Floppy drive is required to read the floppy.
Two types of floppy
Mini disk: 5.25-inch floppy disk
1.2 mb.
Micro disk: 3.5-inch floppy disk
1.44 mb.
iii) CD (compact disk):
Cd is optical disk, this is circular plastic plate, that it is coated with
highly reflective material the data is recorded on this disk by focusing a
laser beam on surface of the disk. The storing capacity of cd is 640
mb. Cd drive is required to this which is used to read the cd.
iv) Hard disk:
HD is a group of rounded metal plates mounted one above the
other which is created magnetic material. It can store more data; the
storage capacity of HD is 2 GB to 260 GB.
RPM: (revolution per minute) the speed of rotation of hard
disk while reading & writing is measured revolution per minute.
HDC: hard disk controller

2) Some important parts of computer:

a) Smps:(switch mode power supply)
Smps is a main unit that supply required electric current to
various circuits and components.
b) Cooling fan:
Smps by on it built fan which exhaust the hot air& keeps the
system cool while working. One or more fans are there inside
the system & may have proper functioning.
c) Mother board:
 Mother board is made of a special type of plastic, metallic
tracks are attached on this board. Working of whole
computer system is based on the electronic circuits board of
the computer is called mother board. The micro processor
chip is called as cpu is fixed motherboard & memory
chips(RAM& ROM) are also affixed on the mother board, all
input& output slats (monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard,
floppy, hard disk, cd rom etc.) are also fixed on a same
board& FDC(floppy disk controller), HDC(hard disk
controller)& display adapter card also fixed.
d) Micro processor:
It is made by silicon; microprocessor also called CPU is tinny
squre or rectangular chip
e) Display adapter card:
The information displays on monitor is required display
adaptercard. It is a small circuit’s board fixed in
motherboard.
Types:
A. monochromes display cardsingle color old
monitor
b. VGA video graphics adapter
c. SVGA super video graphics adapter
 Notes:
a. Cd& floppy is using both input, output& memory devices.
b. Now a day’s pen drive is also there.
c. Many other parts ex. TV tuner card, LAN card, cable are
used different purposes.

Computer software:
When particular problems is to we solved by the computer. It
necessary to design instructions for the computer to carry out the
assigned task, the art of writing this instruction is called programming.
Programming is nothing but a set of well defined instructions such set of
program or programming is called software, software cannot be touched
or seen, it is only to make the computer work. There are 2 types of
software.

a) System software or operating software

b) Application software
a) System software or Operating software:
This is collection of programming for the management of
computer system; this program is given by the manufacture of the
computer. All the basic software is called as system or operating system.
 It is essential for any computer without this software no computer
will work or functioning. Software communicates between the operator
and system undo & manages the computer computer devices connected
to the computer.

System software is.

Dos
UNIX
Windows
Linux

a. Dos:
This is single user operating system developed by Bill gates and
Pull Allen in early in 1980.
b. UNIX:
This is multi user operating system developed by AT & T.
c. Windows 3.11:
Based on graphical unit interface (GUI) this was developed by
Microsoft.
d. Windows 95:
 This is advanced version 3.11
e. Window 98:
Advanced version of Windows 95, it has entranced internet
services & is a 32 bit operation system.
f. Windows NT:
Its operating system used network.

g. Windows 2000:
It is a user interface very similar to Windows 95 or Windows NT
with integrated internet explorer.
h. Windows xp professional:
Latest operating system.
i. Linux:
This is multi user, multi tasking operating developed by university
of melsenlei with the assistance of amateur software developers around
the world.
Application software:
This is general purpose program or the program developed by the
users to solve their processor or reduce their mechanical working
application software is specially developed to the requirement of
companies or institution, such as railway and school issue of tickets,
reservations can be maintain only by specially designed application
software. Ex: tally, PageMaker, Photoshop etc.
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