PowerFactory 2021

Technical Reference

Three-Winding Transformer
ElmTr3,TypTr3
F2021

POWER SYSTEM SOLUTIONS

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permission of DIgSILENT GmbH.

January 28, 2021

PowerFactory 2021
Revision 2
Contents

Contents

1 General Description 1

1.1 Model Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 Positive and Negative sequence models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.2 Positive sequence input parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1.2.1 HV-MV Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.2.2 MV-LV Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.2.3 LV-HV Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.1.2.4 Magnetizing impedance measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1.2.5 Relation between input parameters and absolute impedances . 7

1.1.3 Zero sequence models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.1.3.1 Zero-sequence Input parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.1.3.2 D-d-d connection (Delta-delta-delta) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.1.3.3 YN-d-d connection (Grounded wye-delta-delta) . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.1.3.4 YN-yn-d connection (Grounded wye-grounded wye-delta) . . . . 9

1.1.3.5 YN-yn-yn connection (Grounded wye-grounded wye-grounded

wye) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.1.3.6 YN-yn-d auto-transformer (Grounded wye-grounded wye-delta

auto transformer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.1.3.7 YN-d-zn (Grounded wye-delta-grounded Z) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1.3.8 YN-d-y(Grounded wye-delta-wye) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1.4 Pocket Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.1.5 Model with Stray capacitances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.2 Nominal power and current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.2.1 Nominal current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.2.2 Nominal power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2 Load Flow Analysis 17

2.1 Automatic tap changer control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.1.1 Voltage Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.1.1.1 Current Compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
Contents

2.1.2 Reactive Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.1.3 Active Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.1.3.1 Active Power Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.1.4 Controller Input Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.1.5 Tap Hunting Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.2 Calculation Quantities for AC Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.2.1 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.2.2 Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.3 Calculation Quantities for linear DC Load Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.3.1 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.3.2 Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3 Harmonics/Power Quality 29

3.1 Frequency-dependent impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4 Modelling Details and Application Tips 30

4.1 PowerFactory Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.2 Third-harmonic Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5 Input/Output Definitions of Dynamic Models 33

List of Figures 35

List of Tables 36

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

1 General Description

The 3-winding transformer is a 3-port element connecting 3 cubicles in the network. PowerFac-
tory comes with a built-in model for three-winding transformers explained in this document.

Section 1.1 presents the sequence equivalent models of the three-winding transformer including
generalized tap-changers (for phase and magnitude). Section 4 discusses typical applications
of three-winding transformers in power systems.

Saturation of the magnetizing reactance is represented in the same way as for the three-phase
2-winding transformer model. Please refer to the three-phase 2-winding transformer technical
reference for further details.

1.1 Model Diagrams

1.1.1 Positive and Negative sequence models

The detailed positive-sequence models with impedances in per unit are shown in Figure 1.1
and Figure 1.2. The negative-sequence models are identical to the positive-sequence models.
Each of the HV, MV, and LV windings has a resistance and a leakage reactance designated
by rCu and Xσ together with the corresponding winding initials. An ideal transformer with a
1:1 turns ratio links the three windings at the magnetic star point. The models also include a
magnetisation reactance and an iron loss resistance designated respectively by xM and rF e .
The magnetisation reactance and the iron loss resistance can be modelled at different positions
(default: star point, HV-Side, MV-Side or LV-Side). Also the position of the taps can be changed
from the star point (Figure 1.1) to the terminal sides (Figure 1.2) with the default position being
the star point.

Figure 1.1: PowerFactory positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps modelled
at star point

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

Figure 1.2: PowerFactory positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps modelled
at terminals

1.1.2 Positive sequence input parameters

Ur,HV , kV Rated voltages on HV/MV/LV side

Ur,M V ,
Ur,LV
Sr,HV , MVA Rated power for the windings on HV/MV/LV side
Sr,M V ,
Sr,LV
usc,HV −M V , % Relative short-circuit voltage of paths HV-MV, MV-LV,
usc,M V −LV , LV-HV
usc,LV −HV
PCu,HV −M V , kW Copper losses of path HV-MV, MV-LV, LV-HV
PCu,M V −LV ,
PCu,LV −HV
ur,sc,HV −M V , % Relative short-circuit voltage, resistive part of paths
ur,sc,M V −LV , HV-MV, MV-LV, LV-HV
ur,sc,LV −HV
X/RHV −M V , Relative short-circuit voltage, X/R ratio of path HV-MV,
X/RM V −LV , MV-LV, LV-HV
X/RLV −HV
i0 % No-load current, related to rated current at HV side
PF e kW No-load losses

Rated currents

The rated currents (HV, MV, LV) are:

Sr,HV
Ir,HV = √ (kA)
3 · Ur,HV
Sr,M V
Ir,M V =√ (kA) (1)
3 · Ur,M V
Sr,LV
Ir,LV =√ (kA)
3 · Ur,LV

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

The following sections briefly describe the measurements performed in order to determine the
parameters of a three-winding transformer.

1.1.2.1 HV-MV Measurement

Figure 1.3: Short-circuit on MV-side, open-circuit on LV-side

The short-circuited winding (MV-side) should carry the current according to:
M in(Sr,HV ,Sr,M V )
Im,M V = √ (kA)
3 · Ur,M V

The positive-sequence short-circuit voltage HV-MV can be calculated from the measured volt-
age on the HV-side:

Usc,HV
usc,HV −M V = · 100%
Ur,HV

The real part of the short-circuit voltage can be specified in different ways:

• Copper Losses in kW:

The measured active power flow in kW can be directly entered into the corresponding
input field
• Real part of short-circuit voltage in %:
PCu,HV −M V
ur,sc,HV −M V = · 100%
M in(Sr,HV ,Sr,M V ) · 1000
with PCu in kW.
• X/R ratio:
Imaginary part of the short-circuit voltage HV-MV:
q
2 2
ui,HV −M V = Usc,HV −M V − Ur,sc,HV −M V

X/R ratio for HV-MV:

Ui,HV −M V
X/RHV −M V =
Ur,HV −M V

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

The short-circuit voltage and impedance are referred to the minimum of the HV-side and MV-
side rated powers.
ur,sc,HV −M V
rCu,HV −M V = = rCu,HV + rCu,M V
100%
ui,sc,HV −M V
xσ,HV −M V = = xσ,HV + xσ,LV
100%

1.1.2.2 MV-LV Measurement

Figure 1.4: Short-circuit on LV-side, open-circuit on HV-side

The short-circuited winding (LV-side) should carry the current calculated as:

M in(Sr,M V ,Sr,LV )
Im,LV = √ (kA)
3 · Ur,LV

The positive-sequence short-circuit voltage MV-LV can be calculated from the measured voltage
on the MV-side as:

Usc,M V
usc,M V −LV = · 100%
Ur,M V

The real part of the short-circuit voltage can be specified in different ways:

• Copper Losses in kW:

The measured active power flow in kW can be directly entered into the corresponding
input field
• Real part of short-circuit voltage in %:

PCu,M V −LV
ur,sc,M V −LV = · 100%
M in(Sr,M V ,Sr,LV ) · 1000

with PCu in kW.

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

• X/R ratio:
Imaginary part of the short-circuit voltage HV-MV:
q
2 2
ui,M V −LV = Usc,M V −LV − Ur,sc,M V −LV

X/R ratio for HV-MV:

Ui,M V −LV
X/RM V −LV =
Ur,M V −LV

The short-circuit voltage and impedance are referred to the minimum of the MV-side and LV-side
rated powers.
ur,sc,M V −LV
rCu,M V −LV = = rCu,M V + rCu,LV
100%
ui,sc,M V −LV
xσ,M V −LV = = xσ,M V + xσ,LV
100%

1.1.2.3 LV-HV Measurement

Figure 1.5: Short-circuit on LV-side, open-circuit on MV-side

The short-circuited winding (LV-side) should carry the current calculated as:
M in(Sr,HV ,Sr,LV )
Im,LV = √ (kA)
3 · Ur,LV

The positive-sequence short-circuit voltage LV-HV can be calculated from the measured voltage
on the HV-side as:

Usc,HV
usc,LV −HV = · 100%
Ur,HV

The real part of the short-circuit voltage can be specified in different ways:

• Copper Losses in kW:

The measured active power flow in kW can be directly entered into the corresponding
input field

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

• Real part of short-circuit voltage in %:

PCu,LV −HV
ur,sc,LV −HV = · 100%
M in(Sr,HV ,Sr,LV ) · 1000

with PCu in kW.

• X/R ratio:
Imaginary part of the short-circuit voltage LV-HV:
q
2 2
ui,LV −HV = Usc,LV −HV − Ur,sc,LV −HV

X/R ratio for LV-HV:

Ui,LV −HV
X/RLV −HV =
Ur,LV −HV

The short-circuit voltage and impedance are referred to the minimum of the LV-side and HV-side
rated powers.
ur,sc,LV −HV
rCu,LV −HV = = rCu,LV + rCu,HV
100%
ui,sc,LV −HV
xσ,LV −HV = = xσ,LV + xσ,HV
100%

1.1.2.4 Magnetizing impedance measurement

Figure 1.6: Measurement of iron losses and no load current on LV-side

The no-load current in % referred to the HV-side rated power is calculated according to the
following equation:
I0 Sr,LV Sr,LV
i0 = Ir,LV · Sref × 100% with Ir,LV = √
3·Ur,LV
in kA

I0 measured no load current in kA

PF e measured iron losses in kW

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

Sref = Sr,HV in MVA → reference power in PowerFactoryis equal to HV-side rated power

The measured active power PF e in kW is entered directly into the corresponding PowerFactory
input field.

i0
yM =
100%

Sref
rF e = PF e in kW and Sref in M V A
PF e · 1000

1
xM = p 2
yM − (1/rF e )2

1.1.2.5 Relation between input parameters and absolute impedances

The relation between the input parameters in the type and element dialogues and the absolute
impedances are described in the following:

Impedance ZHV −M V seen from the HV-side:

M in(Sr,HV ,Sr,M V )
usc,HV −M V = ZHV,M V · 2
Ur,HV
× 100% with ZHV −M V in Ohm referred to Ur,HV

Impedance ZM V −LV seen from the MV-side:

M in(Sr,M V ,Sr,LV )
usc,M V −LV = ZM V,LV · 2
Ur,M
× 100% with ZM V −LV in Ohm referred to Ur,M V
V

Impedance ZLV −HV seen from the LV-side:

M in(Sr,LV ,Sr,HV )
usc,LV −HV = ZLV,HV · 2
Ur,LV
× 100% with ZLV −HV in Ohm referred to Ur,LV

1.1.3 Zero sequence models

The zero-sequence model of a three-winding transformer depends on the vector group of each
winding. The following sections describe the different vector groups, the measurement of the
zero-sequence data and the input parameters. Please note that the dashed connections to the
neutral terminals exist only if the option External Star Point is enabled (see transformer dialog).
The option is only possible if one side (HV, MV or LV) is on grounded star (grounded wye) or
grounded Z connection.

Note: If the transformer has a delta winding, the magnetising impedance is neglected since in
reality it is effectively short circuited by the delta winding impedance (this impedance is much
lower than the magnetising impedance).

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

1.1.3.1 Zero-sequence Input parameters

u0sc,HV −M V , % Relative zero-sequence short-circuit voltage of paths

u0sc,M V −LV , HV-MV, MV-LV, LV-HV
u0sc,LV −HV
ur,sc,HV −M V , % Relative zero-sequence short-circuit voltage, resistive part
ur,sc,M V −LV , of paths HV-MV, MV-LV, LV-HV
ur,sc,LV −HV
X/RHV −M V , Relative short-circuit voltage, X/R ratio of path HV-MV,
X/RM V −LV , MV-LV, LV-HV
X/RLV −HV
i30lc % Zero-sequence magnetizing impedance, position
i0M % Zero-sequence magnetizing impedance, no load current
R0M /X0M R/X ratio of the zero sequence magnetising impedance

The zero sequence admittance y M 0 is calculated using the zero sequence resistance and reac-
tance as:
100% 1
xM 0 = ·p
i0M 1 + (R0M /X0M )2
rM 0 = xM 0 · R0M /X0M
1
yM 0 =
rM 0 +  xM 0

The zero sequence magnetisation reactance and iron loss resistance can be modelled at differ-
ent positions (default: star point, HV-Side, MV-Side or LV-Side). For simplicity, in the following
figures it is always shown at the star point.

1.1.3.2 D-d-d connection (Delta-delta-delta)

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV

rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

u0,MV
u0,HV
xM0

1:1

Figure 1.7: Zero-sequence model of D-d-d transformer

rCu0,HV
According to Figure 1.7 the zero-sequence
xσ0,HV r impedances xσ0,MVhave
rCu0,MV
no influence on the zero-sequence
voltage. It is recommended for a D-d-dM0transformer to set the zero-sequence short-circuit volt- u0,MV
age equal to the positive sequence short-circuit voltage.
xM0
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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV uN,MV
u0,HV 3xE,HV
 rCu0,HV xσ0,HV

rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

u0,MV
u0,HV
xM0
1 General Description
1:1

1.1.3.3 YN-d-d connection (Grounded wye-delta-delta)

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

u0,MV
xM0

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV uN,MV
u0,HV 3xE,HV
uN,HV
3rE,HV
1:1 uN,LV

Figure 1.8: Zero-sequence model of YN-d-d transformer

Figure 1.8 shows that the LV-side and the MV-side have no zero-sequence connection to the
terminals. Both delta windings are short-circuited in the zero-sequence system.

1.1.3.4 YN-yn-d connection (Grounded wye-grounded wye-delta)

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

u0,MV
xM0

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV uN,MV
u0,HV 3xE,HV 3xE,MV
uN,HV
3rE,HV 3rE,MV
1:1 uN,LV

Figure 1.9: Zero-sequence model of YN-yn-d transformer

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

1.1.3.5 YN-yn-yn connection (Grounded wye-grounded wye-grounded wye)

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

u0,MV
xM0

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV uN,MV
u0,HV
uN,HV

1:1
uN,LV
3xE,HV 3xE,LV 3xE,MV

3rE,HV 3rE,LV 3rE,MV

Figure 1.10: Zero-sequence model of YN-yn-yn transformer

1.1.3.6 YN-yn-d auto-transformer (Grounded wye-grounded wye-delta auto transformer)

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV uN,LV

xM0
u0,MV
1:1
uN,MV
u0,HV 3xE,HV
uN,HV
3rE,HV

Figure 1.11: Zero-sequence model of YN-yn-d auto transformer

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

1.1.3.7 YN-d-zn (Grounded wye-delta-grounded Z)

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV
u0,LV

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

U0,MV uN,LV

xM0

1:1 uN,MV
u0,HV 3xE,HV 3xE,LV
uN,HV
3rE,HV 3rE,LV

Figure 1.12: Zero-sequence model of YN-d-zn transformer

1.1.3.8 YN-d-y(Grounded wye-delta-wye)

xσ0,LV rCu0,LV u0,LV

rCu0,HV xσ0,HV rM0 xσ0,MV rCu0,MV

U0,MV uN,LV

xM0

1:1 uN,MV
u0,HV 3xE,HV
uN,HV
3rE,HV

Figure 1.13: Zero-sequence model of YN-d-y transformer

1.1.4 Pocket Calculator

The pocket calculator is a tool, which transforms measured zero sequence impedance values
(from test certificates with three measurements) into equivalent zero sequence impedances
used by the TypTr3 type of the three-winding transformer element. It can be used only for
transformers having YN-yn-d, YN-d-yn or D-yn-yn connections.

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

For a YN-yn-d transformer, three impedance measurements are performed (Figure 1.14):

1. Zero sequence current is injected at the HV side with MV terminal kept open. The
impedance Z 0HV −LV is measured.
2. Zero sequence current is injected at the MV side with HV terminal kept open. The
impedance Z 0M V −LV is measured.
3. Zero sequence current is injected at the HV side with MV terminal short-circuited. The
impedance Z 0HV −M V ||LV is measured.

Figure 1.14: Measurement of zero sequence impedance for a YN-yn-d transformer

The measured data is entered in the pocket calculator in form of impedances (magnitude) and
resistances. The measured complex impedance values are calculated using the entered data
and are then referred to the rated power of the HV winding:
 
SHV
q
2
Z a0 = Ra0 +  Za0 − Ra0 ·2
Smeas. side
SHV
q
Z b0 = (Rb0 +  Zb02 − R2 ) ·
b0
Smeas. side
SHV
q
Z c0 = (Rc0 +  Zc02 − R2 ) ·
c0
Smeas. side
where Smeas. side is the apparent power of the measured side (for YN-yn-d transformer, Smeas. side =
SHV when calculating Z a0 and Z c0 , and Smeas. side = SM V when calculating Z b0 ).

Note that for a YN-yn-d transformer, the entered data corresponds to the measured impedances
as follows: Z a0 ≡ Z 0HV −LV , Z b0 ≡ Z 0M V −LV and Z c0 ≡ Z 0HV −M V ||LV . Similar is valid for the
YN-d-yn and D-yn-yn transformers.

The zero sequence impedances for the HV, MV and LV side are calculated depending on the
vector group of the transformer:

• YN-yn-d
p
Z 0LV1,2 = ± Z b0 · (Z a0 − Z c0 )
Z 0M V1,2 = Z b0 − Z 0LV1,2
Z 0HV1,2 = Z a0 − Z 0LV1,2

• YN-d-yn
p
Z 0M V1,2 = ± Z b0 · (Z a0 − Z c0 )
Z 0LV1,2 = Z b0 − Z 0M V1,2
Z 0HV1,2 = Z a0 − Z 0M V1,2

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
1 General Description

• D-yn-yn
p
Z 0HV1,2 = ± Z b0 · (Z a0 − Z c0 )
Z 0LV1,2 = Z b0 − Z 0HV1,2
Z 0M V1,2 = Z a0 − Z 0HV1,2

where there are two solutions for the impedances (subindex “1 ” is used for the positive and
subindex “2 ” is used for the negative solution). Which solution is used depends on the sum
of HV-MV, MV-LV and LV-HV reactances for both solutions (X 0HV −M V1 = =(Z 0HV1 + Z 0M V1 ),
X 0HV −M V2 = =(Z 0HV2 + Z 0M V2 ), etc . . . ). Usually the first solution is used. The second
solution is used when not all reactances of the first solution are positive and all reactances of
the second solution are positive, and in some other specific cases.

The zero sequence impedances (magnitude) and resistances as result of the pocket calculator,
used by the TypTr3 type of the three-winding transformer element, are obtained as:
min(SHV , SM V )
uk0hm = |Z 0HV + Z 0M V | ·
SHV
min(SHV , SM V )
ur0hm = <(Z 0HV + Z 0M V ) ·
SHV

min(SM V , SLV )
uk0ml = |Z 0M V + Z 0LV | ·
SHV
min(SM V , SLV )
ur0ml = <(Z 0M V + Z 0LV ) ·
SHV

min(SLV , SHV )
uk0hl = |Z 0LV + Z 0HV | ·
SHV
min(SLV , SHV )
ur0hl = <(Z 0LV + Z 0HV ) ·
SHV

1.1.5 Model with Stray capacitances

The stray capacitances of a transformer do not only depend on the physical characteristics of
the transformer (i.e. the length of the windings, insulating material, core dimensions, etc) but
also on the installation environment as well (indoor or outdoor transformer, proximity to other
grounded components, walls, etc.).

The following capacitances can be defined after enabling the field Consider Capacitances option
of the transformer element:

• Cg h capacitance HV to ground: applies to the positive- and zero sequence

• Cg m capacitance MV to ground: applies to the positive- and zero sequence
• Cg l capacitance LV to ground: applies to the positive- and zero sequence
• Cc1 hm capacitance HV-MV, positive sequence
• Cc1 ml capacitance MV-LV, positive sequence
• Cc1 lh capacitance LV-HV, positive sequence
• Cc0 hm capacitance HV-MV, zero sequence
• Cc0 ml capacitance MV-LV, zero sequence

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1 General Description

• Cc0 lh capacitance LV-HV, zero sequence

The model is valid only for transformers not having neutral connection (if Consider Capacitances
is enabled the neutral wire connection of the element is disabled).

The positive sequence model of a three winding transformer with stray capacitances is shown
in Figure 1.15.

Figure 1.15: Positive-sequence model with stray capacitances

1.2 Nominal power and current

The nominal powers and currents for the corresponding windings are used e.g. to calculate the
loading of the transformer. They are also displayed in the transformer dialogue and can also be
used in scripts or on the flexible data page.

The following DIgSILENT parameter are available:

• Inom h, Inom m and Inom l are the nominal currents in kA

• Snom h, Snom m and Snom l are the nominal powers in MVA

When e.g. a characteristic is defined for the rating factor, the actual values (considers charac-
teristics) can be accessed as follow:

• Inom h a, Inom m a and Inom lv are the actual nominal currents

• Snom h a, Snom m a and Snom l a are the actual nominal powers

1.2.1 Nominal current

The calculation of the nominal currents depends whether a thermal rating object for the corre-
sponding side is selected or not. If it is not selected, the nominal currents (in kA) are calculated
as:

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1 General Description

Inomhv = ratf ac h · Ir,HV · nt3nm

Inommv = ratf ac m · Ir,M V · nt3nm (2)
Inomlv = ratf ac l · Ir,LV · nt3nm

where the rated currents Ir,HV , Ir,M V and Ir,LV are defined in equation (1) at section 1.1.2

and

• ratf ac h, ratf ac m and ratf ac l are the rating factors for the transformer HV-, MV- and
LV-side, defined on the element Basic Data page
• nt3nm is the number of parallel transformers, defined on the element Basic Data page

• Sr,HV , Sr,M V , Sr,LV , Ur,HV , Ur,M V , Ur,LV are defined in section 1.1.2

If a thermal rating object is selected for the corresponding side, the nominal currents are deter-
mined as follows:

• if the continuous rating is entered in MVA:

ContRating · nt3num
Inomhv = √
3 · Un(bushv)
ContRating · nt3num
Inommv = √
3 · Un(busmv)
ContRating · nt3num
Inomlv = √
3 · Un(buslv)

• if the continuous rating is entered in kA:

Inomhv = ContRating · nt3nm

Inommv = ContRating · nt3nm
Inomlv = ContRating · nt3nm

• if the continuous rating is entered in %:

Inomhv = ContRating/100 · Ir,HV · nt3nm

Inommv = ContRating/100 · Ir,M V · nt3nm
Inomlv = ContRating/100 · Ir,LV · nt3nm

where Un(bushv) , Un(busmv) and Un(buslv) are the busbar line-line nominal voltages in kV at the
high, medium and low-voltage side.

1.2.2 Nominal power

The nominal powers (Snom h, Snom m, Snom l) and also the corresponding actual value
(Snom h a, Snom m a, Snom l a) are defined as follow:

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1 General Description

When no thermal rating object is selected:

Snom h = Sr,HV · nt3nm · ratf ac h

Snom m = Sr,M V · nt3nm · ratf ac m
Snom l = Sr,LV · nt3nm · ratf ac l

and for the actual nominal powers:

Snom h a = Sr,HV · nt3nm · ratf ac h a

Snom m a = Sr,M V · nt3nm · ratf ac m a
Snom l a = Sr,LV · nt3nm · ratf ac l a

where:

• Sr,HV , Sr,M V , and Sr,LV , are the rated apparent powers, see also in section 1.1.2
• nt3nm is the number of parallel transformers, defined on the element Basic Data page
• ratf ac h, ratf ac m and ratf ac l are the rating factors for the transformer HV-, MV- and
LV-side, defined on the element Basic Data page

• ratf ac h a, ratf ac m a and ratf ac l a are the actual rating factors incl. defined charac-
teristics.

In case of a thermal rating object is selected:

√
Snom h = 3 · Un(bushv) · Inomhv
√
Snom m = 3 · Un(busmv) · Inommv
√
Snom l = 3 · Un(buslv) · Inomlv

and for the actual nominal powers:

Snom h a = Snom h
Snom m a = Snom m
Snom l a = Snom l

where:

• Inomhv , Inommv , and Inomlv are the nominal currents at high, medium and low- voltage
side, see section 1.2.1.

• Un(bushv) , Un(busmv) , and Un(buslv) are the busbar line-line nominal voltages in kV at the
high, medium and low-voltage side.

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2 Load Flow Analysis

2 Load Flow Analysis

As the tap changer is of particular interest in load flow calculations, data relating to the tap
changer is entered as follows:

• On the Load Flow page of the transformer element: control data and measurement re-
port);
• On the Load Flow page of the transformer type: tap changer positions and tap-dependent
impedance).

The following controls are included:

Tap Position For each tap controller, the actual tap position used during the load flow calcula-
tion. If Automatic Tap Changing is ticked, this value corresponds to the initial tap position.
According to Measurement Report If this option is enabled, then instead of using the type
data for the tap-dependent transformer values, the Measurement Report defined in the
element is used.

In addition, there are two tap changer controllers available, which can be set to control either
the HV, the MV or the LV side. When both are active, they can be set to simultaneously control
active power and voltage, or active power and reactive power (other combinations are not pos-
sible). Each controller has the option Automatic Tap Changing, which activates automatic tap
adjustment (see Section 2.1).

2.1 Automatic tap changer control

This is activated by setting the corresponding option for Controller 1 or Controller 2 on the Load
Flow page of the transformer element. Additionally, automatic tap adjustment can be globally
enabled or disabled via the Load Flow Calculation command (ComLdf ).

The following inputs are common for this option:

Tap Changer It has the two following options:

• continuous: An ideal, continuous tap changer is assumed. As a result, the tap con-
troller can ideally comply with the specified control condition. This option is useful for
voltage regulators in distribution systems having a very large number of tap steps or
for thyristor-controlled tap changers. In this case, the corresponding voltage or power
range settings are disregarded.
• discrete: Standard option. Only integer tap positions are considered, as well as the
corresponding voltage or power range settings.
Controlled Node is at This control has the following options:
• HV : Tap controls the HV side.
• MV : Tap controls the MV side.
• LV : Tap controls the LV side.
• EXT : Slave mode. The tap changer follows the tap position of the selected Master
transformer.

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2 Load Flow Analysis

Control Mode The type of control for the tap. It has the following options, whose description
can be seen in the Two-Winding Transformer Technical Reference.
• V : Voltage control. For unbalanced load flow analysis, the controlled phase needs to
be additionally defined. The internal (LDC) line drop compensation is not supported.
• Q: Reactive power control.
• P: Active power control (only applicable to phase-shifters).

2.1.1 Voltage Control

The following inputs are valid for the voltage control:

Phase For unbalanced load flow analysis, the controlled phase needs to be additionally de-
fined.
Setpoint Specifies how to enter the voltage setpoint and its range.
• local: The Voltage Setpoint and voltage range settings (Lower Bound and Upper
Bound) must be entered in the transformer dialogue.
• bus target voltage: The voltage setpoint and voltage range settings (max./min. volt-
age) are taken from the controlled busbar (topological search).
Remote Control Allows for the selection of a busbar different to that at the transformer termi-
nals.
Voltage Setpoint Voltage reference.

Lower/Upper Bound Lower and upper bound of the voltage. In the case of discrete tap chang-
ers, the tap control can drive the voltage into a permitted band. In the case of continuous
tap changers, the tap controller ideally regulates to the reference point.
Compensation Different types of compensation are supported:

• none
• external (LDC) line drop compensation: Via a Line Drop Compensation (StaLdc)
object.
• current compounding: See Section 2.1.1.1).

2.1.1.1 Current Compounding

Voltage control also includes an optional current compounding method, which controls the trans-
former voltage within acceptable limits, by increasing the voltage setpoint as the load current
increases.

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2 Load Flow Analysis

Table 2.1: Current compounding compensation (for voltage control)

Parameter Description Unit

apparent current: Control is based on the magnitude of the
measured apparent current (see Figure 2.1). Note: Disabled
when the active component of the current feeds back.
Compounding active current: Control is based on the active component -
of the measured current (see Figure 2.1).
reactive current: Control is based on the reactive
component of the measured current (see Figure 2.1).
apparent power : Control is based on the magnitude of the
measured apparent power. Note: Disabled when the active
component of the current feeds back.
active power : Control is based on the active component of
the measured power (see Figure 2.2).
reactive power : Control is based on the reactive
component of the measured power.
V-Control-Curve Pointer to voltage control curve (IntVctrlcurve). -
Tolerance (+/-) In the case of discrete tap changers, the tap control can drive %
the control variable into a permitted band. In the case of
continuous tap changers, the tap controller ideally regulates
to the reference point.

Figure 2.1: Current compounding based on apparent, active or reactive current

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2 Load Flow Analysis

Figure 2.2: Current compounding based on active power

Note The control curve is the same whether the control node is at the HV side or at the LV side.
However, the active and reactive power and current flows measured in PowerFactory depend on
the measurement side, as it can be seen in Figure 2.3.

S:bushv= 72,8 MVA

P:bushv= 70,0 MW
Q:bushv= 20,0 Mvar

S:buslv= 72,0 MVA

P:buslv= -70,0 MW
Q:buslv= -17,0 Mvar

Figure 2.3: Power flow reported in PowerFactory at HV and LV sides

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
2 Load Flow Analysis

Therefore, the measured power flows and currents are always considered as the flows from HV
to LV side (or HV to MV side in the case of three-winding transformers), as follows:




 P :bushv if Controlled Node at HV side




P meas = −P :busmv if Controlled Node at MV side for 3-winding transformers (3)






−P :buslv if Controlled Node at LV side


The same equation 3 applies for reactive power, and for active and reactive currents. For un-
balanced load flow and RMS simulation the active and reactive power is always the total power
of all phases (neutral wire is ignored).
nphase
X
Psum = Pi
i=1
nphase
X
Qsum = Qi
i=1

For current compounding based on currents is dependent on the controlled note at phase set-
ting:

• a, b or c: the corresponding phase current is used e.g. Iactive = |I a )| · cos(φUa ,Ia )

• a-b, b-c, c-a:
– for non-BI phase systems the phase-phase current/voltage is used e.g.
Iactive = |I a−b | · cos(φUa−b ,Ia−b ) with
√ √
I a−b = (I a − I b )/ 3 and U a−b = (U a − U b )/ 3
– for BI phase systems the positive sequence current/voltage is used e.g.
Iactive = |I 1 | · cos(φU1 ,I1 ) with
I 1 = (I a − I b )/2. and U 1 = (U a − U b )/2.

• Pos.Seq (positive sequence), only possible for 3-phase transformers: the positive se-
quence current/voltage is used e.g. Iactive = |I 1 | · cos(φU1 ,I1 )

2.1.2 Reactive Power Control

The following inputs are valid for the reactive power control:

Remote Control The flow through any selected cubicle can be controlled.
Reactive Power Setpoint Reactive power reference.
Lower/Upper Bound Lower and upper bound of the reactive power. In the case of discrete tap
changers, the tap control can drive the reactive power into a permitted band. In the case
of continuous tap changers, the tap controller ideally regulates to the reference point.

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
2 Load Flow Analysis

2.1.3 Active Power Control

The following inputs are valid for the active power control:

Remote Control The flow through any selected cubicle can be controlled.
Active Power Setpoint Active power reference.
Lower/Upper Bound Lower and upper bound of the active power. In the case of discrete tap
changers, the tap control can drive the active power into a permitted band. In the case of
continuous tap changers, the tap controller ideally regulates to the reference point.
Active Power Participation Allows the control of active power flow as a percentage of the
power flow through a (parallel) user-defined boundary. See Section 2.1.3.1.
Participation factor The participation factor of the measured power flow of the selected
boundary.
Tolerance In the case of discrete tap changers, the tap control can drive the active power
into a permitted band. In the case of continuous tap changers, the tap controller
ideally regulates to the reference point.
P measured at The user-defined boundary.

2.1.3.1 Active Power Participation

Below there is an example of the use of active power participation control. The first figure 2.4
shows the load flow solution without any control, and the set tap position at zero. In the second
figure, 2.5, the transformer tap is set to carry 100% of the power measured at the Line on bus
T0. The solution brings the tap position of the transformer to 0.49.

Figure 2.4: No Active Power Participation

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2 Load Flow Analysis

Figure 2.5: Tap control through active power participation

2.1.4 Controller Input Parameters

There is usually more than one possible solution to a load flow problem considering automatic
tap changer control. In meshed networks in particular, several transformers can control the
voltage in certain areas. In the case of parallel transformers, the problem can usually be solved
by operating the two parallel transformers in master-slave mode.

In a general configuration however, especially when parallel transformers have different short-
circuit impedances or different tap steps, the steady-state network solution cannot be easily
obtained. PowerFactory addresses this problem by allowing the user to enter a controller time
constant, specifying the speed of control actions and hence the participation of several trans-
formers regulating the voltage at the same busbar.

The approach is based on controller block diagrams according to Figure 2.6. In the case of
flow controllers (P-/Q-control), the controller sensitivity translating a power mismatch into an
equivalent turns-ratio percentage can be entered additionally.

In the load flow algorithm, which only considers steady-state conditions, controller time con-
stants and sensitivities are translated into equivalent participation factors.

(a) (b)

Figure 2.6: Principle of simulated dynamic control for V and P/Q

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2 Load Flow Analysis

The controller input parameters for the transformer element are described in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Dynamic and static control parameters

Parameter Description Unit

Controller time Time constant of the controller s
constant
Controller Estimated sensitivity of active power flow tap/MW
sensitivity dtap/dP towards tap changer variations
Controller Estimated sensitivity of reactive power flow tap/Mvar
sensitivity dtap/dQ towards tap changer variations

Hint: The controller sensitivities can be calculated directly from the Load Flow Sensitivities com-
mand (ComVstab). However, it must be noted, that the quantities calculated by this command
are the inverse of the controller sensitivities. Thus,

1
Kpctrl = (4)
dP dtap
1
Kqctrl =
dQdtap

Where

• Kpctrl is the Controller sensitivity dtap/dP in tap/MW

• dP dtap is the Branch Sensitivity dPbranch/dtap in MW/tap calculated by the Load Flow
Sensitivities command.
• Kqctrl is the Controller sensitivity dtap/dQ in tap/Mvar

• dQdtap is the Branch Sensitivity dQbranch/dtap in Mvar/tap calculated by the Load Flow
Sensitivities command.

2.1.5 Tap Hunting Detection

To improve the outer loop convergence, automatic tap hunting detection is available in the trans-
former models. For a discrete transformer tap, PowerFactory checks whether the control con-
dition can be fulfilled according to the setpoint (bounds). If for example, the upper and lower
bounds are too close, the transformer will not be able to maintain the control condition within
the bounds.

In the Load Flow Calculation command, Advanced Options page, the number of max. transitions
can be entered (default = 3).

A transition is defined according to the following criteria:

• the voltage is above the upper bound of the setpoint and in the next iteration the voltage
is below the lower bound (or vice versa)
• the delta tap change is one

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
2 Load Flow Analysis

Figure 2.7: PowerFactory Tap hunting detection for no. of transitions = 3

In addition the delta tap per load flow outer loop will be limited (if the load flow tap adjustment
method is set to stepped) e.g. in the case of large relaxation factors.

Figure 2.8: PowerFactory Delta tap limitation

The delta tap per outer loop will be limited after the first transition.

2.2 Calculation Quantities for AC Load Flow

2.2.1 Loading

The loading of the transformer is calculated as follows:

Ibushv
loading h = · 100 (%)
Inomhv
Ibusmv
loading m = · 100 (%)
Inommv
Ibuslv
loading l = · 100 (%)
Inomlv
loading = max(loading h, loading m, loading l) (%)

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2 Load Flow Analysis

• loading : Maximum loading in %

• loading h : Loading high voltage side in %

• loading m : Loading medium voltage side in %
• loading l : Loading low voltage side in %

• Inomhv : Nominal current at the high voltage side in kA, see section 1.2.1.
• Inommv : Nominal current at the medium voltage side in kA, see section 1.2.1.
• Inomlv : Nominal current at the low voltage side in kA, see section 1.2.1.
• Ibushv : Magnitude of the current at high voltage terminal

• Ibusmv : Magnitude of the current at medium voltage terminal

• Ibuslv : Magnitude of the current at low voltage terminal

For an unbalanced load flow calculation the highest current of all phases/neutral is used.

2.2.2 Losses

The losses are calculated as follows:

Table 2.3: Losses Quantities

Quantity Unit Description Value

P loss MW Losses (total) = Pbushv + Pbusmv + Pbuslv
Qloss M var Reactive-Losses (total) = Qbushv + Qbusmv + Qbuslv
P lossld MW Losses (load) = P loss − P lossnld
Qlossld M var Reactive-Losses (load) = Qloss − Qlossnld
P lossnld MW Losses (no load) Gmload/1000
Qlossnld M var Reactive-Losses (no load) Xmload/1000

where Gmload and Xmload are calculated as:

Gmload = Re(umag · imag ∗ ) · Sr,HV · nt3nm · 1000 (kW )

Xmload = Im(umag · imag ∗ ) · Sr,HV · nt3nm · 1000 (kvar)

and

• umag is the actual phasor voltage over the transformer magnetising branch in p.u.

• imag is the actual phasor current over the transformer magnetising branch in p.u.

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2 Load Flow Analysis

2.3 Calculation Quantities for linear DC Load Flow

2.3.1 Loading

The loading of the transformer is calculated as follows:

|Pbushv |
loading h = · 100 (%)
Pnomhv
|Pbusmv |
loading m = · 100 (%)
Pnommv
|Pbuslv |
loading l = · 100 (%)
Pnomlv
loading = max(loading h, loading m, loading l) (%)

where:

• Pbushv : Active power at high voltage side

• Pbusmv : Active power at medium voltage side
• Pbuslv : Active power at low voltage side
• Pnomhv : Nominal power at high voltage side
• Pnommv : Nominal power at medium voltage side
• Pnomlv : Nominal power at low voltage side

The calculation of the nominal powers depends whether a thermal rating object for the corre-
sponding side is selected or not. If it is not selected, the nominal currents are calculated as:
√
• Pnomhv = 3 · Un(bushv) · Inomhv
√
• Pnommv = 3 · Un(busmv) · Inommv
√
• Pnomlv = 3 · Un(buslv) · Inomlv

with the nominal currents of the transformer Inomhv , Inommv and Inomlv (see equation (2)).
Un(bushv) , Un(busmv) and Un(buslv) are the busbar line-line nominal voltages in kV at the high,
medium and low voltage side.

If a thermal rating object is selected for the corresponding side, the nominal powers are deter-
mined as follows:

• if the continuous rating is entered in MVA:

Pnomhv = ContRating · nt3nm [M W ]
Pnommv = ContRating · nt3nm [M W ]
Pnomlv = ContRating · nt3nm [M W ]

• if the continuous rating is entered in kA:

√
Pnomhv = 3 · Un(bushv) · ContRating · nt3nm [M W ]
√
Pnommv = 3 · Un(busmv) · ContRating · nt3nm [M W ]
√
Pnomlv = 3 · Un(buslv) · ContRating · nt3nm [M W ]

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2 Load Flow Analysis

• if the continuous rating is entered in %:

√
Pnomhv = 3 · Un(bushv) · ContRating/100 · Ir,HV · nt3nm [M W ]
√
Pnommv = 3 · Un(busmv) · ContRating/100 · Ir,M V · nt3nm [M W ]
√
Pnomlv = 3 · Un(buslv) · ContRating/100 · Ir,LV · nt3nm [M W ]

where the rated currents Ir,HV , Ir,M V and Ir,LV are defined in equation (1) at section 1.1.2.

2.3.2 Losses

Losses are not calculated in the linear DC Load Flow.

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3 Harmonics/Power Quality

3 Harmonics/Power Quality

In order to accurately model the high frequency effects of transformers, additional capacitances
need to be considered, as explained in Section 1.1.5.

3.1 Frequency-dependent impedances

On the Harmonics page of the transformer type, frequency-dependent positive and zero se-
quence (short-circuit) impedances can be defined. If the characteristic is defined through a
Frequency Polynomial Characteristic (ChaPol) element, then it is automatically defined as rela-
tive to rated values. If the characteristic is defined through a Parameter Characteristic - Vector
(ChaVec) element, then it can be defined as relative (in p.u. or %) or in absolute p.u. values.
If the positive and zero sequence (short-circuit) impedances are defined in the Measurement
Report, the characteristic should be defined as relative otherwise the value in the Measurement
Report will be overwritten. A frequency-dependent positive sequence magnetizing admittance
can also be defined, by defining a characteristic for the imaginary and real part of the admit-
tance.

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
4 Modelling Details and Application Tips

4 Modelling Details and Application Tips

4.1 PowerFactory Handling

In PowerFactory each winding of a transformer can have taps, however only one of the tap
changers can be controlled in the Load Flow calculation. The specification of the tap changers
for each winding is done in the load flow page of the transformer type. Then, in the load flow
page of the element a tap changer is specified for automatic control. Note that in order to have
the load flow algorithm adjust the taps while trying to find a solution, in the Load Flow command
Basic Options page, the option Automatic Tap Adjust of Transformers must be enabled.

In entering positive and zero sequence voltages for a three-winding transformer, one must note
that they are referred to the minimum rated power of the two windings. For example, for a
60/60/10 MVA, 132/22/11 kV transformer, a value of 10% is specified both for the HV-MV and
LV-HV positive-sequence short-circuit voltages. The impedance value (referred to HV-side) of
the impedance between the HV and MV terminals is

(132kV )2
0.1 × = 29.04 primary Ω
60M V A

while the impedance value (referred to HV-side) of the impedance between HV and LV terminals
is

(132kV )2
0.1 × = 174.24 primary Ω
10M V A

It is possible to use manufacturers or any other available measurement data for load flow cal-
culation. By clicking on the right-arrow in the load flow specification page of a transformer
element, the user goes to a new window where the option According to Measurement Report is
displayed. Checking this option shows a table where data from measurements can be directly
entered.

4.2 Third-harmonic Currents

The impact of third-harmonic currents from one star-connected side to the other star-connected
side is reduced because these currents see the delta-connected side as a short-circuited wind-
ing. The effect can be explained using the zero-sequence diagrams in Figure 1.9 and Fig-
ure 1.11.

Let us assume a third-harmonic source at the HV side and a load at the MV side. For simplicity,
the magnetizing and grounding impedances are ignored. If the MV and LV winding resistances
and leakage reactances are referred to the HV side, the circuit in Figure 4.1 is obtained. The
impedance of the middle leg is normally much less than that of the right leg which is why the
third-harmonic current content of the load is reduced.

In this application the tertiary winding can be internal with no terminals provided for connection.
However, if the terminals are brought out of the transformer tank, then the tertiary winding can
also be used to connect shunt reactors, capacitors, or SVCs (Figure 4.2). In Figure 4.2, the
star-connected windings are shown as separate windings; however, this application is common
also in case of autotransformer.

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4 Modelling Details and Application Tips

Figure 4.1: Zero-sequence load connected to the secondary of YN-yn-d transformer

Figure 4.2: Small tertiary winding for zero-sequence and reactive compensation

Step-up transformers especially for hydro power plants can be three-winding transformers where
there is one high-voltage side, and two low-voltage sides with the same voltage rating. This is
cost-effective because then only one switchgear is needed for the high-voltage side (Figure 4.3).
The same argument goes for network transformers for example in distribution networks.

Figure 4.3: Tertiary winding to save on the high-voltage switchgear

Another application of three-winding transformers is when at some location in the network three
different voltage levels for example 132kV, 22kV, and 11kV are to be connected together.

In HVDC systems, three winding transformers are used to combine two 6-pulse rectifiers into a
12-pulse one to give a smoother dc voltage. In this application, the 30◦ phase shift between a
star-connected winding and a delta-connected winding is employed (Figure 4.4).

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4 Modelling Details and Application Tips

Figure 4.4: Tertiary winding for 30◦ phase shift

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5 Input/Output Definitions of Dynamic Models

5 Input/Output Definitions of Dynamic Models

Figure 5.1: Input/Output Definition of 3-winding transformer model for RMS and EMT simulation

Table 5.1: Input Variables of RMS and EMT transformer model

Parameter Description Unit

nntapin Tap position (HV), controller input
nntapin Tap position (MV), controller input
nntapin Tap position (LV), controller input

Table 5.2: Signals of RMS transformer model

Parameter Description Unit

I0rDelta h Circulating Current in kA
HV-Delta-Winding, Real Part
I0rDelta m Circulating Current in kA
MV-Delta-Winding, Real Part
I0rDelta l Circulating Current in kA
LV-Delta-Winding, Real Part
I0iDelta h Circulating Current in kA
HV-Delta-Winding, Imaginary Part
I0iDelta m Circulating Current in kA
MV-Delta-Winding, Imaginary Part
I0iDelta l Circulating Current in kA
LV-Delta-Winding, Imaginary Part

Table 5.3: State Variables of transformer model for EMT-simulation

Parameter Description Unit

psim r Magnetizing flux (Real Part) p.u.
psim i Magnetizing flux (Imaginary Part) p.u.
psim 0 Magnetizing flux (Zero-Sequence) p.u.

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5 Input/Output Definitions of Dynamic Models

Table 5.4: Signals of EMT transformer model

Parameter Description Unit

I0Delta h Circulating Current in kA
HV-Delta-Winding
I0Delta m Circulating Current in kA
MV-Delta-Winding
I0Delta l Circulating Current in kA
LV-Delta-Winding
i0 h Zero-Sequence Current in p.u. (based on
HV-Delta-Winding Sr,HV ,Ur,HV )
i0 m Zero-Sequence Current in p.u. (based on
MV-Delta-Winding Sr,HV ,Ur,M V )
i0 l Zero-Sequence Current in p.u. (based on
LV-Delta-Winding Sr,HV ,Ur,LV )

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Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
List of Figures

List of Figures

1.1 PowerFactory positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps mod-

elled at star point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 PowerFactory positive-sequence model of the 3-winding transformer, taps mod-

elled at terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Short-circuit on MV-side, open-circuit on LV-side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 Short-circuit on LV-side, open-circuit on HV-side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5 Short-circuit on LV-side, open-circuit on MV-side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.6 Measurement of iron losses and no load current on LV-side . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.7 Zero-sequence model of D-d-d transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.8 Zero-sequence model of YN-d-d transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.9 Zero-sequence model of YN-yn-d transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.10 Zero-sequence model of YN-yn-yn transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.11 Zero-sequence model of YN-yn-d auto transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.12 Zero-sequence model of YN-d-zn transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.13 Zero-sequence model of YN-d-y transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.14 Measurement of zero sequence impedance for a YN-yn-d transformer . . . . . . 12

1.15 Positive-sequence model with stray capacitances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.1 Current compounding based on apparent, active or reactive current . . . . . . . 19

2.2 Current compounding based on active power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.3 Power flow reported in PowerFactory at HV and LV sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4 No Active Power Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.5 Tap control through active power participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.6 Principle of simulated dynamic control for V and P/Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.7 PowerFactory Tap hunting detection for no. of transitions = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.8 PowerFactory Delta tap limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4.1 Zero-sequence load connected to the secondary of YN-yn-d transformer . . . . . 31

4.2 Small tertiary winding for zero-sequence and reactive compensation . . . . . . . 31

4.3 Tertiary winding to save on the high-voltage switchgear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.4 Tertiary winding for 30◦ phase shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5.1 Input/Output Definition of 3-winding transformer model for RMS and EMT simulation 33

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2021, Technical Reference 35

Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)
List of Tables

List of Tables

2.1 Current compounding compensation (for voltage control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 Dynamic and static control parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2.3 Losses Quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

5.1 Input Variables of RMS and EMT transformer model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.2 Signals of RMS transformer model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.3 State Variables of transformer model for EMT-simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5.4 Signals of EMT transformer model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2021, Technical Reference 36

Three-Winding Transformer (ElmTr3,TypTr3)