The Relationship of Job Stress to the Job Performance of Employees in Plaridel Airport:

Basis for Action Plan :(Basis for action Plan.)

An Undergraduate Thesis Submitted in Practical Fulfillment of the Requirements for

TPC 413 Research in Tourism

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

Submitted by:
Singh Sogi, Ranjit M.
Sanchez, John Verino B.
Lagutin, Kobe Bryan C.
Guarda, Mark Jerome B.
Caparas, Niño V.
 Richwell Colleges, Incorporated

Approval Sheet

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism
Management, this thesis entitled “The relationships of job stress to job performance of
Plaridel Airport employees:Basis for action Plan” has been prepared and submitted by Singh
Sogi, Ranjit M., Sanchez John Verino B., Lagutin, Kobe Bryan C., Guarda, Mark Jerome B, and
Caparas, Nino ., who is hereby recommended for oral examination.

_______________________________________

Adviser

FEBUARY 2023

Approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism
Management.

___________________________________

Chairman
_______________________________ __________________________________

Member Member

Accepted and approval as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Tourism Management.

_______________________

DR. LUZVIMINDA F. TANTOCO

Dean, College Department

Acknowledgement
This action research becomes a reality with the kind and support of many individuals. We

would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

First and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to the Almighty God for

providing us with the strength and courage to continue our studies and conduct this

research study. We also thank Ms.Jedajane C. Villagracia, our Research Adviser, for

devoting her time and effort to assisting and encouraging us to complete this action

research, Mr. Mark Paulo Y. Tanjente, our Research Instructor, for his full support and

guidance, and finally, Dean Luzviminda Tantoco for allowing us to conduct our research

inside the school despite our circumstances and for ensuring that we followed the school

protocol.

Also, we would like to extend our deepest gratitude to our Alma mater, Richwell

Colleges Incorporated for always supporting and allowing us to conduct our research to

our respondents and to make sure that we are all safe.

We would also like to thank our beloved parents for their financial

assistance as well as their full support and encouragement in completing this action

research successfully. Also, a special thanks to our group mates who contributed time and

effort to this action research despite their busy schedules, as some of them are working

students. We did it, and we should be proud and cherish this moment for the rest of our

lives.
 February 2023
Table of Contents Pages

Acknowledgement………………………………………………...... 2

Table of Contents…………………………………………………… 3

INTRODUCTION 4

Related Literature……………………………………………. 8-11

Conceptual Framework………………………... 13

Research Theories…………………………………………. 14

Statement of the Problem………………………………………. 16

Hypothesis…………………………………………………… 17

Definition of Terms…………………………………………….. 18

Significance of the Study………………………………………. 20

Scope and Delimitation of the study…………………………… 22

METHODOLOGY 23

Population and Sample of the Study………………………. 24

Research Instrument………………………………………… 25

Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………… 26

 Data Processing And Statistical Treatment ……………………… 27

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 28

Table 1

Designation………………………………………………………….. 28

Ages ……………………………………………………………… 29

Gender…………………………………………………………….. 30

Table 2

Descriptive Analysis ………………………………………… 31-38

Table 3………………………………………………………… 39

FURTHER DISCUSSIONS 40

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 42

CONCLUSIONS 42

RECOMMENDATION 43

REFERENCES 44

APPENDICES

Survey Form…………………………………………… 45
Permission Letter…………………………………...... 47
 CURRICULUM VITAE 49-52

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

1. Speak from your pint of view. Introduce why this was the chosen problem or gap
of the study.
2. Give a claim. Prove by providing cited cited literature or study. (As Tanjente
2022 discussed in his study…..)

For over 9 decades, studies of stress have been gaining popularity within the behavioral,
social, and health sciences. The term stress originated from the field of physics to denote how
man-made structures must resist deformation caused by external forces. In physics, stress
referred to the external pressure or force applied to a structure, while strain denoted the resulting
internal distortion of the structure (Hinkle, 1974). Borrowing the term from physics to apply it to
the behavioral sciences, Hans Selye (1974) adopted the term stress and changed its usage to
mean circumstances that place physical or psychological demands on an individual. Historically,
the three main theorists of stress are physiologist Walter Cannon, endocrinologist Hans Selye,
and psychologist Richard Lazarus.

Job Stress is a condition where there is a tension that results in changes to physical
conditions and ways of thinking, as well as emotions (Adiguzel & Kucukoglu, 2019). Hamali
(2018) states there are four indicators of Job Stress, namely: Physical Environment; Stress due to
Role or Task; Causes of Interpersonal Stress; Organization.

Globally the issue of stress and employee performance is widely explained. Dean,
(2012) observed that worldwide work related stress as a foremost cause for low efficiency in
the workplace. Gaumail, (2013) believes stress affects the organizational outcomes such as a
decrease in performance, increase in absenteeism and dissatisfaction. Based on Euro found
report (2013), role ambiguity, organizational change, job demands, bullying and violence
are some of the common stress factors happening in the workplace today. Sadly, those that
are effected are mainly the vulnerable groups, that include under/or low qualified workers,
ageing, disabled, migrant and contractual are being hit the hardest (Monica et al. 2013). In
the UK recent research (2014) claims that 39% of work-related infirmity was due to work-
related stress, sadness and nervousness.

In Africa, job stress is an outcome or response to certain stimuli in the environment, due
to the spirited environment of the job surroundings most of the people in the world (Vijayan,
2018). Typically, people are more fret about their result of their work that can even affect the
way they treat other people and how they communicate with their peers and customers.
Nowadays, job stress has become more apparent and leads to low morale of employees
(Kaminyonge, 2016). The causes of job stress can be attributed to technological changes,
competitive life styles and various other social factors.

In the Asia-Pacific region, according to the Australian Stress and Well-being Survey of
2014, almost half of the respondents cited work demands 48% as barriers to maintaining a
healthy lifestyle. Consistent with the previous findings, in Australians 72% reported that current
stress was having at least some impact on physical health, with almost one in five (seventeen per
cent) reporting that current stress had strong impact on physical health (ILO, 2016).
Moreover, Philippines was also one of the most stressed countries worldwide as shown in
the, (Gallup 2019) global economic report which shared the list of the most stressed countries
worldwide (Gallup 2019). Greece, the Philippines, Tanzania, Albania, Iran, Sri Lanka and the
USA have the highest stress level. A recent study suggested that management, workload,
deadlines, and occasionally coworkers are the major stressors in the Filipino workforce (Ansis,
2017). You can also tell what you think about these studies.
 Airport employees are amid the group of employees under a great deal of stress due to
many antecedents of stress. (You can mention what are the usual scenarios why they undergo
stress esp during pandemic times) Stress contributes to decreased organizational performance,
decreased employee overall performance, high error rate and poor quality of work, high staff
turnover, and absenteeism due to health problems such as anxiety, emotional disorder, work life
imbalance; depression and other forms of ailments such as frequent headache; obesity and
cardiac arrests (Musyoka, 2017).

For this study, the researchers chose to focus on the Plaridel Airport (Filipino:
Paliparan ng Plaridel) which is an airport serving the Plaridel area in the Philippines' province of
Bulacan. The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, a Department of Transportation agency
in charge of 81 of 85 government-owned airports, manages the facility and classifies it as a
community airport. It is the only public airport in Metro Manila dedicated solely to general
aviation. It is one of the few community airports with taxiways that extend to the ends of
runways. Plaridel Airport provides employment opportunities for aspiring pilots and flight
attendants.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of job stress to the job
performance among employees working in Plaridel Airport, to measure the level of stress being
experience by employees of Plaridel Airport and to examine the relationship between job stress
and job performance among employees of Plaridel airport.

REVIEW OF RELATED LIERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE

When the employees experience stress in their work lives, a negative effect begins to occur
on the employees and causes the employees to be less productive at their work. As a result
of the stress experienced, both the employee and the company are negatively affected and
work efficiency decreases. As a result of the decrease in work efficiency, it is observed that
the job satisfaction level of the employees decreases [19]. It has been observed that
employees at work environments with high stress levels are mentally tense, cannot get
along with the people around them, and are incompatible. As a result, it was stated that job
dissatisfaction emerged [15].Studies have shown that with the increase in the level of stress
experienced in the work environment, the level of job satisfaction felt decreases [20]. As a
result of the research conducted by Zincirkıran and others, a significant relationship was
found between stress and job satisfaction [21]. On the other hand, in a study conducted
among research assistants in 2017, the relationship between stress and job satisfaction was
investigated, and as a result of the research, it was shown that stressful working
environments negatively affect the level of job satisfaction [22]

THE EFFECT OF JOB STRESS ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

Process  Make a claim, prove with supporting study or literature. For every themes or
issue, contextualize.
Everything should be based on something that is already created

Mwila (2020) conducted a study to analyze the effect of job stress on employee
performance at Zambia Police Paramilitary Battalion in Lusaka. The study revealed that there
was a moderate prevalence of job stress among employees at this Battalion. Mwila established
that the leading causes of job stress at the Paramilitary Battalion were staff shortage, work
schedules, role ambiguity, lack of resources, bureaucratic and red tape, inconsistent promotion
and disciplinary practices as well as unequal distribution of work responsibilities. Mwila used
Pearson’s Correlation and Linear Regression analyses to prove that a negative significant
relationship exists between job stress and employee performance. Therefore, the study
established that police officers at Paramilitary Battalion encounter unpredictable and potentially
volatile situations caused by job stress factors, which makes them fail to execute self-initiated
investigations, arrest lawbreakers or appear in courts to testify. The study recommended that
there was need for the Police High Command to identify job stress management interventions
that focus on enhancing employee performance by providing adequate resources, equal
promotional/career development opportunities for all staff and effective communication or
feedback.study concluded that as employee stress increases, their job performance also tends to
increase and vice versa. This implies that stress to an extent enhanced job performance among
employees at this company.

According to Iskamto 2020; Iskamto, Ghazali, and Aftanorhan (2019) Work stress
experienced by employees can harm the company because of the imbalance between productivity
and the costs incurred to pay salaries, benefits, and other facilities (Iskamto 2020; Iskamto,
Ghazali, and Aftanorhan 2019). Job stress is a phenomenon that affects employees differently, in
different work contexts. The danger of stress is caused by physical, emotional and mental
conditions caused by prolonged involvement with emotionally demanding situations. The
process takes place gradually, ac-cumulatively, and over time it becomes progressively worse
(Iskamto et al. 2019). Work stress appears, among others, unstable emotions of salesmen, feeling
uneasy, being alone, having trouble sleeping, smoking excessively, not being able to relax,
increasing blood pressure, and experiencing digestive disorders (Iskamto et al. 2021). The
workload is very exhausting and employees also have high work demands, this is what causes
employee work stress. Coupled with high turnover pressure, employees are increasingly stressed
and become a workload for them to achieve these targets.

Amoako et al. (2017) conducted a study to investigate the effect of occupational stress on job
performance at Aspet A. Company Limited in Techiman, Ghana. Based on the findings of the
study, it was clear that there are multiple causes of stress that had physical, emotional and
psychological effects on employees at this company. The study further revealed that stress
related with workforce, marital status, education, and working experience was negative. One key
point from this study was the linkage between stress among employees and their job performance
in a positive manner. The study concluded that as employee stress increases, their job
performance also tends to increase and vice versa. This implies that stress to an extent enhanced
job performance among employees at this company.

Work related stress is an issue of contention in today's world because it affects both the
organization and the employees. It is a phenomenon that may not be avoided among employees
in the aviation industry, more so for shift workers. Basit et al (2017) concluded that job stress is
one of the most popular ‘occupational diseases’ of the century to mankind and it has affected
individuals’ physically and psychologically, causing such impactful pressure on employees’
performance.

Stress contributes to decreased organizational performance, decreased employee overall

performance, high error rate and poor quality of work, high staff turnover, and absenteeism due
to health problems such as anxiety, emotional disorder, work life imbalance; depression and
other forms of ailments such as frequent headache; obesity and cardiac arrests (Musyoka, 2017).

FACTOR CAUSING STRESS AMONG EMPLOYEES:

According to Vijayan (2018), there are different causes of job stress prevailing in an
employee’s everyday life like workload, job security, autonomy, role conflicts, and low
salaries. In the present paper, the major factors considered are workload, and job security. The
paper investigates the causes of job stress related factors, workload, job security, and work shift
on employees’ job performance. An attempt was made to bring out the job stress mitigating
strategies that can be followed by employees and the employers to overcome their job stress and
to improve their performance. The management can take necessary steps to control the job stress
levels of employees hence increase their job performance. They may provide counseling,
meditation programmes, and incentives, which improve the performance of the employees in the
long run.

Mawanza (2017) recommended that poor work relationships, lack of support at work, and poor
planning were found to be stress related factors that negatively affected productivity.

STRATEGIES THAT CAN BE USED TO REDUCED STRESS AMONG

EMPLOYEES:

Kihara and Mugambi (2018) suggested that the management of the organization under
study should create awareness to the employees to enable them be aware of utilization of stress
management strategies available in the organization that can result in improved performance.
Themes to reduce workplace stress including; adequate work resources, work-life balance, and
sound management responsibilities. Findings from this study indicate that business managers
using these themes could mitigate some of the negative consequences of organizational stress.

Khan (2018) concluded that positive attitude of boss, friendly attitude of boss,
sufficient work load on the basis employ abilities and capabilities, sufficient salary, cooperation
on part of boss are those strategies through which we can easily reduce the stress among the
employees. The researcher also concluded that cooperation on part of colleague, job satisfaction;
motivation, appreciation, incentives or awards on the basis of performance are those strategies
through which we can easily reduce the stress among the employees. The researcher also
concluded that good working atmosphere, favor of employees on part of boss, provision of
leisure time for recreational activities, provision of basics facilities for leisure time, recreational
activities, proper arrangement for recreational activities for employees are those strategies
through which we can easily reduce the stress among the employees.

EMERGING CHALLENGES AMONG TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

PROFESSIONALS:
APA citation format??
According to Aleksei Malishevskii, Igor Krivoborsky, Alexander Khumorov &
Sergey Vorobyov (2022). The article discusses the influence of the human factor in air traffic
control on flight safety. Errors made by air traffic controllers in emergencies are explained
primarily by lack of professionalism or low stress resistance. Since psychological testing is the
first step in screening out candidates unfit for the job, the task of identifying candidates with low
performance in emergencies is important and relevant. In order to study methods for assessing
emergency performance, an experiment was conducted using the expert and navigator
simulators. Also, to analyze the innate component of stress resistance in the participants,
personality assessment tests were carried out in order to determine their neuroticism scores. The
acquired component of emergency performance was assessed indirectly by comparing how
accurately the participants evaluated the risks of potential conflict situations with expert
assessments. An analysis was performed of the correlations between experimental results. The
experiment was conducted on a sample of 20 fifth-year students at Saint Petersburg State
University of Civil Aviation who major in air traffic management.

Retention is one of the key challenges encountered by every organization regardless of

industry. This consists of two factors namely motivation and engagement. Essentially employees
need to be committed to work which signifies the engagement level. When they are engaged this
proves the level of dedication and capacity. Retention could lead to turnover. Organizations
develop various retention programs including different perks to handle employee turnover.
However, when an employee terminates organizations need to recruit another staff and provide
necessary training which could incur an additional cost (Urbancova & Snydrova, 2017).

This paper examines the relationship between geopolitical risks (GPR) and corporate cash
holdings in emerging countries, where such kind of risks are more relevant. Our sample consists
of 166 hospitality companies from seven emerging economies (Malaysia, Mexico, Thailand,
Turkey, Argentina, Brazil and China) for the period 2008–2017. Insert your own insights on this
study

In the last decade, the country’s tourism industry has experienced significant growth in terms of
international tourist arrivals and visitor receipts. While sustainable tourism has been
institutionalised as a motor for national development, several issues challenging the
sustainability and inclusivity of Philippine tourism exist in many destinations in the country
today. Cite a literature or study that supports this claim.

JOB STRESS IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY:

FACTORS THAT TRIGGER JOB STRESS OF EMPLOYEES IN TOURISM AND

HOSPITALITY:
 Bayor and Herbig (2019) studied stress among flight crews. They introduced reduced
energy and mental health as the main stress outcomes, leading to job burnout. Meymand et al.
(2012) evaluated the effects of stress of the flight performance. The results demonstrated that
different factors are involved in a safe and secured light, among which the human factor
accounted for the greatest portion. The analysis of the results show that emotional and
physiological stress play essential roles in the operational performance of flights. However, the
effects of environmental stress on the operational performance of flights were not included in the
case study.

Irving (2017) showed that the leadership style of a manager impacts the rate of job
stress. Another organizational factor is the support of supervisors. The job stress model of the
novice pilots was developed according to klick and Yusler (2019). The model showed that the
managers’ support impacted the job stress of novice pilots

According to Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 this study investigated the factors
that cause job stress among male flight attendants in a female-dominated airline organization, as
well as the impact of job stress on their mental health and turnover intention. It also attempted to
determine whether perceived family support, perceived organizational support, and job positions
had moderating effects on male flight attendants’ job stress. Six job stress factors were identified
through focus group interviews and a literature review. A survey was conducted from 1 January
to 2 February 2022 to validate the research model, and 188 valid samples were used for
statistical analysis. This study discovered that gender differences in communication, relationship
conflict with colleagues, hierarchical organizational culture, and role overload had a direct
impact on male flight attendants’ job stress. Job stress was found to have a negative impact on
mental health and a positive impact on turnover intention. Perceived organizational support was
also found to reduce job stress. This study is notably the first to address stress encountered by
male flight attendants at work. It offers new directions for future airline personnel management
and research. It also presents practical implications, such as the development of training and
personnel management programs for male flight attendants.
During the Corona virus pandemic period, it was found that stress was getting worse and it has
affected the majority of employees worldwide (singh, 2020). It was found that almost 70% of
American employees claim the COVID-19 is the most stressful time of their career, even more
than what occurred in the great recession in 2008 (Mayer, 2020). Also, 88% of employees were
found to have moderate to an extreme level of stress in the first few months of the pandemic
(Gavidia, 2020).

Hotel work environments, especially those related to frontline positions, are characterized by
constantly high levels of work stressors, such as long working hours and frequent interactions
with demanding customers (Khliefat et al., 2021)

As per Mohan, A.K. (2017) the study conducted among hotel employees revealed that
insufficient training programmes, low pay benefits, poor interpersonal relation and work
environment issues are the major causes of stress. In addition to above, almost similar findiings
are revealed by Vernekar S. and Heidari D. (2018). Their study found that overtime practice,
inter-personal relationship and resource constraints are the contributors towards occupational
stress in the hotel industry. Moreover, Altintas, V.(2018) found that job characteristics like time
pressure, role conflicts, work overload, seasonal unemployment, etc. are the major contributors
of stress among non-managerial employees working in hotel industries.

Moreover, as hospitality jobs are considered highly stressful, previous studies have examined the
various determinants of such job stress among hospitality workers, including work-family
conflict (Pan and Yeh, 2019), unpredictable or long working hours (Ariza-Montes et al., 2018),
high job demands (Ariza-Montes et al., 2018), and emotional labor (Lee and Madera, 2019).

ADAPTATION OF EMPLOYEES TO JOB STRESS IN TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

INDUSTRY

Bora P. (2017) concluded that effective stress management programme is key for an

organisation to improve the performance level of their employees. The study further stated that
employees in the hotel industry at the individual level uses different approaches to manage stress
such as going to a hill station, sharing problem with others to get the solution, watching TV
programmes, playing indoor or outdoor games, doing physical exercise, yoga, going on holiday,
taking alcohol, sleeping, etc.

JOB STRESS IN PLARIDEL AIRPORT

Stress in Plaridel Airports is a challenge due to long working hours which is at
least 12 hours a day for day and night shifts. According to the report,30% of employees
reported their absence through a sick day report. The report states that due to long
working hours, which have some effect on physical health, many workers request sick leave
due to illness. In addition to various initiatives, organizations create various programs to
relieve the stress of employees, such as orientation programs, but there are still constant
absenteeism and health problems among employees, which lead to shortages and reduced
work ability. – good for your conclusions. Not for introduction.

SYNTHESIS:

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (S_E-C)

1. State the theory
2. Explain what is the theory all about
3. Contextualize – how will you use it in your study. Give assumptions as to how you can
utilize this theory
 The Stress Response Curve developed by Nixon (1979) shows the relationship between
job stress and employee performance as presented below. The model provides knowledge on
how an individual decline from best performing into under-performance but this is the general
stress processes experienced by all individuals.

The Stress Response Curve

To better understand the effects of stress to performance, Nixon, P. (1979) created the
following graph of the stress performance curve explaining how stress affects performance in
theoretical terms.

The curve shows that as the level of stress increases, the performance level also
increases, to the point of eustress, or healthy tension. Near the point of fatigue, an identified
area called the Comfort Zone indicates the range of stress levels that we can absolutely manage
and facilitates good performance levels.

As stress begins to be perceived as overwhelming or excessive, the person reaches a fatigue

point wherein the performance levels starts to decline. The ultimate end of overwhelming stress,
called burnout, can be exhaustion, ill-health or breakdown.

Positive Effects
As shown by the graph, performance levels increase when stress management is effective.
Stressors such as pressure and demands can facilitate better stress response and thus, higher
levels of performance. For instance, a basketball player tries to run faster, shoot a three-point
shot and succeeds in it because of the pressure he has obtained from the audience, the close
scores and the tough opponents.

Another example is the short but adequate deadline given to an employee, which motivates and
encourages her to work actively and efficiently on the project assigned to her. Yet another
instance is an approaching major examination which leads a college student to double time on
studying and reviewing of lessons.

Negative Effects

When stress is perceived as uncontrollable or unmanageable, the person begins to experience a

gradual to drastic decrease in performance levels, causing a decline in productivity and
enthusiasm to respond to the stress.

For instance, a very tight deadline is given to an office employee who has to take care of her four
children at home and a sick mother at the hospital. This overwhelming mix of situations, if not
managed carefully and totally, will result to a poor performance at work, bad relationships with
other members of the family, ill health, and burnout.

Pressure and Performance

Pressure, one of the significant life stressors, affects performance.

Source: Nixon (1979) is this copy paste?

 Sarah (2012) as cited in Mwila, (2020) notes that extreme stress causes fatigue to an
individual and also causes burnout which affects the health of the individual. A positive impact
as shown by the graph is the increase in performance levels when stress management is effective
such as providing adequate resources, equal promotional/career development opportunities,
effective communication that motivates employees to perform at their best. – transfer to related
studies

CONCEPRUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework that was used in the study is the Input-Process-Output Model as
shown in figure 1. The IPO model provided the general structure and guide for the direction of
the study. Framework and strategic
Action Plan on Plaridel
Input Process Output
Airport towards an increase
employee performance and
Productivity.

The researcher wants to The researchers will conduct

know the relationship of a survey research to know
stress job to the job their job stress by giving
performance of the surveys.Survey
employees in plaridel Questionnaire will be given
airport. to……..

The relationship of of job

stress to the
performance…..

The Figure 1 shows the conceptual paradigm, it will show the process of the research. The first
box (input) indicate the researchers mission, they need to know the Job Stress to the Work
Performance on Employees of Plaridel Airport to provide some information. As for the process,
researcher use a survey method questionnaires to get the solution to the problemacquire data
for this study. Lastly output is the result of this experimentstudy. Using the IPO, it will be easier
for the researcher to conduct a study about Job Stress to the Work Performance on Employees of
Plaridel Airport.

Statement of the Problem

The main aim of the study is to identify the relationship between the JS and WP of ………...

Specifically this study seek to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Sex

1.2. Age

1.3. Marital Status

1.4. Socioeconomic Status

1.5. Job Positions

(YOU MAY USE THIS DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IF YOU HAVE

STUDIES WHICH MENTIONED THAT THE FACTORS ABOVE

HAVE AN INFLUENCE ON THE STRESS LEVEL OR

PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES)
 2. What is the level of work performance of the employees?

3. What is the level of job stress of the employees?

3.1. Eustress

3.2. Distress

4. Is there a significant relationship between the job stress and performance of

employees?

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The Key Hypothesis of this study is:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the job stress and work performance of the

employees of Plaridel airport……

H1: There is a a significant relationship………………………………………..

Work related stress is an issue of contention in today's world because it affects both the
organization and the employees. It is a phenomenon that may not be avoided among employees
in the aviation industry, more so for shift workers. Ba-sit et al (2017) concluded that job stress is
one of the most popular ‘occupational diseases’ of the century to mankind and it has affected
individuals’ physically and psychologically, causing such impact pressure on employees’
performance. The indicators of occupational stress at the workplace include increased
absenteeism, altered performance, changes in attitude, mood or behavior becoming irritable,
volatile or aggressive, conflict with others, diminished work relationships, tiredness and lack of
interest. High levels of work-related stress may be associated with low levels of job satisfaction.
Consequently, low levels of job satisfaction may have an interrelation with the workers'
performance on the job. Subsequently, this may indirectly influence the operation and progress
of an organization. Hence, this study investigated the effect of job stress on employee
performance at Plaridel Airport.
 According to the study, stress in Plaridel Airports is a challenge due to long working
hours which is at least 12 hours a day for day and night shifts. According to the report,30% of
employees reported their absence through a sick day report. The report states that due to long
working hours, which have some effect on physical health, many workers request sick leave due
to illness. In addition to various initiatives, organizations create various programs to relieve the
stress of employees, such as orientation programs, but there are still constant absenteeism and
health problems among employees, which lead to shortages and reduced work ability. this study
is based on the effect of job stress on the performance of aviation industry workers at Plaridel
Airport,so the recommendation will help the organization find solution to reduce stress and
improve employee performance .

Objectives of Study

Main Objective

The main objective of this research is to examine the effects of job stress on employee’s
performance at Plaridel Airport.

Specific Objectives :

(i) To identify factors causing stress among Plaridel Airport employees

(ii) To examine the relationship between job stress and employees’ performance.
(iii) To identify strategies that can be used to reduce stress among Plaridel Airport employees.

Research Questions :

(i) What are the factors causing stress among Plaridel Airport employees?

(ii) Is there any significant relationship between stress and employee performance?

(iii) What are the strategies that can be used to reduce stress among Plaridel Airport employees?
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

Based on the research’s specified problems the hypothesis have been developed as followed:

H1: Long working hours, highly competitive business environment have negative effect on
employee Performance.

H2:there is negatively significance relationship between job stress and employee Performance.

H3: the ability to manage their feelings and emotions and the ability to exercise regularly are the
strategies that can be used to reduce stress among employees of Plaridel Airport.

Definition of terms
(Use their operational definitions) not those found in the dictionary or Google

AMBIGUITY - The quality of being to more than one interpretation;inexactness.

AVIATION - The design, development, production, operation, and use of aircraft, especially
heavier-than-air aircraft. military aircraft.

CORRELATION - The process of establishing or connection between two or more measures.

DATA REDUCTION- A communication process used by science communicators(researchers,

reporters, writers etc.).
DETERMINATION- Occurs prior to goal attainment and serves to motivated behavior that will
help achieve one goal. Absenteeism-as employee absence from work for lengths beyond what is
considered an acceptable time span.

DOMINATED - Have a commanding influence on; exercise control over.

EMPLOYEES PERFORANCE - According to Donhoe (2019), employee performance refers

to how employees perform in the place of work and how healthy they execute the job duties
compelled to them. Organisation normally sets performance targets for individual employees and
the organisation as a whole in hopes to increase value to customers, minimizes cost and operates
efficiently. For an individual employee, performance may refer to work effectiveness, quality
and efficiency at the task level. Also according to Pradhan, (2016) employees performance
signifies individual’s work achievement after exerting effort on the job which is associated
through getting a meaningful work. This definition is also similar to that of Aganga, (2011).

EFFECTIVENESS- Is the capability of producing a desired result when something is deemed

effective. It means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.

HYPOTHESIS- A supposition or explanation(theory) that is provitionally accepted in order to

interpret certain events or phenomena and to provide guidance for further investigation. A
hypothesis may be proven correct or wrong, and must be capable of refutation.

INDUSTRY- the manufacturing or technically productive enterprise in a particular field,

country, region, or economy, or one of the individuals.
INTERVENTION- Learning what treatments or strategies work best to improve outcomes and
making a difference in what matter most to people.

JOB- a work for which you receive regular payment.

JOB STRESS:According to United Kingdom Health and Safety Commission, London, (2009)
Stress is a biological term, which refers to the consequences of the malfunction of a human or
animal body to respond properly to poignant or bodily intimidation to the organism, whether real
or likely. Also, according to Gharib (2016), stress refers to the pull from the conflict between our
external environment and us, leading to emotional and physical pressure.

METHODOLOGY - A body of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline : a

particular procedure or set of procedures demonstrating library research methodology the issue is
massive revision of teaching methodology.

NOTABLY - In a way that is striking or remarkable. “such a statement is notably absent from
the administration’s proposals.”

PHENOMENON - A fact or situation that is observed to exist or happen, especially one whose
cause or explanation is in question.

PRODUCTIVITY- “Employee productivity is an assessment of the efficiency of a worker or

group of workers. In actual terms, productivity is a component thatdirectly affects the company’s
profits” (Hanaysha, 2016:63). For this study,productivity is defined as the positive impact of
employee performance on work output.
QUESTIONAIRE - A researcher instrument that consists of set of questions for the purpose of
gathering information from respondents through survey.

STRATEGY- a careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal ussually over a long
period of time.

STRESS - is a pressure or worry caused by the problem in somebody's life. Paula E. Anthony-
McMann, Andrea D. Ellinger, Marina Astakhovaand Jonathon R. B. Halbesleben (2017)
mentioned that stress occurs when there are changes in the individuals working environment
which either affect the individual immediately, slowly,or after working for some duration. This
study defines stress as is defined as any activity or exercise that an individual engages in that
affect his or her output due to the individual’s inability to deal with the work demands of the
organization.

SUBSTANTIAL- A substantial meal is large enough to satisfy hunger. A substantial structure is

strongly made or built. And a substantial man possesses wealth and property.

SUBSEQUENTLY- Something that happened or existed after the time or event that has just
been referred to.

UNDER-PERFORMANCE- To perform less than expected.

WORK LOAD- The number of work assigned to the workers during the work period. Variance-
a statistical measurement of the spread between numbers or data set.
WORK STRESS- work stress can be defined as a dilemma that affects employees’
psychological and physical well-being within an organization due to work demands, working
environment, and structures at the workplace. Work stress is believed to impact both the
individual and organization in a negative manner although. There is a positive side of it which
can help to improve innovativeness and creativity among employees in performing an assigned
task.

Significance of the study

The findings of the study are deemed significantly to the following:

For the Employees.

-The findings of this study will be used as a guideline by the employees in order to determine the
main sources of job stress they experience by virtue of workplace. The results of this study will
also motivate the employees to enhance their understanding of the importance of preventing job
stress in the workplace and subsequently improve their work performance.

For the management of Plaridel Airport.

-the findings will assist the management of the Plaridel Airport to become more effective and
efficient in managing and reducing job stress among the employees. The researcher anticipates
that as this study will contribute substantially to the establishment of a theoretical understanding
of the phenomenon of how organizational culture can be aligned with digital innovation and
technology to yield increased productivity and serve customers efficiently with high satisfaction.

For Students and School

• This would be beneficial for students and instructor under tourism management because it can
serve as guide that might be helpful for their future references.
For Future Researchers

• The study can be of help to the future researchers to serve as their reference of knowledge
especially for students who has the same purpose as ours.
• It will serve as guide for long term analysts/research

-This will form a new insight and contribute to the current ideas of organizational culture and
stress management. Furthermore, this study will be of importance to future researchers as it will
give more details on the problem and it will be used as a forum for discussing the effect of job
stress on the organizations.

For the Residents

- Great help for the residents near Plaridel Airport because they will have the idea or knowledge
to be able to work at an airport and know the opportunities they can get when they plan to
work in the area near them.

For Government

- the Government of the Philippines will also benefit from the findings in this study to identify
the gaps in industries and implement policies towards creating an environment that will aid
companies to adhere to the stipulated laws and regulations on stress management.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This research is designed to have a thorough investigation of the effect of job stress to the
job performance of employees in Plaridel Airport.The selection of the given area as a case study
due to the fact that there are some indication of factors associated with job stress like increase of
absenteeism, operation cost for paying overtime, personal problems, and lack of employment
contract to casual worker. Thus, this study also aims to know what are the sources of job stress
that could possibly affect their performance, as well to know what are the action plans they need
to devise to prevent job stress in the workplace and subsequently improve their work
performance. This study covered 20 employees that are currently working in Plaridel Airport
year 2022-2023, the respondents who participated in the study was randomly selected.

CHAPTER 2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
OVERVIEW: This chapter outlined the research methods used in conducting this study. It
included the research design used, Population and sample of the study, research instrument, data
gathering procedure, data processing and statistical treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN The present study utilized Quantitative methodology. It employed

employs the use of questionaire as the research instrument. The data collection was based on the
questionaire distributed to the respondents and this served as the primary instrument, the
questionaire was designed in order to accummulate enough information pertaining to the
objectives of the study. Furthermore,This research study employed the descriptive-correlational
approach. Descriptive research involves gathering data that describes events and then organizes,
tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection(Glass and Hopkins, 1984).three main
purposes of this reseach design are to describe, explain, and validate findings. It will include the
processes of gathering of data, induction, analysis, classification, enumeration, measurement and
assessment of the data. It is very significant in this study that descriptive method should be used
since the study itself demands for the description of such as the effect of job stress, sources of
job stress and the relationship of job stress to job performance. Correlational type of research
will incorporate the need to look for relationships between job stress and job Performance. It
could give three possible results, namely positive correlation, negative correlation, or no
correlation.

TARGET POPULATIONPopulation and sample The study drew its target population from
Plaridel Airport that included the general manager, supervisors, customer service
assistants,Pilots, maintenance personnel, and the general workers.

POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY

The specified target population that is available for this study comprises 20 employees that are
currently working at Plardel Airport. This includes the general manager, supervisors, customer
service assistants,Pilots, maintenance personnel, and the general workers.

The Sampling technique used was non-probability judgemental sampling method. The
researchers used a non-probability technique since the population of the potential respondents is
relatively small in number. Judgemental sampling is a method of purposely handpicking
individuals from the population based on the researcher's knowledge and judgement.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The tool employed is a research-based questionnaire that collects
the necessary information for the employee profile, such as age, gender, and name. The survey
will be used in the study to determine the effect of job stress on employee work performance.
Also we used other internet tools to construct a research paper such as google classroom, google
form.

VALIDATION OF INST1RUMENT

Questionnaire

Dear respondents,

We are students from Richwell Colleges Incorporated, pursuing Bachelor of Science in tourism
Management.The aim of this questionnaire is to identifying the

Effects of Job Stress on employee performance in Aviation industry. Your kind and objective
responses will significantly contribute towards reducing this challenge.I

kindly request you to answer the questions below by filling the necessary information in the
blanks provided. I assure you all the information will be kept with high degree of confidentiality
as your opinion are so important in accomplishment of my research.
Instructions on filling the questionnaire
Please answer all the questions by ticking on the most appropriate answer. Do not write your
name.

PART 1:Demographic Information

1. How old are you? (please tick (√) as appropriate)

(a) 18-25
(b) 26-33
(c) 34-41
(d) 42- 49
(e) Above 50

2. What is your level of education? (please tick (√) as appropriate)

(a) Primary education

(b) Secondary education
(c) High school
(e) Diploma
(f) Bachelor degree
(g) Master Degree
(h) Others

PUT THIS IN YOUR SOP

3. What is your gender?(please tick (√) as appropriate)

(a) Male
(b) Female

4. Marital status(please tick (√) as appropriate)

(a) Married
(b) Single
(d) Widow
(e) Widower
5. Working experience(please tick (√) as appropriate)
(a) 0 – 3
(b) 4 – 7
(c ) 8 – 11
(d) Above 12
PART 2 :Questionnaire We will look for standardized questionnaire

1.When stress occur, do you chat the situation with your friends, colleagues and family to reduce
stress?
Yes No
2. Do you manage your feelings and emotions as the way to reduce stress?
Yes No
3. Did you used to understand, control and develop your problem to reduce stress in the
organization?
Yes No
4. Have you reduce stress in the organization by eating a health diet and keeping my health in a
check?
Yes No

5.Do you exercise regularly to reduce stress?

Yes No

PART 3 :INTERVIEW GUIDELINES

1. In your opinion, what do you think should be done to get rid of the stress in this organization?
2. Can you explain what causes stress when you are at work?
3. In your opinion, what do you think is the connection between job stress and employees
performance?
4. To what extent do you think stress affect your performance in this organization?
5. What do you think should be done to alleviate this problem?
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE questionnaires were used to collect data for this
study.The questionnaire had five sections. The first section included information regarding
respondents’ demographic features such as age, gender and marital status. The second section
covered information regarding causes of job stress in organization. In this section, respondents
were asked to identify causes of stress. The third section covered information regarding the
relationships between job stress and employees performance. Respondents were provided with
sets of questions for them to indicate their agreement or disagreement regarding those statements
in a 5 point likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).

Interview was also utilized in this study, This method is a face to face conversation
between the interviewer (researcher) and interviewees (respondents) based on structured and
unstructured questions which were aiming at gathering information from the particular
respondents of the aviation who included, the general manager, supervisors, customer service
assistants,marketing staffs, Pilots, maintenance personnel, and the general workers.10
interviewed conducted and carried 20 minutes. The advantages of using this method are accurate
screening, capturing emotions and behaviors of respondents and interviews are useful to obtain
detailed information about personal feelings, perceptions and opinions. It also allow and help the
researcher to explore more detailed questions to be asked and it usually lead to a high response
rate.

DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT

Descriptive statistics, which depicts the connection between the variables in a population, was
utilized in this study as a statistical tool. Personal information such as gender and age were
among the categories that should be reported. The formula for the statistical approach that was
employed was shown in figure.

Percentage = n (number of frequency in the category) X 100 Total number of participants

n= number of frequency
CAUSES OF JOB STRESS AT WORK
The following statements identified the main causes of job stress at workplace, please indicate your
level of agreement/disagreement by ticking the most appropriate answer that applies to you in a 5 point
likert scale ranges from 5 (Strongly Agree) to 1(Strongly Disagree).Please choose only one option from
the list given by ticking where appropriate
 ITEM OPINION

OPINION Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
1. I am working long hours

2. I came late at work

3. I get conflicting with other people at

work

4. I have been treated unfairly at work by

the supervisor

5. I am working under excessive work

pressure

6. I have been harassed at work

7. I don’t have job security

8. I have been thinking of being

retenched from my job

9. I seek permission to leave during

working hours for personal matters

10. I have a problem with my family

11. Because of poor leadership I have

been working poorly
EMPLOYEES PERFOMANCE
The following statements cover information regarding employee’s performance. Please, indicate
your level of agreement/disagreement by ticking the most appropriate answer that applies to you
in a 5 point likert scale ranges from 5 (Strongly Agree) to 1(Strongly Disagree).

ITEM RATINGS
OPINION Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
disagree agree
1. Stress has contributed to low
productivity
2. Stress has caused low working
morale
3. Stress has caused the level of
absenteeism to be high
4. Stress has caused loss of interest in
work
5. Stress has caused poor work
relations