Module 9

Lecture 3: Major hydrologic models-HSPF,

HEC and MIKE
 Major Hydrologic Models

 HSPF (SWM)

 HEC

 MIKE

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 Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran
(HSPF)

Commercial successor of the Stanford Watershed Model (SWM-IV)

(Johanson et al., 1984):
Water-quality considerations
Kinematic Wave routing
Variable Time Steps

HSPF is a deterministic, lumped parameter, physically based, continuous

model for simulating the water quality and quantity processes that occur in
watersheds and in a river network.

Module 9
HSPF Contd…

HSPF incorporates watershed-scale ARM (Agricultural Run-off

Management) and NPS (Non-Point Source) models into a basin-scale analysis
framework
 fate and transport of pollutants in 1-D stream channels.

Data Requirements of HSPF:

Rainfall
Infiltration
Baseflow
Streamflow
Soils
Landuse

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HSPF Contd…

HSPF is one of the most complex hydrologic models which simulates:

Infiltration: Philip's equation, a physically based method which uses
an hourly time step
Streamflow: Chezy – Manning’s equation

HSPF can simulate temporal scales ranging from minutes to days

Due to its flexible modular design, HSPF can model systems of varying size
and complexity;

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Actual ET

Output

To stream

Stanford Watershed Model (AquaTerra, 2005)

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CEPSC : interception storage capacity (Kate Flynn, U.S. Geological Survey,
LSUR : length of the overland flow plane written commun., 2004)

SLSUR : slope of the overland flow plane

NSUR : Manning's roughness of the land surface
INTFW : interflow inflow
INFILT : index to the infiltration capacity of the soil
UZSN : nominal capacity of the upper-zone storage
IRC : interflow recession constant
LZSN : nominal capacity of the lower-zone storage
LZETP : lower-zone evapotranspiration
AGWRC : basic ground-water recession rate

AGWETP : fraction of remaining potential evapotranspiration that can be satisfied from active ground-water
storage

KVARY : indication of the behavior of ground-water recession flow

DEEPFR : fraction of ground-water inflow that flows to inactive ground water

BASETP : fraction of the remaining potential evapotranspiration that can be satisfied from base flow
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HEC Models

Module 9
 HEC Models

Modeling of the rainfall-runoff process in a watershed based on watershed

physiographic data
 a variety of modeling options in order to compute UH for basin areas.
 a variety of options for flood routing along streams.
 capable of estimating parameters for calibration of each basin based on
comparison of computed data to observed data

1. HEC-GridUtil 2.0 9. HEC-DSSVue 2.0.1

2. HEC-GeoRAS 10 (EAP) 10. HEC-RAS 4.1
3. HEC-GeoHMS 10 (EAP) 11. HEC-DSS Excel Add-In
4. HEC-GeoEFM 1.0 12. HEC-GeoDozer 1.0
5. HEC-SSP 2.0 13. HEC-EFM 2.0
6. SnoTel 1.2 Plugin 14. HEC-EFM Plotter 1.0
7. HEC-HMS 3.5 15. HEC-ResSim 3.0
8. HEC-FDA 1.2.5a 16. HEC-RPT 1.1
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 HEC-GridUtil 2.0
HEC-GridUtil is designed to provide viewing, processing, and analysis capabilities for
gridded data sets stored in HEC-DSS format (Hydrologic Engineering Center's Data
Storage System).

http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-gridutil/documentation.html
Module 9
HEC-GeoRAS

Module 9
 HEC-GeoRAS 10 (EAP)

GIS extension  a set of procedures, tools, and utilities for the preparation of GIS
data for import into HEC-RAS and generation of GIS data from RAS output.

• ArcGIS w/ extensions
 3D & Spatial Analyst
 HEC-GeoHMS
 HEC-GeoRAS

• HEC-RAS
– Simulates water surface profile of a stream reach

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 Data Requirements

• Triangular Irregular Network

(TIN)

• DEM (high resolution)

– use stds2dem.exe if
downloading from USGS

• Land Use / Land Cover

– Manning’s Coefficient CRWR image, Texas University

(Source: “GIS – Employing HEC-GeoRAS”, Brad Endres

, 2003)

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Major Functions of GeoRAS

• Interface between ArcView and HEC-RAS

• Functions:
– PreRAS Menu - prepares Geometry Data necessary for HEC-RAS modeling
– GeoRAS_Util Menu – creates a table of Manning’s n value from land use
shapefile
– PostRAS Menu – reads RAS import file; delineates flood plain; creates
Velocity and Depth TINs

Module 9
Demonstration of Capabilities

3-D Scene

• Load TIN

3-D Scene

• Create Contour
Lines

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Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…

• Create Stream Centerline

• Create Banks Theme

• Create Flow Path Centerlines

• Create Cross Section Cut Lines

• Add/Create Land Use Theme

• Generate RAS Import File

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Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…

Stream
Centerline

Land Use
Right Bank
Themes
Flow Path
Centerlines

Cross Section
Cut Lines

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Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…

 Generate RAS GIS import file

 Open HEC-RAS and import RAS GIS file
 Complete Geometry, Hydraulic, & Flow Data
 Run Analysis
 Generate RAS Export file

Module 9
Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…
RAS GIS import file

Module 9
Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…
RAS GIS export file

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Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…

• New GIS data

• PostRAS features
 Water Surface TIN
 Floodplain Delineation – polygon & grid
 Velocity TIN
 Velocity Grid

Module 9
Demonstration of Capabilities Contd…
Floodplain Delineation (3-D Scene)

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Depth Grid (Darker = Deeper) Velocity Grid (Darker = Faster)

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Employing ArcView, GeoRAS, and RAS for Main Channel
Depth Analysis (1968)

PreRAS PostRAS

13.5 ft

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Employing ArcView, GeoRAS, and RAS for Main Channel
Depth Analysis (1988)

PreRAS PostRAS

21.0 ft

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Overall Benefits

 Elevation data is more accurate with TIN files

 Better representation of channel bottom

 Rapid preparation of geometry data (point and click)

 Precision of GIS data increases precision of geometry data

 Efficient data transport via import/export files

 Velocity grid

 Depth grid

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Overall Benefits Contd…

 Floodplain maps can be made faster

• several flow scenarios

 Both steady & unsteady flow analysis

 GIS tools aid engineering analysis

• Automated calculation of functions (Energy Equation)
• Structural validation of hydraulic control features
• Voluminous data on World Wide Web

 Makes data into visual event – easier for human brain to process!

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Overall Drawbacks

 Time required to learn several software packages

 Non-availability of TIN or high resolution data

 Estimation of Manning’s Coefficient

• Few LU/LC files have this as attribute data
 Velocity distribution data may not be calculated
• HEC-RAS export file without velocity data means no velocity TIN or
grid

Module 9
 HEC-HMS

HEC-HMS simulates rainfall-runoff for the watershed

(Source: ftp://ftp.crwr.utexas.edu) Module 9

HEC-HMS Background

Purpose of HEC-HMS

 Improved User Interface, Graphics, and Reporting

 Improved Hydrologic Computations

 Integration of Related Hydrologic Capabilities

Importance of HEC-HMS

 Foundation for Future Hydrologic Software

 Replacement for HEC-1

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Improvements over HEC-1

Ease of Use
 projects divided into three components

 user can run projects with different parameters instead of creating new
projects

 hydrologic data stored as DSS files

 capable of handling NEXRAD-rainfall data and gridded precipitation

Converts HEC-1 files into HMS files

Module 9
 HEC-1
EXERCISE PROBLEM

A small undeveloped watershed has the parameters listed in the following tables.
A unit hydrograph and Muskingum routing coefficients are known for subbasin 3,
shown in Fig.1(a). TC and R values for subbasins 1 and 2 and associated SCS
curve numbers (CN) are provided as shown. A 5-hr rainfall hyetograph in in./hr is
shown in Fig.1(b) for a storm event that occurred on July 26, 2011. Assume that
the rain fell uniformly over the watershed. Use the information given to develop a
HEC-1 input data set to model this storm. Run the model to determine the
predicted outflow at point B.

SUBBASIN TC R SCS CURVE % IMPERVIOUS AREA

NUMBER (hr ) (hr ) NUMBER (% ) (mi2)
1 2.5 5.5 66 0 2.5
2 2.8 7.5 58 0 2.7
3 -- -- 58 0 3.3

UH FOR TIME (hr) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

SUBBASIN 3:
U (cfs) 0 200 400 600 450 300 150 0
(Bedient et al., 2008)
Module 9
Example Problem Contd…

Fig.1(a) Fig.1(b)
Muskingum coefficients: x = 0.15, K = 3 hr, Area = 3.3 sq mi
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Solution : The input data set is as follows:
ID **** EXAM PLE PROBLEM
ID ****
ID **** HEC-1 INPUT DATA SET
ID ****
IT 60 60 25-Jul-07 1200 100
IO 4
KK SUB1
KM RUNOFF FROM SUBBASIN 1
PI 0.2 1.5 2 1 0.5
BA 2.5
LS 66 0
UC 2.5 5.5
KK SUB2
KM RUNOFF FROM SUBBASIN 2
BA 2.7
LS 58 0
UC 2.8 7.5
KK A
KM COMBINE RUNOFF FROM SUB 1 WITH RUNOFF FROM SUB 2 AT A
HC 2
KKA TO B
KM MUSKINGUM ROUTING FROM A TO B
RM 1 3 0.15
KK SUB3
KM RUNOFF FROM SUBBASIN 3
BA 3.3
LS 58 0
UI 0 200 400 600 450 300 150
Module 9
Using HEC-HMS Contd…

Three components
 Basin model - contains the elements of the basin, their connectivity, and
runoff parameters ( It will be discussed in detail later)

 Meteorologic Model - contains the rainfall and evapotranspiration data

 Control Specifications - contains the start/stop timing and calculation
intervals for the run

Module 9
Project Definition

 It may contain several basin models, meteorological models, and control

specifications
 It is possible to select a variety of combinations of the three models in order to
see the effects of changing parameters on one sub-basin

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Basin Model

 GUI supported

 Click on elements from left and drag

into basin area

 Works well with GIS imported files

 Actual locations of elements do not

matter, just connectivity and runoff
parameters

Module 9
1. Basin Model Elements

• subbasins- contains data for subbasins (losses, UH transform, and

baseflow)

• reaches- connects elements together and contains flood routing

data

• junctions- connection point between elements

• reservoirs- stores runoff and releases runoff at a specified rate

(storage-discharge relation)

Module 9
1. Basin Model Elements Contd…

• sinks- has an inflow but no outflow

• sources- has an outflow but no inflow

• diversions- diverts a specified amount of runoff to an element

based on a rating curve - used for detention storage elements or
overflows

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2. Basin Model Parameters

a) Loss rate

b) Transform

c) Baseflow methods

Module 9
2. Basin Model Parameters Contd…

2a) Abstractions (Losses) 2b) Transformation

1. Interception Storage 1. Unit Hydrograph

2. Distributed Runoff
2. Depression Storage 3. Grid-Based Transformation
3. Surface Storage
Methods:
4. Evaporation a. Clark
b. Snyder
5. Infiltration
c. SCS
6. Interflow d. Input Ordinates
e. ModClark
7. Groundwater and Base Flow f. Kinematic Wave

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2. Basin Model Parameters Contd…

2c) Baseflow Options

a. recession

b. constant monthly

c. linear reservoir

d. no base flow

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Stream Flow Routing

 Simulates Movement of Flood Wave Through Stream Reach

 Accounts for Storage and Flow Resistance
 Allows modeling of a watershed with sub-basins
Reach Routing

a) Simple Lag
b) Modified Puls
c) Muskingum
d) Muskingum Cunge
e) Kinematic Wave

Module 9
Methods for Stream Flow Routing

 Hydraulic Methods - Uses partial form of St Venant Equations

 Kinematic Wave Method
 Muskingum-Cunge Method

 Hydrologic Methods
 Muskingum Method
 Storage Method (Modified Puls)
 Lag Method

Module 9
Reservoir Routing

 Developed Outside HEC-HMS

 Storage Specification Alternatives:
 Storage versus Discharge
 Storage versus Elevation
 Surface Area versus Elevation
 Discharge Specification Alternatives:
 Spillways, Low-Level Outlets, Pumps
 Dam Safety: Embankment Overflow, Dam Breach

Module 9
 I - Q = dS
dt

Reservoirs Level Pool Reser voir

I Q (weir flow)

Pond storage with H

S Q (orifice flow)

outflow pipe S = f(Q) Q = f(H)

I
Orifice flow Or ifice flow:

Q =C* 2gH

I
Weir flows Weir Flow:
Q = CLH3/2

Inflow and Outflow

I nflow
Q (cfs)

I =Q
Outflow

time Module 9
Reservoir Data Input

 Initial Conditions to be considered

 Inflow = Outflow
 Initial Storage Values
 Initial Outflow
 Initial Elevation

 Elevation Data relates to both Storage/Area and Discharge

 HEC-1 Routing routines with initial conditions and elevation data

can be imported as Reservoir Elements

Module 9
Reservoir Data Input Window

Module 9
Running a project

User selects:
1. Basin model

2. Meteorologic model

3. Control ID for the

HMS run

Module 9
Viewing Results

 To view the results:

• right-click on any basin element, results will be for that point

 Display of results:

• hydrograph- graphs outflow vs. time

• summary table- gives the peak flow and time of peak

• time-series table- tabular form of outflow vs. time

 Comparing computed and actual results:

• plot observed data on the same hydrograph to by selecting a discharge

gage for an element

Module 9
Viewing Results Contd…

hydrograph

Module 9
HEC-HMS Output

1. Tables

 Summary

 Detailed (Time Series)

2. Hyetograph Plots

3. Sub-Basin Hydrograph Plots

4. Routed Hydrograph Plots

5. Combined Hydrograph Plots

6. Recorded Hydrographs - comparison

Module 9
Viewing Results

Summary table

Time series table Module 9

Viewing Results Contd…

Sub-Basin Plots
 Runoff Hydrograph
 Hyetograph
 Abstractions
 Base Flow

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Viewing Results Contd…

Junction Plots

a. Tributary Hydrographs

b. Combined Hydrograph

c. Recorded Hydrograph

Module 9