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REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN

SELECTED AND EXPLAINED

FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS

BY

FREDERIC D. ALLEN, Ph.D.,

PROFESSOR IN YALE COLLEGE.

1 '

-, . > , , - .
:•. .'." TT^T . -

* V *. » . >

46747
GINN & COMPANY
BOSTON •
NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON • •
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by

FREDERIC D. ALLEN
at Washington
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress,

Copyright, 1908, by

EMMELINE L. ALLEN

712. 1

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< '
• • « •

tKb t 3 tl) en it urn $rt8g

GINN & COMPANY PRO-
PRIETORS • UOSTON • U.S.A.
 PA
25|0
A

PREFACE.

'N undertaking this little book I

proposed to myself to get
r together in small compass, and a convenient shape read-
in for

ing and reference, such of the remains of the Latin —

earliest pri-

marily inscriptions
— as are most important as monuments of
the language, with enough explanation to make them fairly intel-

ligible.The need of such a collection had been found, by

felt, I

'O
others as well as myself, and this need had been only partly met

by Wordsworth's "Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin"

•

p_
(London, 1874), a work which, with all its merits, is cumber-
some, ill arranged for reference, and too expensive to be widely
circulated. The present book is designed first of all for the more
advanced of our college students, but I venture to hope that
maturer scholars may find it useful as a convenient handbook,
since it comprises within a few pages matter somewhat scattered
and not very generally accessible.
The book is in nowise meant to teach palaeography. The in-

scriptions are presented simply as specimens of Latin. The text

of each is given in minuscules, without any attempt at representing
the appearance or arrangement of the stone or bronze. To have
done this last, even roughly, would have greatly increased the
bulk and expense of the volume (especially as most of the in-
scriptions would necessarily have been repeated in minuscules
f} after all, for cursory reading) without rendering it any better for
its main purpose. I desired furthermore to avoid everything

which would needlessly confuse the eye or the mind of the reader.
Thus it seemed best to indicate to the eye omitted final s and m.
iii
IV REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

And in some cases I have not felt bound to follow the original
documents in respect of the division of words ;
thus 1 have writ-
ten ftlebeive, sitblegi, quasei (n. 106 II 1118 n. 109), not plcbei ve,
,

sub legi, qua sci ; as such inequalities signify nothing but the pass-
ing caprice of the writer. Where prepositions are joined to the
following noun some will had printed them
perhaps wish that
I

so. But by no means characteristic of early Latin,

this usage,
but rather of the imperial period, was at no time the prevailing
one, and it did not seem worth while to perplex the reader with
forms like incastreis (n. 81) and obeas res (n. 104 43 ). But in
general the originals have been followed even in the division of
words.
As to the selection of inscriptions, I drew the line at Sulla's

dictatorship, and admitted nothing later than the law about the
quaestors, n. 106. Down to this period it was my aim to give
pretty much all the inscriptions that illustrated the old language
in any striking way, yet by rigidly excluding less profitable matter
to keep the book within narrow limits. Accordingly I threw out ( ) 1

inscriptions too fragmentary to give any connected sense, (2) those

of little or no linguistic interest, (3) all un-Latin inscriptions, for
instance CI. 183 and 194, (4) the Lex Acilia repetundarum and
the Lex agraria, though sorely against my will, for reasons given
on p. 69. That I have made everywhere the best possible selec-
tion, I am by no means sure. — The arrangement of the inscrip-
tions is
approximately chronological,
—
rather more so than in the

Corpus Inscriptionum,
—
but it was natural and convenient to
put like material together. And of course in a great many cases
the evidence on which monuments are assigned to this or that

period is presumptive merely. The Carmen Arvale and the

Columna rostrata are put last of all, for reasons which will be
apparent.
The book might reasonably have ended with Part I. But it
seemed a pity to ignore those few remains, of a legal and liturgi-
cal nature, which in their origin far antedate the earliest of our
inscriptions and the beginnings of literature, remains which, —
in spite of the modernizing process they have undergone, are
still in many ways hardly less instructive monuments than the
 PREFACE. V

inscriptions themselves. In Part II., therefore, the most note-

worthy of this material has been collected. Here of course only the
outward form and the diction, with now and then a grammatical
detail, can lay claim to antiquity. In these selections I have
followed the best editions, noting carefully the few changes I
have allowed myself. To have attempted at all to restore the
ancient grammatical forms would have been profitless, but I
have vu and uu, writing divom, morluom, and
silently corrected
the like, even against the tradition. Occasion has been here
taken to illustrate somewhat fully the nature of the oldest Roman
poetry, according to the principles first laid down by Westphal.
It is hoped that this feature, which is quite new, may not be un-
welcome. — All literary matter, it will be observed, has been
excluded. was no part of my plan to edit the fragments of
It

Naevius, Ennius, and other early poets. If even the most read-

able of these had been added, the book would have become
much larger, without, as it seemed to me, a corresponding in-
crease in usefulness. Possibly at some time hereafter it may
seem best to embody some of these fragments in a separate vol-
ume similar to this.
The commentary touches mainly on matters of language. It
was not my intention to make the selections the vehicle of syste-
matic instruction in Roman antiquities or law ; only such points
as came up I have tried to explain enough to make a fair under-

standing of the text possible. Especially in matters of law

the

interpretations had to be strictly exoteric they are not such;

as
a jurist would need, but I hope that for untechnical statements
they are fairly accurate. Being myself an ISiurriq in this depart-
ment, Icould not have attempted more, had it been desirable.
The foundation of the notes in the inscriptional part is, as a
matter of course, Mommsen's commentary in the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum. And a good deal of aid, first and last, has been derived,
in both parts, from Wordsworth's book mentioned above, in —
the main a thorough and painstaking work, despite occasional
These special sources must be acknowledged. But
lapses.
there was of opportunity to supply new remarks and illus-
plenty
trations. In grammar, Corssen's works have been laid most

frequently under contribution.

Vi REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

In the Introduction, in spite of the temptation to expand it into

a treatise on Latin grammar, have only registered such leading
I

facts as seemed essential to an intelligent reading of the selec-

tions. It is
suggested that students learn carefully this introduc-
tory part before proceeding to the body of the work.
Several friends have helped me with advice here and there.
I am under the
But greatest obligations to Professor Lane of
Harvard University. He has taken the warmest interest in the
work, and besides lending me books, has read and criticised the
I am sure that there is not a page of
proof-sheets of the whole.
the book but is the better for some correction or addition sug-
I am also
gested by him and even this is saying too little.
;

indebted, for aid on points of law, to Professor Gurney of Harvard

University and Mr. A. S. Wheeler of this college, both of whom
have examined parts of my proof-sheets. To all these I desire
to express my hearty thanks.
Thus much in explanation of the plan of the work, and of what

is — aswell as what is not in it.—The making of the little

volume has not been altogether an easy task, and I cannot doubt
that it has many defects I
only hope that they are not so serious
;

as to impair altogether usefulness. I shall be

its very grateful to
any one who will point out errors or propose improvements.

F. D. A.
New Haven, November, 1879.
 CONTENTS,
PAGB.
INTRODUCTION 3
Chief Phonetic Peculiarities of Early Latin 5
Chief Peculiarities of Early Latin Inflexion 8

The Saturnian Verse 12

PART I. INSCRIPTIONS.
Oldest Coins (n. 1-18) 15

Inscriptions on Cups, Mirrors, and the like (n. 19-45) ... 16

Pisaurian Dedications (n. 46-57) 19

Several Smaller Inscriptions, presumably older than the second

Punic war (n. 58-73) 20

Epitaphs of the Scipios (n. 74-79) 22

Law of Luceria about a Sacred Grove (n. 80) 26

Decree of L. Aemilius Paullus (n. 81) 27

Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus (n. 82) 28

Smaller Inscriptions, from the second Punic war to about the

Gracchan period 83-97) 32
Dedicatory Inscriptions of
(n.

Mummius (n. 98, 99) .... 34

Milestone of Popilius (n. 100) 35

Boundary-stones (Termini) (n. 101, 102) 36

Tabula Bantina (n. 103) 37
Decision of the Minucii between the Genuates and their tribu-
taries (n. 104) 41
Senatus Consultum de Tiburtibus (n. 105) 48
Lex Cornelia de XX quaestoribus (n. 106) 49

Inscriptions of Campanian magistri pagorum (n. 107-109) . .

5*

vii
vill CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Several Dedicatory Inscriptions, of the time of the Gracchi or later

(n. 110-116) 56
Several Public Inscriptions, of about the same period (n. 117-123) 58
Sepulchral Urns (n. 124-135) 60
Epitaphs, dating from about the Gracchan period on (136-148) . 61

Song of the Arval Brothers (n. 149) 65

Columna Rostrata (n. 150) 67
Lex Acilia repetundarum and Lex agraria, brief notice (n. 151,

152) 69

PART II. OLDEST REMAINS FROM LITERARY SOURCES.

Old Prayers from Cato de re rustica (n. 153-156) .... 70
Fragments of the Carmina Saliaria (n. 157) 74
Formulae of Calatio (n. 158) 75
Form of a Devotio (n. 159) . . 76
Formulae of the Fetiales (n. 160-162) 77
Form of proposing a Ver Sacrum (n. 163) 80
Form of Adrogatio (n. 164) 81
' '

Fragments of the Leges Regiae (n. 165-173) 81

Fragments of the Laws of the Twelve Tables (n. 174-207) . .

84
Lex Silia de ponderibus publicis (n. 208) 93
Proverbs and Saws (n. 209-216) 93
Verses from old Triumphal Inscriptions (n. 217-220) . . .95
Index 97
Key to the Inscriptions 105
REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.
 INTRODUCTION.

1. Early Latin we usually mean the language spoken

By
at Rome down to about the time of the first civil war, —
say 672/82,
—
that is, to the beginning of the Ciceronian

period. Of this earlier Latinity we possess, on the whole,

rather scanty remains.

2. Through literary channels nothing has reached us in an

entire condition except the plays of Plautus and Terence,
twenty-six in number, and the short prose treatise of Cato
de re rustica. Of other poets —
Naevius, Ennius, Lucilius,
etc. — we have a good many fragments; of prose writers
much fewer. From a time anterior to the beginning of liter-
ature, there have been preserved to us a very few prayers,
laws, and other formulae most of this material will be found
;

in Part II. of this book. But all these remains, transmitted

to us as they have been
indirectly through many hands,
have unfortunately been more or less modernized, so that
from them alone we could gain but an imperfect idea of
the early language.

3. It is the Inscriptions of this period which afford us the

surestmeans of acquainting ourselves with the Latin lan-
guage in its earlier stages. These alone give certain testi-
mony as to the forms of speech of the time when they were
3
4 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

written. Of late years there has been greatly increased

activity in collecting and studying Latin inscriptions.

4. The recently awakened interest in the study of early Latin,

which has gone hand in hand with the historical or 'comparative'
study of language generally, received its first distinct impulse
from
Friedrich Ritschl (b. 1806, d. 1876), who besides his well-known
laborson Plautus, and numerous other contributions, published in
1862" Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta Epigraphica" a collection of
the earliest inscriptions with admirable fac-simile representations. All

inscriptions of the republican period are united,

with fuller commen-
" "
tary, in the first volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
(Berlin, 1863), edited by Theodor Mommsen. Among the many
others who have furthered these investigations, Wilhelm Corssen
(b. 1820, d. 1875) deserves special mention for his grammatical re-
"
searches, embodied
in the large work, Aussprache, Vokalismus und
Betonung der lateinischen Sprache" 2 vols. (2d edit., Leipzig, 1868-70),
and in two smaller books.

5. The Romans learned the art of writing and received the alpha-
at a time not to be exactly defined.
1
bet from the Greeks of Cumae,
The oldest extant inscriptions date from about 300 B.C., but writing is

certainly known to have been practised, though probably to a limited

extent, long before that period.

1 The Cumaeans used the old West-Greek alphabet differing in several

respects from the later Attic alphabet familiar to us. The Romans adopted
it without essential change, except that they rejected the signs for 0, %, <P,

<£) as useless for their language, and

altered the function of the sign
(© \J/

F. Thefirst Roman alphabet, of twenty-one signs, must have been (neglect-

ing minor differences in the form of a few letters),

—
ABC (=g) DEFZHIK(=<r)LMNOPQRSTVX,
the sign C
being used exclusively for the sound g, and always for theK
sound c. K went gradually out of use, and C was for a time used to
Then
designate both sounds, g and c. This being presently found inconvenient,
a new sign, G, a modification of C, was invented for the ^-sound, and re-
ceived its place in the alphabet after F, in place of Z, which had been mean-
while given up as needless. So arose the new Roman alphabet, also of
twenty-one letters,
—
ABC(=£)DEFG (=g) H K (seldom used) LMNOPQRSTVX.
I
 INTRODUCTION.

Chief Phonetic Peculiarities of Early Latin.

6.
Diphthong ai for later ae :
quaistor.
7. Diphthong oi for later o e :
foidus.
8. Diphthong oi (oe) for later u: oinos = units.
9. Diphthong ei preserved. This diphthong had an im-

portant place in the earliest Latin sound-system, but we find j

it subject to decay even in our oldest monuments of written (

Latin, passing sometimes into e, sometimes into i

; finally,

in the
'
classical
'

period, i became its fixed representative.

But meanwhile, after ei had assumed a simple sound, it
came in turn to in place of i in words where it
be used /

was not etymologically justified that is, where there never ;

had been a real diphthong pronounced.

Note i. The original ei seems first to have passed into a
simple^
sound intermediate between e and t, so that both e and I were likely to \
be substituted for it in writing. Later this half-way sound gradually I

settled down into i. Accordingly ei came to be looked on as a con-

j

venient graphical designation for the long z'-sound, and was written
>

indifferently for any i, very seldom for e.

Note We
thus distinguish two sorts of ei.
2. (i.) The genuine
which was once pronounced as such, so that the diphthongal
diphthong
spelling is etymologically justified.
This is the case for instance in
as deico {die-), feidus {fid-), like
root-syllables as strengthening of i,
leinu (kin-) ; and in the dative singular of the third declension, virtu-
tei; also in the nominative, dative, and ablative plural of the second
declension, virei, doneis (where it stands for still older oi), and
in the

dative and ablative plural of the first declension, vieis (where it stands
for older ai) ; pronouns heic and quei, in sei 'if';
so, too, in the
and
in other words. This genuine ei is found in the earliest inscriptions.
(2.) The spurious ei, never pronounced as a diphthong, but merely
written in place of i. It is unknown in the earlier inscriptions, but
on.
frequent from about the Gracchan period (620/134) Examples
are ameicus, audeire; the accusative plural and ablative singular of
/-stems, as omneis, fontei ; the infinitive passive,
as darei ; also the
6 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

genitive singular of the second declension, as populei /' and the perfect
indicative, fecei, posedeit. In tibei, sibei, ibei, ubei, nobeis, vobeis, utei,
the diphthongal spelling reaches further hack, and may be well founded,
though it is difficult to account for it
etymologically.

10. Diphthong ou, in place of later u :

douco, Louci?ia.
Note. This diphthong almost always a strengthening of u in root-
is

syllables douco (due-) as <pevyu (0wy-). The very oldest Latin would
;

appear to have had in some cases eu for this: see n. 157 a. Very
rarely ou appears as a mere graphical sign for u.

11. The earliest Latin is thus seen to have had a complete system
of six diphthongs, whose relations to the later vowel-system may be
thus exhibited :
—
EARLY LATIN. CLASSICAL.
ai ae.

«'__\ ei (e) 1.

ni / oe, it.

au au, 0.

eu eu.

ou \ ou ii.

12. o for later u : as consol, opos ; and (less frequently)

e for later 1 : as soledus, oppedum.

13. ov for later // : sovos (suos), pover (puer).

14. The studious avoidance of the successions uu and vu, by re-

taining older uo, vo (or by using c for qu), as servos, sequontur (or
secuniur), etc., is not peculiar to early Latin, but was the almost
unvarying usage until after the Augustan epoch. Rut the early Latin
avoided ii and ji no less carefully. The genitive singular of stems in
-io- is invariably contracted, consifi. The nominative, dative, and

1
Although there would seem at a very remote period to have been a
diphthong here, namely oi, yet the oldest monuments have uniformly *:
see notes on n. 82, 1. 7 (Latin i), and on n. 99, v. 4 (cogendei).
 INTRODUCTION. 7

ablative plural of the same, are very seldom contracted, but as a rule
are written -iei and -ieis; and just so perfects like petit appear always
as petiei, petieit, except when they are contracted, as obit for obiit. In
these cases, ei represents the sound midway between e and 1, not a

pure I. Such forms as ftlii, filits, petit are quite foreign to the lan-
guage of this period. The compounds of iacio avoid ji by dropping

/ .• abicio ; and stems in -jo- and -ja- make, for example, genitive Gat,
dative plural Pampas, Bats.

The absence of the aspirates, ch, th, ph. The older

15.

language had for them simple c, t, p. Even in Greek words,

' '

•/, 6, <p are represented by the simple smooth mute : Co-

rintus.

Note. The aspiration begins to creep in at a pretty early period

in isolated words :
triumpho (n. 98, 145 B.C.), pulcher (102 B.C.),
lumpha (n. 1 1
6).

16. Preservation of older s for later r only in isolated

:

forms anterior to our earliest inscriptions meliosem : =

meliorem.

The following peculiarities must be regarded as partly graphical.

8
17. Omission of final s : Corne/io . This occurs chiefly
in the very oldest inscriptions.
Note. Yet final s must have had for long afterwards a weak sound,
as it is sometimes neglected in versification
by all the pre-Augustan
poets.

18. Final t is rarely left off in the very oldest monuments : dede'.

19. Omission of final :

pocolo™. m
It had always in

Latin a slight and obscure sound, and is frequently neglected

in writing in the older inscriptions. Later say after 200
—
B.C. — it is much more constantly written.

20. Omission of n before •$ .•

cesor, cosol. In this situa-
tion n had only a slight sound, but it nasalized and length-
ened the preceding vowel.
8 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

The following are merely graphical peculiarities.

21. Double consonants were written single until after

200 B.C. ; eset, Marcelus ; and for more than a hundred

years later the usage is variable ; but it must not be inferred

that they were pronounced as single consonants.

22. Doubling of vowels to indicate their length : aara.

This was a temporary fashion, lasting from the time of the
Gracchi (134 B.C.) to about 75 B.C. The vowels i and o
are never doubled.

23. The use of q for c before vowel u :

pequnia ; and the
more frequent use of k.

24. The writing of xs for x, as saxsum, belongs mostly to

the Gracchan period.

25. Of the use of the sign C as g (see foot-note, p. 4), there are
but scanty traces on existing coins inscriptions, though we know
and
from ample testimony that in earlier times it was so employed; namely,
in the laws of the Twelve Tables. But soon after 300 B.C. the sign
G was already in use. It is perhaps needless to say that, in the abbre-
viationsC, Cn. (for Gains, Gnaeits), the sign C is this old g. There
were no such names as Caius, Cnaeus.

Chief Peculiarities of Early Latin Inflexion*

A-stems.

26. Nominative singular with long -a :

fania.

27. Genitive singular in -ai (uncontracted) :

aqual.

28. Genitive singular in -as : terras.

29. Genitive singular in -ais (-aes) :

Prosepnais ; in inscriptions
only.

30. Ablative singular in -ad :

praidad.
 INTRODUCTION. g

O-stems.

31. The endings -os and -om in nominative and accusa-

tive until shortly before the second Punic war — say about
520/234.
32. The endings -ios and -torn are
rarely shortened to -is and -im :

Clodis. These forms are provincial and plebeian.

33. Ablative singular in -od :

poplicod.
34. Nominative plural in -es, -eis, -Is :
vires, vireis.

35. Genitive plural in -om, um :

Romanom, socium.
Note. This is the older formation. It is not contracted from
-drum.

36. Neuter plural nominative inlong -a oppida. : So also

the i-, u-, and consonant-stems :
omnia, verbera.

Consonant and I-stems.

37. Genitive singular in -us, -es :

Venerus, Apolenes.

38. Ablative singular in -Id, and in -e :

airid, patre.
Note. Older -ed, for consonant-stems, is to be assumed, but is not
well attested. The ablative -d, in these and in other stems, disappeared

entirely soon after 200 B.C.

39. Nominative plural of i-stems rarely in -Is (or -eis). The accusa-
tive plural of the same in -Is (often spelt -eis) is, on the contrary, very
common.
40. The early poets have sometimes -bus long in dative and ab-
lative plural.

U-stems.

41. Genitive singular in -uos and -uis : senatuos.

42. Genitive singular in -I : senafi.

43. Ablative singular in -ud :

magistraiud.
IO REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

Forms of Pronouns.

44. The forms med, ted, sed, used as accusative as well

as ablative : inter sed.

45. Cienitives mis and tis rarely in poets.

46. Forms tovos, sovos, for tuos, suos : cp. 13.

47. eis, nom. sing. eeis, eis, nom. pi. (cp. 34.)
eiei, dat. sing. eieis, eeis, dat. abl. pi.

im, em, ace. sing. lbus, dat. abl. pi.

48. hec(for* heic)nom.sg. hone, ace. sing.

heic(e), loc. sing. heis(ce), hls(ce), nom. pi.

hoius, gen. sing. (cp. 34.)

hoic(e), dat. sing. hibus, dat. abl. pi.

49- Forms ollus or olle, etc., for Me.

50. Demonstrative stem so-, sa- : accusatives sum, sam, sos, sas.
From this stem sei-c, si-c is the locative.

51. quei, nom. sg. and pi. quoiei, quoi, dat. sing.

quoius, gen. sing. ques, nom. pi. (cp. 34).

Verbal Forms.

52. Final -at preserved long in

present indie, (formed by contraction) : versat (Ennius).

present subjunctive: mtgeat (Ter.).

imperfect indicative: ponebTit (Enn.). Also pluperfect
indicative, but no old examples.

53. Final -et preserved long in

hab'et (Plant.).
present indie, (formed by contraction)
:

also future indicative,

present subjunctive del (Plaut.)
: ;

but no sure examples,

imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive :

esset, fuisset (Enn.)
 INTRODUCTION. 1 1

54. Final -It preserved long in

present indicative of z'-conjugation (formed by contrac-

tion) : sat (Plaut.).
present subjunctive: sit, Z'e/lt (Plaut.).
future indicative :
er'it, vetiibit (Plaut.).

perfect indicative : see below, 57.

55. Long I in forms of perfect subjunctive and future

perfect indicative :
Juer'is, intulerit, venertmus, dederitis.

56. Infrequent and hard to explain is -it in the present indicative

of the third conjugation, as pomt (Enn.).

57. The perfect indicative is peculiar ; the following points

should be noted: (1.) Perfects in -it are invariably written
with -iei- in the inscriptions, so far back as our knowledge

goes peiiei, interieisti, redieit.

: For the reason, see above,
14. (2.) The third person singular of other perfects ends
in the oldest inscriptions in -et and -It indifferently ;
from the
Gracchan period on in -eit -It. and Its almost uniform

length (more stubborn than that of other final syllables in -/)

is attested by the poets. (3.) The third person plural has

throughout the forms with and without -nt side by side : see
note on n. 68.

58. Imperfect in -ibam for -iebam sclbam. The future in -bo

has a more extended use than in later Latin paribo, scibo. :

59. Shorter future perfect in -so and perfect subjunctive

in -sim faxo, capsim,
: occisit ; servassit, habessit.

60. Present subjunctives duim, duls, duit, duint,

'

'give ; edim, etc., ;

sim and velim.'
eat
'

like Sun occurs

in the older forms siem, sies, siet, sient ; and *ve/iem,
*duiem, *ediem, are likewise to be assumed.
Note. These are old optatives: (e)s-ie-m = i(p)-'n]-v; *du-ie-m =
6o4ti-v.
12 REMNANTS OF EARLY IJVTIN.

61. Present subjunctive-, duam, duas, etc.,

'

give '; fuam, fuaa,

etc., 'be.'

62. Imperative singular active in -t5d : esfod. Very rare.

63. Imperative singular middle in -mino :

praefamino =
praefator.

64. Infinitive passive and middle in -ier : darier.

The Saturnian Verse.

65. Saturnian is the name given by the Romans to that

form of verse most used by them in early times. It is an

indigenous Italic metre, and before the introduction of the
dactylic hexameter and other Greek metres, it received, at
the hands of Andronicus and Naevius, some slight degree
of literary culture.

Each verse consists of two tripodic series, separated

66.

by a caesura; both with trochaic close (ly),and the first

with anacrusis. The theses (ictus-syllables) are long, but
may be resolved into two shorts. The interior arses and the
anacrusis are either a long syllable, or a short, or two shorts ;
and the arsis before the last thesis of each series may be
suppressed. The scheme accordingly is :

W I W I / «-> \ I W
_
I I W I i
W \ I w
ww ww ww ww (ww,) ww I
ww ww ww \\jyj) WW •

For examples see n. 74-77, 98, in, 137, etc.

67. A secondary form has the first series catalectic, but

adds an anacrusis to the second. For an example, see n. 75

(/'),v. 1.

68.
Rarely tetrapodic series occur among the Saturnians.
They are longer than the above by one syllable an addi- —
tional thesis at the end. For an instance see n. 75 (/), v. 6.
 INTRODUCTION. 1
3

69. The Saturnian seems to be a development of a still older

and ruder Italic verse-form, in which the most ancient carmina were
conceived. Carmen means 'formula,' 'set form of words'; such in
the earliest times were always in some sort of verse, however rude.
This rhythmical character, before the art of writing was known, was
all thatgave such formulae any permanence, and preserved them from
constant change. Accordingly we find that not only the prayers and

proverbs, but the

laws —
or rather legal maxims —
of this period, and
the set forms of speech of political and religious life, are constantly
form of this earliest poetry we
spoken of as carmina. Of the outward
can form some idea from such specimens as n. 153 fig. It is based on
word-accent rather than on quantity, and is in this respect like English
verse. The theses (ictus-syllables) are not necessarily long, but the
accented syllable of every word, whether long or short, must stand as
thesis. For the rest the general rhythm is not unlike the Saturnian, but
the verse is more freely constructed, and syncopation (omission of the
arsis) is frequent. The rhythmical divisions correspond in
much more
general with divisions of the sense. Each half-verse has four, rather
than three, ictus ; but when, as is usual, the two last are brought to-
gether by syncopation, the
last does not receive much stress. See fur-

ther the note on n. 153.

 EXPLANATION OF SIGNS.

CI.: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. I., edidit Theod

Mommsen.
PLM. Ritschl's
: Priscae Latinitatis Monumenta,

Eph. Epigr. :
Ephemeris Epigraphica (supplement to the Corpus
Inscriptionum).

In the text :

Italics indicate additions by conjecture ;

in the inscriptions they

supply what has been broken off or effaced: as Covnelios.

Parentheses indicate the filling out of abbreviations : as pr(aetor).

Small final letters (as in omnem ) supply, for convenience in read-

ing, consonants which have been neglected in writing because of their
weak sound; see Introduction, 17-19. They are to be pronounced
either not at all, or very slightly.

In the notes: a prefixed asterisk signifies a hypothetical form : *</<?-

dant.

Dates are given thus :

520/234 ;
that is, 520 A.U.C. = 234 B.C.
14
 Part I.

INSCRIPTIONS.

Oldest Coins.
"
1 . Romanom or Romano" 1
.
9. Paistano
1

2 . Roma. 10. Benventod {obv.},

3. Corano™ or Korano™. Propom {rev.).

Aisernino
m
Coza or Cozano" 1
.
11. .
4.
12. Aisernio
m
5. Alba. .

6. Caleno ra . 13 Aisernino™ (rev.),

Volcanom (obv.).
7. Suesano™.
Tiano m
Suesanom 14. .
8. {reverse),
J 5- Caiatino
m.
Prboum {obverse),
{or Proboum, Probom). 16. Aquino™.
17 L. Pulio
9
L. f., C. Modio Cn. 9
f.

18 Se. Pos., P. Bab.

1-18 selected from CI. 1-27. Coins, chiefly of the fifth century a.u.c,
from Rome, Cora, Cosa, Alba, Cales, Suessa, Paestum, Beneventum, Aeser-
nia, Teanum, Caiatia, Aquinum. The city is mostly indicated by the gen-
tile name in the genitive plural; Romanom = J?omanorum (Introd. 35),
etc. But in 2 and 5 we have the city name in the nominative, and in 10 in
the ablative ('from Beneventum').— Whether in Coza, Cozano, we have
really the obsolete letter z, as most think, or merely a peculiar form of s
(Mommsen, Milnzwesen, p. 315), is uncertain. What Prboum, etc., in 8 —
and 10 means, is not clear. usually taken as probum, sterling," referring
It is
'

to the coin, but Mommsen disapproves this, not without reason. In 12, —
14, 16 we have
the obsolete gentiles Aesernius, Tianus, Aquinus instead of
the usual Aeserninus, Teanensis, Aquinas. Volcanom in 13 is accusative —
«S
16 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 19-28

Inscriptions on Cups, Mirror8, and the like.

19. Aecetiai pocolom. 23. Lavernai pocolom.

20. Belolai pocolom. 24. Saeturni pocolom.

21. Coerae pocolo"

1
.
25. Salutes pocolom.

22. Keri pocolom. 26. Volcani pocolom.

27. Aisclapi pococolom.

28. C. Ovio" Ouf(entina) fecit.

singular: cp. n. 42, and note.

—
In 17 and 18 (coins of Luceria) we have
the names of the duomviri who superintended the coining, in the nomina-
tive singular (Introd. 17). They are to be read Lucios Pullios Luci filios,
Gaios Modios Gnaivi filios ; Servios Postumios, Poplios (i.e., Publius) Bub-
bios. For Gnaivi = Gnaei, cp. 74 n. b.

10-45 = CI. 43-52, 54, 56-60, with additions from

Eph. Epigr. 5-24, and
Philologus, 37, p. 175. The vessels and works of art are mostly of Etruscan
origin, and date somewhere from 350-200 B.C. The Latin language was
rapidly spreading in Etruria. The pocola were sacred temple utensils each ;

bears the name of the which it belonged.

god to —
19. Aecetia is as it
were *Aequitia (= Aequitas), formed like iustitia, duritia, etc. c is for qu, :

and e is the o of stem aequo- not yet sunk quite into /. Whether in a geni-
tive like this we are to read -ai (Introd. 27), or contracted ai (= ae), cannot
be told. — 20.
Belola: probably dialectic for Bellona: the cup is orna-
mented with a head having snake-hair. —
21. A goddess Coera (= Cura 5 )

is not elsewhere known. —

22. Kerus means 'creator' (root as mcre-are),
and in the Salian Hymns (n. 157) Janus was called duonus cents' but it is '

by no means certain that Janus is meant here. —

23 Laverna (root as in
/"crum, airo-hav-etv) was a goddess who is said to have enjoyed the special
veneration of thieves. —
24. Saetumus is an old form of Satumus, but
the ae (or ae?) is hard to explain. The root is certainly sa-, sow.' Saturn '

was god of agriculture. —

25. Salutes: see Introd. 37. 27. Aisclapiua —
= 'AoK?.a.Tt6r }
without the help-vowel used in the ordinary form Aescula-
pius. The diphthong in this name receives its elucidation from the dialec-
tic Greek form AJ(TjAa7r/(.» on a bronze statuette (Ann. dell' inst. arch. 1834,

p. 223). pococolom of course only a blunder.

is —
28. On a bronze bust
of Medusa. Outcu/ma, sc. tribu. See Introd. 10. The designation of a
man's tribe is added in the ablative. The tribe L/ferttinawas formed 436/318.
N. 29-36.] INSCRIPTIONS ON CUPS, MIRRORS. ETC. 17

29. C. Pomponi Quir(ina) opos.

30. L. Canoleios L. f. fecit Calenos.
8
31. Retus Gabinio C. s. Calebus fecit.

9 9
32. C. Gabinio T. n. Caleno .

33. Eco C. Antonios.

34. Dindia Macolnia fileai dedit.

Novios Plautios med Romai fecid.

35. Castor. Pater Poumilionom.

36. Iovos. Apolo. Menerva. Diana. Iuno. Mercuris.

Leiber. Victoria. Mars. Fortuna.

— 29. On
bronze image of Jupiter. The tribe Quirina was added 513/241.
opos: see Introd. 12. —
30. On a patella found at Tarquinii. A similar
one found at Caere has an almost identical inscription. 31. One of three —
similar inscriptions on patellae. Retus, i.e., Rhetus. C. s. is probably Gai

servos, i.e., Gai liber/us. The slave Rhetus assumed at manumission his
master's (C. Gabinius) gentilician name. Calebus for Calibus by what is
probably a mere irregularity of spelling cp. n. 75 b. 104, :
; 1.
39.
—32. T. n.
= Titi nepos. —
33. Eco read ego; Introd. 25. Supply feci. This inscrip-
:

tion is on the cover of a well. —

34. Inscription of the famous Cista Ficoro-
niana, found at Praeneste, with admirable engraved designs. Dindia —
elsewhere a notnen gentilicium —
seems here a feminine praenomen. Ma-
colnia =
Magulnia. Probably the c is meant as g, and we should pro-
nounce Magclnia : Introd. 25. flleai and fecid are mere inaccuracies.
Novios must be thought of as a freedman of the Plautian gens, med is
accusative : Introd. 44. Romai : locative.
The following, from mirrors and cistae, are designations attached to the
figures of the drawings. They are meant to be Latin, but some are tinged
with foreign —
doubtless Etruscan peculiarities.
—
Indeed I have omitted
four of these, as quite too un-Latin but I cite from them a few forms;

which are instructive as showing how Greek names were Italicized in early
times: Aciles (Achilleus), Casentera (Casandra), Crisida (Chryseis), Teses
(Theseus) Ateleta (Atalanta), Felena (Helena: probably Velena, Fe?.eva,
,

F being used as in Etruscan), Acmemeno (Agamemnon), Lavis (Lais).

An Amazon is marked Oinumama, e. unimamma, i.
'
one-breasted.'—
35. Poumilionom = pumilionum. — 36. Iovos is a strange nomina-
tive. Menerva is the regular old Latin form : root as in mens. CI. 1457,
1 8 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N-37"4S

37. Castor. Amucos. Polouces.

38. Telis. Aiax. Alcumena.

39. Taseos. Luqorcos. Pilonicos, Tasei filios.

40. Marsuas. Painiscos. Vibis Pilipus cailavit.

41. Iuno. lovei. Hercele.

42. Venos. Diovem. Prosepnais.

43. Cupido. Venos. Vitoria. Rit.

44. Mirqurios. Alixentrom.

45. Oinomavos. Ario. Melerpanta.

1462. Mercuris Introd. 32.

: 37. —
Amycus (king in Amucos =
Bilhynia). Polouces =
Polluces (Plaut.) from tln^vSevK^g: ou repre-
—
sents £r. Later shortened to Pollux. 38. Telis is Thetis. Alcumena
= with a help-vowel, as always
'Afaiurpf7},
Plautus. — 39. Luqorcos in

= the Doric AvK&pyog of course to be read^. Pilonicos = $Mvei-

: c is

nor. — 40. Painiscos = YlavioKog, diminutive of tlav. The diphthong

issingular: but cp. n. 27. Vibis =
Vibios; Introd. 32. I'hilippus is a
freedman of the Vibian gens. Note nom. in -us. — 41. Iovei, dative, is
'

on a representation of an altar; so is a dedication, to Jove.' Hercele(s)

is, however, nominative. — 42. We have here three cases : nominative, ac-
cusative, and genitive. The accusative in works of art is to be explained
(according to by understanding vides. Cp. n. 13 and 44. The
Mommsen)
it is common on Grecian
genitive supposes imago or some such word :

vases. Diovem: see on n. 73. Prosepnais Introd. 29. There is a :

dispute regarding this form of genitive, some (Ritschl, Biicheler) maintain-

ing that it is a real ancient form (-a-ls
= Sanskr. -a-jas) which afterwards
survived the provincial -aes (see n. 145), others (Mommsen, Corssen)
in

regarding all these as spurious grecizing genitives, in imitation of those in

I incline to the former view. Prosepna without an r approaches
n.epae<p6vrl very closely, and lends much color to the opinion that the
name Proserpina is borrowed from the Greek, —
43. Vitoria is probably
Victoria. Rit(us), a figure personifying the marriage-rite. So Momm-
sen. — 44. Mirqurios = Men units. Alixentrom = Alexandrum. —
45. Oinomavos = (»/ 1 «//(/ h.. Ario — \ ,
,, a divine horse (II

ij 346). Melerpanta is Bellerophontes.

N. 46-57.] PISAURIAN DEDICATIONS. 19

Pisaurian Dedications.

46. Apolenei.

47. Cesula Atilia donu m dat Diane.

48. Feronia Sta. Tetio" dede'.

49. Iunone Re(ginae) matrona Pisaurese" dono m dedrot.

50. Matre Matuta dono m dedro matrona.

M'. Curia, Pola Livia deda.

51. Fide. 52. Iuno Loucina. 53. Iunone.

54. Lebro. 55. Dei(va) Marica. 56. Salute.

9
57. Deiv(es) Novesede . . . T. Popaio 8 Pop(li) f.

46-57. CI. 167 fig. At Pisaurum inUmbria, in a sacred grove. Date

about 500/254-552/202 (Mommsen). Their language is provincial, and
shows noteworthy phonetic corruptions. There is no final s, and most of the
diphthongs are destroyed. 47. Cesula — Caesulla, Diane Dianae := =
the diphthong ae has passed into e. —
48. Feronia is dative, with the final
ae clipped. Cp. n. 50, 55. For dede 1 see Introd. 18 and 57 (2). The
donor's name is Statius Tettius. Feronia was a goddess of spring and flow-
ers. — 49. Iunone, dative. The full ending ei, preserved in Apolenei (46),
is replaced by e here and in Matre, Iunone, Salute (50, 53,56) : see Introd. 9.
matrona is nom. plur. for matronal: the diphthong clipped as in the
dative, dedrot = ded{e)ro{n)t. In n. 50 we have the same form without
the t.
— 50. Matre Matuta, dative; matrona, nom. plur. Mater Ma-
tuta was an Italic dawn-goddess, who presided over childbirth. M' =
Mania, Pola = Paulla. Both are feminine praenomina. In early times
women had praenomina as well as men. In old sepulchral inscriptions of
Praeneste (CI. 74 fig.) we have Gaia, Lucia, Maria, and others. Cp. also
n. 34 and 47. deda is thought to be for *dedant, a perfect 3d plur. of a
primitive formation not elsewhere found ;
de-da-nt like
(tj)£-OTa-vTi, Eararn.
This is not certain. —
51. Fide, dative. — 52. Probably for Iuno(ne) Lou-
cina{i), dative. Iuno Lucina was goddess of childbirth. — 54. Lebro =
Leibero ; Introd. In CI. 183 (provincial) we have vecos for veicos, vicus.
9.
Liber was an Italic vintage-god, afterwards identified with Dionysos. —
55. Datives. Marica: probably identical with Fauna and Bona Dea.
See Hor. Od. iii. 17, 7. —
57. On the divi Novensides, see on n. 159. The
case seems here dat. plur., -es for -eis. Popaio 3 Poppaeus. =
20 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 58-66.

Several Smaller Inscriptions,

Presumably older than the second Punic war.

58. Appios consol.

59. P. Comelios L. f. coso/ proba?'//. Mar/<? sacrom.

60. Atilies Saranes C. M. f.

61. C. Placentios Her. f. Marte sacrom.

62. C. Placentius Her. f. Marte dorm" dede 1 1
.

63. M. Fourio"C.f. tribunos militare de praidad Maurte dedet.

8
64. M. Fourio C. f. tribunos militaxz de praidad Fortune
dedet.
8
65. ApoloiW . . Metilio . . .
magistere . . . coraveron/.
8
C. Anicio ,
L. S . .
prob&ueront.
8
66. L. Terentio L. f., C. Aprufenio 8 C. f., L. Turpilio 8 C. f.,
8
M. Albani(os) L. f., T. Munatio T. f. quaistores aire niol-
taticod dederont.

58. CI. 40. A fragment. Perhaps the earliest instance of a doubled con-
sonant. There were four Appii Claudii consuls in the 5th century a.u.c.
Mommsen calls attention to the omission oi Claudius, peculiar to this name.
Appius itself is treated like a gentile hence Via Appia, not / 'ia Claudia. :

59. CI. 41. Rome, cosol Introd. 20. Marte, dative: compare :

61, 62.
— 60. CI. 42. The ending -es in nom. pi. 2d decl.; Introd. 34.
C. M. f. read Gai et Marcifilies. " Praenominibus omissis significantur
:

"
quicumque descendunt a C. et M. Atiliis Sarranis (Mommsen). The sons
of two brothers had dedicated something. 61, 62. CI. 62. Tibur. —
Her. = Hen. Herius is an old praenomen. dede< as n. 48.
63, 64. CI. 63, 64. Tusculum, where there are several tomb-inscrip-
tions of the Furii, all with the spelling Four-. militare for militaris : s dis- —
appeared, and final short i passed into the duller vowel e, as in the neuter
mare, etc. — praidad Introd. 30. Maurte : Afar/1. —
Maurs from older =
Mavors. —Fortune, with e for ae, provincial cp. 47. :

65. CI. 73; Praeneste. Apolonei, with long 5as in Greek (' Att6?./.uvi) ,

again n. 72. This became first ? (n. 46, 68) and then 1, Apollini. magis- —
tere (-es?) nom. plur. Stem magistero- ; cp. magisteratus, n. 80. cOra- —
veront for coir- (= cur-) an unusual corruption. ;

66. CI. 181 Firmum in Picenum.

; quaistores: the local officers, of —
N. 67-73.] SEVERAL SMALLER INSCRIPTIONS. 21

8
67. Q. Ravelio
8
. .
f., P. Cominio P. f., L. Malio 8 C. f.,

quaistores senatu'" d consuluere. lei censuere aut sacrom

aut poublicom ese locom . . .

68. M. Mindios L. fi., P. Condetios Va. fi., aidiles vicesma" 1

parti™ Apolenes dederi.

69. ... misio Mar// M. Terebonio C. 9

1. donum dat libens
meritod.

70. . . . /;omo fameliai donom \ubens dat.

71. Specios Menervai donom ^oxtavit.

PI.

8 m
72. C. Hinoleio C. 1. Apolone dono ded<?/.

73. Iunone Loucinai Diovis castud facitud.

course: so also in the next. — aire : in a fragment of a similar inscription

(CI. 61) we have airid. Introd. 38. — moltaticod
Introd. 33 and 12. :

Aes multatlcum is money derived from fines.

67. CI. 185; Venusia. Decree of the (local) senate about a piece of
ground. Along with this goes a fragment of a similar decree, from which
locom is here supplied. —
Malio s i.e., Mallius, Manlius. senatu seems to
,
—
be accusative, but what the following d means (there is a space between) no
one knows. —
consuluere: we might expect co/isolue/e (cp. n. 82, i),and 1.

in the fragment just mentioned we have consoltu. poublicom the older — :

form is poplicus ; thence publicus, this being the earliest instance. This ou
must be merely a sign for u: it can hardly be a genuine diphthong. Introd.
10, note. Sacer and publicus are both opposed to privatus.
68. CI. 187. Va(lesi): from this praenomen Valesus) comes the gentile (

Valerius. parti m this older accusative was afterwards fixed as an adverb.

:

Apolenes, genitive 'properly belonging to Apollo.'

:
Compare the pars
Herculanea, note on n.99. dederi: irregularity for dedere. Observe the
gradual crumbling away, as it were, of this perfect 3d pi., dederont (dede-
runt), ded(e)rot, ded(e)ro, dedere, dederi.
— 69. CI. 190. -misio part of :

some unknown surname of Mars. C. 1. = Gai libertus. libens meritod :

a frequent dedicatory formula '

gives freely in return for benefits received.'

;

— 70. CI. 166. tomo (so Mommsen) here servos or libertus. If this =
is right, the names
preceded 'Eros Marci homo 'or something similar. The
;

freed slave left a gift for the household. The inscription is on a vase. In
fameliai we have a transitional form between familia and the original
form * famol-ia (from famolus).
71. CI. 191. Pl(tiufus) as praenomen. Menervai: see on 36.
portaz/i/ (' brought ') for dedit is singular, but seems certain. — 72. PLM.
 22 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 74.

Epitaphs of tin- Scipios. ,

4\jLi>^~.

74. ((i.) L. Conic/io* Cn. f.

Scipio

(/;.) Cornelius Lucius Scipi6 Barbatus z.'

Gnaiv6d patre prognatu>, fortis vir sapiensque,

quoius forma virtu parisuma fuit,

Vt/\^->^ ^^ — tjji

*c,ons6l censt')r aidilis qtuji fuit apud vos,

1 1
Taurasia" Cisauna" S.'uuuio cepit,

subigit omnP L,qucanam 6psid6sque abdoucit.

Suppl. iii. p. 1 ;
Cales. Apolone :
cp. n. 65.
— 73. PLM. Suppl. ii.
p. 12.
The meaning is uncertain, castud facitud seems best taken, with Ritschl,
as ablative absolute, facitud being perhaps dialectic for factod. Castus is a
season of fasting. Diovis is the older form of lovis : see n. 42 and 96 Diove :

also occurs in a fragment, CI. 188. Compare Zfi'C, for * A/fir/. It does not

appear whether Diovis belongs with the following or preceding words.

Iunone Loucinai is, of course, dative.
IA>
74. CI. This and the following epitaphs were found in the fam-
29, 30.

ily tomb
of the Scipios, near the Appian Way, outside the ancient Porta

Capena, where excavations were made in the 17th and 18th centuries. They
are preserved in the Vatican Museum. —
Inscription a is J^micJ only, on
the upper margin of a sarcophagus; b is cu jon the side of the same. The
latter is in its forms (nom. in -us) less archaic than the former, or even than
the next epitaph — that of the son. Hence it is all but certain that
only the
painted inscription dates from the time of the burial, and that the other was
cut agood many years (at least 50) later. The subject of the epitaph, the
great-grandfather of Scipio Africanus the elder, was consul 456/298, and cen-
sor 464/290. The campaign mentioned took place during his consulship,
in the third Samnite war.

For the Saturnian metre of this and the three following epitaphs, see
Introd. 65 fig.
— Lucius: the praenomen is put after the nomen, for

metrical convenience. Lucius apparently, with long i ; so also in the next

epitaph. This would seem to have been the earlier pronunciation. Ob-
serve that we do not have * Loucius, though we might expect it, as the root
is the same as in Loucina, Loucetius (namely, luc-,
'

shine'), and the Oscan

has Luvkis. — Gnaivod = Gnaeo. The name Gnaivos — Gnaeus
later —
is t! as {g)nar, m >,' 'birth-mark' : from it comes Naevius. —
patre with long e; Introd. 38.
:
—
forma: long a in the nominative;
Introd. 26. So also parisuma =
parissima. The above scansion of this
line seems to me the only right one parlssuma has the i short, not because
:
 N.7S-] EPITAPHS OF THE SCIPIOS. 23

9
75. (a.) L. Cornelio L. f.
Scipio, aidiles cqsol cesor.

(l>.) Hone oino

111

ploirume' cose nti6n t 'Kojndne

duon6ro m 6ptum6 m false vir6
m virdrd*.
y
c£ cU xtCi t

Luciom m Fili6s Barbati,

j—, Scipi6ne .

cons61 cens6r aidilis hie fu6$ &pud vos ;

hec c£pit C6rsica m m m
Aleriaque urbe ,

ded£t Tempestatebus m
aide mereto*/ votam

one s is written, for that is merely graphical, but by the now well-known
'

Plautinian usage which allows a long syllable to be used as short in certain

positions; namely, (1) when it follows a short ictus-syllable (6

— w v^), =
and (2) when it stands between a preceding short syllable and a following
ictus (w— — =^vy— ). It is true that an interior syllable of a word is
seldom affected way, but cp. siniillumae, Asin. 241 dedisse. Pseud.
in this ;

990.
—
fuit. (v. 3) with long «,• not infrequent in old Latin (Plautus, En-

nius).
—
censor: the original quantity, as in censoris. fuit (v. 4): see —
"Introd. 57 (2). —
Taurasia and Cisauna are towns in Samnium the for- ;

mer referred to by Livy, xl. 38, the latter quite unknown. Samnio Ritschl
;
takes as accusative, but Mommsen as ablative, saying, not without force,
that it is strange to mention two unimportant places and then say that he
took the whole country. As ablative it would mean ex Samnio partitively,
rather than in Samnio ; but we miss the final d (cp. Gnaivod). subigit — :

4_aj, Introd. 56. Yet we might read terram) for

subig'it.
— Loucanam (sc.
Lucaniam. —
opsides ob appears as op regularly in early Latin in com-
:

position before a surd consonant. Not assimilation op is the older form :

;

Oscan op, Umbrian up, Greek km. — abdoucit : Introd. 10, note. Observe
the change of tense cepit, subigit, abdoucit.
:

75. CI. 31, 32. Inscription a is painted, b is cut. One slab is missing,
so some of the verses are incomplete the supplements are Ritschl's (except
:

that of v. 1).
). This Scipio, son of the preceding, was consul 495/259 and
fought in the first Punic war, and was censor 496/258. aidiles a nomi- — :

native like nubis, volpes, canes (Plaut.) these were more numerous in early
:

But see the usual form below in b, v. 4. — cosol, cesor Introd. 20.
"
times. :

•p So cosentiont below. — Hone oino m ploirume = hunc unum pturimi.

Introd. 48 and 8. The e in ploirume is for ei, Introd. 9. duonoro m — :

duonus and duellum are the older forms of bonus, bellum. On the form of
these first two verses see Introd. 67. —
Luciom as in n. 74. —hie, but in
the next verse hec: both stand for heic ; Introd. 9 and 48. fuet like —
dedet, etc.;Introd. 57 (2). —
cepit Corsica™ : during his consulship.
Aleria being the principal town of Corsica, its capture deserves separate

1 A~X
I
 -

7*7

24 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 76.

m 1

76. Quei dpice insigne" Dili's y?aminis gesistei,

mors perft.v/7 tua ut £ss£nt 6mnia breVia,
honus_ fama virtusque gl6ria atque ing^nium :

quibus sei in 16nga licu/s^t tibe uti</r vita,

facile facteissuperases gl6riam mai6rum.

lubens te in
m
Quare" gr£miu Scipi6, r£cip/t ,

terra, Publi, prognatum Publio, Cornell.

mention. I think this verse complete on the stone. The only trouble is
with the scanning Alerni (' \'/ti<m, Ptolemy). But can Ptolemy's spelling
be final proof of the pronunciation at Rome of a foreign name more than
three centuries earlier ?" Moreover even the short e might perhaps be de-
fended here see on v. 4 of the next epitaph. The hiatus -que urb- is quite
:

admissible in this kind of poetry see v. 2, duonoro™ opt-. Ritschl added :

pugnandod, scanning the verse without any dividing caesura.

— dedet
Temp. : for the tetrapodic half-verse see Introd. 68. ebus for -ibus is

only an irregularity. This temple of the Tempestates (weather divinities)

stood near the Porta Capena: it was vowed at a time when the fleet was
near being shipwrecked Ovid, Fast. vi. 193. merStOrt': older for merito
:
—
(Introd. 12), not infrequent.
76. CI. 33. Probably the son of Scipio Africanus major, and the adop-
tive father of Africanus minor. His infirm health is mentioned by Cicero,
Cat. maj. xi., and elsewhere. Mommsen puts his life about 550/204-590/164.
Evidences of a later date, as compared with the two foregoing epitaphs,
are: esseut with doubled s, ablative without d (tonga, vita, Publio), utier
not oilier. apice —the fiamen Dialis, chief priest of Jupiter, wore an
11 '
:

apex or wooden spike on his cap. insignS"1 the omitted m does not — :

count in scanning: this is unusual. omnia: Introd. 36. brSvia: the — —

penultimate long syllable of the Saturnian series is particularly often re-
solved : so ingeinum gre?ntum,recipit below.
,
— fama, nominative. Introd.
26: so again terra below. —
quibus, etc. This verse, as usually scanned,
lacks the caesura between the series. I suspect, however, that the true

division is quibus sei in longd licuiset tibe utier vita.

: It seems namely

from several instances as if an accented short syllable might stand instead

of a long one as thesis (ictus-syllable) at the head of the second member.

Cp. n. 98, v. 3, 158, 209, 214. If this be so, it is a survival of the older Italic
accent- versification : Introd. 69. — sei : the diphthong justified Oscan svai,
:

Greek (<7F)f/.
— tibe for tibei : Introd. 9, note 2. —
utier: Introd. 64. For
the scansion utier vi- see note on parisuma, n. 74, v. 3, and compare pater
vtnit, Terence Phorm. 601.
—
facile, not faciled: see on facilumed, n. 82,
1. 27.
— facteis : Introd. 9, note 2. — Scipio, Publi, Oorneli are vocatives,

,
 N. 77.78.] EPITAPHS OF THE SCIPIOS. 25

77. L. Cornelius Cn. f. Cn. n. Scipio.

Magna™ sapientia™ multasque virtutes

^
aetate qu6m parva p6sidet hoc saxsum :

v^oX* quoiei vita defecit n6n hon6s hon6re m .

Is hie situs quei nunquam victus est virtutei. *^*

Annos gnatiis viginti is Weis mandatus :

ne quairatis hon6re m quei minus sit mandates.

78. L. Corneli(us) L. f. P. n. Scipio, quaist(or), trib(unus)

mil(itaris), annos gnatus XXXIII mortuos. Pater regem

Antioco"^ subegit. o^Ai-ve^T

but prognatum looks back to te. Altogether they represent the full name
of the deceased, P. Cornelius P.f. Scipio.
77. CI. 34. An unknown Scipio. Judging by annos (double »), sit
(not siet) and the lack of ablative -a\ it cannot be very old ; and
probably
is not far from the age of n. 76. Cn. n. —
Gnaei nepos. = — quom the is

preposition cum. The form occurs repeatedly in inscriptions for instance ;

in a fragment, CI. 532 and oina quom;

=
una cum in the Lex agraria, CI.
200J.21. —
posidet: Introd. 53. —
saxsum: Introd. 24. quoiei: In- —
trod, 51 :
again in Lex CI. 198, and Lex agrar., CI. 200. The pro-
repet.,
noun refers to the person implied in the preceding lines. vita: again a —
in nominative. —
honos honore™ there is a play on the different mean-
:

ings oihonos; 'in whose case life, not repute, fell short of preferment'; that
is,he did not live long enough to hold any office. hie might have been —
heic (i.e., *ho-i-c(e), locative from stem ho-). virtutei is ablative, for —
virtuti: the ei^
is the spurious diphthong : Introd. 9, Note 2. Stems in -tiit-
were originally /-stems. — loceis: Mommsen's conjecture; 'resting-place,'
'
tomb.' Ritschl conjectured Diteist, i.e., Ditei est, but this does not accord
so well with the indications of the stone. Other suggestions have been
made. — ne quairatis,
'

ask not what office he held, since none was

etc. :

intrusted to him.' quairatis seems to be the scanning intended, but in spite

of this indication (which is quite isolated) it is extremely doubtful whether
the personal ending -tis was ever really long. —
minus sit : Introd. 17, note.
78. CI. 35. Nephew of Africanus major: quaestor 587/167, mentioned
by Livy, xlv. 44.— Pater: Scipio Asiaticus, or Asiagenus, defeated Anti-
ochus 564/190. —
Antiocom: Introd. 15. The date of this inscription —
cannot be far from 594/160.
 26 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 79, 8a

yg. Cn. Cornelius Cn. f.

Scipio Hispanus, pr(aetor), aid(ilis)
t^*>
mil(itaris) II, Xvir ljiti :
s
cur(ulis), q(uaestor), tr(ibunus)
bus) iudik(andis), Xvir sacr£is) fac(iundis). •***/;

Virtutes generis migjf moribus accumulavi,

progeniem genui, facta patris petiej :

maiorum optenuj laudem ut sibei me esse creatum

laetenturT stirpem nobilitavit honor.

Law of Luceria about a Sacred Grrove.

So. In hoce loiicayd, stircus ne qias fundatJ4> neve cadaver

proiecitad, neve parentatisl. Sei quis arvarsujll hac faxjt, in

ium quis volet pro ioudicatod n(umum) I manum iniect/o
estod. Seive mag/steratus volet mdtare, //cetod^

79. CI. first Scipio Hispallus, or Hispanus as it is here

Son of the
38.
called, who was cousin to Africanus major. His piaetorship was in
first

615/139.
—
II: probably iter urn, twice.'
'
—
Xvir, etc.: the decemviri sliti-
bus iudicandis, called earlier indices decemviri, were magistrates whose exact
functions are understood, but they had to act as judges in certain
little

cases. Slis are older forms of lis. The decemviri (later qum-
and stlis

decimviri) sacris faciundis had the care of the Sibylline

books. The —
verses are elegiac. —
mieis (pronounced here mjeis) meis : the e of me- =
sinks to i before e, to avoid the succession e-e. So iei, ieis (but el, eis). The
vocative ml is contracted ixom* mie. These dissimilations show that ei

was not yet pronounced as /, at least in this situation. — progeniem

genui: the stone has progoiie mi genui, but I think, with Ritschl, that the
i is simply "alicui casui vel errori tribuenda." petiei, 'have striven to —
equal,' emulated.' On the spelling, Introd. 57.
'

optenui see on opsides, — :

n. 74, v. 6. — sibei must be scanned s'ibi. It is merely the retention of the

former spelling after the later pronunciation had set in. Cp. tibei, n. 99,

v. i. — honor:but honos in n. 76 and 77. The meaning is: 'the offices I

held increased the family renown."

80. Eph. Epigr. 2, 198. Found at Luceria in Apulia. The Latin is pro-
vincial. — hoce: see on hui,r, n. 82, 1.22. —
loucarid. : ablative of lucar,

which has here the meaning of lucus. — stircus = stercus. — fundatid. is

for Introd. 62), imperative of fundcire, which

oddly enough is
fundato(d) (

used in the sense of fundere. The imperative ending -ton appears in this
 N.8i.] DECREE OF L. AEMILIUS PAULLUS. 27

CU%
Decree of L. Aemilius Paullus.

81. L. Aimilius L. f.
inpeirator decreivit utei quei Hastensium
servei in tuffi Lascutana habitarent leiberei essent. Agrum
^
lsJJ
oppidumqu(e) quod ea tempestate posedjsent item poss i-
dere habereque iousit, dum poplus senatusque Romanus
vellet. Act(um) in castreis a. d. XII k(al). Febr.
= m^ *^JU^jJM
Iq
a *
t

inscription in three forms, (1) -tod in estod, licetod, (2) -tad in proiecitad,
(3) -fid in fundat'id, parentatid, i.e., apparently in the first conjugation. The
last two forms are otherwise unheard of. — proiecitad =proic ito. The
compounds of iacio had in old Latin sometimes -iecio, in place of the
classical -icio. So conieciant, CI. 198, 1. 50 (Lex repet.).
— parentatid =
parentato. Parentatio would defile the grove, because it had to do with the
dead. — = —
arvorsu™ adv orsum. hac perhaps neut. plur. see on post : :

hac, n. 82, 1. 13. Or possibly ablative sing, feminine see on arvorsum ead, :

n. 82, 1. 25. —
faxit Introd. 59.
: ium eum. quis — quisquis, an
= — =
Cp. n. 175 and 208. The antecedent ei is understood.
'

ancient use. Let

any one who chooses lay hands on him, as for a judgment rendered of . . .

sesterces.' — manum iniectio the right of seizing the person to compel

:

payment of money due :

cp. n. 179. For manum (contracted from manuom,
gen. plur.) cp. passum, Plaut. Men. 178. pro — ioudicatod :
i.e., as if a
claim had been adjudged by a magistrate. — numum I : Mommsen con-
'

jectures L, i.e.,
'

sestertium quiquaginta milia ; Bruns CIJ, '

sestertium
mille.' — magisteratus cp. 65. More original form, with comparative
: n.

suffix -ter-.— moltare = multare cp. n. 66. :

81. CI. 5041. Hasta (elsewhere Asta), n ear Gades.

in Spa in bronze :

plate, found 1867. The maker famous Aemilius Paullus,

of the decree is the
afterwards Macedonicus the date 565/189. Note the doubled consonants
;

and ablatives without if. —

inpeirator is simply a blunder, as ei has no
business to stand for a short e ; decreivit is less strange Introd. 9, note 1, :

end. There was a late Latin form decrivit, utei: Introd. 9, note 2. — —
servei the turris Lascutana is a castellum, or outlying dependent com-
:

munity, composed of slaves of the Hastenses. They had probably done

the Roman general some service against their masters. leiberei: the —
oldest form had oi (loebesum = liberum in Festus) ;
leiber is frequent.
—
iousit = iussit. The spelling with single s (even iusit) is very persistent
in this perfect. — dura: 'as long as.' — poplus: from this shorter form
(also Plautinian) come poplicus, Popli-cola, Poplius (Publius), Observe —
that in poplus senatusque the usual order of the words is reversed.
 28 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 82.

Senatus Consultum de Baahtnutlibus.

82. <9. Marcius L. f., S. Postumius L. f. cos. senatum cqn-

soHjerunt n(onis) Octob. apud aedem Du elon ai. Sc(ribendo)

ajf(uerunt) M. Claudi(us) M. f., L. Valerius P. f., Q. Minu-|
ci(us) C. f. .

De bacanalibus. quej fojderatei esent, ita exdeicendum

V^|
nsuere.
xJ^u^ K l++~^~~**^)
r. Nejquis eorum ^acanal habuise velet
1
sei ques esent, :

fyv*^ quei sibd deicerent n ecesu s ese bacanal habere, geis utei ad
"7""
•
5*^
82. CI. 196. S.C. de Bacchanalibus. found 1640 at
Bronze plate,
Tiriolo in Bruttii ;
now in Vienna. In 568/186 a secret orgiastic worship of
Bacchus had established itself at Rome and spread to many parts of Italy.

The excesses committed at these nocturnal assemblies were so frightful, and

the secret organizations of the initiated became so powerful, that not only
public morality but the very state itself seemed endangered. For particu-
lars see Livy, xxxix. 8, fig. The senate passed a stringent decree for the

suppression of these rites. This decree was communicated

to the allied

states of Italy, and the above inscription is a letter from the consuls, em-

bodying the substance of it, sent into the

'

ager Teumnus' in Bruttii, and

there cut, according to directions (line 26), on a tabola ahena.' This im- '
—
portant and instructive monument is more archaic
than the foregoing inscrip-
tion (n. 81), which is In public documents old-fashioned
three years earlier.
forms would naturally be adhered There are no doubled consonants,
to.

and the ablative d appears everywhere at and qi are used throughout:

(except aedem, 1. 1). But on the other hand we have -us, -urn, not -on, -om.
Lines 1-4. S. =
.S/>// rim;
COS. consulcs. = Duelonai Bellonae : — =
see on duonoro, n. 75. —
&c{ribendo) &rt(ttern>if) decrees of the senate :

were reduced to writing after, not before, they were passed and a commit- ;

tee of senators remained after adjournment to see that they were correctly
written down. These were said scribendo adesse. arfuerunt adfue-
— =
runt : the preposition has the same form as in ar-biter. Cp. arversum,
ar/uise, 1. 24, 25.
—
quei foideratei esent supply as antecedent eis. :

'

Regarding the Bacchanalia it was resolved to give the following directions

to those who are in alliance with us.' — exdeicendum = cdicen dum. —
Neiquis :the particle ne appears in early inscriptions in three forms, ne,

nei, ni (the last retained in nt-mirum).

—
habuise : for the tense see Allen
andGreenough's Grammar, 288 d, Remark ; Gildersleeve's Grammar, 275, 2.
 N.82.] SENATUS CONSULTUM DE BACCHANALIBUS. 29

s pr(aetorem) urbanum Romam venirent, deque eeis rebus,

ubei eorum ver/;a audita esent, utei senatus noster decerneret,

dum ne minus se natorbu s C adesent quotn ea, res cosple-

retur. Bacas vir nequis adiese velet cejvi s Romanus neve'
n ominu s Latini neve solium quisquam, nisei pr(aetorem)
\+~l
urbanum adiesent, isque senatuos sententiad, dum
ite
(naj
minus senatoribus C adesent quom ea res cosoleretur,
iousisd:. Ce;/suere.
10 Sacerdos nequis vir eset ; magister neque vir neque mulier
quisquam eset ; neve pecuniam quisquam eorum co, moin e;«

— ques: nom.plur.; so eeis, just below. Introd. 47,51. n^cesus (not — 1

-

elsewhere found) is clearly used her e as neuter, but seems to have been
originally a nominative masculine, which having lost its other cases, was
no longer felt as such :necessum (Plaut.) is the neuter to it.
Lines 5-9. senatorbus only a blunder, as senatoribus stands 1. 9
:

and 18. — Bacas = Bacchas. These rites belonged properly to women

only the admission of men to participation in them had been the chief
:

source of lawlessness. Liv. xxxix. 13. adiese adlisse : and so adi- — =

esent = adiissent, just
below, and adieset, 1. 17. As to the nature of
these forms, Corssen thinks them actual dissimilations to avoid the succes-
sion i-i. But those who think the pluperfect subjunctive and perfect infini-
tive compounded with essem and esse respectively (as the pluperfect indica-
tive is with eram : see Allen and Greenough, 118, foot-note) will find in them
rather the retention of an older sound :
cp. Introd. 14.
— nominus : Introd.

37.
— Latini (cp. urbani, I.21): the genitive singular has simple whereas
-I,

the nominative plural (virei, oinuorsei, 1. 19, 20) has -ei. This is the
usage of the older monuments cp. n. 24, 26, 27, etc., and Barbati, n. 75.
:

Not until later does -ei in genitive appear; see n. 99, 1. 4. The nomen
Latinum comprised at this time those cities of Latium which enjoyed a
sort of half citizenship, and were so intermediaie between cives and —
socii.

socium: gen. plur. : Introd. 35. — senatuos: Introd. 41. — iousiset :

'shall have given leave.' —

Censuere 'Carried.' :

Lines 10-14. nequis vir that is, women only can hold this priest-
:

hood. —
magister: an officer (not a priest) to manage the temporal affairs
of the organization. So magistratum below no one shall appoint either :
'

man or woman to be master nor to act as master.' The guilds are to be

entirely broken up : hence the prohibition to have pecunia comoinis. —
comoinem = communem : Introd. 8. — quiquam = quisquam. — post
 30 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N.Sa

//abuise ve/et ; neve magistratum neve pro magistrate

neque virum neque mu/ierem quiquam fecise velet; neve

post hac inter sed onuiu.ra.vc neve comvovisc neve con- <

spondise neve conpromesise velet, neve quisquam fidem

in-

15 ter sed dedise velet sacra in f'quoltpd ne quisquam fecise ; _

l

velet; neve in poplicod neve in prj f^neve exstrad^.

urbem sacra quisquam fecise velet, nisei pr(aetorem) urba-
nnm adieset. isque de senatuos sentential,
dum^ne^minus
senatoribus C adesent quom ea res cosoleretur, iousisrt.
Censuere.
Homines pious V
oinuorsej. virgj atque mulieres sacra ne

quisquam fecise velet, neve* inter ibei virei plius duobus,

*H+ mulieribus pious tribus ar/uise velent, nisej. de pr(aetoris)
urbani senatuosque sententiad, utei sirprajj scriptum est.'

Haice utej in coventionig! exdejeatis ne minus trinum %**^\ ^

tL4V»v*»~<
hac usually written posthac. As in ante hac, hac is probably the old neuter
:

plural for haec.

—
inter sed: Introd. 44. comvovise: com- before^ is —
singular; but compare comvalem, n. 104, 1. 8. — conpromesise = com-
promisisse. The
oldest perfect of mitto seems to be meissi {promeisserit,
CI. 205) so e here is probably for ei.
;

Lines 15-19. oquoltod = occulta. poplicod =publico. exstrad — — :

again 1. 28; cp. suprad, 21, 24, 29. The adverbs ext(e)ra, int{e)ra, su-
1.

p(e)r'i, inf[e)r7i are ablatives feminine. iousiset here and I.9 the plate — :

reads ioiisisent,
— ,\ blunder. — Homines is awkwardly put in a sort of
'that no one in a company of more than five per-
apposition to quisquam :

sons altogether, men and women,' etc. oinuorsei universi. To be — =

divided oinu-orsei (for *oinu-vorsei) the first part of the compound as :

moinu-mama (see p. 17, mar bottom), acru -folius. Omission of v as in

de-orsum (*de-vorsum) sursu-orsum (n. 104, 1. 14). Others read this form
,

oinvorsei in three syllables. Lucretius (iv. 262) has unorsum, contracted

like dorsum for deorsum.
Lines 20-24. inter ibei (interibi) : 'there,' 'in that company." i-bi,

locative <jf is, is ji

lined with the preposition inter. So iu-ibi, post-ibi (Plau-
tus).
— For mulieribus we should expect mulieres; but he says 'men
not more than two, nor more than three women.' arfuise —
adfuissc. = —
Haice : fuller form for haec. The appended -c in h't-c, ho-c, kun-c, etc.,

often appears in its

complete form -ce. The spellings hicce, kuncce, etc.,

are barbarous. — utei . . . exdeicatis: subjunctive ^ C LUiima n dr-usually

 N. 82.] SENATUS CONSULTUM DE BACCHANALIBUS. 31

noundinum ; senatuosque sententiam ute^i scientes esetis,

eorum sententia ita fuit sei^ ques esent, quei_arvorsmn ead :

25 fecisent, quam suprajd scriptum est, eeis rem capjutalem . .-—

faciendam censuere ; atque utei hoce in tabolam alienain ***^. .

ince^deretis, senatus aj_qu£mi censuit, utejque earn figier

ita

iQubeatis, ube^ fa cilumed _gnoscier potisit ; atque ut^L ea

•

bacanalia, sei qua sunt, e xstra d quam se^ quid ibgi^ sacri
est, ita utei suprajd scriptum est,Linyiiebus X, quibus vobeis
30 tabelai datai erunt, faciatis utei siejit. Ql. >av-«_~~--~^*'
u
dipmota V-^
In agro Teuran o. «8x-o^t-t- ci /
^-ii'. 1 aBS
preceded by an imperative, facite or videte .
Cp. Plaut. Capt. in. — in
coventionid = in contione
Introd. 38. ne minus trinum noun-
: —
dinum: 'for not less than three market-days.' See lexicon, s.v. nundinum.

teoundinum =* tioven-di-nu m. 'period of nine days.' scientes esetis —

= sciretis. Such circumscriptions with the present participle are rare:
Cic. Cat. maj. 8, sit .
agens aliquid.
. .
ques: as l. 3. —
arvorsum ead —
. . quam :
'

contrary to the way in which,' contrary to what ead seems

' '

to be the adverb ea (ablative feminine), joined to arvorsum in a way not

otherwise known, and answered by quam, 'how.' It is omitted in Plaut.
Trin. 175: utrum indicare me ei thensaurum aequom fuit, advorsum
quam ems opsecravisset pater? Cp. also Plaut. Most. 4,2,66: nihil . . .

'

prae quam alios sumptus facit, compared to the way in which.'

. .

Lines 25-30. rem caputalem a pr oceeding for a capit al offense.' :

'

Capital punishment, with the Romans, signified either death or loss of civic
rights {capitis deminutio).
— uteique . . ioubeatis ( ioubere = later iubere)
seems to be a return to the direct command as 1. 22. — figier Introd.
— ubei facilumed g-noscier potisit: 'where
:

64. can be easiest read.' it

The adverbs in -e were originally ablatives, and so have -d properly. With

'

(g)nosco in the sense read,' compare avayryvuoKU. Potisit possit : for

=
potis sit.
—
exstrad quam sei, etc.: 'except in case there be concerned
'

in the matter something sacred fuller expressed by Livy (xxxix.

18) ; :

"
extra quam si
qua ibi vetusta ara aut signum consecratum esset." The
senate were anxious not to interfere with any established and legitimate
worship.
—
ita utei suprad, etc., belongs with dismota. in diebus — X
'

quibus within ten days after—', a regular expression see Gildersleeve,

:
:

§ 400, Rem. 3, end, and cp. Ter. Andr. 104, in diebus paucis quibus haec
acta sunt. dismota — dimota. sient : Introd. 60. =
In agro Teu- — —
rano was simply the direction to the letter-carrier. It is no part of th e
document, and lacks the ablative -d. lOtjA u\^t-r. t~2. »^_ -
 32 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 83-91.

Sin (tiler Inscriptions,

From the second Punic war to about the Gracchan period.

83. Hercolci sacrom. M. Minuci(us) C. f. dictator vovit.

84. M. Claudius M. f. consul Hinnajd cepit.

85. Martei M. Claudius M. /. ronsol ded//.

86. Italicei L. Cornelium Scifiionera honoris caussa.

87. M. Claudius M. f. Marcelus consol iterum.

fl/V
y^< 88. ZKovei Victory T. AeZ>uti(us) M. f. Illvir restituit.

89. Q. Pomponius Q. f., L. Tidjus Scr. f.

praitores aere
'

Martio emeru. ^-

go. Iunone Loucina TuscQlana. sacra.

g,
Hkp><!*>p
Z%-
83. Cl. 1503. altar in Rome
On an referred by Mommsen to the
:

Minucius who fellCannae, although he was strictly not a dictator, but a

at

magister equitum whose imperium was made equal to the dictator's see ;

Livy, xxii. 25. The date would accordingly be 537/217. On the side of the
altar are the letters LI -XX VI, the meaning of which is quite uncertain. —
84, 85. CI. 530, 531. Marcellus the conqueror of Syracuse dedicated
spoils at Rome: the date about 543/211. Hinnad 'from Hinna' Henna
: =
or Enna, in Sicily. —
86. CI. 533. Halaesa in Sicily. Date perhaps 561 !\ \

when L. Scipio, afterwards Asiagenus, was praetor in Sicily. The Italicei

are Italic land-holders in Sicily. Supply staiuerunt,
'
set up a statue of.' —
87. CI. 539. Luna in Etruria. Date5997T5"5". Thegrandson of the famous
Marcellus (n. 84). — 88. CI. 638. Rome. Victore dative, Introd. 9.
:

Triumvir: aedibus; such as were sometimes appointed (cp.

sc. reficiendis

Livy, xxv. 7) to superintend repairs. 1

—
89. CI. 1148. Cora. Not
later than 600/154 (Mommsen). Tulius Tullius. =
praitores: the
local magistrates,aes Martium is money derived from the sale of boot v:
a share of booty from some campaign had fallen to the Corani as socii.
emeru stands immediately for emerut: cp. dedro, dedrot, n. 49, 50; also note
onn.68. — 90,91. CI. 1200, 1201. Capua. Iunone Loucina Tuscolana
= lunoni Lucinae Tusculanae : for the dative in -a see on n.
48. Pale like :
N. 92-97.] SMALLER INSCRIPTIONS. 33

92. Vediovei patrei genteiles Iuliei.

Vediovei \u\e\ aara leege Albana dicata.

93. Mavortei.

94. Devas Corniscas sacrum.

95. Q. Minucius Q. f. Rufus leg(atus) Apolinei /'utio ^

merito. *~°

96. Tampiai Diovei.

97. Maxuma Aimilia C. R. a(nnorum) LXX

Iunone, and Victore (n. 88). Pales was a goddess of herdsmen, sacra in
both inscriptions refers to the altar (ara) on which each stands. The Tus-
culan worship was transplanted to Capua by colonists. See on n. 107.
92. CI. 807. On different sides of an altar at Bovillae, near Alba, the
cradle of the Julian gens, where the family rites were kept up even in im-
perial times.
—
Vediovei: Vediovis or Veiovis was an Italic divinity of
some importance, represented as Apollo-like, with arrows in his hand ;

but not much is known about him. —

genteiles Iuliei: i.e., members of
the Julian gens. The spelling genteiles (cp. aidilis, n. 74, 75, etc.) proves
that the inscription cannot be older than the time of the Gracchi the ei is :

quite unjustified etymologically see Introd. 9, note 2.

: aara, leege: —
Introd. 22. — leege Albana = more Albano : 'according to Alban ritual.'
The restoration Iulei is uncertain, but if right it is nominative plural (cp.

n. 104, 1. 23).
93. CI. 808. On an urn, in ancient letters. The form Mavors Mars =
is well known.
—
94. CI. 814. The corniscae divae, crow-goddesses at- '
'

tendant on Juno, had, we know, a sanctuary trans Tiberim,' and in that

'

neighborhood this stone was found. Devas Corniscas must be dative

It would seem to be a contraction
plural, of a form otherwise unknown.
directly from the original
-a-is. The e in devas stands for el, cp. n. 57:
Introd. CI. 562. Delphi. Perhaps the same Q. Minucius who
9.-95.
made the decision for the_Genuates (n. 104) 637/117. Putio Pythio. = —
96. CI. 1435. Found near Padua. Cp. n. 42 and 73. The givers are
women of the gens
Tampia.
—
97. CI. 1434. Found in Southern Tyrol.
C. B. isexplained civis Komana, but Mommsen conjectures C. f. Gai =
filia. The following signs are also of doubtful meaning. Maxuma
means, of course, the eldest daughter.
 34 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 98, 99.

Dedicatory Inscriptions of Mummius.

98. L. Mummi(us) L. f. cos.

Duct(u) auspicio imperi6que 6ius Achaia cdpt(a),

A*M*' Corinto d61et6, Romam redieit trium£jjans.

jXa~
k/ Ob hasce res bene gestas qu6d in hello v6verat,
hanc aedem eT signu m H6rculis Vict6ris

imperator de'dicat.

99. Sancte. V*.

De decuin a, Victor, tibei Lucius^ Mummius donum
moribus antiqueis piomiserat hoc dare bese :

visu m Tmjmo sup perfecit, tua pace rogans te

c ogenfdei di*olvendjei tu ut iaxseis.
jjBcilia ~Zuf
Perficias decumam ut faciat ul>^> 9^rr
verae_rationis,
proque hoc atque alieis doneis ckis digna merenti.

98. CI. 541. Rome. Mu mmius took Corinth 608/14^ and triumphed
the following year. The
inscription is in rather rough Saturnians, with a
tetrapodic series (v. 3), and a half-verse (also tetrapodic) standing alone at
the end. Corinto but triumphans with p/i, one of the earliest instances
;

of an aspirate in Latin. Observe that Corinthus is here made masculine (or

perhaps Corinthian, neuter) feminine town-names in -us being as yet strange
,

to the Romans. —
With redieit compare petiei, n. 79 the succession i-i is :

thus avoided : -ei in the perfect after a consonant is less common, and is
not found till later. — qu6d seems to stand as short thesis; see on n. 76,
v. 4. But Ritschl supplies quhd is, and it is barely possible that is has been

broken off the edge (quod comes at the end of a line). aedem et for — :

the hiatus see n. 75 (/>), v. 2 and 5.

99. CI. 542. Reate: now lost, and the transcription faulty. A tithe
(decuma = decima) of the booty is here dedicated to Hercules, accord-

ing to a common custom. This was the pars Herculanca of spoils or

any unusual gain. The verses are hexameters. — The vocatives Sancte
and Victor address Hercules. —
tibei must be read ftbi : see on sibei,
n. 79. Both in Lucius and Mummius the final s does not count in scan-

ning.
— promiserat is Mommsen's conjecture for pro usuru, which leaves
a hiatus, confuses the construction, and gives very little sense. — visum, ajlaSW**^

XajJ* *****
 n. ioo.] MILESTONE OF POPILIUS. 35

Milestone of Popilius*
100. P. Popilius C.f. cos.

Viam fecei ab Regio ad Capuam, et in ea via ponteis

omneis miliarios tabelariosque poseivei. Hince sunt Nou-
ceriam meilia vlT, Capuam XXCIIII, Muranum vLXXIIII,
Cosentiam CXXIll,Valentiam CvLXXX, ad fretum ad statuam
CCXXXI, Regium CCXXXVII. Suma af Capua Regium
meilia CCCXXI. Et eidem praetor in Sicilia fugiteivos

etc.:
'
he h as fulfil led the choi ce of his hea rt.' — suo and tua are mono-
syllables.
— cogendei, The
general sense is: 'begging thee under
etc.

favor to enable him fully to collect and fairly to divide the spoil,' so that the
god may have his just due. facilia is explained as facultatem, but is cer-
tainly corrupt. In cogendei and dissolvendei we have the earliest in-
stances of ;£i.in genitive singular: see on n. 82, 1. 7, Latini. A — decuma
verae rationis is a tithe fairly computed ratio in its book-keeping sense. :

100. CI. 551. at Forum Popili (modern Polla) in northern Lu-

Found
cania. The name
of the magistrate at the beginning is lacking, but there
is no doubt that it was as above. P. Popilius Laenas was consul 622/132.

The road described, from Regium to Capua, was a continuation of the Via
Appia, and may well have borne the name Via Popilia. The inscription
contains several spurious ei's ; fecei, poseivei, conquaesivei, redidei, ponteis
omneis (but aedis in last line), meilia, fugiteivos, probably eidem (= Idem).
On the other hand the
spelling heic is justified.
— Regio Regium, not
:

Rhegium, is the genuine Latin form of this name.

— miliarios, sc. lapides ;
elsewhere always miliaria, neuter. tabelarios — : what? Hardly letter-

carriers, as usual. Perhaps tabellarios lapides, such for instance as the stone

bearing this very inscription, which is certainly more than an ordinary mile-

stone. — poseivei = posivi

(Plautus), \a.terposui. Pono (for po-sino) is a
compound of sino with the obsolete preposition por- {pos-, po-) and so posivi ,

is its regular perfect. —

For the following towns see map. Nuceria and Capua
are in one direction, Muranum and the rest in the other. To Capua the
distance is 84 miles.
—Xthe older sign for 50; L is seldom found before
:

Augustus's time.
— Cosentia =
Consentia ; Valentia Vibo Valentia, =
formerly Hipponium ad fretum ad statuam;
; the place called Columna

Regina, at the narrowest part of the strait, the usual place of crossing to
Sicilv. — Suma= j«wwa, '
the whole distance.' — af : this old preposition,

noticed by Cicero, Orat. xlvii., occurs about seven times in inscriptions, be-

fore c, v, l, m,Sj. Corssen thinks it an entirely distinct preposition from ab.

— praetor in Sicilia: some years before. The outbreak of the servile
 36 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 101, 102.

Italicorum conquaeisivei redideique, homines DCCCCXVII.

Eidemque primus fecei ut de agro poplico aratoribus cede-

rent paastores. Forum aedisque poplicas heic fecei.

Bo undo r tj -stones ( Termini) .

101. L. Caicilius Q. f.
pro cos. terminos fimsque ex senat_i_

consolto statui iusit inter I'atavinos et Atestinos.

102. M. Folvius M. f. /*7ac(cus), C. Sempronius Ti. f.

Grac(oas), C. Paperius C. f.
Carb(o), III vire a. i. a.
I-
war in Sicily (620/134) was preceded by extensive brigandage on the part
of half-fed slaves of large land-holders. This brigandage Popilius tried to

J^p r e SS .
_ Italicorum : seen. 86. — de agro poplico: the reference is

to the enforcement of the agrarian law of the previous year (621/133), by

compelling those who occupied too much public land
for grazing purposes

(paastores) to give up a part of it to tillers (aratoribus). forum: —

"*f~- here a mere place of business, constructed by the builder of the road for
the aid of traffic, like the forum Appi on the Via Appia.
101. CI. 548, b. One of three similar stones found in the Euganean hills,
near Padua. who was consul 612/142
Perhaps the L. Caecilius Metellus
(Mommsen).
— senati: occurs pretty frequently in inscrip-
this genitive

tions from this period on, and similar ones (jjuacsti, etc.) are freely used by
Plautus, Ennius, and others. It probably arose merely from confusion with

the 0-stems. — 102. CI. 554. Near Aeclanum in Samnium. Date624/i30.

Folvius = Fulvius ; Paperius = Papirius. This spelling again Lex in

agraria, CI. 200.

— III vire a. i. &. = viri agns iudicandis adsignandis,
tres

commissioners for executing the agrarian law vire for virei, Introd. 9. :

103. CI. 197. Fragment of a bronze plate, found at Bantia in Lucania.

On one side is a part of a law in the Oscan language referring to local affairs
of Bantia; on the other side the above portion of a law in Latin. What the
relation of the latter to the Oscan law is, or whether it has any thing at all to
do with cannot be with certainty made out. The part of the Latin law pre-
it,

served from near the end, and treats only of the so-called sanctions : what
is

the purport of the law was we do not know. But as the magistrates mentioned
are clearly the Roman magistrates, we have evidently a Roman, not a
Bantine, document. Mommsen thinks the enactment to have been
of the

nature of a foedus,2. law making or changing a treaty with Bantia. The

only thing that can be made out concerning
the body of the law is that it

provided for the annual election of a index of some kind. The date is cer-
tainly between 621/133 and 636/118
: see on I. 7. The beginning of each
 N. 103.] TABULA BANTINA. 37

Tabula Bantina.

103 weque yiovinciam „ .

2 in sena/V; seivo. in poplic o ioudicio ne senfeniiam rogato

3 tabellamve nei data neive is fesftsmomum

deicito, neive quis mag(istratus) testimonium poplice ei.

4 deft'rrl neive (/tv/ontiari sinito. Neive ioudiee??i enm tieive or-

bitrum neive recupexdXoxem dato. Neive is in poplico luuci

line is gone, but the supplements are tolerably certain.

— The tenor of the

fragment is as follows :
—
(1.) Lines 1-6 Civil and
:
political disabilities to attach to curule magis-
trates as a penalty for violating the law.
(2.) Lines 7-13 Fines imposed on lesser magistrates and on senators
:

for violations of the law.

(3.) Lines 14-22 : An oath of obedience to the law is prescribed for all

magistrates.
Lines 23-32: A similar oath is prescribed for senators.
(4.)
Lines 1-6. in poplico ioudicio this includes both the nearly obso-:

lete indicium populi before the comitia (tributa or centuriata) and public

trials before indices (jurymen). The offender is debarred the privilege of

and of acting as one of the indices at a trial he must
sitting in the senate, ;

not be asked his sententia in the one, nor be given a tabella (to vote with)
at the other. — ne : see on neiquis, n. 82, 1.
3. All three forms, ne, nei, ni

(1. 20), occur in this document. In — testumonium we have apparently i

changed to u through influence of a following labial labials being fond ;

of it : testi-monium seems the proper form, from testis. deicito, etc.: —

testimonium dicere to give testimony, testimonium deferre to permit one to
is

testify, testimonium denuntiare

to summon one as a witness. denontiari — :

cp. nontiata, n. 105, 1.

5, and pronontiato. Lex repet. CI. 198, 1. 42. Both
*nontius and nnntius are contracted from *noventius ('new-comer'). —
recuperatorem recuperatores were a special kind of judges or jurymen,
:

who were appointed, instead of ordinary indices, to decide certain classes

of primarily those in which international relations were involved, as
suits,
claims for money between Romans and peregrin i : the matter is, however,
not fully understood. A index may be public (belonging to one of the
regularly constituted boards) or private (appointed by the magistrate for a
particular private suit). An arbiter is appointed by a magistrate to settle
involved affairs (claims and counter-claims) where there is no direct and
sharply defined issue between the parties. in poplico luuci (Introd —

46747
 L-t
^Lt^_

38 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN, [n. 103.

praetextam neive soleas hade/0, neive quis mag(istratus)

ibei
5

praetextam wleasve habere eum sinito. Mag(istratus) quefc

quomque comitia conciliumve habebit, eum su^ragium ferre
6 nei sinito, neive eum censor in senatum legito neive in senatu

relinquito.
7 Sei tr{ibunus) pl(ebei), q(uaestor), Illvir eap{i/alis),

IHvir a{greis) d(andeis) a(dsignandeis) ,

ioudex quei ex
hace lege plebeive scito factus erit, senatorve fecerit gzs-
i
seritve, quo ex hace lege quae fieri oporteat minus fiant,

l(ege) facere o portuer it oportebitve

non
quaere e\ h(ace)
fecerit sciens d(olo) m(alo) ; seive advorsus hance legem

fecerit sciens </(oh>) m{alo) : multa /an/a esto US . .

n (urn mum), e/ earn pequniam quei volet magistratus exs-

igito. Sei postulabit quei petet, pr(aetor) recuperatores

in old Latin; Plaut. Aul. 741.

masculine But more likely the
22): lux is

cp. 1. 17 and 24.— soleas the red

'

public in the daytime

'
:
meaning is in ;

shoes (mullet) are meant, which, like the practcxta, distinguished the curule
magistrates. queiquomque — quicumque. =
concilium: the comitia —
tributa seem to be meant, winch are often called concilium plcbis.
Lines 7, 8. these were police magistrates who
triumvir capitalis :

had charge of and executions. triumvir agreis, etc.:

arrests, prisons,
—
for carrying out the agrarian laws. Such magistrates existed <>nly 621 '133- /J#.tC
636/118.
—
quei ex hace, etc.: these words refer only to ioudex: the
judge to appointed by the provisions of the present law.
1/.- lege —
plebeive scito the enactment is worded as if it were uncertain whether
:

it would be passed at the rogation of a curule magistrate by either comitia

( or at that of a tribune by the comitia tributa (plebei scitum). Both
« I

— Join quo minus flant. — oportuerit (future

were equally binding. . .

perfect)oportebitve simply legal fulness fecerit following, as well as

: ;

fecerit gesseritve above, is of course the future perfect indicative.

—
dolo malo the ancient legal phrase.
:

Lines 9-13. multa tanta esto Mommsen supplies from the Oscan
law: others damnas esto J.ur. — pequniam Introd. 23. quei petet: :
—
multam pctcrc is to propose the infliction of a fine where a fine of definite
'

amount is prescribed by statute the pctitor can be a private person.

:
If

the proposer of the fine demands, the praetor shall appoint recuperatores
. and shall give directions (to the recuperatores) that in case the offense
. .
 N. ro 3.] TABULA BANTINA. 39

io quos quotque dari oporteaX. dato, iubetoque

eum, sei ita pariat, cond^minari popul(o), facitoque ioudicetur.
n Sei condemnatus erit, quantt condetnnatus erit, praedes ad

q(uaestorem) urb(anum) det, aut bona eius pgplice possi-

deantur facito. Sei quis mag(istratus) multam inrogare
12 volet, quei volet, dum minoris partus familjas taxsat, liceto,

eiq(ue) omnium rerum siremps lexs esto, 'quasei sei is haace

13
lege pequniam, quae s(upra) s{cripta) e(sf), exegisset.

is condemned (to pay the fine) to the people, and shall

proved, he shall be
see that judgment is pronounced on him.' The object of having recourse
to the board of recuperatores is to insure the prompt collection of the fine.
— pariat =
parent, an unusual corruption. Paret is in this formula equiva-
lent to apparel. —
condumnari but just below condemnatus : condumno
;

is not elsewhere found. — quanti :

genitive of value.
—
praedes: praes,
praed-is is for praeves, prae-vid-is (CI. 200, 1.
46), compounded of prae and
vas, vad-is. — Sei quis magistrates, etc.: If any magistrate choose to
'

propose a greater than the above, whoever shall thus choose may do
fine

so, provided it amount to less than half the man's property, and to him
(i.e., law shall apply in every respect just as if he had
this magistrate) the

exacted, in accordance with this law, only the amount prescribed above."
A magistrate was said multam inrogare when he imposed a fine greater
than that prescribed by law; in that case the offender had the right of
appearand the matter was brought before the comitia tributa. dum — . .

taxsat (later written as one word): 'provided it reaches' or 'touches' ;

taxare, for *taclare, is a frequentative from tangere (root tag-). Its con-
struction with the genitive is surprising, and reminds one of the genitive
afte r verb s of_t ouchin g in Greek. We should expect the accusative.—
partus : Introd. 37~cp. Casiorus, 1. 17. Pars is here treated quite as
a consonant-stem {part-), though it was originally an i-stem (parti-).—
familias :
gen. sing.
— omnium rerum :
'
in all respects.' For this old
use of the genitive Wordsworth aptly compares the formula eius hac lege
nihil 'regarding that nothing is proposed by this law' (CI. 200,
rogatnr,
I.34).
— siremps (in prol.Plaut.Amph. 73,
.nr<?wz *.ft?) 'just so.' Theetymol- J
:

'

si being si-c without its

ogy probably si rem eampse, 'thus in very fact
is ;

c, and rem eampse accusative

of specification. For eampse see Plaut. Cist.

172. (Corssen's explanation is slightly different.) quasei sei pleonastic — :

for simple quasei, as in n. 106, 1. 1.40, II. 1. 4, and generally in legal phrase-
is quite com-
ology cp. prol. Plaut. Cas. 46. Analogous to nisi si, which
:

of this time,
mon. The spellings quasei and nisei are regular in inscriptions
though the poets, even Plautus and Ennius, measure always quasi, nisi.
 40 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 103.

14 Co(n)s(ut), pr(aetor), aid(i!is) } tr{ibunus) pl(ebei) t

q{uaestor), HMr cap(italis), Illvir a(greis) d(andeis)

a{dsignandeis) , quel nunc est, ^ in diebus V pmxsumeis.

quibus queique eorum sciet h(ancg,) l(egem) popolum pie-

's bemve iousisse, iouranto, utei i(nfra) s(criptufn) est. Item
dic(tator) co(n)s(ul), pr(aetor), mag(ister) eq(uiturn),
Illvir
cens(or), aid(ilis), tr(ibunus) pl(ebei), q(uaestor),
cap(italis), Illvir a(greis) d(andeis) a(dsignandeis),ioudex
ex h (ace) l(ege) plebjye scito factus queiquotnque
eorum post hac factus erit, eis in diebus V proxsumeis, qui-
bus quisque eorum mag(istratum) inperiumve inierit, iou-
17 ranto, utei i{nfrd) s(criptuni) est. Eis consistiinto pro aeae
Custo ms palam luci n forum vorsus et eidem in diebus V
i ,

18 apud q(uaestorem) iauranto per Iovem deosque Penateis :

sese quae ex h{ace) l{ege) oportebit facturum, neque sese

advorsum h(ance) l(egem) facturum scientem d(olo)

19 m(alo), neque seese facturum neque intercesuru rn, quo quae
ex h{ace) l{ege) oportebit minus fiant. Quel ex h(ace)
l(ege) non iouraverit, is magistratum inperiumve nei petito
20 neive gerito neive habeto, neive in senatu sententiam deicito
deicereve eum ni quis sinito, neive eum censor in senatum

Lines 14-16. quei nunc est :

i.e., those now in office. Future
magistrates are provided for in the next sentence.
— For quibus, 'after,'

see on n. 82,1. 29. —

popolum plebemve populus : is either comitia under
a curule magistrate, plebs the comitia tributa under a tribune. plebi — :

contracted from plebe'i : see above, 1. 7. —

eis: nom. plur. Introd. 47. :
—
Lines 17-19. in forum vorsus: vorsus is a sort of petrified nomin.
sing, masc.as it were, which came to be used for different cases and num-
bers. Consult lexicon (versus) for further
examples. in diebus seems — V
rather out of place here, but apparently only one oath is indicated, before
the quaestor in front of the temple of Castor, which was at the foot of the
Palatine. Three columns and the substructions of this temple still remain.
For the senators, however, the aerarium (1. 24) is indicated as the place of
swearing: this was in the temple of Saturn, at the other end of the forum.
Of this temple also considerable remains (from a later restoration) still
exist. — neque intercesururn : irttercessio was the right of the tribunes.
 N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 41

legito. Quei ex h(ace) l(ege) ioudicaverit, is facito apud

"i
q(uaestorem) urb(anum) eiits quei ita utei s{upra) s{crip-
tum) e(st) iourarit no men flers criptum siet ; quaestorque ea
nomina accipito, et eos quei ex h(ace) l(ege) apud sed
22
iourarint, facito in taboleis popliceis perscribat.
23 Quei senator est eritve inve senatit sententiam deixerit

post hance legem rogatam, eis in diebus X proxsumeis,

24 quibus quisqu^ eorum seiet hance legem popolum plebemvc
iousisse /ouranto apud quaestorem ad aerarium palam luci

per Iovem deosque Penate/>.- sese quae ex h(ace) /(ege)

25 facturum esse, neque sese advorsum hance legem
oportebit
facturum esse, neque seese quominus sei
26 se hoice leegei anodni iouraverint.... . . .

27

28 e quis magistratus p
29

30 //ti in taboleis popliceis ......

31 //'inum nondim/w ......
32 is erit uu

Decision of the Minucii betiveen the Genuates and

their Tributaries.

04. Q. M. Minucieis Q. f. Rufeis^de controvorsieis inter Genu-

2 ateis et Veiturios in re praesente cognoverunt, et coram

Lines 20-22. Quei ex hace lege ioudicaverit: i.e., the judge

elected in accordance with this law: iudicare = index esse.-— perscrip-
tum siet : coordinate subjunc. after facito, as lines 10, n, above. — apud
sed: Introd. 44. —
Lines 23-25. post hance legem rogatam:
'after the passage of this law.' The magistrate was said rogare legem be-
cause he asked the people whether they voted for it (' vehtis iubeatis,' etc.).
— Line 26. hoice = hide. — Line 31. nondinum (= nundinuni) is

like nontius (= nuntius) on noundinum, n. 82, I. 23.

:
cp. note
104. CI. 199. Bronze plate found near Genoa. Date 637/117. A dis-
pute as to boundaries and tenure of land had arisen between the people of
^•^-^C^M. y

42 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [

V 104.

inter eos con troyo sias composeiverunt, et qua lege agrum

po^siderent et quaftiruas fierent dixserunt. Eos fineis facere

terminosque statui iusccunt ;

ubei ea facta essent, Romam
coram venire iouse runt. Romae coram sententiam ex se-

nati consulto dixerant eidib(us) Decemb(ribus) L. Caecilio

Q. L. Q. Muucio Q. f.
co(n)s(ulibus).
Qua ager privatus castejM Vituriorum est, qu ern agrum eos ,

vendere h eredemque sequi licet, is ager vectigal nei siet.

mgenses Viturii, a castellum (see on servei, n. 81) or trib-

utary community of theirs. The Roman senate had sent the two brothers
M mucins to settle the dispute, who after their return to Rome rendered the
above decision. —
The Viturii hold two kinds of land: (1) ager privatus
held in their own right for this no tax is to be paid and (2) a portion of
: ;

public lands, ager poplicus, belonging to Genua for the use of this a gross ;

sum is to be paid yearly, which is to be assessed upon all the holders pro
portione, including any Genuates who may hold there (1. 25-32). Common
pasture-lands {ager compascuos, 1. 33) presumably those within the limits
—
of the above tract of public land are to be open to any Genuan or Vitu- —
rian. The meadows {prata, 1. 37-42) which form part of this public land,
are reserved for the sole use of the Viturii, but theii extent is not to be in-
creased. — The
spelling of the document is rather inconsistent. Preposi-
tion -.11 frequently written as proclitics thus inre,\.z; adtermittum,l.i$;
i
;

but this has not been followed in the text. The names of streams and moun-
tains are 1
jgurian.
Lines 1-5. Minucieis and Rufeis are nominative plural Introd. 34. ;

'Quintus and Marcus Minucius Rufus, sons of Quintus,' Genuateis — =

Genuath et simply a sign for /. Gentile names in -as, -atis {. Xrp'inas, etc. )

are originally /-stems (old nom.

Arfinatu-s), and have properly the accusa-
- in re '

tive plural in -Is, praesente : technical phrase; 'on the spot cp. ;

Liv. xlii. agrum Jr quo ante legati ad Roma, qui in re prae-

23, praeter
seuti cognoscerent, missi essent, etc., also xxxiv. 62, xl. iyand 29. con- —
trovosias Host before s as in susum (I.7) for sursum,rusum for rursum ;
:

so also prosa oratio for prorsa, and tostus for *tors-tus (torreo). com- —
poseiverunt: see on poseivei, n. 100. qua lege: "on what terms.' — —
flneis (after qua) nomin. plur. Introd.
: Three cases occur in this in- 39.
scription.— facere statui the change from active to passive is awk-
. . . :

ward. —
terminos 'boundary-stones.'
: senati see n. 101. —
Qua: :
—
'

where.' —eos vendere .licet: the accusative and infinitive with licetis
. .

not confined to early Latin. —

heredemque sequi quern agrum has to be :

repeated as subject. An inheritance is said sequi Zieredem, to pass to the heir.'

'
 N. 104.] DECISION OF THE M1NUCII. 43

Langatium fineis agri privati. Ab rivo infimo, qui oritur

1 ab fontei in Mannicelo, ad flovium Edern ibi terminus stat. ;

Inde floyio suso vorsu m in flovium Lemurim. Inde flpvio

8 Lemuri s usum usque ad rivom Comberane(am). Inde rivo
Comberanea s usum usque ad c om vale m Caeptiemam ;
~ibi
t exmina duo stant circum viam Postumiam. Ex eis ter-
minis recta regione in rivo^ Vendupale'St Ex rivo Vin.du-

pale in flovium Neviascam. Inde dorsum fluio Neviasca ^~f

in flovium Procoberam. Inde, flovio Procobe ra deorsum
usque ad rivom Vinelascam i nfumu m ; ibei terminus stat.
Inde sursum rivo recto Vinelasca ; ibei terminus stat prop
ter viam Postumiam. Inde alter trans viam Postumiam
terminus stat. Ex eo termino, quei stat trans viam Postu-
miam, recta regione in fontem in Manicelum. Inde deor-

Lines 6-8. vectigal = vectigalis : -is has dropped off, as in vlg/'i

for vigili-s. But Momms. writes vectigal(is).
— Lang-atium : the Langates
or Langenses are the same as the Viturii, as appears from 1. 24, etc. As the
above two forms, so also Genuates and Genuenses are here used indiffer-
ently.
—
fontei ei for I. :
—
Mannicelo probably a hill one in the neigh- :

—
;

borhood is now called Maniceno. ad flovium E. 'at the river E.' The :

starting-point is the mouth of the brook, where it flows into the Edus. Flo-
vius is the earlier form for Jluvius. The combination uv is not so
studiously
avoided as vu, uu, yet the earlier language shows a dislike of it. See fluio
just below.
—
suso vorsum i»ra/(in»w (1. 14) = sursumvorsum (1. 15: =
Cato R. R. 33) equivalent to simple sursum (the expression is pleonastic
:

for sursum is itself *sub-vorsuvi) flovio suso vorsum :

up the river (Edus) = ' '

Ablative of the road by which (Allen and Greenough, 258^-; Roby's Gramm.
—
1176; Gildersleeve,387) further denned by an adverb. comvalem: see on
comvovise, n. 82, — termina: from termen (== terminus), a form no-
I. 14.
ticed by Varro Ling. Lat, — circum viam Postumiam: the road
v. 21.

from Genua northward to Dertona, not elsewhere called by this name.

Probably a stone on each side of the road is meant, as I. 11.
Lines 9-11. rivo™ Vend. : m omitted, as I.
14, 20, contrary to the
usage of this period. — dorsum = A'cn/zw *de-vorsum) contracted (i.e. :

like prorsum (*pro-vorsum).

— fluio: uv avoided by omitting — Pro- is v.

coberam: called below Porcobera (1. 22), and by Pliny (hist. nat. iii. 5,

48) Pore ifera ; the modern name is — flovio Procobera: the

Polcevera.
plate has Procoberam ; a blunder of the graver. — infumum = !K/fwK«.-
 44 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 104.

>3 sum rivo, quei oritur ab fonte en Manicelo, ad terminum

quei stat ad flovium Edem.
Agri poplici quod Langenses posident, hisce finis videntur
4 esse. Ubi comflu ont Edus et Procobera, ibei te rmin us stat.
Inde Ede fiovio sursuorsum in montem Lemurino"' infumo'" ;

»5 ibei terminus stat. Inde sursumvorsum iugo recto monte

Lemurino ;
ibei terminus stat. Inde susum iugo recto
16 Lemurino ;
ibi terminus stat in monte pro cavo. Inde
sursum iugo recto in montem Lemurinum summum ibi ;

17 terminus stat. Inde sursum iugo recto in castelum, qiicj

vocjtatust Alianus ibei terminus stat. Inde sursum iugo
;

18 recto in montem Ioventionem ibi terminus stat. Inde ;

sursum iugo recto in montem Apeninum, quei vocatur Bo-

19 plo ;
ibei terminus stat. Inde Ap eninu m iugo recto in
montem Tuledonem ;
ibei terminus stat. Inde deorsum
iugo recto in flovium Veraglascam in montem Berigiemam
20 infumo m ibi terminus stat.
;
Inde sursum iugo recto in
montem Prenicum ;
ibi terminus stat. Inde dorsum iugo
21 recto in flovium Tulelascam ;
ibi terminus stat. Inde sur-
sum iugo recto Blustiemelo in montem Claxelum ;
ibi ter-

22 minus stat. Inde deorsum in fontem Lebriemelum ;

ibi

sursum rivo recto :

'

straight up the brook.' Lines 12-15. en is the —

older form for in, as endo for indu, but it is surprising to find it in an inscrip-
tion of this age. — Agri poplici of course partitive genitive with quod. —
is

hisce: nom. Introd.48.

plur.
— comfluont this the only case of com- : is

before f, and spellings like im fronte (CI. 1104) are exceedingly rare.
—
Edus: but accus. and ah Iid?
I-.dgii 14 — su rsumvorsu m
L.it. (1. 7, 13, )

'

iugO_rectO, etc. up the ridge of the mountain L.'

:
straight
Lines 17-19. quei the usual attraction into gender of the predicate-
:

noun. —
vocitatust vocitatus est. =Ioventionem: a summit in the —
neighborhood is now called Giovo delle Reste ; a brook near it, la Gioventma.
— in montem Apeninum: Apeninus is here appellative; 'that summit
of the Apennine chain, which is called Boplo.' Apeninum iugo recto: —
Apeninum is possibly g eniti ve plural but m ore likely a mistake for Apenittf
, .

— In flovium Veragd. etc. '

to the river V., at the foot of the mountain
:

B.' Cp. 1. 12.

—
Lines 21-23. Blustiemelus seems to be a hill. Eni- —
 N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 45

terminus stat. Inde recto rivo Eniseca in flovium Porco-

23 beram ;
ibi terminus stat. Inde deorsum in floviom Porco-
beram, ubei conflovont flovi Edus et Porcobera ;
ibi terminus
stat.

24 Quern agrum poplicum iudicamus esse, eum agrum cjis;

telajios Langenses Vejturios pcwdere fruique videtur opor-
25 tere. Pro eo agro vectigal Langenses Veituris in poplicum
Genuam dent in anos singulos vic(toriatos) n(ummos)
CCCC. Langenses earn pequniam non dabunt neque
Sei
26
(satis facient ) arbitrate Genuatium, quod per Genuenses
mora non quo setius earn pequniam acipiant turn
fiat,

eo agro natum erit frumenti partem Yicensumam,- nr**

in
;
w
27 quod
vini partem sextam Langenses in poplicum Genuam dare
28 debento in annos singolos.

seca: the stream near which the tablet was found is called la Secca.—
floviom note the ending -om, exceptional at this time.
: conflovont — =
confluont. The present fiov-o is formed with the same strengthening of the
root {flu-) which we have in douc-o (due-). It is analogous to Greek
pres-
ents like piu, older piv-u, from root pv-. Probably not only fluo, but ruo,
cluo, etc., formed their presents originally in the same way. flovi con- — :

traction of -ii, older -iei, in nominative plural is rare in inscriptions and

almost unknown in literary Latin. Introd. 14. Other instances are filei,
socei (CI. 1274, 1041).
Lines 24-27. frui takes the accusative in old Latin, as Plaut. Asin.918.
Cp. I.34.
—Veituris nom.plur., contracted from
: so again, 1. 35, but
- ieis ;

Vfiuries, 1.
37 and 42.
— Genuam:
accusative of place whither, used after
in poplicum by a sort of attraction; 'into the public treasury at Genua.' —
victoriatos nummos:
these were equal to the Massilian drachmae. As
these last were common currency in the Po region and Liguria, the Romans
had coins of the same value struck for that country, which were called vic-

tonati. In value 4 victoriati 3 denarii. =

Mommsen, Rom. Munzwesen,
p. 389 fig.
—
arbitratuu as Muucio, 1. 5, 29. In the judgment of the G.'
:
'

— —
quod: 'so far as,' provided that.' setius: the only correct spelling
'

for what has been vulgarly written secius. According to Corssen's very
probable etymology, setius stands for *seg-tius, comparative of a *seg-tus =
segnis ; so the word would mean properly slower.' Cp. quo minus setius-
'

ve flat. Lex repet. CI. 198, 1. 70. —

vicensumam w'ewmaw. All nu- =
merals in -esimus have lost an n before the s.
 46 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 104.

intra cos fineis agrum posedel Genuas aut Viturius,

Quei
29 quei eorura posedeit k(alendis) Sextil(ibus) L. Caicilio Q.
Mum io co(n)s(ulibus), eos ita posidere colereque liceat.
K/s. quei posidebunt, vectigalLangensibus pro portione dent
^o Langenses, qui eorum in eo agro agrum poside-
ita uti ceteri

bunt fruenturque. Praeter ea in eo agro niquis posideto nisi

3> de maiore pack, Langensium Veituriorum
-

sententia, dum ne
aliura intro rmtat nisi Genuatem aut Veiturium colendi causa.
32
Quei eorum de maiore par te Langensium Veiturium sen-
tentia ita non parebit, is eum agrum nei habeto nive fcujt ,

mi no .

33 Quei ager compascuos erit, in eo agro quo minus pecu?

/ascere Genuates Veituriosque liceat ita utei in cetero agro
34 Genuati compascuo, niquis prohibeto, nive quis vim facito ;

neive prohibeto quo minus ex eo agro ligna materiamque

35 sumant utanturque.
Vectigal anni primi k(alendis) Ianuaris se cund is Veturis

Lines 28-32. posedet and posedeit are perfects Introd. 57 (2). :

—
eorum repeats in thought the omitted antecedent of the first quei. Out of
all former holders, those who held at a certain date are to continue in pos-
session. — it&= item. — Eis: nom. plur. : Introd. 47. The meaning of the
unskilfully expressed sentence is that the old holders are to contribute their

portion of the tax as new-comers. — niquis: see on n. 82, 1.

3; so
nive below. maiore — parte: read maioris 4>artis. and so again inthe
next sentence: it is another mi --lake (of the graver?). — mitat = nnttat. The
landholder is not to send in any tenant or laborer who is not either Genuan
or Viturian. — Veiturium (after Langensium) is of course genitive plural.
— parebit = apparebit shall not appear to conform to the above require-
:
'

ments.' — fruimino Introd. 63. Cp. 174.

: In origin, this form the n. is

nominative of an old participle in -nunos, with esto understood :

sequimino(s)
= i-i>;iti">r iaru, as it were.
Lines 34, 35. ligna materiamque firewood and timber.' :
'
—
utantur utor, like fruor, tikes the accusative regularly in early Latin.
:
—
Ianuaris stems in -io- have in the older inscriptions their dative and
:

ablative gularly in -ieis, seldom in -is or -eis contracted (but see

controversis below, 1. 45: cp. oficeis, CI. 1050), never in -St, Introd. 14. —
Veturis: see 1. 25. / ..'-for Lett- or I u-.
 N. 104.] DECISION OF THE MINUCII. 47

36 Langenses in poplicum Genuam dare debento. Quod ante

k(alendas) Ianuar(ias) primas Langenses fructi sunt erunt-

que, vectigal invitei dare nei debento.

37 Prata quae fuerunt proxilma faenisicei L. Caeciliq Q.
Muucio co(n)s(ulibus) in agro poplico, quern Vituries Lan-
38 genses posident et quem Odiates et quern Dectunines et quem
39 Cavaturineis et quem Mentovines posident, ea prata, invitis

Langensibus et Odiatibus et Dectuninebus et Cavaturines. et

4° Mentovines. quem quisque eorum agrum posidebit, inviteis eis
niquis sicet nive pascat nive fruatur. Sei Langueses aut Odi-
41 ates aut Dectunines aut Cavaturines aut Mentovines malent
in eo agro alia prata inmittere defendere sicare, id uti facere
42 liceat, dum ne ampliorem modum pratorum habeant, quam
proxuma aestate habuerunt fructique sunt.
43 Vituries quei controvorsias Genuensium ob iniourias iu-

damnati sunt, seiquis in vincoleis ob eas res est,

dicati aut

44 eos omneis solvei

—» — *
mittei leibera;rique Genuenses videtur
*""*^'J •

oportere ante eidus Sextilis primas.

Lines 37-39. proxuma faenisicei :
'
last hay-time.' We have ap-
parently the ablative of a feminine faenisex,
in meaning equivalent to/aeni-
sicia. Faenisex masculine means
'

mower.' Faenum is the correct spelling,

not femem nor foenum. — Odiates, etc.: other communities, sustaining to
Genua the same relation as the Langenses Viturii. Odiates and Dectu-
nines are of the third declension, Cavaturineis and Mentovines seem
to be of the second (= Cavaturini, Afentovini),as their ablatives just below
end in -es (for -eis). With Dectuninebus cp. Tempestatebus, n. 75, 1. 6.
— quem quisque eorum, etc. 'as touching that land which they shall
:

severally possess.' The whole clause

means what we should express by the
simple
'
word respectively.' —
Lines 40-42. sicet and sicare below for :

1
secet,secare, cut.' A provincialism not elsewhere found. Cp. sica. — pascat :

use for grazing.' Cp. Verg. Aen., xi. 319.

— Langueses = Langenses : n

omitted, git for g. inmittere— let grow.'

:
'

iudicati aut damnati, tried

'

Lines 43, 44. controvorsias . . .

'

or condemned in dispute' a free use of the inner or cognate' accusative,

;

somewhat analogous to the expressions vincere indicium, sponsionem (Cicero).

— solvei, etc. -ei in infinitive passive is not etymologically justified, and oc-
:

curs only after the time of the Gracchi. Earlier monuments have -i (or -ier).
 48 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 105.

45 Seiquoi de ea re iniquom videbitur esse, ad nos adeant

primo quoque die et ab omnibus controversis thono publli. i

46 Leg(ati) Mogo Meticanio Meticoni f(ilius), Plaucus Peli-

ani(o) Pelioni f(ilius).

Senatua Consultum de Tibuvtibus.

105. L. Cornelius Cn.
f.
j)r(aetor) sen(atum) cons(uluit) a. d.
Ill nonas Maias sub aede Kastoru s. Scr(ibendo) adf(ue-
runt) A. Manlius A. f., Sex. Iulius ., L. Postumius S. f. . .

Quod Te iburtes v(erba) f(ecistis) quibusque de rebus vos

purgavistis, ea senatus animum-advoj^it ita utei
aeq uo m fait.

— Genuenses :
object of oportere. We
have here the construction oportet
me ^liquid fieri, '
it behooves me that something be done,' but I do not know
a parallel case. Oportet'\sior*op-portet, 'falls to my share' (from an obso-
lete *portere), and so its taking a direct
object is not surprising. Lines —
45,46. ad nos: the commissioners named below. primo quoque —
die: 'at the earliest possible day.' —
controversis: see on 1. 35. The
following words were hopelessly confused by the graver, who could not
understand his copy. The sense requires something like controversis ab-
stineant (Mommsen). — Meticanio and Pelianio are probably nomina-
tives of tf-stems with -s omitted. Observe the relation, in these Ligurian
names, between the surnames in -anio-s and the fathers' names in -ono-s.
The surnames would seem to be hardly more than patronymics formed with

suffix -io-, such for instance as the Boeotians had

'Arro'/Aodupior son of ;
=
A -<>'/'/ oAupog. In fact, a large part of the Roman gentilicia had a like ori-
gin, Tullius from Tul/tts, Quintius from Qitintus.
105. CI. 201. Bronze plate found at Tibur now lost. The Tiburtines ,

had fallen under some suspicion (of what offense we do not know), and
had sent to Rome to clear themselves before the senate, upon which this
decree was passed. This is all be made out. (The age of the in-
that can
it would seem
scription is uncertain: from its spelling to belong not vet y
far cither side of
654/100.)
The document, like the S.C. de Bacchanalibus
not strictly a decree,
but_aJeiler_from the praetor the
is
(n. 82), embodying
substance of the decree. —
For the opening forms see n. 82. — Lines 1, 2.
Kastorus: Introd. 37; cp. n. 103, 1.
17.
— S. = Spuri. — Line 3. Quod
for remark, or the occasion for the following remark
introducing a matter
(Allen and Greenough, 333 a) is continued by quibus in the same func-
tion: 'whereas and whereas concerning certain matters,' etc.
. . . Lines —
4, 5. animum advortit later joined, ani?nadvertit.
:
nontiata : —
 N. io6.] LEX CORNELIA DE XX QUAESTQRIBJJS. 49

Nosque ea ita audiveramus, ut vos d eixs istis vobeis nontiata

esse. Ea nos animum nostrum non indoucebamus ita facta

esse propter ea quod scibamus ea vos merito nostro facere

non potuisse, neque vos dignos esse, quei ea faceretis, neque
id vobeis neque rei poplica e vostrae oilile esse facere. Et
postquam vostra verba senatus audivit, tanto magis animum
nostrum indoucimus, ita utei ante arbitrabamur, de eieis
rebus jX vobeis peccatum non esse. Quonque de eieis re-
bus senatuei purgati estis, credimus vosque animum vostrum
indoucere oportet, item vos populo Romano purgatos fore. /,

o~^*
Lex Cornelia de XX quaestoribus.
06. ... Tribus . . .
principium fuit :
pro tribu .... primus scivit.

.Page
I.
ad q(uaestorem) urb(anum), quei aerarium provin-
ciam optinebit, earn mercedem deferto, quaestorque quei

see on n. 103, 1.
3.
— Line 9. oitile = utile: Introd. 8. Cp. oetantur
= utantur, Lex agr., CI. 200, 1. n, and oeti = uti, CI. 603. — Line 11.

eieis : this form is interesting as preserving the pronoun-stem eio-, older

form oieo-; this stem arises from /- (is, i-d) by diphthongal strengthening
and addition of 0. — af vobeis: cp. af Capita, n. 100, and note. Quon- —
que = quomque. Quom causal takes indicative in early Latin, as Plant.

Capt. 353.
106. CI. 202. Bronze plate found at Rome in the ruins of the temple of
Saturn (see on n. 103, line 17), which was the regular place of deposit for
state archives. It is the eighth of a series of nine or ten tablets, on which

was engraved a law of Sulla: the rest are lost. It contains two pages or
columns. The tablets were nailed up in a horizontal row, and the prae-
scriptio, or heading, ran along
the tops of all of them in large letters of this :

only four words (principium fuit pro tribu) are on the preserved
:

plate. The whole, as we know from other documents (in particular the
Lex Quinctia de aquae ductibus in Frontinus), must have read about as
follows: L. Cornelius L. f. Sulla dictator de senatus sententia populum iure

rogavit populusque iure scivit in foro (here followed the exact place and
. . .

the date) Tribus Sergia principium fuit ; pro tribu P. Terentius P. f.

. . .

Varro primus scivit; whereby the names of the tribe and the first votel
5o REMNANTS UV EARLY LATIN. [n. 106.

scribae
aerarium provinciam optinebit earn pequniam ei

ei sine fraude sua

scribcisque heredive eius solvito, idque

are of course merely inserts by way of example. In the comitia tributa,

1

the tribe which voted first (or, according to Mommsen, that which first an-
nounced the result of its vote) was called principium. The present enact-
a lex, because passed
ment, although passed in the comitia tributa, is still
at the rogation of a curule magistrate (dictator). If proposed by a tribune,

it would be a plcbis sett urn, and the praescriptio would have plebem,plebes,
instead oipopulum, populus.
The law is one of Sulla's enactments during his dictatorship (Tac. Ann.,
It raised the num-
xi. 22) and so falls in all probability in the year 673/81.

ber of quaestors to twenty. The part preserved treats only of the attend-
ants (apparitores) of the city-quaestors, and provides (1) for the payment
of the scribae, and (2) for the appointment of additional viatores and p/ae-
cones : thequaestors namely are hereafter to appoint four viatores and four
and for the next three years
praecones, where before they appointed three,
the present consuls are to appoint additional viatores and praecones, one —
each for each year. But this matter is involved in some obscurity, and there
are two possible ways of understanding the arrangement. The viatores who
serve for any one year form a so-called decuria, and so too the praecones.
Now the simplest supposition is that these decuriae had heretofore con-
sisted of three men each, and were appointed by the quaestors once in three
years only, nine
men being appointed, three for each of the succeeding
for 673 would have appointed three viatores for
years thus the quaestors
;

674, three for 675, and

three for 676. The quaestors for 676 would then by
this law appoint four fur each of the following three years. But meanwhile.
that the decuriae may be immediately increased, the consuls are directed to

appoint one supplementary viator

each for 674, 675, 676. But Mommsen
little more
thinks, with some reason, that the arrangement was probably a
his view, had consisted of nine
complicated. The decuriae, according to
men, and are hereafter to consist of twelve. One third of the decuriae for
the three succeeding years are appointed by the quaestors of each year:

namely, three (hereafter four) men in each decuria;

so that the decuria
for any one year contains appointees of the three preceding years. Thus
the viatores during the transitional period would be as follows :
—
Decuria for byj. Decuria for byj. Decuria for tyjb.

3 app. by quaest., 671. 3 app. by quaest., 672. 3 app. by quaest., 673.

3 app. by quaest., 672. 3 app. by quaest., 673. 1

app. by consuls, 673.

3 app. by quaest., 673. 1

app. by consuls, 673. 4 app. by quaest., 674.
1 app. by consuls, 673. 4 app. by quaest., 674. _4 app. by quaest., 675,
 N. io6.] LEX CORNELIA DE XX QUAESTORIBUS. 51

s facere liceto,quod sine malo pequlatuu fiat, olleisque homi-

nibus earn pequniam capere liceto.

Co(n)s(ules) quei nunc sunt, iei ante k(alendas) Decem-

breis primas de eis, quei cives Romanei sunt, viatorem unum

legunto, quei in ea decuria viator appareat, quam decuriam

10 viatorum ex noneis Decembribus primeis quaestoribus ad
aerarium apparere oportet oportebit. Eidemque co(n)s(u-
les) ante k(alendas) Decembr(eis) primas de eis, quei cives
Romanei praeconem unum legunto, quei in ea decuria
sunt,

praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeconum ex noneis De-

15 cembribus primeis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere opor-
tet oportebit. Deinde eidem consul(es) ante k(alendas)
Decembreis primas viatorem unum legunto, quei in ea de-
curia viator appareat, quam decuriam viatorum ex noneis
Decembribus secundeis quaestoribus ad aerarium apparere
20
oportet oportebit. Eidemque co(n)s(ules) ante k(alendas)
Decembreis primas praeconem unum legunto, quei in ea
decuria praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeconum ex
And the same for the praecones. It is to be observed that the same men

could be, and usually were, chosen for successive years, so that the office
was practically a permanent one.
Page I. Lines 1-5. quei aerarium provinciam, etc.,
'
who shall
'

have the treasury as his department,' i.e., be charged with the admin-
shall
istration of the treasury.' There were two quaestores urbani, both of whom,
so far as we know, had equally charge of the aerarium, so that it does not
seem as ifa particular one were meant here. In the Lex repetundarum,
CI. 198, 1. 79, we have quoi aerarium vel urbana provincia obvenerit, as if the
two were pretty much the same thing. — mercedem def erto :
'

report the
amount Subject is the magistrate see below, ii. I. 40.
of wages due.' :
—
sine fraude sua: 'without prejudice to himself.' quod: as n. 104, —
1. 26. With pequlatuu compare arbitratuu, ibid. olleis (Introd. 49) —
hominibus: the scribes. — Lines 6-10. k. Dec. primas: that is, of
the present year. —-appareat: 'serve as apparitor.' —
ex noneis De-
cembribus: this was the time when the quaestors entered on their term
of office. Evidently the quaestors of the present year had already made
their appointments for the succeeding years; hence the supplementary

appointments are left to the consuls.

 52 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 10b

noneis Decembribus secundeis quaestoribus ad aerariuq

apparere oportet oportebit. Deinde eidem co(n)s(ules)
25 ante k(alendas) Dec embreis primas viatorem unum legunto,

quei in ea decuria viator appareat, quam decuriam viatorum

ex noneis Decembribus tertieis quaestoribus a<l aerarium
apparere oportet oportebit. Eidemque co(n)s(ules) ante
k(alendas) Decembreis primas praeconem unum legunto,
3o quei in ea decuria praeco appareat, quam decuriam praeco-
num ex noneis Decembribus tertieis quaestoribus ad aerarium
apparere oportet oportebit. Eosque viatores eoscjue prae-
cones omneis, quos eo ordine dignos arbitrabuntur, legunto.
Quam in quisque decuriam ita viator lectus erit, is in ea de-
35 curia viator esto item utei ceterei eius decuriae viatores
erunt. Quamque in quisque decuriam itapraeco lectus erit,
is in ea decuria praeco esto ita utei ceterei eius decuriae

praecones erunt. Sirempsque eis viatoribus deque eis via-

toribus q(uaestori) omnium rerum iuus lexque esto, quasei
40 sei ei viatores in earn decuriam in tribus viatoribus antea

IL lectei sublectei essent, quam in quisque decuriam eorum ex

hac lege viator lectus erit. Sirempsque eis praeconibus
deque eis praeconibus quaestori omnium rerum iuus lexque
5 esto, quasei sei ei praecones in earn decuriam in tribus prae-
conibus antea lectei sublectei essent. quam in quisque decu-
riam eorum ex hac lege praeco lectus erit.

Quosquomque quaestores ex lege plebeive scito viatores

legere sublegere oportebit, ei quaestores eo hire ea lege via-
tores IIII legunto sublegunto, quo hire qua legeq(uaestores),

Line 33. Quam in quisque decuriam i.e. quam in decuriam :

quisque.
— Line 37. ita utei = item utei above: 'on the same footing
as.'— Line 38. Sirempsque omnium rerum: see on n. 103,
. . .

12. — Line 41. sublectei chosen as substitute (vicarius,see II., 1. 25).

' '

1. :

ublegere below.
•
The holdei such places often underlet or sold
1

them to others, of course with the approval of the magistrate.

Page II. Line 7. Quosquomque = quoscumque. This appended

 N. 106.] LEX CORNELIA DE XX QUAESTORIBUS. 53

10
quei nunc sunt, viatores III legerunt sublegerunt ; quosque-
quomque quaestores ex lege plebeive scito praecones legere
sublegere oportebit, ei quaestores eo iure ea lege praecones
IIII legunto sublegunto, quo iure qua lege quaestores, quei
nunc sunt, praecones III legerunt sublegerunt ; dum niquem
15 in eis viatoribus praeconibus legundeis sublegundeis in eius
viatoris praeconis locum viatorem praeconem legant sub-
legant, quoius in locum per leges plebeive scita viatorem
praeconem legei sublegi non licebit. Itaque de eis quattuor
20 viatoribus quaestor queiquomque erit viatores sumito habeto,
utei antehanc legem rogatam de tribus viatoribus viatores
habere sumere solitei sunt. Itaque de eis quattuor praeconi-
bus quaestor queiquomque erit praecones sumito habeto, utei
ante hanc legem rogatam de tribus praeconibus praecones
25 habere sumere solitei sunt. Itemque eis viatoribus praecon-
ibus quei ex hac lege lectei erunt, vicarium dare subdere ius
esto licetoque, utei cetereis viatoribus praeconibus, qua in

quisque decuria est, vicarium dare subdere iuus erit lice-

bitque. Itemque quaestor(es) ab eis vicarios accipiunto, utei

3° aa cetereis viatoribus praeconibus vicarios accipei oportebit.

Viatores praecones quei ex hac lege lectei sublectei erunt,
eis viatoribus praeconibus magistratus prove mag(istratu)
mercedis item tantundem dato, quantum ei viator(ei) prae-
35 conei darei oporteret, sei is viator de tribus viatoribus isque

praeco de tribus praeconibus esset, quei ante hanc legem

rogatam utei legerentur institutei sunt.

Quas in decurias viatorum praeconum consul ex hac lege

quomque, 'ever,' is from quom 'when' as quisque from quis. —

Line 10.
quosquequomque = —
et quoscum que. Line 24. eis viatoribus
—
praeconibus: join with ius esto licetoque. Line 32. magistratus
prove mag. 'the magistrate or person acting as magistrate': cp. n. 82,
:

1.12. — Line 36. utei legerentur institutei sunt a rather awkward

:

expression for legi soliti sunt. By a sort of attraction institutei sunt is put
instead of the impersonal institutum est, which would be regular. It is not
 54 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 107.

40 viatores praecones legerit, quorum viatorum praeconum

nomina in eis decurieis ad aedem Saturni in pariete intra
eorum via-
cau/as proxume ante hanc legem scripta erunt,
torum praeconum ad quaestorem urbanum quei aerarium

provincial)! optinebit earn merccdem dcfcrto, . . .

Inscriptions of Campanian magistri pagoriim.

107. N. Pumidius Q. f. M. Raecius Q./.

M. Cottius M. f. N. Arrius M. f.
M. Eppilius M. f. L. Heioleius P. f.

C. Antracius C. f. C. Tuccius C. f.

L. Sempronius L. f. Q. Vibius M. f.

P. Cicereius C. f. M. Valerius L. f.

very unlike the expression coeptus

sum amari. — Line 41. intra caulas :

'inside the railing,' surrounding the temple or the aerarium. The names
are to be hung there on the wall close to the copy of the law itself. Momm-
sen fills out the sentence as above the law went on to direct the payment,
;

as in I., 1. 2, fig. —
The reader will have noticed in the above document, the
latest which has been admitted into this collection, (1) the greater regularity

of spelling thus -eis always in dat. and abl. plur., -ei in nom. plur. of o-stems
:

in ace. plur. of /-stems (but -is in nom.

(but -i in gen. sing.), -eis (for -is)
only dat. sing, praeconei, but heredi, quaestori;
and -*', -ei inter-
plur.), etc. ;

changeably in infin. pass. (2) the closer approximation to 'classic' usage:

:

ei dat. sing, of is, mdat.pl.,« nom.

plur. (iei once) lex (not lexs);
hac lege, ;

hanc legem (not /nice hance) doubled consonants everywhere, etc.

—
;

107. CI. 565. Capua. Date 646/108. The political condition of Cam-
pania during the 150 years from the Hannibalic
war to the year of Caesar's
consulship (695/59) was The whole country belonged to the Ro-
peculiar.
mans as ager publicus, let to plebeian holders, and the government
and was
was administered by praefecti sent from Rome. The communities, pagi,
have certain local officers, magistri pagi. Inside the pagi there exist guilds
or collegia, some of ingenui, others of libertini, others of slaves. The col-
their tutelary divinities, partly from their handi-
legia are named partly from
craft.They seem to exist chiefly for religious purposes, but they stand in
some organic relation to the pagus. At the head of each collegium stand
twelve officers called magistri (to be distinguished from the magistri pagi) ;

but in the collegia of slaves they are called ministri. These officers, in return
 N. 108,109.] INSCRIPTIONS OF CAMPANIAN MAGISTRI. 55

Hgisce magistreis Venerus Loviae murum aedificandum

coiraverunt ped(um) CCvLXX, et loidos fecerunt, Ser. Sulpi-
cio M. Aurelio ccw.

108. Ser.Sueti(us)Ser.l.Bal(bus). . . Babrius L. 1.

P. Babrius L. 1. P. 6ervilius M. 1.

M. Sexti(us) N. M. 1. Cn. Octavi(us) N. 1.

Ves(tinus?).
'^N. Sexti(us) N. M. 1. M. Ocrati(us) M. Pist(orP). 1.

L. Hordioni(us) L. 1. Lab(eo?). P. Statius P. M. 1.

C. Lucretius C. 1.
Apul(us). M. Mai(us) M. 1. Nic(o?).
k**V A. Gargonius Q. 1.

Heisce magistreis Cererus murum et pluteum long(um)

p(edes) 1XXX, alt(um) p(edes) XXI faciund(um) coira-
vere, eidemq(ue) loid(os) fee (ere), C. Atilio Q. Servilio cos.

109. Pagus Herculaneus scivit a(nte) d(\em) X Termina//Vz,

conlegium, seive magistrei Iovei Compagei sunt, utei in por-

y for the honor, contribute money for public purposes, the magistri giving
games with unless directed to expend it in public works by a pagi
it,

scitum. I select three from among a number of similar extant inscrip-

tions relating to these guilds.— N. = Numerius. — Heisce magistreis:
nomin. plur., Introd. 48, 34.
— Venerus: Introd. 37. Venus lovia the is

goddess of the collegium. lovia is not elsewhere known as surname of

Venus. It designates the goddess as standing in some relation to Jove.
Compare Here Martea (Preller, Rom. Mythologie, p. 303) and the Umbrian
Cerfus Martins. — coiraverunt = curaverunt. — loidos = ludos.
108. CI. 566. Date 648/106. The collegium ( Ceres) is one of
Capu a.
libertini, ( Venus lovia)
whereas the former one was of ingenui. N. M. 1. —
(3d line) =Numeri et Marci libertus. Freedmen and slaves of two masters
(brothers) occur often in these and other inscriptions. So just below P.
Statius P. M. 1., and in the next inscription T. Sulpicius P. Q. I. See
especially n. no.
—
Thirteen magistri are named: doubtless one had been
chosen to fill a vacancy.
109. CI. 571. Herculaneum apparently; but the stone was first known
nearCaserta. Date 660/94. The collegium — one of libertini — seems to be
or 'brotherhood,' a name not
' '

called after lovius Compagus, god of union

known elsewhere. The community have voted that the officers of the guild
 n-+um**y

56 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. no,

ticum paganam reficiendam pequniam consumercnt ex lege

pagana, arbitratu Cn. Laetori Cn. f. magistrei pagei, uteique
ei conlegio, seive magistri sunt Iovei Compagei, locus in tea-

^tio esset tain quasei sei ku/os fecissent.

"* ^" Aufustius L. C. Antonius M. Cn M
^rflA I. Strato, 1. Nico, l\^x
Avius Cn. Agathocles, C. Blossi(us) M. 1. Prbtemus, M.I
1. y^
Ramnius P. 1. Diopant(us), T. Sulpicius P. Q. /. P ul(ad es),
'AM >
Q. Novius Q. 1. Protem(us), M. Paccius M. 1. Philem(o),
M. Licculcius M. 1.
Philin(us), Cn. Hordeonius Cn. 1.
Euphe-
mio, A. Pollius P. 1. Alexand(er), N. Munnius N. 1. Antiocus
C. Coelio C. f. Caldo L. Domitio Cn. f. Ahenobarb(o) cos.

Several Dedicatory Inscriptions

Of the time of the Gracchi or later.

Jib* *JU**JL/*«

no. Q. Caecilius Cn. A. Q. Flamini leibertus Iunpiie, Seispitei

matri reginae.

expend their money in public repairs rather than on games. —

Terminalia :

'landmark-feast^ the 23d of February. So Cicero writes to Atticus (vi. 1) :

Accept tuas litteras a. J. quint urn Terminalia (i.e. 19th Febr.). The reason of
this mode of dating is that before Caesar's calendar reform, the month of

February in every alternate year ended on the Terminalia: the remaining

fivedays were omitted, and in their place was inserted the mensis intercalaris
or 28 days. Accordingly after the ides of February they reckoned for-
o{2."j

ward, in those years, first to the kalendae intcrcalarcs (but sometimes, as

here, to the Terminalia), then to the intercalary nones and ides succes-
sively, and then finally to the calends of March.
—
lege pagana: the same
as a pagi scititm. — '
arbitratu: 'oversight,' management.' pagei: the —
stone has pageiei. —
teatro: Introd. 15. —
tarn quasei sei: unusual
fulness of expression ; tamquam si and quasi si (see on n. 103, I. 12) are
common. — Protemus, a singular name, occurs again CI. 943.
— Dio-
pantus = Ai6<f>ai
110. mo. Near Lanuvium on a little temple. Q. Caecilius is
CI.
Cn. and A. Caecilius and Q. Flaminius. Seispitei
n of Sospiti.
=
Juno Sospes or Sospita is a conception not unlike Iuno Lucina (n. 53). The
cult originated in Lanuvium, which was famous for it. S'ispila is elsewhere
 N. in, ii2.] SEVERAL DEDICATORY INSCRIPTIONS. 57

ill. M. P. Vertuleieis C. f(ilieis).

Quod re sua djTejdens asper.? afleicta

parens timens heic v6vit, v6to h6c solut e

1
(/fcuma™ facta" poloucta™ leibereis lube//tes/
a£&S(Zl~u
donu m danunt Hercolei maxsume mereto ;
/
/vA^-wa,
sem6l te orant se z^6ti crebro c6ndemnes. / "*•*£ , j^l

112. Donum «edit L. Aufidi(us) D. f. . . . ^/<?cuma* facta Her-

colei mer(eto) iterum. Semol te orat : tu es sanctus deus :

quel tovam /£ pacem petit adiouta. /

found, and Festus gives us the form slspitem. According to Corssen, the 1

(«") is due merely to the assimilating influence of the following syllable.

111. CI. 1175. Sora. Two brothers, Marcus and Publius Vertuleius, fulfil
a vow made by their father. On the custom of dedicating a tenth to Her-
cules, see 99 and note. The inscription is of about the time of the Gracchi.
The verses are Saturnians. — Vertuleieis : nom. plur. (Introd. 34), so too
leibereis below. —
re (' property') depends on difeidens (= diffldens).
— afleicta = afflicta. Hiatus before this word, and again in the next verse.
— heic: 'here,' at the shrine where the offering is made. — poloucta
= pollucta. The old verb pol-luccre belonged to sacrificial language :
Plaut. Stich. 233 ut decumam partem si Herculi polluceam. Facere decu-
;

mam is to set aside the tenth part pollucere is to present it but with special
; ;

reference to a sacrificial feast: cp. n. 154. danunt dant : frequent in— =

Plautus, who has also danit. They are isolated forms of a present *da-no :

formed like li-no,cer-no. The

following also occur: explenunt (= expleut),
nequinont (= nequeunt, Liv. Andr.), redlnutit (= redeunt, Ennius),//W/-
nunt,ob'inunt, ferinunt (= feriun£) inserinuntur (= inseruntur, Liv. Andr.)
,

solino, sohnunt (= con-sulo, consulu?if). It will

they be seen that
nearly are
confined to the 3d pers. plur. — Hercolei: cp. On the n. 83.
ending fuller
of this verse, see Introd. 68. — mereto such dedications usually abla-
in is

tive (see n. 69, 75, end), but seems here and 112 to be dative. —
in n.
semol = simul,
'
Withal they pray thee to hold them often to payment of
their vows.' Condemn are (or damnare) voti is to condemn a man to pay
his vow, by granting his request. Allen and Greenough,.220 a,
112. CI. 1290. Found near ancient Amiternum. For the supplements
cp. n. 99 and in.
— tovam : Introd. 46; tovos and sovos correspond ex-
actly to the Epic Gre ek rcog (reFtic)
and eoc (ptFog). — adiouta: 'aid
him who . .' etc.
 58 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 113-117.

113- P. Annaeus Q. /.
Epicadus aedem Leiberi patois faci-

und(am) coir(avit) lub(ens) mer(eto). <u**

114. Vencrei Erucina/r.

115. Venerus Heruc(inae).

116. L. Rantius L. f.
Tro(mentina) lumphieis.

Several Public Inscriptions

V
Of about the same period.

117. L. Betilienus L. f. Vaarus haec (juae nfer a scripta s^nt de

i

senatu^sententia facienda cojravit

semitas in oppido omnis, :

porticum qua in arcem eitur, campum ubei ludunt, horolo-

gium, macelum, basilicam calecandam, seedes, /acum bali-

113. CI. 1469. Narona in Dalmatia. — patrus: Introd. 37. — coira-

vit = curavit.
114, 115. CI. 147S, 1495. Eryx in Sicily, famed for its Venus-worship.
— Venerus: Introd. 37. — Herucinae : the h appears again in the Oscan
form Herukinai. Cp. Hinnad, n. 84.
116. CI. 1238. Vicinity of Naples.
—
Tromentina tribq : see on n. 28.
— lumphieis: 'to the nymphs.' On the same stone is \cvKiog "Pavriur
Aevniov vibe; vbfioaiq. Lumphia is a derivative from lumpha, which is itself
used for a fountain-goddess. The oldest form was no doubt *lumpa (cp.
Oscan diumpais, whence limp-idus. For the /// see Introd. 15,
dat. plur.),
note. The lympha later in vogue was a Grecian affectation. The
spelling
word has, of course, no etymological connexion with i>i/j<prj.
117. CI. 1166. Aletrium (Alatrium) of the Hernici. Presumably of the
time of the Gracchi, or soon after. The senatus and populns are of course
those of the town itself. infera — =
infra : see on n. 82, 1. 16. senatu: —
a form of genitive otherwise unknown perhaps merely a scribe's error.
;
—
semitas footways,' at the side of the street.
:
'
—
qua in arcem eitur :

'along the ascent to the citadel.' eitur —

itur. =
So ire, tmus, etc., were
originally ei-re, ei-mus (cp. 1-111), and eo, emit stand for*^/'-o, *ei-ont.
1
—
horo-
logium: probably a sun-dial.
— macelura = mace/tum. — basilicam
calecandam (coiravit): 'the plastering of the town-hall.' The brick-
work was covered with stucco. The verb calecare or calicare (not else-
where found except in Festus, who gives calicata) is from calx, '
lime.'
 N. 118,119.] SEVERAL PUBLIC INSCRIPTIONS. 59

nearium, lacum ad /ortam. Aquam in

opjdum adqu<? arduom
pedes CCCXvL fornicesq(ue) fecit ; fistulas_soleilas fecit.

Ob hasce res censorem fecere bis, senatus filio stipendia

mereta ese iqusit, populusque statuam donavit Censorino.

118. M. Saufeius M. f.
Rutilus, C. Saufeius C. f. Flacus q(uaes-
tores) culinam f(aciundam) d(e) s(enatus) s(ententia)
c(oeravere). Eisdemq(ue) locum emerunt de L. Tondeio
L. f. publicum. Est longu^p(edes) CXI/ VI IIS, latum af_
muro ad L. Tondei vorsu m p(edes) XVI.
^UAut*^, A
.

119. M. Melius M. f., L. Turpilius L. f. duomvires de senatus

sente///ia aedem faciendam coeraveru nt. eisdemque proba-
vere.

Basilicae (the name derived from the ftaaikim] croa at Athens) were large
roofed halls commonly not enclosed by walls, but with double rows of col-
umns forming aisles (porticus) on either side: they were used for courts
of justice and general business. —
lacum balinearium merely a tank :

in the public baths. Balineum ( 3a?Mve~tov) is the older form for balneum :
t

Greek a weakened to l, as in machlna trufma

(juixava), and
(jiyvravrf),
other borrowed words. — Aquam = a^a«« ductum. — arduom the : hill
of the arx. — f ornices to support the aqueduct. — fistulas soledas
:
:

'

strong water-pipes.' The form soledus (Introd. 12) is parallel to timt-dus in

a fragment of Naevius, but these happen to be the only instances of what
was once the form of nearly all the adjectives in -idus : for instance, *mor-
bedus from still older *morbo-dus. — stipendia . . . iousit :
i.e., exempted
him from military service (' decreed that his campaigns be considered as
already served').
— Censorino: 'to him under the title of Censorinus.'
118. CI. 1143. Praeneste. — quaestores: the local ones. — culi-
nam :
probably a public
'
kitchen
'
for preparing sacrificial feasts, for we
find culinae mentioned inmore than one inscription along with temples,
altars, and the like. — eisdemque: nom. plur., Introd. 47. longu'», —
latum neuter, without regard to locum.
: —S (numeral) = et semissem.
The length is 1485 feet. af see on— muro: af Capua, n. 100. — ad . . .

vorsu m :
'
in the direction of L. Tondeius's (house).'
119. CI. 1149. Cora, on an old temple. duomvires: Introd. — 34.^*^**
The chief municipal magistrates, duomviri iure dicundo; see on n. 121. Or t M/%-tA
possibly special duomviri aedi dedicandae.
 r
60 REMNANTS OV EARLY LATIN. [N. 120-126.

120. A. Aigius C. f.,

L. Runtius C. t.
Sisipiu, M. Fufidius M. f.

aid (lies) de s(enatus) s(ententia) Has, cisternas, clovacas

faciun(das) coer(averunt), eidemque probarunt.

121. C. Quinctius C. f.
Valg(us), pa tron (us) mu njcjjrji), M.
Magi(us) Min. f. Surus, A. Padacius Q. f., Illlvir(i) d(e)
s(enatus) s(ententia) portas, turreis, moiros, turreisque
aequas qum rnoiro faciund u m coiraverunt.

122. Privatum :
precario adeitur.

123. Itus actusque est in hoce delubrum Feroniai. Ex hoce

1
loco in via" poplicam Campanam qua proxsimum est p(edes)
©CCX.
Sepulchral Urns.

124. Alfenos Luci(os), a. d. X II .c(al.) Noem(br es).

125. L. Anavis L. f., eidibus Sex(tilibus). CL—~y. 1 3

126. D.Aponi(us). Eidus inter(kalares). M. Lucre(tius).

120. CI. 1178. Arpinum. Sisipus —

Sisyphus. = — clovacas = do-
acas. Root is clu- ; old verb clu-ere purgare. =
121. CI. 1230. Aeclanum in Samnium. — patronus munic. the :

community's legal representative and protector at Rome.

— Min. = Minati
(nomin. Minatius). Surus — Syrus. =
IHIviri (sc. i. — d.) :
Magius and
Patlacius only. In the later municipal organization, the magistrates of each

city were four in number; two superior, called duoviri (or quattuorviri)
hire dicundo, and two inferior, duoviri (or quattuorviri') aedilcs. They were
called duoviri or quattuorviri according as they were regarded as forming
two boards of two (so generally in colonies) or one of four (so in muni-
cipia).—TO.o\rOB = muros: Introd. 8. —
is a neg hgence. f aciundum
122. CI. 1215. Capua. 'Private ground: admission only on suffer-
ance.' So a "viea precarea" CI. 1464. 123. CI. 1291. Near Aquila. —
Itus actusque 'right of way for walking and driving.' Feroniai see
: :

on n. 48. —
(D =
1000.
124-135. Selected from CI. 822-1005. Sepulchral ollae, found in the
vineyard of San Cesareo at Rome they date somewhere from 600/154 to
:

650/104. The name are those of slaves or other humble persons, mostly
in the nominative, rarely (as 131) in the genitive. The form Noem. for
 \J~

N. 127-136.] SEPULCHRAL URNS. — EPITAPHS. 6l

127. Q. Caecilis, a. d. VII idus No. ^

128. L. Kaili(us), a. d. Ill eidus Dekem.
U^~~*" 129. Licnia, a. d. k(al.) Martias VIII.

130. Martura, a. d. IX k(al.) No£m.

131. Muniae, a. d. VII k(al.) D^ece.

132. Protarcus, p(ridie) k(al.) F(eb.) ; pub(licus).,

133. A. d. IV eid. Dec. M. Semproni L. f.
Ter(etina) XZU*-
ossiva. •=- crx***A*> - o-*-*-*,

134. Turrania, a. d. VII eid. interk(alares). «

135. Portunalia. Marta Plotica.

1*
Epitaphs
Dating from about the Gracchan perioq" on.

136. Protogenes Cloul/ suavei heicei situst mimus, plou-

ruma que/ fecit populo soveis gaudia nuges.

Novem(bres) occurs repeatedly. On Anavis, Caecilis see Introd. 32.

On the eidus interkalares see note on Terminalia, n. 109. Licnia =
Licinia. Protarcus (132) a state-slave (publicus servos).
(i.e. -chus) is

Ter(etina) (133), sc. tribu. (Not Terentina.) The form ossiva (=

ossd) is strange. The stem ossu-, nomin. plur. ossua, is well known (see n.
140), and ossiva corresponds so exactly to baria (= that one may barha)
dimly suspect a stem *ossivo- =
bar (?<>-. The Portunalia (135) or feast
of the harbor-god Portunus was xvi kal. Sept.
136. CI. 1297. Preturo, near ancient Amiternum. The epitaph should
have formed two hexameters, but was spoiled in cutting. Mommsen recon-
structs them thus :
—
Protogenes Clouli suavis situs est heic mimus,
plouruma quei fecit populo sueis gaudia. nuges:

sueis being read as one syllable. —

Clouli : the name of the master. Clou-
lius = Cloelius or Cluilius. —
suavei and heicei seem merely blunders
for suavis and heice. — plouruma: but ptoirume, n. 75. Corssen refers
both forms to a prototype plo-ios-umo-s. — soveis : Introd. 46. This form
again n. 147, and CI. 198; sovom, CI. 588; sovo, n. 138. — nuges: ablat
plur. for nugeis; Introd. 9. Cp. on n. 104, 1.
39 (Me?itovines) .
 ()2 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 137-139.

137- Hoc 0>t factum monumentum Maarco Caicilio.

Hospes, gratu in est <\\]^}\\ apud meas restitistei secdes;

bene rem geras et valeas, dormias sine (jura.

133. Hospes. quod deico paullum est, asta ac pellige. XLi**

.
frr^ Hj»ic est sepulcrum hay pulcrum pulcrai feminae : &V''•
nomen parentes n6minarunt Claudiam ; jtM^~*^M '

su6m m areitum c6rde dilexit $ovo :

gnat6s duos creavit horunc alterum :

in terra linquit, alium sub terra locat.

Serm6ne lepido turnautem incessu c6mmodo

domum servavit, lanam fecit dixi, abei. :

139. P. I. u (ius P. 1. N'eicia. Saufeia 3. 1. Thalea. L. Larcius

P. f. Rums. P. Larcius P. f. Brocchus. Larcia P. J. 1.

Horaea.

Bonejs probata, inveisa a nulla proba Jt/A/

t sum :
^ .

"
1

fui parens domineis senibus, huic autem 6pse(iuens. ^Jwa*V

137. CI. 1006. Found in the Via Appia near Rome. Date apparently
" "
about 654/100. Affectatae antiquitatis sed scite factum epigramma
(Mommsen). Saturnian verse. — meas is one syllable.
138. CI. 1007. Rome now ;
Iambic trimeters.
lost. pellige perlege.
— =
— hau for haud 1-
frequent in the mss. of Plautus and Terence, and is now

freely replaced in the texl (asTrin. 233).

— pulcrai: puker (poker, CI. 552)
is the usual spelling down to Cicero's time. Still it was one of the verv few
words in which a s econdary aspiration fixed itself at an early time: pulcher

occurs on a coin of about 650/104. —

mareitum ei merely for /, not jus- :

tified. Mar'itus is participle from a supposed verb *marire. sovo see — :

on — horunc (h
136. 1 is Plautinian (Cist. 53). alium: for al- —
terum. — incessu commotio 'with gentle mien 'or bearing.' — lanam
'
:

fecit : Ov. Met. vi. 30, tibi fama petatur inter mor tales fa c 1 e nd .1 , 0, ax-
itna lanae :
cp. lani-ficus.
139. CI. 1 194. A stone, now lost, found near Minturnae. Above are
five names of libertini — father, mother, two sons, and the wife of one of the
sons. To the last one the verses refer. She is a freedwoman of her hus-
band's parents. — Neicia = NZkmzc. — O. = mulieris liber 1. ta, freedwoman
of the matron of the Saufeian family. So again P. O. 1., 'freedwoman of
N. 140,141.] EPITAPHS. •

63

Ita leibertate illei me, hie me decoraat stola.

A piipula annos veiginti optinui domum Y^**^*****" %'

omnem ; supremus fecit iudicium dies.

Mors animam eripuit, n6n veitae ornatum apstulit.

L. Eprius Chilo viat(or) tr(ibuni) pl(ebei). iTpria cpi . . .

140. Primae Pompeiae ossua heic.

Fortuna sp6ndet multa multis, praestat nemini.
Vive in dies et hdras, nam propnum £st nihil.
Salvius et Eros dant.

141. . . Aurelius L. 1. Hermia, lanius de colle Viminale.

Haec quae me faato praecessit, corpore casto

coniunxs, unafmeo praedita amans animo,

fido fida viro veixsit studio parili, qum
nulla in a waritje cessit ab ofheio.

Publius and his wife.' D stood originally for Gaia, a sort of generic name
for a married woman ; cp. the
'

wedding-formula ubi tu Gains ego Gaia.' —

inveisa : ei is merely a sign for l. fui pronounced as one syllable. — :
—
domineis senibus 'my old master and mistress.' huic: her husband.
:
—
— decoraat : an interesting spelling, showing the traditional length of
-at in the present: Introd. 52. — stola: the dress of a Roman matrona.
He married her. —a pupula: 'from girlhood.' — fecit iudicium: '

pro-
nounced judgment on my
'

life. — The verses are iambic trimeters.

140. CI. 1010. Rome. — Primae: the eldest daughter: cp. n. 97. —
ossua: the nominative ossu is attested by a grammarian. The stem of os,
gen. ossi-s, is ossi-. Both stems stand for *osti-, *ostu-. Cp. note on ossiva,
n. 133.— Fortuna: read Fors, which the metre (iamb, trimeter) requires.
The distich — very likely stock verses used commonly — was muddled by
an ignorant stone-cutter. We saw a worse instance in n. 136. — proprium :

lasting.' The
givers are slaves or freedmen.
141. CI. ion. Rome the stone is now lost;
it had:
figures of man and
wife clasping hands. Only the wife is dead, but both figures are supposed
to speak the verses under their respective names. They are freed slaves of
the same master Hermia (JEpfiia^) and Phllematium are their Greek
:

slave-names. The verses (elegiacs) are somewhat uncouth in expression.

— meo praedita animo mistress of my heart.' — veixsit present
. . :
'
:
 (>4 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 142-144

Amelia L. 1. Philematio'".

Viva Philematijjm sum Amelia nominitata,

casta, pudens, volgei nescia, feida viro.

Vir conleibertus fuit eidem quo careo, eheu ;

rgg hut ee.vero plus superaque parens.

Septem me uaatam annorum gremio ipse recepit ;

quadraginta annos nata necis potior.

Ille meo officio adsiduo florebat ad omnis

142. . . CVrneli M. f.
Pup(inia) Mamullai.
M. Corneli M. f.J. Mamullai.

Eppuleiai A. f. uxoris.

143. P. Critonius P. f. Polio. Mater mea mihe monumentum

coeravit, quae me desiderat vehementer, me heice situm in-

mature. Vale, salve.

144. Ultuma suorum Cupiennia L. f. Tertulla fuueit. qujus heic

rqj^quiae suprema
manent.

veivo (11.148). —
amaritie conjecture (the copy has avarities): 'in no
:

bitter —
misfortune did she shrink from duty.' feida: cp. difeidens, n. ill.
— ree parens: indeed he was in truth over and above a father to
. . .
'

me.' — supera = supra. — annorum along with naatam very strange is ;

itseems to be a confusion of two expressions. quadraginta: the stone —

had XXXX. —
necis potior: fall into death's hands '
so potitus hostium
'

(Plant.), mortis letique potltum (Lucr. iv. 766). The active potivit servi-
tutis, 'reduced to slavery,' Plaut. Am. 175.— The end is lacking.
142. CI. 1046. Tusculum. The three names are in the genitive, with

sepulcrum, as it were, understood. On this usage see Mommsen, CI. I.,

p. 210.
— Pupinia: sc. tribu. — M.. f. f. seems meaningless, and the second
/ is
probably a mistake.
143. CI. 1049. Rome. — Polio Pollio. = —
mihe see on tibe,x\. 76, v. 4. :

144. CI. 1051. Rome. — ultuma suorum: Mast survivor of her fam-
ily.'
— fuueit —fu~it; see on n. 74 (6), v. 3 and 4. (Or possibly fuvcit f) —
suprema manent: 'await the last honors.'
 N. 145-149.] SONG OF THE ARVAL BROTHERS. 65

145. Pesceniaes D. 1. Laudicaes ossa heic sita sunt. Vk^ ^^r*^

146. Q. Tiburti Q. 1. Menolavi cultrari ossa heic sita sunt.

147 „ hoc monimentu m sibei et /nbreis soveis

extruxit et leibravit et poXw'xl.

148. M. Drusi M. 1. Philodami : sibei et sueis; veivont.

Song of the Arval Brothers.

149. En6s Lases'iuvate. {thrice).
m
rue Mannar s|ns inciirrere in pleores. (thrice?)
Neve li^e"
1

Satur fji,
fere Mars : limen sali sta. berber^X thrice.) *^fl?£~**-
Semunis alternei advocapit c6nctos. (thrice.)

145. CI. 1212. Capua. For the provincial genitive in -aes see on
Prosepnais, n. 42. Other examples are Aquilliaes, CI. 1025, Dianaes,
CI. 1242. Later such genitives in -aes and -is occur with increasing fre-
quency they are almost entirely confined to proper names from the lower
:

classes. 0.— 1. was explained n. 139. — Laudica is Laodica, Aaofiiiti).

146. CI. 1213. Capua. A cultrarius is an attendant of the priests,

who slays the victims at sacrifices.—

Menolavi = Menelai. The v is in

place, as the oldest Greek form

was Mev£2arog. The spelling Menolaus
occurs again CI. 1321; cp. Philotaerus fyiMraipoc, CI. 1042.
=
147. CI. Tegianum in Lucania. leibreis
1258.
—
liberis, an unusual =
syncopation.
— —
soveis see on n. 136. leibravit balanced in its place.
: :
' '

148. CI. 1271. Larinum. The genitive as n. 142. Drusi we have — :

here a nomen gentilicium Drusius. — veivont the monument was set up :

during the man's life. The like often on tombstones. So

in CI. 1418, 'qui

volet sibei vivous monumentum faciet'

149. CI. 28. The Fratres Arvales were a sodalitas or religious broth-

erhood, of like sort with the Salii and Luperci, existing for the performance
of specific acts of worship at a particular festival, at other times having no
priestly functions. They were a self-perpetuating body of twelve, charged
with conducting the festival of the so-called Dea Dia in May. This deity
(identified by Preller
with Acca Larentia) was a goddess of agriculture and
tablets con-
growing corn. The above ancient prayer is on one of many
taining the records of the brotherhood
under the emperors. They were
66 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 149.

En6s Marm6r iuvato. ( thrice. \

Triumpe, triuinpe, trumipr, trmippe, triumpe.

found on the site of the grove and temple of the Dea Dia, five miles from
Rome on the Via Campana; the present tablet in 1778. The prayer was
sung by the brotherhood in the open air, accompanied by a solemn dance
It is in itself by far the most venerable specimen of Latin
(tripodatio).
which we possess, but as our copy dates from 218 A.D., and as the carmen ,

handed down from an unknown had doubtless be-

antiquity by oral tradition,
come unintelligible to those who used it, it is impossible to say what altera-
tions it had undergone, and we cannot by any means interesting as it is
—
— look on it as an uncorrupted monument of the early language. "Om-
"
nino," says Mommsen, carmen hoc ex ipsis collegii libellis a quadratario
exceptum non multo meliore condicione accepimus quam quae huius gene-
ris apud auctores leguntur." Hence I have reserved it for this place. —
Each verse, except the last, is thrice repeated on the stone, with a few minor
variations, of which sers (for sins) once, pleoris (for pleores) twice, and

fmere (for fu fere) once, may be mentioned. The metre is a rude Satur-
nian, with two isolated half-verses (cp. n. 98).
Help us Lares and let not, O Mars, plague and destruc-
'
Translation : :

tion come upon the multitude. Be satiate, fierce Mars

'

Call ye, in turns, on all the Semones. Help us, Mars. Huzza !

V. 1. enos = nos.
The e- probably as in k-fik. ifiov; a prothetic
strengthening element. — Lases = Lares. Similar cases of s preserved be-
tween two vowels, for later r, are asa, fesiae, Spusius, Vetusius, maiosibus,

pignosa, arbosem ; mostly isolated words preserved by grammarians.

Introd. 16. See also n. 157, end of note. The Lares were important gods
to the Arvales, for the brotherhood traced its origin to Acca Larentia and
her sons. — iuvate : Ritschl notes that *iovate was probably the original
form. See on flovius, n. 104, I. 7.
— V. 2. neve the metre requires rather
:

neu. — lue m ,
rue™ : accusatives of lues, rues. The latter word (= ruina)
is known to us only through an obscure glo ss. Both may well have had
originally long u.
— Mannar, and below Marmor, mean Mars. Appar-
ently a reduplicated form. sins sinas or sines. —
pleores plures ; = — =
it stands for *ple-ios-es Tr'AE-iov-ec. =
It is to be pronounced as two sylla-

bles. For the scansion in pledres see on n. 74 (b.) v. 3. V. 3. f u im- — :

perative, be ' '

from the same root as/u-i.
;
fSre for the short thesis cp. — :

note on 76, v. 4. The words limen — berber have never yet been satis- . . .

factorily explained. Provisionally one might interpret with Preller: 'enter

'

thy temple (cross the threshhold) and stay thy scourge in that case ber- :

ber would be for verbcr, and sta might be transitive as in praesta te virum.
But this is after all unlikely. V. 4. semunis —
semones. Corssen points \ =
out that semunis can be no old form, but only a corruption of later imperial j
 N. 150.] COLUMN A ROSTRATA. 67

Columna Jlostrata.

ico. . . . Secestoxiosque op-

sidioned exemet, lecione^/<r Cartacinienses omnes
iriaci strtztp s \uci pa/am post dies
/rcaximosque

times. who it is hard to say.

the semones are Most, connecting the
Just
word with think them gods of husbandry, standing in a
se-r-o, se-tnen,

special relation to the Arvals.

Mommsen takes them as divinities in ' '

general, explaining the name

as se homines (old form komones), 'apart
from men.' — advocapit = advocabitis : future in imperative sense. Or
perhaps rather advocabite, an imperative formation corresponding
to the

tenses in -bam and -bo. The/ for b is unexampled and probably due to a
mere blunder. In this line the brothers seem to address each other. —
conctos = cunctos. Both contracted from *co-iunctos. — V. 6. Triumpe :

Introd. 15.
150. CI. 195. On a stone of Parian marble found in the forum in 1566,

now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori on the Capitol. C. Duiliu s defeated >

the Carthaginians in the famous sea-fight off Mylae, 494/260, and the

columna rostrata in the forum was set up in commemoration of the event. |

The present inscription, which seems to be the

one mentioned by Quin-
tilian 7, 12) as containing
final d's, is beyond all doubt of a later date,
(i.

cut in the time of the emperors. The only possible question is whether
it be a copy, more or less modernized, of an older one, or was composed
outright, in imitation of the old-fashioned language, by some antiquarian
under Claudius. The latter is the view of Mommsen and Ritschl, and to

it I heartily accede. What influences me is not so

the hyper-archa- much
isms (macistratos, exfociont), nor the painful persistence of the ablative ^
in forms where it is otherwise unknown, as rather the length of the docu-

ment, circumstantial, almost statistical, style, and its prose form. What
its

sort of an inscription Duilius set up, if any, may be gathered from the
in Saturnian form long
Scipio-epitaphs and from the triumphal inscriptions
after this time (see n. 217 fig.) it would have been brief, simple, and in
:

Saturnians. We have then in this monument merely the work of a learned

the column had at all, it was one
trifler : if originally any inscription very
different from this. —
Line 1. Secestanos read Segestanos. C appears :

throughout for g (leciones, macistratos, exfociont, pucnandod, ceset, Carta-

ciniensis), although the sign G was in use in Duilius's time.
exemet — :

so cepet, ornavet, 1. 5, 7, Introd. 57 (2). He raised the siege of Segesta.

— L. 2. maximos macistratos is of course nominative, as primos,
The whole Carth. army and their chief commander retreat in broad
' '

1. 7.

daylight. Both macistratos and exfociont (= ecfugiunt) are impossible

 68 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 15a

«ovem castrds exfociont. Ma.ce\amque opidom vi __

5 /ucnandod cepet. Encme e^nTem macis?ni/ut/ bene

rem navebos marid consol primus ccsct copiasque
dasesque navales primos ornavet paravetque.
Curaque eis navebos clascis Poenicas omnw item ma-
Arumas copias Cartaciniensis, praesente^/ HanibaUd
10 dictatored ol^om, in alto d marid pucnandod vicet.

Pique nave/i cepet cum so cieis. septeresmom imam, quin-

queresmosque rxiresmosque naveis XXX, merset
XIJI.
* ? "*
Aurom captom numei ©CDCDDCC. >9+"*
A rce/t torn captom, praeda, numei Qy> [©] _^ »t)*°
15 Omne captom aes ©©©©©©©© [©]
..©©©©©©©©©©©©©[©]
'

Pri-
mos quoque navaled praedad poplom donavet, pri-

mosque Cartacini^/z-ns /«^cnuos duxit in

triumpod ... eis ... .

capt

forms, as one is an »-stem and the other from root fug- tfivy-. Evidently =
the author of the inscription fancied that any short u might have been
in the early language —
L. 4. Macelam Macella in Sicily. :L. 5, 6. —
En = in. — navebos: cp. Tempestatebus, n. 75 (b), 1. 6. The ending -da
is elsewhere unknown. In line 8, below, the of -bos is cut over an u .

evidently the graver first cut navebus, and then tried to correct it. ceset —
= gessit.
—
L. 8. Poenicas Punicas. =
So bello Poenicio, Lex agr.,
CI. 200, 1.
75.
— L. IO. dictatored: -ed in ablative is unknown except in

this inscription: Introd. 38, note. Cp. navaled, which, however, ought
1. 17,
to be navalid. — olbrom = ollorum. Introd. 49.— L. 12. triresmos:
the form good, and rests, no doubt,
is on ancient tradition * resmo-s is :

certainly the old form for renins (for *ret-mo-s. cp. k-pET-(j6-v), and
triremi-s, like many other /-stems, was once an 0-stem. The numbers in
this line come from Oros. iv. 7. L. 13-15. — CID or 1000. = M= —
^^_CCC\DDO =_centuni mjlia.
— numei :
'
coins
'

;
of what value is not
— arcentom captom, praeda:
said. according to Mommsen.two sums
of silver; 'the silver captured and that derived from sale of booty': to-
gether 200,000 pieces, and perhaps more.
—
captom aes: the sum total
of the above gold and silver, reduced to Roman sestertii : the amount stand-
ing on the stone is vicies ter centena milia sestertium,
and much is broken
off. The bracketed signs are partly gone.
—
L. 16. poplom: see on n. 81.
 N. 151,152.] LEX ACILIA.— LEX AGRARIA. 69

Lex Acilia repetundarum,

CI. 198. Date 631/123 or 632/122. I have omitted this document, as

151.
well as the Lex agraria, on account of its
fragmentary condition and the
amount of explanation needful to make the remnants intelligible. It is

on eleven fragments of a bronze along the entire length of which

plate,
the lines ran. Accordingly we have only detached parts of sentences.
Many forms of this inscription have been already noticed by way of illus-
tration, bu^ I will mention here a few other noteworthy ones. — attigat
(1. 10)attigas in Plautus.
: One of the few remains of the Latin aorist:
attigam is to attingam as ?uko) to leiiru, or Adfiw to 7iafi(iavu. Other
aoristic forms are attiilat, evenat, parentes detolerit (1. 21,
(oi reKovreg).
—
j6)=detuierit.
—
oppedeis (I.31) =oppidis. adessint (I. 63) adsint — =
or adfuerint; a formation like faxint : Introd. 59. sed fraude (frude) —
sua (1. 64, 69) =
sine fraude sua : see on n. 106, 1. 4. possitur (ubei de —
piano recte legi possitur, 1. 66 the praetor is to post something where
'
:

it can be
properly read from the ground'), passive: so potestur, queatur
(Lucr.), quitur (CaeciL), poteratur, etc., are known. Always with the pass-
ive infinitive. — eiei, dat. sing., occurs seven times.

Lex agraria.
I52. CI. 200. Date 643/111. On the back of the same eleven fragments,
and in the same incoherent state. Besides forms elsewhere spoken of, I
note the following. — cavitum = cautum 6). — oqupatum = wca- (1.

patum (1. 25).

— domneis 27) = dominis. — sed fraude sua: as in
(I.
— moinicipieis 31) = municipiis. — oppodum Ch&rtago 81)
n. 151. (1. (1.

= oppidnm Carthago (but Cartago, 89). — mercassitur 71) = 1.

(1.

mercatus crit. Passive from mercassit : Introd. 59. So iussitur (Cato R. R

14) faxitur in
,
an old formula, n. 163, end.
 Part II.

OLDEST REMAINS FROM LITERARY

SOURCES.

Old Prayers from Cato de re rustica.

153. Mars pater te precor,

quaesoque uti sies volens propitius
mihi, do 1110, familiaeque nostrae.
Quoius rei
ergo
5 agrum, terrain, fundumque meum
suovitaurilia circumacri iussi :

uti tu morbos visos invisosque,

viduertatem vastitudinemque
calamitates intemperiasque
10 prohibessis, defendas, averruncesque :

Respecting all the selections given in Part II., it must be said that little

reliance can be placed on the antiquity of the text in detail. All of them
have been more or less modernized in their grammatical forms in process
of transmission to us, and in many cases it is clear that still more serious
vicissitudes have befallen them.
153. Cato R. R. 141. Prayer to be used at the lustratio agri or ambar-
valia, in the spring of the year. This is probably the best existing sample
of a Roman carmen of the olden time. For its
rhythmical form, see Introd.
69. It readily
groups itself into verses and half-verses (of course no di-
vision of the sort is made in the mss.), and may be recited with four ictus
in each half-verse (the last two ictus
commonly being contiguous). Thus
for example :
—
quaesdque uti siis vdlens propitius
mihi ddm.6 f&miliaeque nostrae.
I have not
thought it best to attempt an exact notation of each verse, partly
because some may be read in more than one way, and partly because of

70
N. 153.] OLD PRAYERS FROM CATO DE RE RUSTICA. 71

uti fruges, frumenta, vineta virgultaque

grandire beneque evenire siris :

pastores pecuaque salva servassis,

duisque bonam salutem valetudinemque

is mihi, domo, familiaeque nostrae.
Harumce rerum ergo,
fundi, terrae, agrique mei
lustrandi, lustrique faciendi ergo,
sic uti dixi,
ao Mars pater, macte hisce lactentibus
suovitaurilibus immolandis esto.

Eiusdem rei ergo,

Mars pater, macte hisce lactentibus
suovitaurilibus immolandis esto.

the general uncertainty of the text. The reader will not fail to notice the

frequent alliteration, no unimportant element of the verse.

— V. Mars: 1.

originally god of husbandry and rural life rather than of war.

— V. 6. cir-
cumagi iussi : solemn procession thrice
the suovitaurilia are led in
round the farm then follows ;
which the sacrifice takes
this prayer, after

place. Cato gives the formula for directing the head-servant to lead them

around, beginning, 'Cum divis volentibus, quodque bene eveniat, matido

iibi, Maui, uti illace suovitaurilia fundum agrum terramque meant,' etc.
— V. 8. viduertatem :' barrenness,' occurs in Festus, p. 369 vastitu- ;

dinem = vastitatem. — V. 9, 10. calamitates : in the earlier sense,

'
dam-
age to
'

crops by blight or hail.

—
prohibessis I ntrod. 59. So servassis, :

v. 13.
— averrunces: averruncare comes from averruncus, 'defender,'
awurpuTvaioc a title belonging especially
;
to Mars. — V. 11. uti fruges:
the mss. utique tu fruges.— '. 12. grandire V : here intransitive, elsewhere

always transitive.
— bene probably should : be duene, and bonam, v. 14,
duonam. — siris = siveris. — V. 14. duis : Introd. 60. — V. 20. macte
.... esto be thou magnified (or glorified) by the offering of these
:
'

sacrificial sucklings.' In this common phrase macte esto, macte is without

much doubt an adverb it is used even in the plural, macte virtute este
:

(Liv. vii. 36, as now

Macte esse is said like bene esse, pulcre esse
read).
(Plautus). cannot be rationally explained as a vocative.
It V. 21. suovi- —
taurilibus comes in the mss. before lactentibus, and so again below.
Mars pater, in v. 20, the mss. omit, and in v. 23 they put it before eiusdem
rei ergo.
 72 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 154, 155.

quod tibi fieri

154. (</.) [upiter dapalis,
oportet in domo (amUiague mea
culignam vini dapi, eius rei ergo

( k^. , macte illace dape pollucenda esto.

(/'.) lupiter dapalis,

macte istace dape pollucenda esto, -

macte vino inferio esto.

155. (a.) lane pater, te

hac strue commovenda
bonas preces precor, (juaesoque uti sies
volens propitius mihi, domo,
liberisque meis, familiaeque meae.

(b.) lupiter, te hoc fercto obmovendo

bonas preces precor, quaesoque uti sies

volens propitius mihi, domo,

liberisque meis, familiaeque meae ;

mact us hoc fercto.

(r.) lane pater, uti te strue commovenda

bonas preces bene precatus sum,
eiusdem rei ergo
macte vino inferio esto.

154. Ibid. 132. A daps, or sacrificial feast, is offered to lupiter dapalu

before sowing grain. After the first prayer the hands are washed, and wine

is presented with the second. The ritual is not plain ; but perhaps both

prayers are merely prefatory to the daps proper,

which consists of 'assaria
pecuina and an unta (not a culigna) of wine, —fieri
'
in its sacrificial sense,
'
be offered.' For facere used of a libation, see Liv. x. 42, 7. It takes either
accusative or ablative facere porcum or porco ; see n. 156, v. 2.
;
The bor- —
rowed word culignam = kvUxvtjv issurprising here, and has probably
replaced some older term. — macte illace : the mss. macte hac illace.
155. Ibid. 134. Sacrifice of a porca praecidanea to Ceres, before the

harvest. The ceremony is to be begun by offerings of food and wine to

N. 156.] OLD PRAYERS FROM CATO DE RE RUSTICA. 73

(//.) Iupiter macte fercto esto ;

macte vino inferio esto.

156. Si deus, si dea es, quoium illud sacrum est,

\uttf tibi ius siet porco [piaculo] facere

illiusce sacri coercendi ergo.
Harumce rerum ergo,
5 sive ego sive quis iussu meo fecerit,
uti id recte factum siet.

Eius rei ergo

tehoc porco [piaculo] immolando
bonas preces precor, quaesoque uti sies

10 volens propitius mihi, domo,

meae
familiaeque liberisque meis.
Harumce rerum ergo
macte hoc porco [piaculo] immolando esto.

Janus and Jupiter, with these prayers. Both strues and ferctum are
sacrificial cakes the former is described as consisting of several long cakes
:

joined side by side, like the fingers of the hand. Observe the exactness of
the sacrificial language struem commovere, but ferctum obmovere.
:
quae- —
soque I have added from n. 153, v. 2. — domo in both a and b the mss.
place after liberisque me is ; but see n. 156, v. 10, and n. 153, v. 3, 15.
156. Ibid. 139. Formula for the clearing of a wood ('///cum conlucare
Romano more sic oportet ') A
swine is offered as a piaculum, to appease
.

the forest-divinities whose domain is to be encroached on. Si deus, si —

dea such expressions were used at times to avoid the possible blunder of
:

calling on the wrong deity

—
a scrupulousness characteristic of Roman wor-
ship. So when an earthquake occurred (Gell. ii. 28), a propitiatory sacri-
fice was offered si deo si deae, for fear that there might be some uncertainty

as to what particular god was thus showing his displeasure. Si ... si =

sive . . . sive. Cp. Plant. Capt. no.
— quoium (= cuium) : the possessive

adjective quoius, frequent' in Plaut. and Ter. (quoin vox, quoium pueruni).
— sacrum: 'sacred domain.' — piaculo (v. 2, 8, 13) I suspect, metri
causa. Cato does not seem to have fully felt the rhythm of the carmina
which he reproduces. —
coercendi (v. 3) 'restraining' or 'limiting' the :

sacred wood, is a mild expression for cutting it down. fecerit (v, 5) —

refers of course to the felling of the trees.
74 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [s. 157.

Fragments of the Carmina Saliaria.

157. (a.) Cume tonas, L euc&sie, prae t^t trem6nti,

qu6m tibei cunei dextumum tonaront.

(/'.) Divom t empta cante div6m deo supplicate.

(r.) omina vero

adpatula opemis e Iani cusianes :

duonus cerus es, duonus Ianus.

157. The Salii were a religious sodalitas (for this term see on n. 149)
who were concerned with the worship of Mars. On various festival-days in
the month of March they performed solemn processions and dances, bearing
the twelve sacred analia. The famous ancient songs which they chanted on
these occasions were called axamenta. This name is from axare, 'repeat'
(found a frequentative from a-io
in Festus), =
*ag-io (root ag-, say,' as in
'

ad-ag-ium), as taxare from tango (root tag-). Axare presupposes a parti-

' '

ciple *axus; as indeed all frequentatives and intensives' are secondary

'

verbs derived from participles. These Salian hymns were, according to

Quintilian (i. 6, 40), hardly understood by the priests who sang them. They
were addressed not to Mars only, but to other gods as well, and different
portions were accordingly called versus Janui, lovii, Iunonii, etc. Only two
or three connected bits of these hymns have reached us, in an exceedingly
corrupt state. Various scholars have tried to restore them, Bergk and
Corssen with the most success, but their interpretations differ greatly. I

have given above all that seems to have the smallest probability critically.
Fragment a is the most certain. Bergk reconstructed it from cume
ponas Leucesiae praetexere monti quotibet cunei de his cum tonarem (Teren-
tius Scaurus, p. 2261, P.) but Festus gives prae tet tremonti.
;
The lines
read as Saturnians of a rather rude sort (cp. the carmen Arvale, n. 149), and
—
there can be no doubt that such was the metrical form of all the hymns.
cume = cum expressly attested by Scaurus Festus has also tame = tarn.
; ;

— Leucesie = Luce tie, a surname of Jupiter. The s has arisen

'

lifjht-god,'
from the /
by a softening not uncommon in Latin : the diphthong eu, on the
other hand, is an antiquity Introd. 10, note: cp.
: ?.£vkoc. —
tet for ted (In-
trod. 44). Perhaps an older form, though the / may have come merely from
assimilation to the following. tremonti — =
tremunt; the only instance of
this full ending of the 3d person plural cp. Doric MyavTl :
71yovai. = —
cunei: 'bolts' of lightning. — dextumum
'
adverbial, on the right a :
'

superlative formation, whereas dexter is comparative. The right, in Roman

N. 158.] FORMULAE OF CALATIO. 75

Formulae of Calatio.

158. (a.) Di£s te quinque calo Iun6 Covella.

(^.) Septdm di£s te calo Iun6 Covella.

augural science, was the unlucky side.

— tonaront : the perfect tonavi is

not elsewhere found.

Fragment b : Varro, Ling. Lat. vii. 27 (where supplicante) .
— cante
is cantte, but what empta means no one knows :
Bergk conjectures templa.
— divom deo Janus : is meant.
Fragment C is in Varro, L. L. vii. 26, where the following stands :

cozeulodoizeso omnia vero adpatula coemisse tamaisianes duo misceruses dun

ianusve vet pos melios eumrecum. I give the least desperate part of this,
nearly with Corssen (following also a suggestion of Wordsworth's). ad- —
=
patula patula. coemlse — =
coemere in the sense of conceperunt {emo
meant originally
'
take '); with i
(as in em7, emisti, etc.) and s for later e and r,
— cusianes = curiones, officers of the Salii. There was a curia or assem-
bly-hall of thebrotherhood on the Palatine. — cerus see on n. 22. The
:
—
whole would mean the curiones of Janus have in truth perceived clear
'

omens thou art the good creator, good Janus.' But all this is extremely
:

uncertain, and so is the metrical grouping which I have given, merely as a

rough indication of the way in which the verses may have run.
We know from Festus and Varro a good many single words from the
Salian hymns, of which I select the following: foedesum =foederum;
plusima = plurima ; meliosem = meliorem ; asenam = arenam ; pi-
lumnoe poploe =
' '

the spear-armed host (gen. sing. ? pilutnno-s, for

*pilomeno-s, a participle like rf;//.oty/£W-f, and points to an old verb

is

*pilo-ere
=
pilo armare. Another remnant of the Latin ^-conjugation is
aegrotus, from *aegro-ere, 'make ill'); promenervat promonet, from =
an adjective menervo-s, thoughtful,' whence Menerva, cp. n. 36 SOnivio
'

.= sonanti ; cerus manus =

creator bonus ; privicloes (i.e., priviculis)
= singulis, with an interesting ancient form of the dative plural.
158. Varro, Ling. Lat. vi. 27. Formulae used by the Pontifex minor in
announcing assembled people (comitia calata), at the appearance ol
to the
each new moon (kalendae), whether the nones on that month would fall on
or seventh day. Iuno Covella is the hollow or crescent moon
' '

the fifth :

Covella is a diminutive oi*cova = cava. 'I proclaim thee for five days,'

seems to mean that the hollow or new moon

'

during that time

'
will last ;

that is, up to the

'

quarterfirst
'

or nones. The
verses are Saturnians, but
in calo we have a short thesis. Besides the old verb caldre, there must have
been a calere (or calere), whence calendae.
 76 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 159.

Form of a Devotio.
r 59« f lane, Iuppiter, Mars pater, Quirine, Bellona, Lares, divi
Novensiles, di Indigetes, divi quorum est potestas nostrorum
hostiumque, dique Manes, vos precor, veneror, veniam peto
feroque, uti populo Romano Quiritium vim victoriamque
prosperetis, hostesque populi Romani Quiritium terrore for-
midine morteque adficiatis. Sicut verbis nuncupavi, ita

pro re publica populi Romani Quiritium, exercitu legionibus

auxiliis populi Romani Quiritium, legiones auxiliaque hostium
mecum deis manibus Tellurique devoveo.

159. The formula given by Livy (viii. 9) as used by the elder Decius in
devoting himself to death at the battle of Vesuvius, 414/340. He repeats the
words after the pontifex, then mounts his horse and charges into the midst of
the foe, where he finds his death. The formula is no special one composed
for the occasion, but a traditional one handed down from antiquity. For,
from the details which Livy gives, it is clear that there was an elaborate
ceremonial, with provisions for this and that occurrence which is proof, ;

as Preller (Rom. Myth., p. 468) remarks, that " in the Italy of earlier times
such devotions, in the bloody struggles among so many contentious nations,
were nothing uncommon." The idea of the devotio is that the commander
or other warrior, by voluntarily sacrificing himself to the gods of the lower
world, averts their fury from his own countrymen and turns it against the
enemy's hosts. A supernatural panic was believed to seize on the foe. The
above formula is certainly a carmen, and the indications of rhythm and
alliteration show that metrically it stood on a line with the prayers in Catc

(n. 153, fig.). The following reconstruction I

give merely exempli causa:—
lane, Iuppiter, Mars pater, Quirine,
Duellona, Lares,
divi Novcnsides, divi Indigetes,
di quorum est potestas nostrorum hostiumque,
divique Manes, vos precor, veneror,
veniamque peto, uti populo Romano
vim victoriam prosperctU,
perduellcs hostesque populi Romani
terrore formidine morteque adfexitis.
Sicuti verbis nunc nuncupavi,
ita pro re publica populi Romani
legionibus auxiliis populi Romani,
legiones auxilia hostium mecum
divis Manibus, Telluri devoveo.
N. i6o.] FORMULAE OF THE FETIALES. ^^

Formulae of the Fetiales.

For demanding restitution.

160. (a.) Audi Iuppiter, audite fines

populi Albani, audiat Fas.

Sum publicus nuntius populi Romani ;

iustepieque legatus venio,

5 verbisque meis fides siet.

Si iniuste impieque illos homines

illasque res dedie r mihi exposco,
turn patriae compotem me numquam siris esse

lane invoked, as commonly, first of a series of deities.

: Iuppiter, —
Mars, Quirine the three gods who had famines maiores. divi Noven-
:
—
siles: usually explained as the 'newly settled' or 'foreign' gods, in oppo-
sition to theIndigetes {iniu- and root ge-) or 'home-born,' 'national'
gods. In inscriptions we have nove(n)sides (n. 57), and, according to
Mommsen, this is the only genuine form. nostrorum— nostrum : see=
Allen and Greenough's Gram., 99 b, and cp. Plaut. Most., 270.
— fero: '

re-

ceive ? But the word probably does not belong in the

'
text.

160. The Fetiales were a public religious collegium who were the guar-

dians of international relations on their religious side: it was their duty to

attend to the proper formalities in declaring war, making peace, and the
like, so that all might be done rite,
and the approval of the gods secured.
The collegium kept alive the knowledge of the proper ceremonial for all
cases was the ius fetialium. The fetiales were an ancient Italic in-
;
this
and existed not in Rome only but in the kindred Italic states, where
stitution,

they had similar ceremonies. When they went

abroad they took with them
a clod of turf {sagmina or verbena) from the arx, symbolizing the land from
which they came; also a sacred stone (Iuppiter lapis) and a sacred wand.
— I have ventured to divide the fetial carmina into such primitive verses as

we must suppose them to have originally consisted of (see Introd. 69), and
have made some changes which seemed to recall more nearly their original
form. In the books of the fetials of a later day, whence the annalists took
them, they had undergone many modifications.
The form for demanding restitution (rerum repetundarum, also called
clarigatid) is from Liv. i. 32 in v. 3
the received text reads ego sum, in v. 5
:

sit, in v. 6 si ego. populi Albani, v. 2, I insert merely by way of example

?S REMNANTS OK EARLY LATIN. [n. 161.

(/>.)
Audi [uppiter, [et tu] lane Quirine,
dique am lite omnes caelestes

vosque terrestres vosque inferni.

Ego vos testor populum Albanutn

iniustum esse neque ius persolvere.

For declaring war.

161. Quod populus Albanus hominesque Albani

in populum Romanum fecerunt deliquerunt,

quod populus Romanus cum populo Albano

duellum iussit esse,

ob earn rem ego populusque Romanus

populo Albano hominibusque Albanis
duellum dico facioque.

(Livy says cuiuscumque gentis sunt, nominal'). The legatus who is sent on
'

the mission is a pater patratus ('appointed father') a member of the fetial —

body set apart to represent the head of the Roman state accompanied by —
three other fetials. He
uses this formula on arriving at the foreign boundary,
and the same, with slight variations, on meeting the first citizen of the foreign
state, on entering the city-gate and the market-place. After v. 5 the demands
(
'

<stulata) are recited, and Jove is called to witness the following oath. —
It, after thirty days, restitution is not made, the form b is used. —
lane Qui-
rine :
Janus bore the surname Quirinus as war-god. The god Quirinus
was different. — audite Livy puts after inferni.
(v. 2) After persolvere—
follows : 'Sed de islis rebus in patria maiores natu consulemus, quo pacta tus
nostrum adipiscamur,' which seems to be no part of the original formula.
161. In declaring war, the fetial went to the enemy's boundaries and
threw a spear across them in the presence of witnesses, with the above form-
ula, which I give according to Cincius (in Gell. xvi.4), but with several cor-
re tions from Liv. i. 32 in v. 2 both sources give adversus, for which I have
:

put in; and For Albanus Cincius has Hermit ndulus. The
in v. 4, j.bel/um.
last linemight possibly have been purum piumque duellum dico facioque ;
see just above in Livy the solemn form of treating the matter in the senate.
162. Liv. i. 24. The head of the college of fetials addresses the king,
tin- form of whose answer (in the affirmative) is not given. — Rex, iubesne
me :
Livy gives iubesne me, rex.
—
After the response puram tollito, the
fetial fetches the clod from the arx, and goes on. populi Romani Livy — :

adds Quiritium, which did not, however, beiong anciently in these formulae.
 N. 162.] FORMULAE OF THE FETIALES. 79

For makitig a treaty. p*Ch

162. (a.) Fet. Rex, iubesne me cum patre patrato

populi Albani foedus ferire ?

Rex
Fet. Sagmina verbenam te, rex, posco.
Rex. Puram tollito.
Fet. Rex, facisne me regium nuntium
populi Romani,
va.sa.que mea comitesque meos?
Rex. Quod sine fraude mea populique Romani
$«.v fiat , facio.

(J>.) U ^Audi Iuppiter,

audi pater patrate populi Albani,
audi et tu populus Albanus ;
ut ilia palam prima- postrema
5 sunt recitata sine dolo malo,

utique ea hie hodie sunt intellecta,

illis
legibus
populus Romanus prior non deficiet.

Si prior d efexi t publico consilio

10 dolo malo, turn illo die, Iuppiter,

populum Romanum sic ferito,

uti ego hunc porcum hie hodie feriam

tantoque magis tu ferito

quanto tu magis potes pollesque.

It is absent in b, and in Cincius's version

of n. 161. vasa: 'equipments,' —
the sagmina, lapis, etc. —
sine fraude mea
see on n. 106, 1. 4. :

The fetial then appoints a pater patratus, and the latter solemnizes the
'

treaty. First he recites the conditions longo carmine'; then, standing over
the swine with the sacrificial stone axe in his hand, he proceeds as in b. —
After v. 4 stands ex illis tabulis cerave, which, as Weissenborn remarks, is an
addition of later times, when written treaties had taken the place of the
ancient verbal ones. —
sunt recitata Livy recitata sunt, and below Intel-
:

lectasunt. Afterhodie I have omitted rectissimc. — defexit (y .<))= defecerit.

 8o REMNANTS OK EARLY LATIN. [n. 163.

Form of proposing a Ver Sacrum .

163. Velitis iubeatisne haec sic fieri? Si res publica populi

Romani Quiritium ad quinquennium proximum steterit ut

velim, eamque salvam servaverit hisce duellis, turn donum
duit populus Romanus Quiritium: qfloa auellum populo
Romano cum Carthaginiensi est, quaeque duella cum Gallis

sunt, qui cis Alpes sunt quoa ver adtulerit ex suillo ovillo
:

caprino bovillo grege, quaeque profana erunt, Iovi fieri, ex

qua die senatus populusque iusserit qui faciet, quando vo- :

let quaque lege volet, facito quomodo faxit probe factum

;

esto si id moritur quod fieri oportebit, profanum esto, neque

:

scelus esto si (mis rumpet occidetve insciens, ne fraus esto

: :

si quis clepsit, ne populo scelus

esto, neve cui cleptum erit :

si atro die faxit insciens, probe factum esto si nocte sive :

luce, si servos sive liber faxit, probe factum esto si antidea :

ac senatus populusque iusserit fieri, faxitur, eo populus solu-

tus liber esto.

163. Liv. xxii. 10. Used after the battle at the Lacus Trasimennus
537/217. The ver sacrum was an ancient Italic custom. It was vowed when
the state was in extreme peril all the young animals born in a particular
:

season were sacrificed. There are indications that in remote antiquity even
the children born shared the same fate. The above is not exactly the form
of the vow itself, but the proposal made to the comitia. The language, how-
ever, emanated from the pontifices, and consists in great part of pontifical
formulae, which betray here and there their ancient verse-form. I follow
Weissenborn's text (1877). —
servaverit: subject is Iuppiter, who is named
a little below. — duit: Introd. 60. quod duellum — quaeque du- . . .

ella: these relative clauses define hisce duellis above. — bovillo (= bu-
bulo) a very rare word.
is —
quaeque profana and which shall erunt :
'

not have been already consecrated to some otherdeity.' Iovi fieri is the —
explanation to donum above fieri immolari.
;
=
ex qua die: the time —
within which the animals born are to be sacred, is to be fixed by public

authority, not left to each individual's preference. — qua lege —t/un ritu :

cp. n. 92.
— profanum esto: "let it be as if the animal had not been
consecrated,' so that the failure to offer it shall be accounted no fault.—
 N. 164-166.] FRAGMENTS OF THE 'LEGES REGIAE.' 81

Form of Adrogatio.

164. Velitis iubeatis uti L. Valerius L. Titio tarn iure legeque

Alius siet, quam si ex eo patre matreque familias eius natus \***-.

esset, utique ei vitae necisque in eum potestas siet uti patri

endo filio est. Haec ita uti dixi, ita vos Quirites rogo.

Fragments of the 'Leges Regiae.'

165. Si nurus plorassit, sacra divis parentum estod.

tr .

166. Si parentem puer verberit, ast olle plorassit, puer divis

parentum sacer esto.

rumpet :
'
shall injure,'
'
mar.' — clepsit (= clepserif) formed like faxit. —
black days,' on which it was wrong to sacrifice, were especially
'
atro die :

those following the calends, nones, and ides (dies postriduani). si . — . .

sive for sive . . sive, as regularly in Plautus and Terence.

: . antidea ac —
= antea quam (antequam) antid (ablative) being the older form of ante.
,

So antidhac in Plaut. faxitur — =

factum erit ; passive oi faxit. Cp. mer-
cassitur, n. 152.
164. Gellius, v. 19. Adrogatio was the adoption, with his own consent,
of an adult who was mi
and was accomplished by an act of the
iuris,
comitia cunata, according to the above form. endo in. — =
165. The laws' ascribed by tradition to this and that king are in reality
'

legal and religious maxims, of great antiquity, so far as their contents are

concerned, but of uncertain origin. The oldest collection of them bore the
name of Papirius. In so far as they embody actual ancient formulae, they
were certainly once versified. But they had at an early time been freely
modernized. This first fragment is in Festus^p. 230. There is a gap of
several words; plorassit is inferred. Compare the next. Both laws pun-
ished maltreatment of parents. — estod: Introd. 62.
166. Fest., ibid.
— verberit: pres. indie, of an otherwise unknown
*verberire = verberare. For the tense see on n. 171.— ast and if,' intro-
:
'

ducing a second condition.

— olle: Introd. 59:
Introd. 49. — plorassit:
plorare meant in old Latin 'cry out.'
—
sacer esto this implied originally :

actual slaying as a sacrifice to the god later a kind of outlawry, in which

:

any one might lawfully kill the offender. divis tutelary or family gods.— :
 82 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 167-170.

167. Vino rogum ne respargito.

168. Paelex aram lunonis ne tangito ;

si tanget, Iunoni crinibus
demissis agnum feminam caedito.

169. (a.) Si hominem fulmen Iovis occisit, ne supra genua tollito.

(/>.) Homo si fulmine occisus est, ei iusta nulla fieri oportet.

17°' Cui suo auspicio classe procincta opima spolia capiuntur,

Iovi Feretrio bovem caedito, et darier aeris trecentos opor-
teat. Cuius auspicio classe procincta secunda spolia capta,
in Martis aram in campo solitaurilia, utra voluerit, caedito ;

167. Plin. H. X., xiv. 12. Attributed to Numa, as are also the next five.
— respargito = respergito. Cp. aspargit, Lucr. i. 719.
168. Festus, p. 222: Gell. iv. 3. —
paelex: concubine,' of a married
'

man. —lunonis Lucina, guardian of married women.

:

169. Fest., p. 178. One of the many superstitious observances connected

with lightning. —
fulmen Iovis: the ms. fulminibus. occisit Occide- — =
nt: Introd. 59. ne— tollito
. . let no one raise him higher than the
. :
'

knees.' He must be lifted as little as possible from the ground, and buried
on the spot, without funeral rites (iusta). The man was thought to have
been accursed, as stricken down by Jove in his wrath.
170. Fest., p. 189, where it is badly muddled. Luckily the substance of
the law is known from Plutarch, Marc. 8. I
give it nearly according to
Hertzberg's emendation, who, with one or two transpositions, some ad-
ditions, and the change of cuius to cui suo at the beginning, has produced
the requisite sense. Opima spolia are obtained when the Roman com-
mander kills the leader of the enemy in single combat the victor gets for :

this a reward of 300 asses. Secunda and tertia spolia are evidently
taken, presumably from the hostile leader, by some other person than the
commander, but by whom we do not know for these a reward of 200 and ;

100 asses respectively is given. In all three cases the commander, under
whose auspices the victory was gained, performs the proper sacrifices. —
cui =
a quo. —
classe procincta: 'with army girded' for battle (with
' '
the cinctus Gabinus) that is, in regular pitched battle.
;
Army,' not fleet,'
is the older meaning of classis. —
Iovi Feretrio: whose temple was on
the Capitol: cp. Liv. i. 10. — darier (Introd. 64) : sc. ei. — trecentos :
 N. 171-173.] FRAGMENTS OF THE 'LEGES REGIAE.' 83

qui cepit aeris ducentos dato. Cuius auspicio classe pro-

cincta tertia spolia capta, Ianui Quinno agnum marem cae-
dito ;
centum qui ceperit ex aere dato. Dis piaculum dato.

171. Si qui hominem liberum dolo sciens morti duit, parici das
esto.

Si quisquam aliuta faxit, ipsos Iovi sacer esto.

172.

Duomviri perduellionem iudicent si a duomviris provo- :

173.
carit,provocatione certato si vincent, caput obnubito, infelici :

arbori reste suspendito, verberato vel intra pomoerium vel

extra pomoerium.

sc. nummos. — solitaurilia : the' same as suovitaurilia. The name (from

the old adjective sollus) signifies a sacrifice of 'whole' (i.e., uncastrated)
animals, —
bull, ram, and boar.
—
utra voluerit: either the maiora, of adult
animals, or the lactentia, of sucklings cp. n. 153, v. 20. (ei) qui cepit :
— :

'tohim who took them let him (the commander) give,' etc. Ianui /anus — :

seems here an u-stem, Ianu-. But very likely Ianuo should be read. Cp.
ianua, Ianua-rius. For /anus Quirinus see on 160 (b). dis piaculum —
dato these words are uncertain and obscure.
:

171. Fest., p. 221. qui qius.

— =
duit the present indicative of a — :

rare verb, *duere =

dare. Cp. n. 182, 204, and Liv. x. 19, 17. Duitn, Introd.

60, is subjunctive of the same. In these ancient laws the present indicative
is often used in the condition, where later usage would demand the future
or future perfect. See n. 174, and others following. So Plaut. Trin. 156,
si . . . revenit, reddam suom sibl. — paricidas : survival of nominative ^£_

with a masculine jfcgtem. So hosticapas,

'
hostium captor; in Festus. These
isolated forms are the only instances.
172. Fest., p. 6.
— aliuta = aliter. Cp. i-ta.— ipsos = ipsus, ipse.

173. Liv. i. 26, where it is called' lex horrendi carminis.' — Duomviri :

appointed by the king.

— certato :
by a trial before the populus. — infelici
arbori :
probably locative. A barren tree, accursed and belonging to the
nether gods. — verberato : of course before the execution, but the scourg-

ing is mentioned last, as of less importance.

This carmen was certainly in —
rhythm, possibly somewhat as follows Duomviri iudicent perduellionem
: :

si Vincent duomviri caput obnu-

si is provocarit provocatione certato :
bito ; infelici arbori reste suspendito, verberato virgis vel intra pomoe-

rium vel extra pomoerium.

 84 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 174.

Fragments of the Lairs of (fie Twelve Tables.

174. Si in ius vocat, ito. Ni it, antestamino, igitur em capito.

Si calvitur pedemve struit, manum ev^lo iacit o. Si morbus
aevitasve vitium ^£Jl, iumentum dato : si nolet, arceram ne
sternito.

174. The Twelve Tables, the first regular code of written law which the
Romans had, date from 303/451 (the decemviri the last two tables were ;

added the following year), and were based upon the older unwritten and
imperfectly formulated laws of custom, introducing, however,
some inno-
vations. The laws were written on twelve tablets of bronze, but it is
doubtful whether these originals survived the capture of the city by the
Gauls, 364/390. The scanty existing fragments have been much mod-
ernized their distribution among the different tables is far from certain.
;

The standard critical edition is R. Schoell's, 1866, which I have followed in

the main, giving of course only such fragments as contain connected words
of the Tables themselves.
Preliminaries to the trial. The first step is the summoning of the adver

sary to go before the magistrate (in

ius vocare). vocat, ito note the — :

absence of pronouns, as usual in these laws, often verging on obscurity. In

some places explanatory words and clauses, out of keeping with this brevity
of diction, have been interpolated see below, and n. 176, 179. The im-
:

peratives in these laws are always

of the third person. antestamino: —
Introd. 63: Met him call the bystanders to witness' that force is neces-

sary. How this was performed the student will remember from Hor. Sat.
i Q 7 6. — igitur: 'then.' — em: 'him.' Introd. 47. —
si calvitur. . .

struit: he shirks or runs avvav'(?). What pedem struere was, the

'if

ancients themselves did not know, but on tne whole thought it to mean run
'

away.' Can it be brace the feet,' like one resisting a pull ? endo iacito
' —
= inicito, but not yet fused into a compound. A greater degree of force
seems to be implied than in capito. — Si morbus, etc.: if the defendant is
illor decrepit, the plaintiff must provide a vehicle, but this need not be a
covered carriage unless he chooses. aevitas aetas. —
vitium hin- = — :
'

drance.' —
escit =
^// for *es-scit, an inceptive present-formation, not
with a distinct future meaning^ After escit Schoell has
yet, as in Lucretius,
removed the interpolation qui in ius vocabit. iumentum: 'team,' im- —
plies here, as often
in our parlance, some sort of vehicle. arceram: a —
covered carriage, with a pallet for lying down. ne sternito: he need — '

not spread
'

unless he chooses. —
The three parts of this fragment are in
210 Gell. xx.
Porphyr. ad Hor. Sat. i. 9, 70 ; Fest., pp. 310, ; 1, 24, respectively.
 N. 175-177.] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 85

175. Adsjduo vindex adsiduos esto, proletario iam civi quis

volet vindex esto.

176. Rem ubi pacu nt, orato. Ni pacunt, in comitio aut in foro
ante meridiem caussam c ojciun to. Com peroranto ambo
praesentes. Post meridiem praesenti litem addicito. Sol

occasus suprema tempestas esto. /W^i

*~*~'
tt

177. . . . morbus sonticus . . aut status dies cum hoste . .

quid
horum fuit vitium'iudici arbitrove reove, eo dies diffensus esto.

175. The vindex of a property-holder must be a prop-

Gell. xvi. 10, 5.
'

to a man without property.'

erty-holder but whoever chooses can be vindex
;

vindex, 'claimant,' interferer,' 'protector,' is here one who voluntarily

'

the defendant,
agrees to go before the magistrate as the representative of
and thereby takes upon himself the action in the stead of the latter. For the-
vindex at another stage of proceedings, see n. 179. — adsiduos :
'

perma-
nent settler,' and so '

land-holder,'
'

tax-payer,'
— belonging to one of the five
upper Servian classes. The proletarius, on the other hand, is a capite l
census, one of the sixth or lowest class. quis volet see n. 80 and note. — :

176. Partly Rhet. ad Her. ii. 13, 20; partly Gell. xvii. 2, 10. The trial.
'Where they (the litigants) compromise the matter, let him (the magistrate)
announce it. If they do not compromise, let them state briefly each his own
side of the case, in the comitium or the forum, before noon. (Afterwards)
let them talk it out together, while both are present. (In case either party
has failed to appear) after noon, let the magistrate pronounce judgment in
favor of the one who is present. (If both are present) the trial may last till
sunset, but not later."
—
pacunt: Ter. Scaurus and Quintilian both read
this c osg. not quite certain whether this old present (cp. n. 193)
Still it is

was pag-o (root as in pango, pepigi) or pac-o (root as in flac-isco r) .

— com
= £«/»; adverbial.
—
Before sol stands the interpolation si ambo praesentes.
— occasus: the (rare) participle: 'the set sun
'

= sunset :
cp. ante so/em
occasum, Plant. Epid. i. 2, 41.
— suprema tempestas :
'
the latest hour
'

for holding court.

177. sonticus from sons ; : and so serious.' — status
'

hurtful,'
'

dies: 'appointed day for a trial.

'
— cum hoste with a foreigner the :
' '

original meaning of hostis.

— quid = quidquid. — vitium as
in n. 174.
— :

arbitro: see note on n. 1.

4. recuperatorem, 103,
— reo reus in the older :

language meant either of the litigants, whoever is involved in a res ; cp. Cic.
de Orat. ii. 79. —
eo on this account.' diffensus from *diffendo ; put
:
'
— :
'
 86 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 178, 179.

178. Cui testimonium defuerit, is tertiis diebus ob portum ob-

vagulatum ito. / 02^

III.

179. Acris confessi rebusque iure iudicatis XXX dies iusti sun-
to. Post deinde rnanus iniectio esto. In ius ducito. Ni
iudicatum facit aut quis endo eo in iure vindicit, secum du-
cito, vincito aut nervo aut compedibus, XV pondo ne minore
aut si volet maiore vincito. Si volet suo vivito. Ni suo
vivit, libras farris endo dies dato : si volet plus dato.

off.' judge or either of the litigants is ill or has a judicial appointment

If

with a foreigner, the trial is to be postponed. This fragment is put together —

from Gell. xx. 1, 27; Cic. de off. i. 12; Fest., p. 273.
178. Fest., pp. 233, 375. He whose witness has failed to appear may
summon him by loud calls in front of his house (obvagulatio) every third (?)
day.
—
defuerit future perfect. :
—
tertiis diebus is most naturally taken
as tertio quoque die, but very likely means every other day,' after the old-
'

fashioned way of counting. —

portum according to Festus means house,' :
'

perhaps rather doorway.'

'
— obvagulatum supine. The verb points to :

a noun *vagulus. The root is of course the same as in vag-ire.

179. Execution One who has confessed a debt, or against
for debt.
'

whom judgment has been pronounced, shall have thirty days to pay it in.
After that, forcible seizure of his person is allowed. The creditor is to bring
him before the magistrate. Unless he pays the amount of the judgment,
or some one in the presence of the magistrate (in iure) interferes in his
behalf as vindex, the creditor to take him home, and fasten him in
is

stocks or fetters. He him with not less than fifteen pounds of

is to fasten

weight, or, if he choose, with more If the prisoner choose he may

(?).
furnish his own food. If he does not do this, the creditor must give him
a pound of meal daily: if he choose he may give more.' Gellius, xx. 1,
45-
— aeris sunto: the meaning is clear, but the text is questionable:
. . .

as it is, genitive and dative stand parallel thirty days shall be the lawful limit ;
'

tf/an acknowledged debt and for matters that have been decided.' Schoell
brackets rebusque iure so as to construe, '
for those who have been con-
demned in an acknowledged debt." — endo eo (= in eo) :
'
over him,' '

in
his behalf cp. in ea glaeba vindicarent, Gell. xx. 10, 9.
: vindicit prob- — :

ably present indicative of a *vindicire vindicare : cp. verberit, n. 166.= A

vindex interfering of the proceedings, could stay the execu-
at this stage

tion, but In- became responsible for double the amount in case the cause
on rehearing was decided against him. nervo: Festus defines, ferreum — '
 N. 180-183.] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 87

180. Tertiis nundinis partis secanto. Si plus minusve secu-

erunt, se fraude esto. ^vU7\

181. Adversus hostem aeterna auctoritas esto.

CC IV.

182. Si pater filium ter venum duuit, filius a patre liber esto.

183. Uti legassit super pecunia tutelave suae rei, ita ius esto.

Si intestato moritur cui suos heres nee escit, adgnatus

vinculum quo pedes impediuntur, quamquam Plautus eo etiam cervices

vinciri ait.' —
minore and maiore should very probably be exchanged,
so as to make the limitation in the prisoner's favor. libras endo — . . .

pounds day by day,' i.e., a pound every day.' Before libras was
'

dies :
'

interpolated qui eutn vinctutn habebit, which Schoell removed.

180. Gell. xx. 1, 49. Tertiis nundinis : the prisoner was to be confined
sixty days, and on the last three market-days he had to be brought before
the magistrate to give an opportunity for any one to redeem him. At the
end of that time his person was forfeited to the creditor or creditors, who
might kill him and divide his body among them. The ancients agree in ex-
plaining partis secanto in this way {partis is of course accusative),

though they add that no actual case of the kind was ever known. In point of
was waived, and the debtor sold into slavery. (Some mod-
fact this right
ern scholars understand secanto of a division of goods.) plus minusve — :

than each one's share. — se fraude see on n. 151.

:

'
181. Cic. de off. i. 12. Against a foreigner the right in property shall
be everlasting,' meaning can never acquire a right by mere
that a foreigner
undisturbed occupation for any time {usucapio).
182. Ulp. fr. x. 1, Gaius i. 132. —
venum duuit venum dat, vetidit. =
Pres. indie., cp. n. 171. The uu
supposing that the spelling is right;
for ft,

but the form is not to be depended on, the chief ms. having davit. A father,
by virtue of the patria potestas, could sell his son, who thereby became the
mancipium of another. If emancipated, he fell back into the potestas of his
father again. But if this was repeated, at the third emancipatio he was free.
183. Ulp. fr. xi. 14. The validity of wills. —
legassit for the earliest :

time legare and testari must be understood of verbal wills. tutela suae —
rei of course in case the heirs are minors.
: ita ius esto —
so let it be :
'

binding.'
— intestato: impersonal abl. absolute, like inconsulto, necopi-

nato. — nec escit = non On est. escit, see n. 174, and note : nee = non.
 88 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 184-18&

proximus familiam habeto. Si adgnatus nee escit, gentiles

famUiam habento.

184. Si furiosus escit, adgnatum gentiliumque in eo pecuniaque

eius potestas esto.

185 ast ei custos nee escit, . . .

VI.

186. Cum nexum faciet mancipiumque, uti lingua nuncupassit,

ita ius esto.

.87. Si in hire manum conserunt .

e
188. Tignum iunctum aedibus vineave concapi^ne solvito.

as in neg-lego, etc. —
adgnatus : a blood-relation through males brother —
or sister, brother's son, etc. —
less comprehensive than cognatus. gen- —
tiles : all of the same^w.
184. Cic. de inv. ii. 50.— furiosus implies a greater degree of mad-
ness than /ffw»M.-adgnatum gen. plur.
:

185. Fest., p. 162. Schoell inserts this in the preceding fragment, after
escit.

186. Fest., p. 173.

— nexumbond an obligation putting the maker
:
' '

—
;

'

in the positionof a iudicatus or judgment debtor. mancipium convey- :

'

ance of property. —
nuncupassit is to be understood of the formal decla-
ration of the contract before witnesses, which in early times took the place
of a written document. — ita ius esto: as 183. n.

187. Gell. xx. 10, 8. — Mantis conserere was a symbolical act, one of the
preliminaries to an action concerning property. It was the
formal claiming
of the disputed object by both parties: both laid hands on it at the same
time and pronounced certain formulae it had to be done in the presence of
:

the magistrate (in iure), who in early times, when land was in dispute,
went to the spot for the purpose later, a clod (glaeba) from the piece of
;

land was brought into court. On the basis of this the magistrate appointed
a day for trial. — Si in : so Schoell ;
Gellius si qui in.

188. Fest., p. 364. A stolen built into a house or

beam which has been
a must not be dislodged by the owner the law allowed him,
vineyard-trellis
:

however, an action for double the amount. aedibus vineave the — :

 N. 189-192.] LAWS OF THE TWELVE TABLES. 89

189. . . .
quandoque sarpta donee dempta erunt . . .

VII.

190. Viam muniunto : ni sam delapidassint, qua volet iumenta

agito.

191. Si aqua pluvia nocet ....

VIII.

192. Qui malum carmen incantassit ....

rather rare ablative with iungere. —e concapit : Festus's text et concapit,

for which Schoell e concapi ; but I have retained -t as ablative case-ending,
= later -d; cp. n. 157 (a). No such word as concapes or concape is known,
but might mean 'socket' or 'surrounding.'
it Still the reading is very

if the owner dis-

'
uncertain. Huschke's correction si concapit (= concipit) ,

covers it,' is not bad.

189. Fest., p. 348. — '
whenever they have been pruned, until they have
been gathered,' namely, the grapes. Supply vina; cp. vin-demia, 'vintage.'
The reference seems to be still to the stolen beam, which must be left in the
vine-trellis between pruning-time and vintage. But the words are obscure,
and have been variously interpreted. sarpta from sarpere, a rare verb, — :

whence sarmentum, twig,' brushwood.' ' '

190. Fest., p. 371, according to Mommsen's emendation. The refer-

ence is to viae privatae, where one owns a right of way over other men's
land. The latter must make the road and keep it in order, else the former
is not bound to keep to it, but may drive his team where he likes. sam —
(=eam) : from the rare pronoun-stem so-, sa- (= 6-, d-) : Introd. 50. Only
accusative-forms are known : sum, sam, sos, sas, all in Ennius. delapi- —
from Festus we have the gloss delapidata,
' '

dassint :
'
have paved it ;

lapide strata.'
191. Pompon, in Dig. xl. 7, 21. An action might be brought against a
neighbor for damage occasioned by any acts of his which interfered with
the natural drainage of the land.
192. Plin. N. H. xxviii. 2, 17. The reference is to evil spells or incanta-
tions. There was also a law against libel,— which is also called by writers
malum carmen or famosum carmen, and for this the verb used in the —
XII Tables was
'

occentassit,'
 90- REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [s. 193-197.

193. Si membrum rupgit, ni cum eo pacit ,

talio esto. Manu
fustiye si os fregit lil>cro CCC, si servo, CL poenam subito.

Si iniuriam faxsit, viginti quinque poenae sunto.

194. Qui fruges excantassit . . .

195. Si nox furtum faxsit, si im occisit, iure caesus esto.

Si luci . . . si se telo defendit . . .

endoque plorato.
-

196. Si adorat furto, quod nee manifestum erit, duplione dam-

num decidito.

197. Patronus si clienti fraudem fecerit, sacer esto.

193. The three parts from Gell. xx. i, 14 (and Fest., p. 177) Paul, ;

in Collat. leg. Mos. et Rom. ii. 5, 5; Gell. xx. i, 12.

— membrum any :

limb or organ (as an eye). rupsit (Introd. 59) maimed —

cp. rumpet, :
' '

1 163.
— pacit: — talio: the retaliation, according to Cato,
cp. n. 176.
devolved on the next of kin. — os fregit as this was not a permanent :

injury, the punishment was

— iniuriam: this includes assaults and
less.

insults. Schoell removed the interpolation alter after this word.

— viginti i

quinque asses, and so above. — poenae nom. plur.

: :

194. Plin. N. H. — excantassit: 'has charmed away'

xxviii. 2, 17.

another's crops by magic spells. Com p. Verg. Eel. viii. 99; Ovid. Am. iii.

7, 31, for allusions to this superstition.

195. Macrob. 19 Cic. pro Tull. 47 and 50 cp. Fest., p. 309.
Sat. i.
4, ; ;
—
nox :
adverb, = noctu.
This strange form occurs again in a verse of
Ennius, si luci, si nox, etc. (Ann. 412, Vahlen). It is difficult to explain.
Biicheler thinks it a genitive, for noctis, *nocts. im (Introd. 47) is the —
regularly formed accusative of i-s. A robber by day-time one might kill —
only in case he used a weapon, but one must call for help; for this the first

direction was endo plorato, implorato conclamato. that is,

=
196. Fest., p. 162: If any one has recourse to process of law, in case
'

of a theft which is not manifest, let the thief settle the damage by paying
double.' — adorat :
'

pleads the case,'

'
causam agit', instead of privately

settling with the thief. — nee = no». — manifestum furtum : where the
'

Manifestos, hand-struck,' grasped with the

'

thief is caught in the act.

hand." The penalty for a furtum nee manifestum was much less severe than
that for n furtum manifestum.
197. Serv. ad Aen. vi. 609. — sacer esto : see on n. 166.
 .-v<iJL4

N. 198-203] LAWS OF THE, TWELVE TABLES. 91

J r1"
198. Qui se sierit testarier libripensve fuerit, ni testimonium
fariatur, inprobus intestabilisque esto.

199. Si telum manu fugit magis quam iecit ....

X.

200. Hominem mortuom in urbe ne sepelito neve urito.

20i. Hoc plus ne facito :

rogum ascea ne polito.

202. Mulieres genas ne radunto, neve lessum funeris

ergs ha-
bento.

203. Homini mortuo ne ossa legito, quo post funus faciat.

198. Gell. xv. 13, 11. — testarier :

passive, 'be summoned as a wit-
ness,' corresponding to the active testare (cited by Priscian).— libripens :

a sale (mancipium, see n. 186) had to be consummated in the

presence of
five witnesses and a 'weigher': the latter held the scales while the
pur-
chaser touched them with a copper coin this act symbolized the former ;

actual weighing-out of the price, at a time when as yet there was no coined
money. — fariatur :
present indicative from an otherwise unknown fari-
ari, 'speak,' derived, according to Corssen, from the noun-stem fario- con-
tained (with somewhat changed meaning) in ne-farius. Schoell changes
to */atiatxir, comparing infitiari. inprobus —
marked,' noted as dis- :
' '

honest.' — intestabilisincapable of acting again as a witness.

:

199. Cic. pro Tull. 51 (cp. Top. 17). Accidental homicide. Note the
sudden change of subject, first telum and then the man.
200. Cic. Leg. ii. 23. Observe that burning is already introduced at
Rome, though burial was the ancient Roman custom.
201. Cic. ibid., who adds several other interesting particulars of the
sumptuary laws by which the Twelve Tables sought to repress undue splen-
dor of funerals. —
ascea elsewhere ascia. The funeral-pile is not to be
:

hewn smooth with an axe.

202. Cic. ibid. — lessum :
'

wailing
'

; occurs nowhere else. (In Plaut.

True. 4, 2, 18, p axis am is now restored.)
203. Cic. ibid. 24. Bones are not to be taken up (after burying or
burning) to be interred again with a second funeral ceremony. The law
went on to make an exception in favor of those who were killed in war or
 92 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [n. 204-207.

204. Qui coronam parit ipse pecuniave eius honoris virtutisve

ergo, si arduuitur ei . . . .

205 neve aururn addito. Cui auro dentes iuncti escunt,

ast im cum illo sepeliet uretve, se fraude esto.

XII. '

206. Si servos furtum faxit noxiamve noxit ....

207. Si vindiciam falsam tulit, sive litis . . .

praetor arbitros
tris dato, eorum arbitrio . . . fructus duplione damnum
decidito.

died abroad. Of course this did not forbid the simple taking up of the
ashes to be placed in an urn. — quo = ut.
204. Plin. N. H. xxi. 3, 7. — parit: 'obtains,' as a prize in public
games or otherwise. — pecunia :
'chattel'; as a horse or a slave which
he might send to compete in the games. Nominative case: 'whoever
wins a crown himself, or a chattel of his (does it for him)'; the relative
clause continued by a demonstrative. — honoris and si Schoell inserts.
— arduuitur =
addi tur: see n. 171, and for the double u on n. 182. —
There followed parentlve eius, se fraude or something similar, as we
esto,

know from Cic. Leg. ii. 24 if :

'

the crown is placed on his head or on

his parent's (when either is buried), it shall not be a crime.'
205. Cic. Leg. ii. 24. Gold is not to be buried or burned with the
corpse but gold used for fastening teeth is excepted. Probably gold wires
;

are to be understood. Primitive dentistry wired loose teeth to the solid

ones, and false teeth may have been attached in like manner. — escunt :

see on escit, n. 174.

— im : as n. 195.
206. Ulp. in Dig. ix. 4, 2, 1. — noxiam :
cognate accusative. — noxi
= nocuerit. — In the case supposed, the master had to make restitution, c

to give up the offender {noxae dedere) to the aggrieved person.

207. Fest.,
p. 376.
— si vindiciam, any one has obtained any etc. :
'
if

thing by falsely claiming it.'

— sive litis text is incomplete and
meaning :

uncertain others read si velit is.

:
praetor, if right, means consul, magis- —
trate; praetors in the later sense did not exist till 388/366. tris tres. — = —
fructus . . . decidito :
'
let him pay damages for its use meanwhile in

double the amount.'

 N. 208,209.] PROVERBS AND SAWS. 93

Lex Silia de ponderibus publicis.

208. Ex ponderibus publicis quibus hac tempestate populus

oetier solet, uti coeretur se dolo m(alo), uti quadrantal vini

octoginta pondo siet ; congius vini decern p(ondo) siet ;

sex
sextari congius siet vini, duodequinquaginta sextari qua-
drantal siet vini ;
sextarius aequos aequo cum librario siet ;

sexdecimque librari in modio sient. Si quis magistratus ad-

versus hac d(olo) m(alo) pondera modiosque vasaque pub-
lica modica minora maiorave faxit iussitve fieri, dolumve

adduit quo ea fiant, eum quis volet magistratus multare, dum

minore parti familias taxat, liceto ;
sive quis in sacrum iudi-

care volet liceto.

Proverbs and Saws,

209. Ne p6mum £x ali£no 16git6 in armum.

208. Fest., p. 246, where the text is in sad condition but most of the ;

emendations which I have admitted are tolerably certain. The date of the
law has been put at 510/244, but this is not certain. oetier —
uti: cp. n. =
105,1.9.
—
coeretur {curetur\: Huschke's emendation for coaequetur. —
se = sine. — aequos a pleonasm like par pari and the like.
aequo :

Equality of capacity is meant.

—
librario by librarius is evidently meant
:

the dry sextarius, but why it is so called I cannot tell. Perhaps because its

weight, in flour and other substances commonly measured by it, would be

roughly a pound.
—
adversus hac: cp. n. 80. — modica: apparently
'smaller' than the modius, —
sextarii and the rest. — iussit : future per-

fect; cp. iusso, Verg. Aen. xi. 467.

— adduit = addit :
cp. n. 171.
— quis
volet: as in n. 80. —
minore parti: perhaps minore™ parti™. In the
same phrase, n. 103, 1. 12, the genitive is used. —
in sacrum iudicare :

Wordsworth explains, assign the amount to the sacred treasury,' instead

'

of the aerarium, where fines ordinarily went.

209. Fest., p. 4. " Legibus etiam Laurentum sanctum est, ne pomum
"
ex alieno legatur in armum whence this Saturnian is easily reconstructed.
;

In 16gito a short thesis (n. 74, v. 4). The direction is, in brief, not to carry
off one's neighbor's fruit by the armful ;
the taking of single apples, pears,

etc., being permissible.

94 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN. [N. 210-216

210. Hibcrno pulvere verno luto

grandia farra, camille, metes.

211. Postremus loquaris, primus taceas.

212. Lalla lalla lalla, aut dc;mi aut lacte.

213. (a.) Rex erit qui r£cte faciet, qui non faciet n6n erit.

(/>.) Habeat scabiem quisquis ad me vtmerit novissimus.

214. Terra pestem tent§to, salus hie maneto.

215. Huat hanat huat ;

ista pista sista;

domiabo damna ustra. [et luxato.]

216. Quamvis monentium duonum negumate.

210. Fest., p. 93. A dry winter and a wet spring make a large harvest.
— camille: 'boy.'
— The verses are hardly Saturnians, but rather such as
in n. 153 and fig. Introd. 69.
:

211. MalliusTheodorus de metris, p. 95, Heusinger. Attributed to Mar-

cius the vates : see on n. 216.
212. Schol. Persius, iii. 16. A lullaby. It is a Saturnian lacking the
first syllable.
213. Reconstructed from Schol. Hor. Epist. i. 1, 59, and Ars poet. 417.
Two ditties used in boys' games. —
The rex is the captain or chief of the
players.
— Habeat, for racing;
etc. :
'

Devil take the hindmost.' The goal

itself speaks.
— Both verses are trochaic, a popular rhythm.
214. Varro, R. R. i. 2, 27. Charm against foot-ache. The sufferer is to

sing it touch the ground, and to spit. The Terse is

thrice nine times, to
Saturnian but in Salus again a short thesis.
;

215. From Cato, R. R. 160, I extract the least nonsensical of several

cantiones for sprains and fractures, which seem even as Cato wrote them
to have become already mere jargon. — ista pista sista: islam pestem
sista/n (?). — domiabo damna ustra : domabo damna vostra (?). See —
Plin. N. H. xxvii. 12, 106, for another spell against diseases.
165, as part of a carmen by Marcius, a vates of indistinct
216. Fest., p.
personality, to whom were attributed various prophecies current as early as
the Hannibalic war. Corssen gave monentium
for moventium : How-
'
N. 217-220.] TRIUMPHAL INSCRIPTIONS. 95

Verses from old Triumphal Inscriptions.

21 J. Fundit fugat prost^rnit maximas legi6nes.

2i 8. Duell6 magn6 dirimendo, regibus subig6ndis.

219. Summas opes qui regum r£gias refr£git.

220. Magnum numerum triumphat h6stibus devictis.

ever well they may advise, refuse them.' The genitive (if right) must be
explained by supposing the sentence incomplete.
— duonum :
cp. n. 75.
—
negumate = negate. — There were many collections of such vaticina-
tiones, partly very old, bearing the names, some of Faunus, Carmentis, and
others of Publicius and Marcius. We know that they were chiefly or alto-
gether in Saturnian or Saturnian-like rhythm. The specimens in Liv. v. 16
and xxv. 12 show evident traces of such rhythm, but are too much modern-
ized to have any linguistic interest.
217. Atilius Fortun. (or Caesius Bassus) p. 2679 P., p. 265 K. This and
,

the following three verses are from Saturnian inscriptions set up on the

Capitol in commemoration of triumphs. The first is from

that of M'. Acilius

Glabrio, who triumphed over Antiochus 564/190.

218. Ibid. From the tablet of L. Aemilius Regillus, who defeated the
fleet of Antiochus 564/190, and triumphed the following year. More of the
inscription, but in a very corrupt state, Liv.
xl. 52. duello —
bello. = —
regibus Antiochus, his son Seleucus, and Ariarathes, king of Cappa-
:

docia.
219. Atil. Fort., p. 2698 P., p. 294 K.
220. Censorinus, spurious treatise, p. 615 K.
— triumphat: 'leads in

triumph.'
 INDEX.

References to the text are by number or number and line: as aiquom, 82 2S .

References to the notes are by page (marked/.) as apparitores, p. 50. :

"By passim (pass.) is meant that a word or form occurs repeatedly in the numbel
or numbers indicated.
This index does not include, (1) nominatives plural in -ei, datives and ablatives
plural in -eis ; (2) genitives singular in -eifor-i; (3) accusatives plural in -Is or -eis ;
(4) infinitives passive in -ei ; (5) final -os and -om after u or v ; (6) final -m omitted;
nor, in general, (7) cases of double consonants written singly,
— unless the forms are
otherwise noteworthy.

aa, 106 II ». adsiduos, p. 85. antidea, 163.

aara, 92. advocapit, 149. Antioco»>, 78.
abdoucit, 74. Aecetiai, 19. Aorist forms, p. 69.

abei, 138. aes Martium, p. 32. Apeninum, appellative,

:8
\blatives in -d, 10, 63, 64, aevitas, 174. 104 .

66, 69, 73, 80, 82 pass., af, 100, 105

u , 118. Apolenei, 46.
84, i^opass., p. 21. afleicta, in Apolenes, 68.
Ablatives in-ei, 77, 104" 37 . aideni, 75. Apolinei, 95.
Accusative in works of aidiles, sing., 75. Apolone, -ei, 66, 72.

art, p. 18. aidilis, -es, aid., 68, 74, apparitores, p. 50.

Accusative sing, (nomin. 75. 79. lo 3
u ,
I2 °- apstulit, 139.
sing, neut.) of 0-stems Aimilia, -ius, 81, 97. Aquinoi", gen. plural,
in -om or -<?"i (not after aiquom, 82 20 . 16.

«, v), 13, 19-27 pass., aire, 66. arbiter, p. 37.

s6
44.49. 50,61,67,70-72, airid, p. 21. arbitratuu, 104 .

75, 78, 83, 104 »»», Aisclapi, 27. arduuitur, 204.

141, 150. Aisernino m , gen. plur. , arfuerunt, 82 2
.

s1
Aciles, p. 17. 11, 13. ar/uise, 82 .

Acmemeno, p. 17. Aiserniom, gen. pi., 12. arvorsum,-sum,8o,82 24 .

adduit, indie, 208. Alcumena, 38. ascea, 201.

adeitur, 122. alius for alter, p. 62. asenam, p. 75.

'
adessint, p. 69. aliuta, 172. ast, and if,' 166, 185,
adgnatus, -um, 183, 184. Alixentrom, 44. 205.
10
adiese, 82'. altod, 150 .
Ateleta, p. 17.
817 ater dies, p. 81.
adieset, -ent, 82 . ambarvalia, p. 70.

adiouta, 112. Amucos, 37. attigat, p. 69.

adpatula, 157. Anavis, 125. averruncus, -are, p. 71.
adrogatio, p. 81. antestamino, 174. axamenta, p. 74.

97
 9» REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

bacanal, -ibus, 82 pass. Cloul/, 136. Corinto, 98.

bacas, S2 \ clovacas, 120. '
niSi ac divae,
>
p. 33.
balinearium, 117. .

larigatio, p. 77. Cosentiam, 100.

basilica, p. 59. coemise, 157. cosentiont, 75.

Belolai, 20. Coerae, 21. cosol, 59, 75.
Benventod, 10. coeraverunt, coer., 119, cosoleretur, 82 0U1 «.
:
berber, 149. 120. Covella, 158.
bovillo, 163. coeravit, 143. coventionid, 82".
coeretur, 208. Coza, Cozanom (?), 4.
C for g, 33, 34, 39, 150 uc accus.,
1. free use Crisida, p. 17.
pass., 176, 193. of, p. 47. culignam, 154a.
0. I., 139, 145. coiciunto, 176. culiiia, public, p. 59.
Caecilis, 127. coiraverunt, -re, 107, cume, 157.
Caiatino'",gen. plur., 15. 10S, I-' 1.
cusianes, 157.
28
Caicilius, -io, 101, 104 , coiravit, coir., 113, 117.
•37- collegia, in Campanian danunt, m.
cailavit, 40. pagi, p. 54; of fetials, daps, dapalis, p. 72.
Calebus, 31. p. 77. See sodalitatcs. darier, 170.
calecandam, 117. com, 176. datai, 82 2 ».
calendac, calare, j>. 75. comfluont, 104
n . Dative sing, of a-stems in

camille, 210. comitia calata, p. 75. -a, 48, 50, 55, 90, 91;
Campania, political condi- comoine;«, 82 ". in -ai, 34, 70, 71,
73.
tion of, p. 54. Compagei, 109. Dative sing, of consonant-
2. stems in -e, 50, 53, 56,
Canoleios, 30. composeiverunt, 104
cante, 157. comvalem, 104 8 .
61-63, 72. 75,88,90,91,
Capital punishment, p. 31. comvovise, 82 1S . no.
captom, 150 ,3 M ''•. concapit, 188. Dative sing, of consonant
caputalem, 82 -'•. conctos, 149. and K-stems in -ei, 46,
18 10 .
Cartaciniensis, 150° .
condumnari, 103 74. 83. 85, 9 2 -96, 103 -',
23 ,2 106 II
Cartago, p. 69. conflovont, 104 .
105 , *•, no,
Casentera, p. 17. conioura^c, S2 •*. in, 114.
castellitm, p. 27. coniunxs, 141. Dative and Ablative plur.
Castorus, 103 I7 .
conlegium, -io, 109. of 0-stems in -is, 57,
s0
castud, 73. conleibertus, 141. 104 , 136.
cau/as, 106 II 41 .
conpromesise, 82 I4 . Dca Dia, p. 65.
caussa, -am, 86, 176. conquaeisivei, 100. decemviri slitibus in
cavitum, p. 69. consol, 58, 74, 75,84,85, dicandis, p. 26.
ceivis, 82
7.
87,150". decemviri sacris fa
censor, 74, 75. consolto, 101. ciitndis, p. 26.
cepet, 150". consoltu, p. 21. decoraat, 139.
Cererus, 108. consoluerunt, 82 '. decreivit, 81.
cerus, 157, p. 75. conspondise, 82". Dectuninebus, 104
3!>
.

cesor, 75. controversis, 104 4 \ decuma, -am, 99, 111.

Cesula, 47. controvorsieis, 104 '. 112.

Char/ago, p. 69. controvosias, 104 -. de curiae of apparitorcs

7 8.
clases, -eis, 150 coraveron/, 65. p. 50.
'
classis army,' p. 82. Corinthus, masc. (? ), p. deda, 50.
clepsit, 163. 34- dederi, 68.
 INDEX. 99

,2
dederont, 66. ee, 141. familias, 103 , 164, 208.

dedet, -et, 48, 62-64, 75. eeis, nom. plur., 82 *. fariatur, 198.

dedier, 160 a. eeis, dat. ablative plural, faxit, 80, 163, 172, 206,
82 6 25 . 208.
dedro, dedrot, 49, 50.
'

deferrc, report,' p. 51. ei, spurious diphthong, faxitur, 163.

See testimotiium. PP- 25, 33. 35, 42, 47. faxseis, 99.
defexit, 1623. 62, 63. faxsit, 193, 195.

deicerent, 82
4 . eidem, nom. sing., ioo, fecei, 100.
s. fecid, 34.
deicito, 103 141.

deico, 138. eidem, nom. plur., 108, feida, 141.

120. Feronia, dat. sing., 48.
dek'rt, deiv«, 55, 57.
23 . 4 44
deixerit, 103 eidus, eidibus, 104 , Feroniai, 123.
5.
deixsistis, 105 125, 126, 128, 133, 134. fetiales, p. 77.
Dekem/»-«, 128. eiei, p. 69. figier, 82 -".
eieis, 105
M 12 .
fileai, 34.
delapidassint, 190.
3. nom. I0 nom.
</<«ontiari, 103 eis, plural, 103 , fineis, -is, plural,
3 6 13 .
Dentistry, ancient, p. 92. 104 ». 104
nom. 23 .
detolerit, p. 69. eisdem, nom. plur., 118, flovi, plur., 104
devas Corniscas, 94. 119. floviom, 104 23 .

devotio, p. 76. eitur, 117. flovium, -io, lo+pass.

' 9.
dextumum, 157. em, him,' 174. fluio, 104

Diane, dat. sing., 47. emeru, 89. foedesum, p. 75.

s.
dictatored, 150
10
. empta, 157. foideratei, 82
12 5.
d/feidens, in. en, 104 , 150 Folvius, 102.
diffensus, 177. endo, 164, 174, 179. fontei, abl., 104 6 .

Diopant;«, 109. enos, 149. forma, nom. sing., 74.

Diovis, Diovei, Dio- Eppuleiai, 142. Fortune, dat. sing., 64.
vem, 42, 73, 97, p. 22. Erucinaf, 114. Fourios, 63, 64.

dismota, 82 3 °.
escit, 174, 183, 184. Freedman of two masters,
Dissimilation, pp. 26, 29. escunt, 205. P- 55-

dixserunt, 104
3.
estod, 80, 165. Freedman takes master's
domneis, p. 69. excantassit, 194. gentilician name, p. 17.
s2 .
dorsum, 104 ° ~°. exdeicatis, 82 firm' with accus., p. 45.
s. 32 .
duellum, -o, -a, -is, 163, exdeicendum, 82 fruimino, 104
218, p. 23. Execution for debt, p. 86. fu, 149.
2
Duelonai, 82 . exemet, 150. fuet, 75.
14
duis, subjunct., 153 . exfociont, 150. fugiteivos, 100.
9.
duit, indie, 171. exsigito, 103 fuit, fuit, 74.

duomvires, 119. exstrad, 82

K 28 .
fundare {axfundere, p.

duonoro™, 75. 26.

duonus, -um, 157, 216. faato, 141. fundatid, 80.

du<n>iri iure dicundo, facere, fieri, 'sacrifice,' fuueit, 144.

p. 60. p. 72.
s ". Genitive sing, of a-stems
duoviriy mint-masters, p. facilumed, 82
16. facitud, 73. in -ai, 19, 20, 23, 82 -,
37 . in -ais,
duuit, indie, 182. faenisicei, 104 123, 138, 142 ;

fama, nom. sing., 76. -aes, 42, 145, p. 18.

ead, 82 M . fameliai, 70. Genitive sing, of conso-

 TOO REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

nant and u - stems in hone, 75. iouserunt, 104 4 .

°
-os, -us, -es, 25, 68, honos, 76, 77. iousiset, 82 ".
8 7 12 2
82 '
-', 103 , 105 , horunc, 138. iousit, Si, 117.
107, 108, 113, 115. Hyperarchaisms, p. 67. ovei Compagei, 109.
Genitive plural of ^-sterns oviae, 107.
20 28
in-or/t or-o">, 1-16/nss., ibei, 82 , 104 pass, ovos, 36.
7
75, 157; in -um, 82 , -idus, adjectives in, p. 59. index, p. 37.
104
32
;
184; in -oroi>i, iei, 67, 106, 1.
7
. iudicare = iudex esse,
'

150 "'. igitur, then,' p. 84. p. 41.

Genitive plural of conso- im, 195, 205. iudika tidis, 79.
nant-stem in -om 35. , Imperatives in -d, 80, 165. iusit,iuserunt,ioi,io4
3.

genteiles, 92. Imperatives in -mirto, iussit, fut. perf., 208.

Gentile names in 32
-as, 104 , 172; origin of, iussitur, p. 69.
-iliis, p. 42. p. 46. iuus, 106 I 39 , II -\
I ientilician names from incantassit, 192.
20 .
praenomin.i, pp. 48, 21. inceideretis, 82 Kaili«j, 128.
gesistei, 76. Indigetes, di, p. 77. Kastorus, 105 '.

Gnaivod, 74. indoucebamus, 105 '•. Keri, 22.

gnatus, -os, 77, 78, 138. indoucere, 105 w . Koranom, gen. plur., 3.
27 ,0
gnoscier, 82 . indoucimus, 105 .

grandire, intransitive, p. infera, 117. lacte, 212.

7<- Infinitives passive in -ier, Laudicaes, 145.
27
76, 82 , 160, 170, 208. Lavernai, 23.
]2
haace, 103 .
infumo"', infumum, Lavis, p. 17.
hace, 103 ". io4
10 u 10, Lebro, 54.
43 .
haice, 82 --. iniourias, 104 lecionei, 150.
hance, 103 8 ^ 2D .
inpeirator, 81. leege, 92.
,0 10 . 26 .
hau, 138. inperium, 103 leegei, 103
hec, 75. inttrualaris mensis, p. legassit, 183.
heic, 100, 111, 138, 140, 56. Leiber, Leiberi, 36, 113
44
144-146. interkrt/rtrcj, 134. leiber<;r,i, 104 .

heice, 143. inveisa, 139. leiberei, 8i.

heicei, 136. ipsos, 172. leibereis.nom. plur., in
heisce, nom. plur., 107, Italic 1 in Sicily, 86, 100. leibertate, 139.
108. itus actusque, p. 60. leibertus, no.
Hercele, 41. ium, 80. leibravit, 147.
Hercolei, S3, hi, Aibreis, 147.
Hercules's 3C .
tithe, pp. 34, Ianuaris, 104 lessum, 202.
57- Ianui, 170. Leucesie, 157.
-7 12 .
Her/, praenomen, 61, 62. ioubeatis, 82 . lexs, 103
Heruc/'«rtf, 115. ioudex, 103 ,s . librarius, p. 92.
Hiatus, pp. 24, 57. ioudicatod, 80. //cetod, 80.
20
hince, 100. ioudicaverit, 103 . Licnia, 129.
Hinnad, 84. ioudicetur, 103 in . Locative in -at', 34.
2.
Hinoleios, 72. ioudicio, 103 loebesum, p. 27.
,3 ,0 ,7 -*.
hisce, nom. plur., 104 . iouranto, 103 loidos, 107, 108.
hoce, 80, 82 !n 123. , iourarint, 103 21
. Loucanam, 74.
hoice, 103 2C\ iouraverit, 103
]0 .
loucarid, 80.
 INDEX. IOI

Loucina, 52, go. maxsume, m. nexum, p. 88.

20
Loucinai, 73. med, 34. ni, 103 .

lubens, 113. meilia, 100. niquis, niquem,

lube«tes, m. Melerpanta, 43. IO4
30 34 40
) io 6 II 14,

s In21
Luciom, 75. meliosem, p, 75. nisei, 82 .

32 st *°.
Lucius, 74. Menerva, -vai, 36, 71. nive, 104
lue' n , 149. Menolavi, 146. tioemires, 124, 130.
lumphieis, 116. mercassitur, p. 69. nomen Latinutn p. 29. ,

Luqorcos, 39. Mercuris, 36. Nominative singular of

lustratio agri, p. 70. mereta, -to, -tod, 75, rt-stems in -a, 74, 76, 77.

luuci, 103
4.
in, 117. Nominative singular of
lux, masculine, p. 38. meritod, 69. 0-stems in -os or -o» (not
mieis, 79. after ?t, v), 17, 28-44
»i final not counted in mihe, 143. pass., 48, 57-72 pass.,
scanning, p. 24. miliarios, 100. 74, 75, 124, 172, 150
Maarco, 137. militare, nom. masc, 63, pass.; in -is (for -ios) ,

macistratos, 150. 64. 36, 40, 125, 127.

Macolnia, 34. Mini;; /', praenomen, 121.
1
Nominative plural of a-
made esto, p. 71. Minucieis, nom. plural, stems in -a, 49, 50; in
mag/steratus, 80. 104 '. -az, 822", 96.

magistere, 65. Mirqurios, 44. Nominative plural of 0-

magistreis, 107, 108. Mistakes of gravers and stems in -e. 65, 75, 102;

magistri, officers of stone-cutters, pp. 16,43, in -es, -eis, -is, 60,

1 35 37 38 42
guilds, pp. 29, 54. 44, 46, 48, 61, 63, 64, 68. 104 t I07) io8j
31
Malios, 67. mitat, 104 .
in, 119.
Mamullai, 142. moincipieis, p. 69. Nominative plural of
mancipium , ceremony moiro, moiros, 121. z'-stems in -is, -eis,
6 13 28_
of, p. 91. moltare, 80. io4
manum, gen. plur., 80. moltaticod, 66. nominitata, 141.
manunt iniectio, pp. 27, monimentu m 147. , nominus, 82 7.

86. multam inrogare p. 39. ', nondin«;«, 103 31 .

5.
manus, 'good,' p. 75. multam petere, p. 38. nontiata, 105
manus consertae, p. 88. Municipal magistrates, p. nostrorum = nostrum,
Marcelus, 87. 60. 159-
5 29 37 .
Marcius, vates, p. 94. Muucio, 104 Nouceriam, 100.
s3 .
mareitum, 138. noundinum, 82
Marica, dat. sing., 55. naatam, 141. Novensides, Noveusiles,
navaled, 150 n
10
marid, 150° . .
di, p. 77.
Marmar, Marmor, 149. navebos, 150 6 8 . Novesedes, 57.
Mars, god of husbandry, nee for non, 183, 196. nox= noc tit, 195.
4
p. 71. necesus, 82 . noxit, 206.
Marsuas, 40. negumate, 216. nuges, abl. plur., 136.

matrona, nom. plur., 49, nei, in', and ne, p. 28. nuncupassit, 186.
s '
5°- nei, 103 104 nuntius, etymology, p,

Matuta, dat. sing., 50. Neicia, 139. 37-

s.
Maurte, 63. neiquis, 82
Mavortei, 93. neive, 103 pass., 104 M .
obvagulatum, 178.
»iax\mos, 150. Neuter plural in -a, 76. occasus, partic, 176.
102 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

occisit, 169, 195. Patronymics, Ligurian, Popaio 8 , 57.

oetantur, oeti, p. 49. p. 48. Pop//, 57.

oetier, 208. patrus, 113. poplici, -co. -cae,-cum,

oina quom, p. 25. pedem struere, p. 84. -cam, -ce, -cas, 100,
2 3 4 11
oino">, 75. pellige, 138. 103 . 1°4'
8
Oinomavos, 45. pequlatuu, 106 I ". 105 , 123.
;
poplicod, 82
"'

oinumama, p. 17. pequniam, 103", 104 -'', "'.

106 1 3 poplom, 150 '".

oinuorsei, 82 >'•'. '', 109.

oitile, 105 °. Perfect, first pers. sing, in poplus, 81.

olle, 166. -ei, 78, 100. popolum, 103'*.

olleis, 106 I 5. Perfect, third purs. sing, pipulus and plebs distin-
10 . guished, p. 40.
obrom, 150 in -el(-et), 48,62-64, 75,
28
omnia, 76. 104 , l^opass. ; in -<//, p,'r-, pos-, prepos., p. 35

opitna spolia, p. 82. 98, 104

28
, 144; in -//, pore a praecidanea, p
oportel me aliquid fieri, 74. 75- 72.

p. 48. Perfect, third pers. plur. Portunalia, p. 61.

'

opos, 29. in -rout, 65, 66, 157; potior, fall into hands

oppedeis, p. 69. in -rot {-ro), 49, 50; of,' p. 64.

27 .
oppodum, p. 69. in -ru, 89; in -ri, 68. potisit, 82
28 .
opsequens, 139. Personal construction for posedet, -eit, 104

opsides, 74. impersonal, p. 53. poseivei, 100.

optenui, 79. Pesceniaes, 145. posidet, 77.
2 3.
optinebit, 106 I petiei, 79. possitur, p. 69.

optinui, 139. Philematio m , 141. poublicom, 67.

ls . poumilionom,
cquoltod, 82 Pilipus, 40. 35.
17
oqupatum, p. 69. Pilonicus, 39. praedad, 150 .

ornavet, 150 7 . pilumnoe poploe, p. Praenomina of women,

ossiva, 133. 75- p. 19.

ossua, 140. Pisaurese*, 49. praeseriptio of a lex, p.

ou, sign for ft, p. 21 "Plant us, pracnomen, 71. 49-

Ouf, iitina, 28. plebei scitum, distin- praetor = consul, p. 92.

guished from lex, pp. praevides, p. 39.

paastores, 100. 38, 50. praidad, 63, 64.

pacit, pacunt, 176, 193. plebi, gen. sing., 103 '". praitores, 89.
Painiscos, 40. pleores, 149. preivatod, 82
Paistano" 1
, gen. plur., 9. ploirume. 75.
l'r< positions as proclitics,
/Vile. plorassit, 166. p. 42.
as adverbs,
Paperius, 102. plouruma, 136. Prepositions
>» 2°.
parentatid, 80. pious, 82 pp. 84, 85.
,0 . nt indie, in future
pariat, 103 plusima, p. 75.

paricidas, 171 pocolom, -o"», 19-27. conditions, p. 83.

n 7.
parisuma, nom. sing., 74. Poenicas, 150 8 . primos, nom., 150
parti"', 68, p. 93. Poenicio, p. 68. principium in the comi-
Pola. praenomen, tia tribnta, p. 50.
partis secanto, p. 87. 50.
12 .
partus, 103 polcer, p. 62. privicloes, p. 73.
Polio, 143. proboum, etc., 8, 10.
patre, abl., 74.

patria potestas, p. 87. Polouces, 37. pro/anus, p. 80.

10
patronus municipi, p. 60. poloucta"', in. prohibessis, 133
 INDEX. 103

80. quosquomque, 106 II 7.

sententiad, 828 " ».
proiecitad,
13 .
promenervat, p. 75. qura, 137. servassis, 153
2,;
Pronouns omitted in XII setius, 104 .

Tables, p. 84. r dropped before s, p. 42. Short thesis in Saturnians

Prosepnais, 42. recuperator es, p. 37. p. 24.

Provincial Latin, pp. 19, redidei, 100. Shortening of long sylla-

20, 27, 47, 65. redieit, 98. bles in Plautine verse,

proxsimum, 123. Regium, 100. P- 23-

proxsumeis, 103
14 I6
**. respargito, 167. si deus, si dea, 73.
5. 4
/»ucnandod, 150 restitistei, 137. sibei, 79, 82 , 148.
pulcrai, 138. Retus, 31. sibei read sibi, p. 26.

Pulios, 17. Romai, 34. sicare, sicet, 104 40 «.

/'utio, 95. rue m , 149. sient, 82 so, 208.
l
Rufeis, 104 . sierit, 198.
2 9
quairatis, 77. rupsit, 193. sies, 153 , 155a, b, 156 .

2I 6 2 6
quaistcr, 78. siet, 103 , 104 , 156 ,

quaistores, 66, 67. S. = Spurius, 82 1

, 105
3.
164, 208.

quasei sei, 103

I2
,
106 1 39 , S. =4,118. sine frande sua, p. 51,
II s , 109, p. 39. ^ for r preserved, pp. 66, cp. 151, 152, 162a.
28 .
quattiiorviri iure di- 75- singolos, 104
cundo, p. 60. i final neglected in versi- sins, 149.
2424 siremps, 103 12 106 I 3s ,
quei, 74, 76, 77,81,82 , fication, p. 34. ,

103 pass., 104 pass., sacer esto, p. 81. III.

12
8
105 , 106 pass., 112, Saeturni, 24. siris, 153 ,
160 a.

136. Sale (mancipiuni), p. 90. Sisipu.s, 120.

14
queique, 103 . Salutes, 25. situst, 136.
5 106
queiquomque, 103 , sam, 190. sli/ibiis, 79.
II >- 122 .
sarpta, 189. sodalitates, pp. 65, 74.
3 24 . R.
ques, nom. plur., 82 scibamus, 105 soledas, 117.

qui= quis, 171. scribendo adesse, p. 28. solitaurilia, p. 82.

quid = quidquid, 177. se, sed = sine, 151, 152, sont, 117.

quiquam = quisquam, 180, 205, 208. sonticus, 177.

12 13 14 21 .
82 .
sed, ace, 82 , 103 soveis, 136, 147.
quis = quisguis, 80, 175, seedes, 117, 137. sovo, 138.
2S
208. seese, 103 18 . sovom, p. 61.

quius, 144. sei, 76, 80, 82 SM!8 , 103 Sta//«.f, praenomen, 48.

qum, i2i, 141. pass., 104 pass., 106 1 40 , stircus, 80.

44 . 3 Stolen beam, p. 88.
quoi, 104 II , 109.
quoiei, 77. Seispitei, no. subigit, 74.
1 8
quotum, 156 .
seive, 80, 103 , 109. Sumptuary laws, p. 91.
17 4. 212429
quoius, 74, 106 II , 153 semol, in. suprad, 82 .

quom, 137, 157a. semunis, 149. sursuorsum, 104 u .

4.
quom, prepos., 77, p. 25. senati, 101, 104 Surus, 121.
quom causal with indie, senatorbus, 82 6. suso vorsum, 104 7 .

7 8 15
p. 49. senatu, gen. sing. (?), susum, 104 .

12 .
quor.que, 105 117.
106 12 . s9
quosquequomque, senatuei, 105 tabelai, 82 .

10 . lr 21 23
II senatuos, 82 s . tabelarios, 100.
104 REMNANTS OF EARLY LATIN.

8.
tabolam, 82 *. tov<2w, 112. vectigal, masc, 104
80 .
2I
taboleis, 103 tremonti, 157. Vediovei, 92.
tarn quasei set, 109. tresviri a. i.a.ox a.d.a., veiginti, 139.
taxat, 208. pp. 36, 38. veitae, 139.
taxsat, 103 > 2 . tresviri capitales, p. 38. veivont, 148.
teatro, 109. tresviri rcjiciendis aed- veixsit, 141.
Teiburtes, 105 3 . iiits, p. 32. Velena, p. 17.
Telis, 38. Tribe, designation of, p. Venerei, 114.
Tempestatebus, 75. 16. Venerus, 107, 115.
12 .
Temples of Castor and triresmos, 150 Venos, 42, 43.
Saturn, p. 40. tris, 207. venum duuit, 182.

Teretina, 133. triumpe, 149. ver sacrum, p. 80.

termina, 104 9 .
triumviri, see tresviri. verberit, 166.
Terminalia, p. 56. Tulius, 89. Vertuleieis, nom. plur.,

terra, nom. sing., 76. Tuscolana, dat. sing., 90. in.

Teses, p. 17. 91. Vibis, 40.
Twelve Tables, history of; 27 .
testare, p. 90. vicensumam, 104
testarier, 198. interpolations in ;
p. 84. vicesma'", 68.

testimonium dicere, de- victor iati uummi, p. 45.

4 -
ferre, denuntiare, p. ubei, 82
r' 27
, 104
,
, 117. viduertatem, 153 8 .

43 .
37- ultuma, 144. vincoleis, 104
testumonium, 103
3.
utei, 81 ,
82 pass., 104 33 , vindex, p. 85.
4 10 106 pass., 109.
tet, 157. 105 , vindicit, 179.
Tetios, 48. utei with subjunctive in virtutei, abl., 77.
Theft, p. 90. command, p. 30. vita, nom. sing., 77.
Third person sing, in -at, utier, 76. vitium,' hindrance, 'p. 84.

139; in -it, 77. utor with accus., p. 46. Vitoria, 43.

Third person plural in -out uv avoided, p. 43. vobeis, 82 *", 105 B s n .

17
(not after u, v), 65, 66, vocitatust, 104 .

75, "7. 150, 157- Vaarus, 117. vorsu"', 18.

1

Tianom, ge n. plur., 14. V&lesi, praenomen, 68. versus, set nom., p. 40.
'

tibe, 76. vasa, equipments,' p. 79.

8.
tibei, 99, 157. vastitudinem, 153 Wills, verbal, p. 87.
tibei read tib'i, p. 34. vatic inatzones, p. 94.
tonaront, 157. vecos, p. 19. z, obsolete letter, p. 15.
 KEY TO THE INSCRIPTIONS.

CI.
io6 REMNANTS OF EARLV LATIN.

1 1.
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