ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS

EQUIPMENT SERVICING
Level – lV
October 2023, TTLM Versions - l

Module Title: Designing and Developing Advanced

Electrical/Electronic System

Module code: EEL EES4 M01 0123

Nominal duration: 150 Hour

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

October , 2023
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Contents
ACROMYM ................................................................................................................................................ 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................................................ 5
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 6
UNIT ONE: OVER VIEW OF ADVANCED ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS ................ 7
1.1 Concepts of Advanced Electrical/Electronic Systems .............................................................. 8
1.2 OHS policies and procedures and PPE ................................................................................... 10
1.3 Risk control measures and procedures ................................................................................... 16
1.4 Determining advanced electrical/electronic system ............................................................... 23
1.5 Development digital system ...................................................................................................... 26
1.6 Design development work ........................................................................................................ 28
1.7 Design development work ........................................................................................................ 30
1.8 Tools Materials and devices/components ................................................................................ 34
Self-check 1.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 44
Operation Sheet:1.1 .................................................................................................................................. 46
2 UNIT TWO: ADVANCED DIGITAL SYSTEMS ......................................................................... 48
2.1 Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems. .............................................................. 49
2.2 Knowledge of advanced electrical/electronic devices and systems ....................................... 51
2.3 Alternative arrangements for the design. ............................................................................... 53
2.4 Incorporating safety, functional and budget considerations in the design. ......................... 56
2.3. Prototype devices and circuits ................................................................................................. 56
2.4.1 Design and Simulation of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers ......................................... 59
2.4.2 Automatic Street Light Circuit Using IC 741 ................................................................. 72
2.4.3 Clap Switch Circuit with Relay ....................................................................................... 74
2.4.4 Light Detector With Sensitivity Control Circuit ............................................................ 76
2.4.5 Temperature Controlled DC Fan .................................................................................... 78
2.4.6 Circuit Description Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch ......................................................... 80
2.4.7 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier Circuit ................................................................. 82
2.5 Rectification and Retesting of Prototype Malfunctions ......................................................... 84
2.6 Documenting electrical/electronic system design ................................................................... 86
2.7 Consistent solutions to unplanned situation. .......................................................................... 88
Self-check 2.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 90
Operation Sheet:2.1 .................................................................................................................................. 93
3 UNIT THREE: OBTAIN APPROVAL FOR THE DESIGN ...................................................... 95
3.1 Concept of Obtain approval for the design............................................................................. 96
3.2 Presenting and explaining the design ...................................................................................... 97
3.3 Requests for Design Modifications .......................................................................................... 99
3.4 Documenting and approval final design ............................................................................... 100
3.5 Quality of work ....................................................................................................................... 103
3.2.1. Importance of Quality Monitoring: ............................................................................... 103
3.2.2. Monitoring against Personal Performance Agreements: ............................................ 103
3.2.3. Monitoring against Established Organizational Standards: ....................................... 103
3.5.1 Monitoring against Professional Standards.................................................................. 104
Self check 3.1. .......................................................................................................................................... 105
Operation Sheet: 3.1 ............................................................................................................................... 107
References:............................................................................................................................................... 109
 ACROMYM
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
AF Audio Frequency
DIAC diodes for alternating current
AI Artificial Intelligence
ESD electrostatic discharge
FME Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation
ICE In-Circuit Emulator
IC Integrated Circuit
IoT Internet of Things
LEDs liquid emitting displays
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
LCDs liquid crystal displays
ML Machine Learning
NEC National Electrical Code
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
OLED organic light-emitting diodes
PCB Circuit Board
PLC programmable logic controller
PPE) personal protective equipment
RF Radio Frequency
TRIAC triode for alternating current
UL Underwriters Laboratory,
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Ministry of Labor and skill, to Prosperity wish to thank MoLS experts, regional labor and
skill bureaus, TVT trainers, university lecturers and industry experts who contribute their time
and professional experience to the development of this Training module for ELECTRICAL /
ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT SERVICING
We would like to express our appreciation to the Ministry of Labor and skill to Prosperity
Ethiopia for their technical and financial support and workshop facilitation of this training
module development.
 Introduction

Advanced Electrical/Electronic System Development refers to the process of designing and

developing complex electrical and electronic systems that incorporate cutting-edge technologies
and functionalities. This field encompasses various domains, including power systems, control
systems, communication systems, and embedded systems. The design and development of
advanced electrical/electronic systems require a multidisciplinary approach, combining
knowledge from electrical engineering, electronics, computer science, and other related fields.
This module will explore the key aspects and challenges involved in the design and development
of advanced electrical/electronic systems, highlighting the importance of innovation, efficiency,
and reliability in this rapidly evolving field.

Designing and Developing Advanced Electrical/Electronic System

This module covers the units:

 Advanced Electrical/Electronic systems

 advanced digital systems
 Obtain approval for the design

Learning Objective of the Module

 Design and develop Advanced Electrical/Electronic systems

 Design and develop advanced digital systems
 Obtain approval for the design.

Module Learning Instructions:

1. Read the specific objectives of this Learning Guide.

2. Read the information written in the information Sheets

3. Accomplish the Self-checks

4. Perform Operation Sheets

5. Do the “LAP test

 UNIT ONE: OVER VIEW OF ADVANCED
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 OHS policies and procedures and PPE
 Risk controlling measures and procedures
 Determining advanced electrical/electronic system
 Develop digital system
 Design development work
 Equipment Materials and testing devices
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Understand and define Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 Identify, obtain and Prepare OHS policies and procedures and PPE
 follow Risk controlling measures and procedures
 determine advanced electrical/electronic system
 plan Development digital system
 plan Design development work
 select , Obtain and check Tools, equipment Materials and testing devices
1.1 Concepts of Advanced Electrical/Electronic Systems

In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, the field of electrical and electronic systems
is advancing at an unprecedented pace. As a result, professionals in this domain need to stay
updated with the latest concepts and techniques to design and develop advanced
electrical/electronic systems. This article aims to provide an overview of the key concepts
involved in designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 Basic terminology in Advanced Electrical/Electronic Systems

Designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems requires a solid understanding

of the terminology used in this field. Whether you are a professional engineer or an enthusiast
looking to expand your knowledge, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the basic
terminology. In this article, we will explore some of the key terms used in the design and
development of advanced electrical/electronic systems.

 Circuit: A circuit refers to a closed loop through which electric current can flow. It consists
of various components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and integrated circuits that
work together to perform a specific function.

 Integrated Circuit (IC): An integrated circuit, also known as a microchip or chip, is a

miniaturized electronic circuit that contains multiple electronic components such as
transistors, resistors, and capacitors on a single semiconductor substrate.

 Microcontroller: A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit. It

consists of a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output peripherals.
Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems and control applications.

 Printed Circuit Board (PCB): A printed circuit board is a flat board made of non-
conductive material, such as fiberglass, with conductive pathways etched or printed on it. It
provides mechanical support and electrical connections for electronic components.

 Firmware: Firmware refers to the software that is embedded in a hardware device, such as a
microcontroller or programmable logic controller (PLC). It provides low-level control and
functionality to the hardware.
 Prototyping: Prototyping is the process of building a working model or a scaled-down
version of a product to test its functionality and design. In the context of electrical/electronic
systems, prototyping involves creating a physical representation of a circuit or system to
validate its performance..

 Simulation: Simulation involves using software tools to model and analyze the behavior of
electrical/electronic systems. It allows engineers to predict and optimize the performance of a
design before building a physical prototype.

 Integration of Advanced Components: Advanced electrical/electronic systems involve the

integration of cutting-edge components that enhance performance, efficiency, and
functionality. These components may include advanced sensors, microcontrollers,
programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and communication modules.

 Signal Processing and Analysis: Signal processing plays a vital role in advanced
electrical/electronic systems. It involves the manipulation and analysis of electrical signals to
extract meaningful information. Techniques such as filtering, modulation, demodulation, and
Fourier analysis are commonly employed.

 Control Systems and Automation: Advanced electrical/electronic systems often incorporate

sophisticated control systems and automation techniques. These systems enable precise
regulation and monitoring of various parameters, enhancing efficiency and safety.

 4. Power Electronics and Energy Management: Efficient energy management is a critical

aspect of advanced electrical/electronic systems. Power electronics, which deals with the
conversion and control of electrical power, plays a pivotal role in optimizing energy usage.

 Embedded Systems and IoT Integration: The integration of embedded systems and
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has revolutionized the field of electrical/electronic
systems. Embedded systems, consisting of microcontrollers and software, enable intelligent
control and communication within the system. IoT integration allows for remote monitoring,
data analysis, and system optimization.

Designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems requires a comprehensive

understanding of various concepts. This article has provided an overview of some key areas,
including the integration of advanced components, signal processing, control systems, power
electronics, and IoT integration. By staying updated with these concepts, professionals can
unlock the potential of advanced electrical/electronic systems and contribute to technological
advancements in various industries.

1.2 OHS policies and procedures and PPE

A. OHS policies and procedures

When it comes to designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems, it is crucial

to prioritize the safety and well-being of those involved in the process. Occupational health and
safety is an aspect of public health program. Creating a healthy workplace and a healthy work
force in any occupational environment is the best way to position that occupation to better
delivery of service. Concern for your own safety as well as the safety of others should always be
on your mind. Most safety procedures are common sense but, because some hazards are not
obvious, there are regulations born out of experience which are designed to make the workplace
safer. The need to use safe working practices and safety equipment is to avoid the risk of injury
to yourself and to others in the course of your work.

Figure 0-1Occupational health and safety

 Importance of OHS Policies and Procedures:

 OHS policies and procedures are designed to protect workers from potential hazards and
minimize the risk of accidents or injuries.
  They ensure compliance with legal requirements and industry standards, promoting a safe
and healthy work environment.

 OHS policies and procedures help to create a culture of safety, where everyone is
responsible for maintaining a safe workplace.

 We have to ensure in all business about the care of technicians and all the
persons involved in business for good health all the time.
 It provides technicians lives and health.
 Occupational safety and health rules can decrease technician’s injury and
illness. In general, Occupational health and safety (OHS) policies and
procedures protect the safety, health and welfare of people at the work place.
 Risk Assessment:-
 Conduct a thorough risk assessment before starting any electrical/electronic system
design or development project.
 Identify potential hazards, such as electrical shocks, fire risks, or exposure to hazardous
substances.
 Assess the likelihood and severity of each hazard and implement appropriate control
measures to mitigate the risks.
 Electrical Safety:
 Follow electrical safety standards and regulations, such as proper grounding, insulation,
and circuit protection.
 Ensure that all electrical equipment and systems are installed, operated, and maintained
by qualified personnel.
 Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as insulated gloves and
safety glasses, when working with electrical systems.
 Equipment Safety:
 Regularly inspect and maintain electrical equipment to ensure it is in safe working
condition.
 Follow manufacturer's guidelines for installation, operation, and maintenance of
equipment.
  Implement lockout/tagout procedures to isolate and de-energize equipment before
performing any maintenance or repairs.
 Emergency Preparedness:
 Develop and communicate emergency procedures, including evacuation plans and
protocols for dealing with electrical emergencies.
 Provide training to employees on emergency response procedures and ensure they have
access to emergency contact informatioon
 Training and Education:

Provide comprehensive training to all personnel involved in the design and development of
advanced electrical/electronic systems.

 Ensure employees are aware of potential hazards, safety procedures, and the proper
use of equipment and tools.

 Regularly update training programs to keep up with new technologies and industry
best practices.

 Reporting and Incident Investigation:

 Establish a system for reporting and documenting any incidents, near misses, or
potential hazards.

 Investigate incidents to identify the root causes and implement corrective actions to
prevent recurrence.

 Encourage a culture of reporting and learning from incidents to continuously improve

safety practices.

B. Codes, Standards, and Regulations

Workers, who perform electrical or electronic work, where applicable, shall comply with
relevant DOE Orders and should comply with the current revision of the following codes and
standards.
What equipment is covered by the Regulations?
Generally, any equipment which is used by an employee at work is covered, for example
hammers, knives, drilling machines, power presses, and printers, photocopiers, lifting equipment
(including lifts), and motor vehicles. Similarly, if you allow technicians to provide their own
equipment and you will need to make sure it complies. Examples of uses of equipment which are
covered by the Regulations include starting or stopping the equipment, repairing, modifying,
maintaining, servicing, cleaning and transporting.
 Standards published by the National Fire Protection. Association (NFPA)

 National Electrical Code (NEC), NFPA 70

 Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces, NFPA 70E.
 National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2.
 All relevant state and local requirements.
The standards and performance specifications from the following organizations are
recommended and should be observed when applicable:
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
 Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. (UL)
 Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation (FMEC)
Other Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories recognized by OSHA on a limited basis.
Where no clear applicable code or standard provides adequate guidance or when questions
regarding workmanship, judgment, or conflicting criteria arise, personnel safety protection shall
be the primary.
C. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Clothing

Designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems involves working with

potentially hazardous equipment and processes. To ensure the safety of personnel involved in
these activities, it is crucial to implement personal protective equipment (PPE) and risk
controlling measures and procedures.

Personal protective equipment and clothing must be used at all times. However, Personal
protective equipment is much less effective and it is not a substitute for other controls since it
does not eliminate the hazard. PPE is usually seen as the last line of defense and is usually used
in conjunction with one or more of the other control measures. Note: The Company requires
workers to use personal protective equipment wherever its use is prescribed by regulations or
internal work procedures. Workers must be trained to use, store, and maintain their equipment
properly. Management, supervisors, and workers must understand the limitations of their
personal protective equipment.
A. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

PPE refers to specialized equipment worn by individuals to protect themselves from potential
hazards in the workplace. In the context of designing and developing advanced
electrical/electronic systems, some common PPE includes:

 Safety goggles or face shields: These protect the eyes and face from flying debris,
sparks, or chemicals.

Figure 0-2Safety goggles or face shields:

 Insulated gloves: Insulated gloves are essential when working with live electrical
components to prevent electric shock.

Figure 0-3Electrican Insulated gloves:

 Safety footwear: Safety shoes or boots with reinforced toes protect against falling
objects or electrical hazards.

Figure 0-4Safety shoes or boots

 Protective clothing: This may include flame-resistant clothing, lab coats, or coveralls to
protect against burns, chemical splashes, or other physical hazards.

Figure 0-5Protective clothing

 Ear protection: Earplugs or earmuffs are necessary in environments with high noise
levels to prevent hearing damage.

Figure 0-6Earplugs or earmuffs

1.3 Risk control measures and procedures

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) policies and procedures are a set of guidelines and
practices implemented in workplaces to ensure the health, safety, and well-being of employees
and visitors. These policies and procedures are crucial, especially in industries like designing and
developing advanced electrical/electronic systems, where there may be potential hazards and
risks involved.

 OHS policies and procedures serve several important purposes:

 Risk Management: OHS policies and procedures help identify and assess potential
hazards and risks in the workplace. This includes evaluating the risks associated with
electrical systems, equipment, and processes. By conducting thorough risk assessments,
organizations can implement appropriate control measures to minimize or eliminate these
risks.
 Legal Compliance: OHS policies and procedures ensure compliance with local, regional,
and national laws and regulations related to workplace safety. It is essential for
organizations to stay up-to-date with the latest OHS legislation and standards to avoid
legal penalties and protect the well-being of their employees.
 Employee Safety: The primary objective of OHS policies and procedures is to protect
employees from harm and provide a safe working environment. This includes
implementing safety measures such as proper equipment maintenance, training on safe
work practices, and the provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) when
necessary.
 Training and Education: OHS policies and procedures often include training programs
to educate employees about potential hazards, safe work practices, and emergency
procedures. By providing comprehensive training, organizations can ensure that
employees are aware of the risks associated with their work and equipped with the
knowledge to mitigate those risks effectively.
 Incident Reporting and Investigation: OHS policies and procedures establish protocols
for reporting and investigating workplace incidents, accidents, and near misses. This
allows organizations to identify the root causes of incidents and implement corrective
 actions to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. Incident reporting also
helps in maintaining accurate records and statistics for continuous improvement.
 Emergency Preparedness: OHS policies and procedures include plans and procedures
for responding to emergencies, such as fires, electrical failures, or other hazardous
situations. These plans outline evacuation procedures, emergency contacts, and the roles
and responsibilities of employees during emergencies. By being prepared, organizations
can minimize the impact of emergencies and ensure the safety of their employees.
 Continuous Improvement: OHS policies and procedures are not static; they should be
regularly reviewed, updated, and improved to reflect changes in technology, regulations,
and best practices. Organizations should encourage feedback from employees and
actively seek ways to enhance safety measures and promote a culture of safety.
1. Hazards/risks

A hazard is something with the potential to cause harm, for example chemicals, electricity or
working above ground. Hazard is something that might cause harm. A risk is the likelihood of
harm actually being done. A risk is the chance that harm will be done. A competent person is
anyone who has the necessary technical skills, training and expertise to safely carry out the
particular activities.
2. Hazard assessment

The purpose of hazard assessment is to assist the Executive Safety Steering Committee, the
Safety Committee, the Safety Manager and supervisors in making decisions about how to
address and control workplace hazards (Attachment (H) “Hazard Assessment Form”). Full and
accurate information, including all possible alternatives, should be provided to the Committees
they can make intelligent, informed decisions concerning hazard control. Additionally the level
of risk associated with the hazard shall be established in order to prioritize the corrective action.
Hazards should be addressed in accordance with the principle of - “correct the hazards with the
highest risk first”, or “worst first”. Another possible reason estimating the risk associated with a
hazard would be when one or more members of the workplace begin to overreact because of the
presence of a hazard, expressing a level of fear or agitation which is disproportionate to actual
risk of harm. In this situation, a careful and reasoned evaluation of the risk may help to restore a
more rational outlook and attitude about the hazard. Risk analysis, involves a careful prediction
of the consequences of an accident caused by the hazard. The level of risk associated with a
hazard is estimated by considering a combination of two factors
 The likelihood of the hazard causing an accident and,
 The consequences if it did happen, in terms of harm to people and/or damage to property.

Figure 0-7Hazard risk assessment

3. Hazard Likelihood Category

Probability estimates based on frequencies or actual occurrences shown in past experience are
desirable. If that data is not available, the following definitions may be used: Almost certain:
likely to occur immediately or within a short period of time when exposed to the hazard
Likely: will occur in time, eventually
Possible: possible to occur in time; could occur at some point
Unlikely: unlikely to occur
Rare: very unlikely
4. Hazard Severity Category

A severity estimate is based on the potential destructive consequences; the following definitions
may be used:
 Catastrophic - may cause death or loss of a facility
Major - may cause serious injury, severe occupational illness or major property damage
Moderate - may cause minor injury, or illness resulting in lost work days, or minor property
damage Minor/Insignificant - probably would not affect personal safety or health and thus, less
than a lost work day, but nevertheless is in violation of specific criteria
5. Ranking Hazards

Once hazards have been identified or anticipated, they must be ranked to set corrective action
priorities based on the case with the highest risk. Corrective action is to develop or improve
controls and reinforce safe work practices. Attachment (H) contains a “Hazard Assessment
Form” that shall be used when doing a risk evaluation.

6. Hazard control

Assessing and controlling hazards are interrelated. Often the assessment process will reveal
workplace hazards that need to be corrected. After serious hazards have been identified and
analyzed, the Company needs to control them. In workplaces where the hazard assessment
indicates that quite a few serious hazards are present and may take time to correct, the Executive
Safety Steering Committee will set priorities for controlling the most serious hazards first. In
such cases, the Executive Safety Steering Committee will set timetables for correcting these
hazards and carefully track progress in achieving these fixes.
Where hazards are present in the workplace, the Executive Safety Steering Committee, the
Safety Committee, and supervisor needs to implement feasible controls to eliminate or reduce
them. To control hazards, McCabe, Hamilton, and Renny will use the following hierarchy of
hazard control to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards:

Figure 0-8Hazards control

A. Control of the Hazards through:

 Elimination the hazard - The very best method of controlling a hazard is to eliminate it
 completely, if possible. Elimination of the hazard is not always achievable though it does
totally remove the hazard and thereby eliminates the risk of injury. This is the best a way
to protect workers.
 Engineering Controls - Engineering Controls involve redesigning a process to place a
barrier between the person and the hazard or remove the hazard from the person, such as
machinery guarding, proximity guarding, extraction systems or removing the operator to
a remote location away from the hazard.
 Administrative Controls - Administrative controls include adopting standard operating
procedures, safe work practices and providing appropriate training, instruction and/or
information to reduce the potential for harm and/or adverse health effects to person(s).
 Work Procedures, Training, and Supervision - Supervisors will be trained to apply
modern safety management and supervisory practices. The Safety Committee and Safety
Manger shall help the other departments periodically review and update operating
procedures and worker training.
B. Emergency Planning
Written plans should be in place to handle fires, chemical spills, and other emergencies.
Workers should be trained to follow these procedures and use appropriate equipment.
Refresher training should be provided regularly.
C. Risk Controlling Measures and Procedures:
To mitigate risks associated with designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic
systems, it is important to implement effective risk controlling measures and procedures.
Some key considerations include:
 Risk assessment: Conducting a thorough risk assessment is crucial to identify potential
hazards and evaluate the associated risks. This involves analyzing the equipment,
processes, and work environment to determine the likelihood and severity of potential
incidents.
 Engineering controls: Implementing engineering controls involves designing and
modifying systems or equipment to eliminate or minimize risks. For example, using
circuit breakers or safety interlocks to prevent electrical overloads or implementing
ventilation systems to control exposure to hazardous fumes.
  Administrative controls: These measures involve implementing policies, procedures,
and training programs to ensure safe work practices. This includes providing clear
instructions on equipment operation, maintenance procedures, and emergency response
protocols.
 Regular maintenance and inspections: Regular maintenance and inspections of
electrical/electronic systems are essential to identify and address potential issues before
they become hazards. This includes checking for loose connections, frayed wires, or
signs of wear and tear.
 Emergency response procedures: Establishing well-defined emergency response
procedures is crucial to handle potential incidents effectively. This includes protocols for
evacuations, first aid, fire suppression, and contacting emergency services.
 Use of Proper Tools and Equipment:
One of the fundamental OHS risk control measures is the use of proper tools and
equipment. Designers and developers should ensure that they have access to
appropriate tools and equipment that are in good working condition and suitable for
the task at hand. Using incorrect or faulty tools can increase the risk of accidents or
injuries.

For example,

 When soldering electronic components,

 The use of a temperature-controlled soldering iron with a grounded tip is crucial
to prevent burns and
 Electrical shocks (work safe Victoria, 2018).
 Observation of Workplace Environment and Safety:

Designers and developers must observe the workplace environment and safety conditions to
identify potential hazards and take necessary precautions. This includes maintaining a clean and
organized workspace, ensuring proper ventilation, and identifying and addressing any electrical
or fire hazards. Regular inspections and risk assessments should be conducted to identify and
mitigate potential risks. For instance, the presence of flammable materials should be minimized,
and fire extinguishers should be readily available (Safe Work Australia, 2018).
  Adherence to Safety Requirements in Handling the Unit:

When handling advanced electrical/electronic units, strict adherence to safety requirements is

essential. This involves following manufacturer guidelines and instructions for handling and
operating the equipment.

For example, when working with high-voltage systems, designers and developers should be

 Trained on proper isolation procedures,

 Wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and
 Following lockout/tag out procedures to prevent electrical shocks (electrical safety
foundation international, 2021).
 Use of Protective Devices/Shields:

The use of protective devices and shields is another critical OHS risk control measure. These
devices are designed to protect individuals from potential hazards and reduce the severity of
injuries.

For instance, when working with high-intensity light sources,

Such as

 Lasers,
 Safety
 Goggles with the appropriate optical density should be worn to protect the eyes from
potential damage (occupational safety and health administration, 2021).

Additionally, the use of shields or barriers can help prevent accidental contact with live electrical
components or moving parts of machinery

By implementing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and risk controlling measures
and procedures, organizations can significantly reduce the likelihood and severity of accidents or
injuries in the designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems field. It is
important to regularly review and update these measures to ensure they remain effective and
aligned with industry best practices.

1.4 Determining advanced electrical/electronic system

Determining advanced electrical/electronic systems involves the process of designing and

developing complex and sophisticated electrical or electronic systems that go beyond basic
functionalities. These systems are typically used in various industries such as automotive,
aerospace, telecommunications, robotics, and renewable energy, among others. They often
require advanced features, high performance, and integration with other technologies. The
process of determining such systems involves several key steps and considerations.
1. System Requirements Analysis: The first step in determining an advanced
electrical/electronic system is to conduct a thorough analysis of the system requirements.
This involves understanding the needs and objectives of the system, considering factors such
as performance, reliability, safety, scalability, and compatibility with existing infrastructure.
It is important to engage stakeholders, including end-users, engineers, and product managers,
to gather their inputs and ensure that the system requirements align with their expectations.
2. Conceptual Design: Once the system requirements are defined, the next step is to develop a
conceptual design of the advanced electrical/electronic system. This involves creating a high-
level architectural framework that outlines the major components, subsystems, and their
interconnections. The conceptual design takes into account factors such as functionality,
modularity, flexibility, and future scalability. It may also involve evaluating different design
alternatives and selecting the most suitable approach based on technical feasibility and cost
considerations.
3. Detailed Design: After the conceptual design, the detailed design phase begins. This
involves transforming the high-level architecture into a detailed design specification. The
detailed design includes specifying the components, subsystems, interfaces, and their
respective functionalities. It also involves selecting appropriate technologies, components,
and materials based on performance requirements, cost-effectiveness, and availability. The
detailed design phase may also include simulations, prototype development, and testing to
validate the design and ensure its feasibility.
4. Integration and Interoperability: Advanced electrical/electronic systems often need to
integrate with other systems or technologies. Determining the integration requirements and
ensuring interoperability is a critical aspect of the design process. This may involve defining
communication protocols, data exchange formats, and interface standards to enable seamless
interaction between different subsystems or external systems. Compatibility with existing
infrastructure and legacy systems should also be considered during the integration process.
5. Safety and Compliance: Advanced electrical/electronic systems must comply with industry
standards, regulations, and safety requirements. Determining the necessary safety measures
and ensuring compliance with applicable standards is essential to protect users, prevent
hazards, and meet legal and regulatory obligations. This may involve conducting risk
assessments, implementing fail-safe mechanisms, and incorporating safety features into the
system design.
6. Testing and Validation: Once the advanced electrical/electronic system is designed, it needs
to undergo rigorous testing and validation to ensure its performance, reliability, and
functionality. This includes conducting various tests, such as functional testing, performance
testing, environmental testing, and reliability testing. The testing phase helps identify any
design flaws, performance bottlenecks, or compatibility issues that need to be addressed
before the system is deployed.
7. Documentation and Maintenance: Documenting the design specifications, test results, and
maintenance procedures is essential for future reference, troubleshooting, and maintenance
purposes. Proper documentation ensures that the system can be effectively maintained,
upgraded, or repaired throughout its lifecycle. It also facilitates knowledge transfer and
enables efficient collaboration among engineers and technicians involved in the system
development and maintenance.
Certainly! Here are some additional details regarding the process of determining advanced
electrical/electronic systems:
 Design Trade-offs: Determining advanced electrical/electronic systems often involves
making design trade-offs. Engineers must balance various factors such as cost,
performance, power consumption, size, weight, and manufacturability. For example,
achieving higher performance may come at the expense of increased complexity or cost.
 Engineers must carefully evaluate these trade-offs to find the optimal solution that meets
the desired system requirements.
 System Modeling and Simulation: Modeling and simulation tools play a crucial role in
determining advanced electrical/electronic systems. Engineers use specialized software to
create virtual models of the system and simulate its behavior under different conditions.
This allows them to evaluate the system's performance, analyze its response to various
inputs, and optimize the design before physical implementation. Simulation helps identify
potential issues early in the design process, reducing costs and time associated with
physical prototypes.
 Power Management: Advanced electrical/electronic systems often require efficient
power management strategies. Engineers must consider power supply requirements,
energy consumption, battery life, and heat dissipation. They may incorporate power
management techniques such as power gating, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling,
and sleep modes to optimize power usage and extend battery life. Power management is
particularly critical in portable devices, IoT applications, and energy-efficient systems.
 Human-Machine Interaction: Advanced electrical/electronic systems frequently involve
human-machine interaction. Designers must consider user interfaces, ergonomics,
accessibility, and usability factors. They may incorporate touchscreens, haptic feedback,
voice recognition, or gesture control to enhance user experience. Human factors
engineering principles are applied to ensure that the system design aligns with the
cognitive and physical capabilities of the intended users.
 Communication and Networking: Many advanced electrical/electronic systems rely on
communication protocols and networking capabilities. Engineers must determine the
most suitable communication technologies and protocols, such as wired or wireless
networks, Ethernet, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cellular connectivity. They need to consider
factors like data transmission speed, range, reliability, security, and compatibility with
existing infrastructure.
 Reliability and Fault Tolerance: Advanced electrical/electronic systems often operate
in mission-critical or safety-critical environments. Ensuring reliability and fault tolerance
is crucial to prevent system failures and minimize downtime. Engineers employ
redundancy techniques, fault detection and recovery mechanisms, and error correction
 codes to enhance system reliability and mitigate the impact of failures. They may also
incorporate diagnostic capabilities and remote monitoring to facilitate proactive
maintenance and fault diagnosis.
 Compliance with Standards and Regulations: Advanced electrical/electronic systems
must adhere to relevant industry standards and regulations. Engineers need to be aware of
regulations related to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), safety, environmental
impact, and privacy. Compliance with these standards ensures that the system meets
quality and safety requirements and avoids legal and regulatory issues.
 Lifecycle Considerations: Determining advanced electrical/electronic systems involves
considering their entire lifecycle, from design to disposal. Engineers must assess factors
such as system upgradability, scalability, maintainability, and end-of-life disposal. They
may design modular systems that can be easily upgraded or replaced, or consider
environmental impact by using recyclable materials and minimizing energy consumption
during the system's operational phase.
Determining advanced electrical/electronic systems requires a multidisciplinary approach,
combining engineering expertise, domain knowledge, and a deep understanding of the specific
industry or application. It involves a systematic and iterative design process that takes into
account the system requirements, conceptual design, detailed design, integration, safety, testing,
and documentation. Through careful determination, these advanced systems can provide
innovative solutions, enhance performance, and drive technological advancements in various
fields.

1.5 Development digital system

Electronics - The branch of physics concerned with the behavior and application of electric
charge carriers in components, devices and systems that accomplish amplification, oscillation,
signal processing, and/or switching.
A. System

 An integrated assemblage of hardware and/or software elements operating together

to accomplish a prescribed end purpose (e.g., servo system, operating system, and
communications system).
  Methodology incorporations fixed and ordered procedures for accomplishing an end
purpose.
B. Design

 A unique planned arrangement of electronic components in a circuit, in accordance

with good engineering practice, to achieve a de- sired end result.
 A unique layout of components or controls, in accordance with good engineering
practice, esthetics, and (often) ergonomic every research and development engineer needs
to be familiar with the design activities and with the requisite technical documentation
(technical drawings, circuit diagrams, CAD models) in order to produce successful
electronic products.
C. Life Cycle of Electronic Product

The different stages in a product’s life, also known as the product life cycle, typically consist of:
 Development (development stage)
 use (marketing stage) and disposal
D. The development stage consists of the following steps:
 Product planning,
 Design and development, and
 First production runs with prototype build and pilot series.
The development process for an electronic system begins with the product planning stage.
During this initial planning period, ideas for products are generated and assessed, and project
tasks are formulated. The subsequent design and development stage uses as input the functional
specification developed with the product proposal. At the end of the design and development
stage, the complete product documentation containing all instructions for product fabrication,
use, maintenance, and disposal (including recycling) is produced.
 Figure 0-9Development process

1.6 Design development work

The design and development of an electronic system or device is a key element of the
preparations for manufacture in essence, function, quality, and costs are defined at this stage.
The design process encompasses all creative, manual, and technical activities necessary to define
the product and which need to be carried out to convert a system definition to a sufficiently
detailed system design specification for product manufacture and deployment.

The term “design” typically covers the first prototype for a system or a device, while the term
“development” generally includes the production of the documentation (e.g., circuit diagrams for
electronic modules, drawings for mechanical components) necessary for fabrication.
Design and development can be divided into four stages, each with different definitions: – Task
definition (informative definition),
 Conceptual stage (cardinal definition),
 design stage (formative definition), and
 Implementation stage (manufacturing definition).
Information is gathered on the requirements for the product to be developed during task
definition in the form of a requirements specification. These requirements are then transformed
into an optimal technical principle at the conceptual stage. The cardinal definition of a solution is
thus formulated here along with proof of functionality.
A system design based on the conceptual solution is presented at the design stage. The objective
is to determine the best overall design for the product taking technological and economic
constraints into consideration. Finally, fabrication and usage details are set out at the
implementation stage to facilitate manufacturing and deployment

Product Planning:

Phase 1: Concept Development

Phase 2: System-Level Design
Phase 3: Detail Design
Phase 4: Testing and Refinement
Phase 5: Production Ramp-Up
Scheduling
Scheduling the design process can be a major challenge. A number of requirements must be
fulfilled to create a useful planning system. The activities in product development must be
coordinated and scheduled. A network plan is particularly useful in this regard for large projects.
This type of time schedule shows all project activities and their mutual dependencies in graphic
form.
Table 1Planning Scheduling system

1.7 Design development work

In the field of electrical and electronic engineering, the design and development of advanced
digital systems play a crucial role in various applications. This essay aims to document the
design process of several key components, including sequential circuits, combinatorial functions,
electronic switching and control circuits, sound-operated systems, and touch-operated systems.
The documentation will be prepared for submission to the appropriate person(s) for approval.

Sequential Circuits:
Sequential circuits are essential components in digital systems that store and process information
in a sequential manner. Some commonly used sequential circuits include:

1. Seven-Segment Display: A seven-segment display is a digital indicator that can display

numbers and some alphabetic characters. It consists of seven LEDs arranged in a specific
pattern to form the desired character.
 Figure 0-10seven-segment display

2. Register: A register is a group of flip-flops used to store and manipulate binary data. It
can be used for various purposes, such as data storage, data transfer, and arithmetic
operations

Figure 0-11register

3. Flip-Flops: Flip-flops are fundamental building blocks of sequential circuits. They are
used to store a single bit of information and can be triggered by clock signals to change
their state.

Figure 0-12Flip-Flops

4. Counters: Counters are sequential circuits that generate a sequence of binary numbers.
They are widely used in applications such as frequency division, timekeeping, and digital
signal processing.
 Figure 0-13Counters

5. Timers: Timers are circuits used to measure or generate time intervals. They find
applications in various fields, including automation, control systems, and communication.

Combinatorial Functions:
Combinatorial functions, also known as combinational logic, are circuits that generate outputs
solely based on the current input values. Some commonly used combinatorial functions include:

1. Encoders: Encoders are circuits that convert multiple input signals into a coded output.
They are often used in data transmission and address decoding.

Figure 0-14Encoders

2. Decoders: Decoders are circuits that convert coded inputs into multiple output signals.
They are commonly used in memory systems, address decoding, and data demultiplexing.
 Figure 0-15Decoders:

3. Multiplexers: Multiplexers are circuits that select one of several input signals and route
it to a single output. They are widely used in data routing, signal switching, and data
compression.

Figure 0-16Multiplexers

4. Demultiplexers: Demultiplexers perform the opposite function of multiplexers. They

take a single input and route it to one of several possible outputs. Demultiplexers are
commonly used in data demultiplexing and address decoding.

Figure 0-17Demultiplexers
  Electronic Switching and Control Circuits:

Electronic switching and control circuits are crucial for automating various electrical systems.
Some examples of electronic switching and control circuits include:

1. Automatic Light Operated Switch Using LDR and IC741: This circuit uses a Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR) and an operational amplifier (IC741) to automatically switch
on or off a light source based on the ambient light level.
2. Clap Operated Electronic Switch Circuit: This circuit detects clapping sounds using a
microphone and triggers a relay to switch on or off an electrical load.
3. DC Motor Control Circuit Using NE555: This circuit uses the NE555 timer IC to control
the speed and direction of a DC motor.
4. Dome Lamp Dimmer: This circuit allows for the dimming of a dome lamp using a triac
and a potentiometer.
5. Electronic Washing Machine Control Circuit Diagram: This circuit controls the various
functions of a washing machine, such as water level, temperature, and motor control.
 Sound Operated Light and Alarm:

Sound-operated systems are designed to respond to specific sound patterns or frequencies. One
example is the Sound Operated Light and Alarm circuit, which triggers a light or alarm when a
specific sound threshold is reached.

 Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch:

The Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch circuit combines the functionality of both clap-operated and
touch-operated switches. It allows users to control electrical devices by either clapping their
hands or touching a specific part of the circuit.

1.8 Tools Materials and devices/components

Designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems involves the selection and
utilization of various materials, devices, and components. In this article, we will identify and
discuss some of the key materials and devices/components commonly used in advanced
electrical/electronic systems.
Testing and test instruments are key to any electronics design, development, production and
maintenance activity. Learn about test instruments from digital millimeters and logic analyzers to
oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers and many more with our online tutorials.
Electronics test and test equipment are essential elements of electronics and radio. Electronic
equipment can develop failures, or it may not work properly when it is built. In order to discover
whether a circuit is working, and then where the problem is located, it is necessary to use various
forms of test equipment.
The items of test equipment that are commonly found are multimeters, analogue and digital
(DMM - digital multimeter), oscilloscopes, and under some circumstances more specialized test
equipment including spectrum analyzers may be used.
A. Materials:
1. Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs): PCBs are the foundation of most electronic systems.
They provide a platform for mounting and interconnecting electronic components. PCBs
are typically made of fiberglass-reinforced epoxy laminates, with copper traces and pads
to facilitate electrical connections.

Figure 0-18Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

2. Semiconductors: Semiconductors are essential components in advanced

electrical/electronic systems. They include materials such as silicon, gallium arsenide,
and germanium, which have unique electrical properties. Semiconductors are used in
various devices like transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits (ICs).
 Figure 0-19Semiconductors

3. Conductors: Conductive materials, such as copper and aluminum, are used for wiring
and interconnecting components in electrical systems. These materials offer low
resistance to the flow of electrical current and are widely used for their excellent
conductivity.

Figure 0-20Conductive materials

4. Insulators: Insulating materials, such as plastics, ceramics, and glass, are used to prevent
the flow of electrical current and provide electrical isolation between conductive
components. Insulators are crucial for ensuring the safety and proper functioning of
electrical systems.

Figure 0-21Insulating materials

5. Logic Analyzer: A logic analyzer is a powerful tool used to capture and analyze digital
signals in a system. It helps in debugging and troubleshooting complex digital circuits by
providing detailed insights into the
logic states and timing of signals.

Figure 0-22logic analyzer

6. Logic Clip: A logic clip is a small device that attaches to individual pins of integrated
circuits (ICs) to monitor and analyze the digital signals. It allows for non-intrusive testing
and debugging of digital circuits without the need for soldering or permanent
connections.

Figure 0-23logic clip

7. Logic Probe: A logic probe is a handheld tool used to test and troubleshoot digital
circuits. It indicates the logic state (high or low) of a signal by lighting up LEDs or
displaying the state on a built-in display. Logic probes are commonly used to verify the
functionality of digital circuits and identify signal integrity issues.

Figure 0-24logic probe

 8. Logic Current Tracer: A logic current tracer is a specialized tool used to measure and
trace the flow of current in digital circuits. It helps in identifying current paths, detecting
excessive current draw, and locating potential short circuits or faulty components.

Figure 0-25logic current tracer

B. Devices/Components:
1. Microcontrollers: Microcontrollers are integrated circuits that contain a processor core,
memory, and input/output peripherals. They are widely used in advanced
electrical/electronic systems for controlling and monitoring various functions.
Microcontrollers provide the intelligence and decision-making capabilities in many
applications.

Figure 0-26Microcontrollers

2. Sensors: Sensors are devices that detect and measure physical quantities, such as
temperature, pressure, light, and motion. They play a vital role in advanced
electrical/electronic systems by providing input data for control and monitoring purposes.
Common types of sensors include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, proximity
sensors, and accelerometers.
 Figure 0-27Sensors

3. Actuators: Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals into physical motion or
force. They are used to control and manipulate various mechanisms in advanced
electrical/electronics systems. Examples of actuators include motors, solenoids, relays,
and valves.

Figure 0-28Actuators

4. Displays: Displays are used to present information and visual feedback in

electrical/electronic systems. Technologies like liquid crystal displays (LCDs), organic
light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are commonly
employed for this purpose. Displays can range from simple alphanumeric displays to
high-resolution graphical interfaces.

Figure 0-29Monitor LCD and LED

5. Power Supplies: Power supplies provide the necessary electrical energy to operate
advanced electrical/electronic systems. They convert input power from sources such as
batteries or the electrical grid into the appropriate voltage and current levels required by
the system. Power supplies can be linear or switching, depending on the application and
efficiency requirements

Figure 0-30Power supplies

6. Logic Plus: Logic Plus is a type of integrated circuit (IC) used in advanced digital
systems. It combines multiple logic gates, such as AND, OR, and XOR gates, into a
single package. Logic plus ICs offer higher integration and improved performance
compared to discrete logic gates.

Figure 0-31integrated circuit (IC)

7. ICE Remover: ICE (In-Circuit Emulator) remover is a device used to remove or disable
the In-Circuit Emulator connections from a target system. In-Circuit Emulators are used
for real-time debugging and testing of microcontrollers or other embedded systems. The
ICE remover allows the system to operate independently without the emulator connected.
 Figure 0-32ICE (In-Circuit Emulator) remover

8. ICE Extraction: ICE extraction refers to the process of removing the In-Circuit
Emulator connections from a target system. This is done to disconnect the emulator and
allow the system to function normally without any debugging or testing interference.

Figure 0-33 ICE extraction

9. Anti-static Wrist Strap: An anti-static wrist strap is an essential tool used to prevent
electrostatic discharge (ESD) when working with sensitive electronic components. It is
worn on the wrist and connected to a grounding point to safely dissipate any static
charges that could potentially damage electronic devices.

Figure 0-34Anti-static Wrist Strap

 10. Soldering and Desoldering Tools: Soldering and desoldering tools are used for
assembling and disassembling electronic components on printed circuit boards (PCBs).
These tools include soldering irons, soldering stations, solder wire, desoldering pumps,
and soldering flux. They are crucial for creating reliable electrical connections and
repairing faulty components.

Figure 0-35 Soldering and Desoldering Tools

C. Test Instruments:
1. Multi-testers:- Various test instruments, such as multi-testers (analog/digital), signal
generators, and oscilloscopes, are used to diagnose and troubleshoot mobile phone issues.
These instruments help technician’s measure voltage, current, resistance, and other
electrical parameters, allowing them to identify faulty components and circuits
accurately.

Figure 0-36multi-testers
 2. Signal Generator - AF/RF: A signal generator is an essential test instrument used for
troubleshooting and diagnosing mobile phone signal-related issues. It generates specific
frequencies and signals that help technicians identify problems with the phone's antenna,
receiver, or transmitter. The AF (Audio Frequency) and RF (Radio Frequency)
capabilities of the signal generator allow technicians to test both audio and wireless
signal functionalities (Mobile Phone Repairing, n.d.).

Figure 0-37Signal Generator - AF/RF

3. Oscilloscope: An oscilloscope is an advanced test instrument used for analyzing and

measuring electronic signals in mobile phone circuits. It displays waveforms, voltages,
and frequencies, allowing technicians to identify abnormalities or malfunctions in the
phone's electrical system.

Figure 0-38 Oscilloscope

By utilizing these materials and devices/components, engineers can effectively design, develop,
and troubleshoot advanced electrical/electronic systems. Each tool serves a specific purpose and
contributes to the overall functionality and reliability of the system. It is important to have a
good understanding of these tools and their proper usage to ensure successful implementation of
advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 Self-check 1.1
Part one: Say True/False:

1. OHS policies and procedures help to create a culture of safety.

2. Prototyping involves creating a physical representation of a circuit or system.
3. Power electronics deals with the conversion and control of electrical power.
4. Embedded systems and IoT integration allow for remote monitoring and data analysis.
5. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a substitute for other control measures.

Part Two: Match the following terms with their definitions:

Match A Match B
_____1. Circuit a. Miniaturized electronic circuit on a single substrate.
_____2. Microcontroller b. Flat board with conductive pathways for electronic
components.
_____3. Firmware c. Software embedded in a hardware device.
_____4. Printed Circuit Board d. Closed loop for electric current flow.
_____5. Integrated Circuit e. Small computer with CPU and memory.

Part Three: Multiple Choice:

1. What is an integrated circuit (IC)?

A. A closed loop through which electric current can flow.
B. A small computer on a single integrated circuit.
C. A flat board made of non-conductive material.
D. The software embedded in a hardware device.
2. Which component is commonly used in embedded systems and control applications
A. Microcontroller
B. Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
C. Firmware
D. Integrated Circuit (IC)
3. What does prototyping involve in the context of electrical/electronic systems?
A. Building a working model to test functionality and design.
B. Modeling and analyzing the behavior of systems using software tools.
C. Integrating advanced components for enhanced performance.
D. Manipulating and analyzing electrical signals.
4. Signal processing in advanced electrical/electronic systems involves:
A. The conversion and control of electrical power.
B. The manipulation and analysis of electrical signals.
C. Building a physical representation of a circuit or system.
D. The integration of embedded systems and IoT technologies.
5. Power electronics is concerned with:
A. The conversion and control of electrical power.
B. The manipulation and analysis of electrical signals.
C. Building a physical representation of a circuit or system.
D. The integration of embedded systems and IoT technologies.
6. Which organization publishes the National Electrical Code (NEC)?
A. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
B. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
C. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
D. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
7. What should be done before starting any electrical/electronic system design or
development project?
A. Conduct a risk assessment.
B. Follow electrical safety standards and regulations.
C. Regularly inspect and maintain electrical equipment.
D. Develop and communicate emergency procedures.
8. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is:
A. The software embedded in a hardware device.
B. The manipulation and analysis of electrical signals.
C. Specialized equipment worn to protect individuals.
D. The integration of cutting-edge components.
9. What is the purpose of conducting a risk assessment in electrical/electronic system
projects?
A. To identify potential hazards and mitigate risks.
B. To follow electrical safety standards and regulations.
C. To ensure compliance with legal requirements.
D. To develop and communicate emergency procedures.
10. What is the role of embedded systems in advanced electrical/electronic systems?
A. To manipulate and analyze electrical signals.
B. To provide mechanical support and electrical connections.
C. To enable intelligent control and communication within the system.
d. To integrate advanced components for enhanced performance
 Operation Sheet:1.1
Operation Sheet: Installation of Advanced Electrical/Electronic System
Operation Title: Installation of Advanced Electrical/Electronic System
Instructions:
 Read and understand the installation manual and documentation provided by the
manufacturer.
 Ensure that all necessary safety precautions are followed throughout the installation
process.
 Familiarize yourself with the layout and components of the advanced electrical/electronic
system before proceeding with the installation.

Precautions:

 Ensure that the power source is disconnected and the system is powered off before
starting the installation.
 Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including insulated gloves and
safety glasses, to protect against electrical hazards.
 Avoid touching exposed electrical connections or components with bare hands to prevent
electric shock.
 Handle electronic components with care to avoid damage.
 Double-check the compatibility of the system components and ensure they are suitable
for the intended installation.

Tools and Requirements:

 Installation manual and documentation provided by the manufacturer.

 Screwdrivers, pliers, wire cutters, and other basic hand tools.
 Insulated gloves and safety glasses.
 Multimeter for testing electrical connections and voltages.
 Mounting brackets or hardware, if required.
 Wiring and cabling suitable for the system.
Procedures:

 Identify the appropriate location for the installation, considering factors such as
accessibility, ventilation, and proximity to power sources.
 Mount the printed circuit board (PCB) or control panel securely using the provided
brackets or hardware.
 Connect the necessary wiring and cables according to the manufacturer's instructions,
ensuring proper insulation and secure connections.
 Install any additional components, such as sensors or communication modules, as per the
system design.
 Double-check all connections and ensure they are secure and properly routed to avoid
interference or short circuits.
 Perform a visual inspection of the installed system to ensure that all components are
properly aligned and mounted.
 Power on the system and conduct functional tests to verify its operation.
 Check for any abnormal behavior or malfunctions and troubleshoot as necessary.
 Document the installation process, including any deviations or modifications made
during the installation.

Quality Criteria:

 All connections should be properly secured and insulated to prevent loose connections or
electrical hazards.
 The system should power on and operate as intended, without any abnormal behavior or
malfunctions.
 Visual inspection should confirm that all components are properly mounted and aligned.
 Functional tests should demonstrate the system's ability to perform its intended functions
effectively and reliably.
 Documentation should be accurate and comprehensive, including any modifications or
deviations made during the installation process.
2 UNIT TWO: ADVANCED DIGITAL SYSTEMS
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 knowledge of advanced electrical/electronic devices and systems
 Alternative arrangements for the design.
 Incorporating safety, functional and budget considerations in the design.
 prototype devices and circuits
 Rectifying and retesting prototype malfunctions.
 Documenting electrical/electronic system design
 Consistent solutions to unplanned situation.

This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Define Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 Apply of knowledge of advanced electrical/electronic devices and systems
 Consider alternative arrangements for the design
 Incorporate safety, functional and budget considerations in the design.
 Construct and test prototype devices and circuits
 Rectify and Retest of Prototype Malfunctions
 Document electrical/electronic system design for submission
 Provide consistent solutions to unplanned situation
2.1 Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems.
Concepts of advanced electrical/electronic systems encompass a range of principles and
technologies that go beyond basic electrical and electronic functionalities. These concepts
involve innovative approaches, advanced components, and sophisticated integration techniques
to achieve enhanced performance, efficiency, reliability, and functionality. Here are some key
concepts in the realm of advanced electrical/electronic systems:
1. System Integration: Advanced electrical/electronic systems often involve the integration of
multiple subsystems, components, and technologies. System integration aims to create a
cohesive and seamless operation by connecting various elements and enabling
communication and data exchange between them. Integration can be achieved through
standardized interfaces, protocols, and communication networks, allowing different
subsystems to work together as a unified system.
2. Embedded Systems: Embedded systems refer to specialized computer systems designed to
perform specific functions within larger systems or products. These systems are often
dedicated, real-time, and resource-constrained, and they can be found in a wide range of
applications, such as automotive electronics, industrial automation, medical devices, and
consumer electronics. Embedded systems typically consist of microcontrollers or
microprocessors, memory, input/output interfaces, and software tailored to the specific
application requirements.
3. Internet of Things (IoT): The Internet of Things is a concept that involves connecting
everyday objects and devices to the internet, allowing them to communicate and exchange
data. Advanced electrical/electronic systems leverage IoT to enable smart and
interconnected functionalities. IoT systems typically comprise sensors, actuators,
connectivity modules, and cloud-based platforms. They enable intelligent monitoring,
control, and automation of various processes and applications, leading to increased
efficiency, improved decision-making, and enhanced user experiences.
4. Robotics and Automation: Advanced electrical/electronic systems play a vital role in
robotics and automation. Robotic systems involve the integration of electrical/electronic
components, sensors, actuators, and control systems to enable autonomous or semi-
autonomous operation. These systems are utilized in industrial automation, medical
robotics, autonomous vehicles, and other fields. Advanced techniques, such as machine
 learning, computer vision, and motion control algorithms, are employed to enhance the
capabilities and intelligence of robotic systems.
5. Power Electronics: Power electronics deals with the conversion, control, and management
of electrical power. Advanced power electronic systems play a crucial role in various
applications, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, high-power industrial
systems, and grid infrastructure. These systems involve the use of advanced semiconductor
devices, such as power transistors and thyristors, along with sophisticated control techniques
to optimize power conversion efficiency, improve power quality, and enable energy storage
and management.
6. Sensor Technologies: Sensors are fundamental components of advanced
electrical/electronic systems. Sensors detect and measure physical, chemical, or
environmental parameters and convert them into electrical signals. Advanced sensor
technologies include various types such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors,
accelerometers, gyroscopes, proximity sensors, and many others. These sensors enable
precise measurement, feedback control, and intelligent decision-making within the system.
7. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML): AI and ML techniques are
increasingly integrated into advanced electrical/electronic systems to enhance their
capabilities. AI enables systems to exhibit intelligent behavior, learn from data, and make
decisions or predictions. ML algorithms enable systems to analyze large datasets, recognize
patterns, and adapt their behavior based on experience. These concepts find applications in
various areas, including image and speech recognition, natural language processing,
predictive maintenance, and autonomous systems.
8. Cybersecurity: With the growing interconnectivity of advanced electrical/electronic
systems, cybersecurity becomes a critical aspect. Protecting these systems from
unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyber threats is essential. Concepts such as secure
communication protocols, encryption algorithms, access control mechanisms, and intrusion
detection systems are integrated into the design and operation of advanced
electrical/electronic systems to ensure data integrity, confidentiality, and system security.
These concepts represent the evolving landscape of advanced electrical/electronic systems. They
encompass interdisciplinary knowledge, cutting-edge technologies, and innovative approaches
that drive advancements in various industries, enabling smarter, more efficient, and
interconnected systems.

2.2 Knowledge of advanced electrical/electronic devices and systems

In the field of electrical and electronic engineering, the design and development of advanced
digital systems requires a deep understanding of advanced electrical/electronic devices and
compliance standards. This module will discuss the application of knowledge in advanced
electrical/electronic devices and compliance standards in the design and development of digital
systems. Specifically, we will explore the use of sequential circuits, combinatorial functions,
electronic switching and control circuits, sound-operated light and alarm systems, and clap
switch cum touch switch circuits.

 Sequential Circuits:

Sequential circuits are essential components in digital systems, enabling the storage and
manipulation of data. In the design and development of advanced digital systems, various
sequential circuits are utilized. These include

 Seven-segment displays for visual output,

 Registers for temporary data storage,
 Flip-flops for memory elements,
 Counters for counting and sequencing operations, and
 Timers for time-based functions (Harris & Harris, 2011).
 Combinatorial Functions:

Combinatorial functions play a crucial role in digital system design by implementing logical
operations.

 Encoders are used to convert multiple inputs into a coded output,

 Decoders perform the reverse operation,
 Multiplexers select one of many inputs to be routed to a single output, and
 Demultiplexers distribute a single input to multiple outputs (Katz & Borriello, 2012).
These functions are vital for data manipulation and control in advanced digital systems.
  Electronic Switching and Control Circuits:

Electronic switching and control circuits are employed to automate various tasks and improve
system efficiency.

Examples of such circuits include

 The automatic light-operated switch using LDR and IC741,

 Clap-operated electronic switch circuit,
 DC motor control circuit using NE555,
 Dome lamp dimmer,
 Electronic washing machine control circuit diagram,
 Light dimmer circuit,
 Light-operated lamp switch using DIAC and TRIAC,
 Photoelectric switch using NE555,
 Priority lamp switch, and
 Light switch circuit (Singh, 2018).

These circuits enable intelligent control and automation in digital systems.

Sound-Operated Light and Alarm Systems:

Sound-operated light and alarm systems utilize sound input to trigger specific actions. These
systems are commonly used in security and automation applications.

 By integrating sound sensors,

 Amplifiers, and
 Control circuits,

Digital systems can respond to specific sound patterns and activate corresponding outputs, such
as lights or alarms (Gupta, 2016).

 Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch:

Clap switch cum touch switch circuits provide a convenient and hands-free way to control
electrical devices. By detecting sound patterns or touch inputs, these circuits can toggle power to
connected devices. This technology is widely used in home automation systems and can enhance
user experience and energy efficiency (Gupta, 2016).

Alternative arrangements for clap switch cum touch switch circuits can involve different sensing
mechanisms and control circuit designs. Designers can explore the use of different types of
sensors, Such as

 Sound sensors or
 Touch sensors, and
 Choose appropriate control circuitry to detect and respond to the desired inputs.

Additionally, alternative arrangements can involve incorporating additional features, such as

adjustable sensitivity or multiple modes of operation, to enhance the usability of the system.

 Compliance Standards:

In the design and development of advanced electrical/electronic digital systems, compliance with
relevant standards is crucial to ensure safety, reliability, and interoperability.

Standards such as

 ISO 9001 for quality management,

 ISO 14001 for environmental management, and
 ISO 27001 for information security management should be applied throughout the design
process (International Organization for Standardization, n.d.).

Additionally, adherence to specific industry standards, such as IEC 60601 for medical electrical
equipment or IEC 61508 for functional safety, is essential to meet regulatory requirements and
ensure the safe operation of digital systems in specific domains.

2.3 Alternative arrangements for the design.

In the design and development of advanced electrical/electronic systems, it is essential to

consider alternative arrangements based on the requirements outlined in the design brief. This
essay will discuss alternative design arrangements for sequential circuits, combinatorial
functions, electronic switching and control circuits, sound-operated light and alarm systems, and
clap switch cum touch switch circuits.
 1. Sequential Circuits:

Sequential circuits are fundamental building blocks in digital systems, enabling the storage and
manipulation of data. When considering alternative arrangements for sequential circuits,
designers must evaluate factors such as speed, power consumption, and complexity.

For example, different types of flip-flops, such as

 D flip-flops,
 JK flip-flops, or
 T flip-flops,

Can be used based on the specific requirements of the system (Harris & Harris, 2011).
Additionally, designers can explore the use of different types of counters, such as synchronous or
asynchronous counters, to achieve specific functionality (Katz & Borriello, 2012).

2. Combinatorial Functions:

Combinatorial functions play a crucial role in digital system design by implementing logical
operations. When considering alternative arrangements for combinatorial functions, designers
must evaluate factors such as speed, area utilization, and power consumption.

Different types of

 Encoders,
 Decoders,
 Multiplexers, and
 Demultiplexers can be chosen based on the specific requirements of the system.

For example, priority encoders can be used when prioritizing multiple inputs, while multiplexers
with different numbers of inputs can be selected based on the complexity of the system (Katz &
Borriello, 2012).

 Electronic Switching and Control Circuits:

Alternative arrangements for electronic switching and control circuits can provide flexibility and
customization options based on the design requirements. Designers can explore different circuit
configurations and components to achieve specific functionalities.
For example,

 When designing an automatic light-operated switch,

 Alternative arrangements can involve using different types of sensors, such as pir
(passive infrared) sensors or ultrasonic sensors,
 In combination with appropriate control circuitry (singh, 2018).

Similarly, alternative arrangements for clap-operated or touch-operated switches can involve

different sensing mechanisms and control circuit designs.

 Sound-Operated Light and Alarm Systems:

Alternative arrangements for sound-operated light and alarm systems can involve different
sensing techniques and control circuit designs.

Designers can explore the use of different sound sensors,

Such as

 Microphones or sound detection modules,

 Choose appropriate amplifiers and
 Control circuitry to achieve the desired functionality.

Additionally, alternative arrangements can involve integrating different types of alarms or light
sources based on the specific requirements of the system (Gupta, 2016).

 Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch:

Alternative arrangements for clap switch cum touch switch circuits can involve different sensing
mechanisms and control circuit designs. Designers can explore the use of different types of
sensors, such as sound sensors or touch sensors, and choose appropriate control circuitry to
detect and respond to the desired inputs. Additionally, alternative arrangements can involve
incorporating additional features, such as adjustable sensitivity or multiple modes of operation,
to enhance the usability of the system.
2.4 Incorporating safety, functional and budget considerations in the design.

2.3. Prototype devices and circuits

In the field of electrical and electronic engineering, the design and development of advanced
digital systems are crucial for various applications. This essay aims to discuss the process of
designing, developing, and testing prototype devices and circuits for compliance with the design
brief and regulatory requirements. The design includes sequential circuits, combinatorial
functions, electronic switching and control circuits, sound-operated systems, and touch-operated
systems.

Figure 39Prototype devices and circuits

 Design and Development Process:

1. Sequential Circuits:

Sequential circuits are essential components in digital systems that store and process information
in a sequential manner. The design and development process for sequential circuits involves the
following steps: -

 Seven-Segment Display: Design and construct a circuit that can display numbers and
characters using a seven-segment display. Test the circuit to ensure proper functionality
and compliance with the design brief and regulatory requirements. –
  Register: Design and develop a register circuit using flip-flops to store and manipulate
binary data. Test the circuit to verify its performance and compliance with the design
specifications. –
 Flip-Flops: Design and construct flip-flop circuits that can store a single bit of
information and change their state based on clock signals. Test the flip-flops to ensure
proper functioning and adherence to design requirements. –
 Counters: Design and develop counters that generate a sequence of binary numbers. Test
the counters to verify their accuracy and compliance with the design brief and regulatory
requirements. –
 Timers: Design and construct timer circuits that accurately measure or generate time
intervals. Test the timers to ensure their reliability and adherence to design specifications.

2. Combinatorial Functions:

Combinatorial functions, also known as combinational logic, generate outputs solely based on
the current input values. The design and development process for combinatorial functions
involves the following steps: -

 Encoders: Design and develop encoders that convert multiple input signals into a coded
output. Test the encoders to ensure accurate conversion and compliance with design
requirements. –
 Decoders: Design and construct decoders that convert coded inputs into multiple output
signals. Test the decoders to verify their functionality and adherence to design
specifications. - Multiplexers: Design and develop multiplexers that select one of several
input signals and route it to a single output. Test the multiplexers to ensure proper signal
routing and compliance with design requirements. –
 Demultiplexers: Design and construct demultiplexers that route a single input to one of
several possible outputs. Test the demultiplexers to verify their functionality and
adherence to design specifications.
3. Electronic Switching and Control Circuits:
Electronic switching and control circuits are crucial for automating various electrical systems.
The design and development process for electronic switching and control circuits involves the
following steps: -

 Automatic Light Operated Switch Using LDR and IC741: Design and develop a circuit
that automatically switches on or off a light source based on the ambient light level. Test
the circuit to ensure reliable operation and compliance with design specifications and
regulatory requirements. –
 Clap Operated Electronic Switch Circuit: Design and construct a circuit that detects
clapping sounds and triggers a relay to switch on or off an electrical load. Test the circuit
to verify its responsiveness and compliance with design requirements. –
 DC Motor Control Circuit Using NE555: Design and develop a circuit that controls the
speed and direction of a DC motor using the NE555 timer IC. Test the circuit to ensure
accurate motor control and compliance with design specifications. –
 Dome Lamp Dimmer: Design and construct a circuit that allows for the dimming of a
dome lamp using a triac and a potentiometer.Test the circuit to verify its dimming
functionality and compliance with design requirements. –
 Electronic Washing Machine Control Circuit Diagram: Design and develop a circuit that
controls various functions of a washing machine, such as water level, temperature, and
motor control. Test the circuit to ensure proper operation and compliance with design
specifications and regulatory requirements.
4. Sound Operated Light and Alarm:

Sound-operated systems respond to specific sound patterns or frequencies. The design and
development process for sound-operated systems involves the following steps: -

 Sound Operated Light and Alarm: Design and develop a circuit that triggers a light or
alarm when a specific sound threshold is reached. Test the circuit to verify its
responsiveness and compliance with design requirements and regulatory standards.
5. Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch:
The Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch combines the functionality of both clap-operated and touch-
operated switches. The design and development process for this circuit involves the following
steps: -

 Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch: Design and construct a circuit that allows users to
control electrical devices by either clapping their hands or touching a specific part of the
circuit. Test the circuit to ensure reliable switching and compliance with design
specifications and regulatory requirements.

2.4.1 Design and Simulation of Multiplexers and Demultiplexers

Data Transmission in Communication Systems and Boolean Logic Implementation

A multiplexer (abbreviated as MUX) is a combinational circuit that selects binary information

from one of many input lines and directs it to a single output line. The selection of a particular
input line is controlled by a set of selection lines.

Figure 2-40 Block Diagram of a 2:1 MUX

Normally. there are 2^n input lines and n selection lines whose bit combinations determine
which input is selected.

A multiplexer can be visualized as a data router which routes data from one of multiple input
lines (determined by select lines) to a single output line. This can be used in communication
systems to transmit multiple signals using a single channel (transmission link).

MUX can be implemented using Logic gates such as AND, OR, NAND etc. or Transmission
gates (Tristate Buffers).
A demultiplexer (abbreviated as DEMUX) performs the reverse operation of a multiplexer. It
routes data from a single input line to one of multiple output lines (determined again by select
lines).

Figure 2-41 Block Diagram of a 1:2 DEMUX

Figure 2-42 Communication System making use of MUX and DEMUX

 Figure 2-43Timing Diagram of a 4:1 MUX

When S1S0 = 00, D0 is selected (00 is the binary representation of 0)

When S1S0 = 01, D1 is selected (01 is the binary representation of 1)
When S1S0 = 10, D2 is selected (10 is the binary representation of 2)
When S1S0 = 11, D3 is selected (11 is the binary representation of 3)

 Design of 2:1 MUX:

A 2:1 MUX has two input lines (I0 and I1), one output line (Y) and one select line (S).
If S=0, Y=I0 and if S=1, Y=I1

Table 2 Truth Table of 2:1 MUX

From the truth table, the Boolean expression for the output of 2:1 MUX can be obtained as:

A 2:1 MUX can be implemented using two 2-input AND gates (1 7408 IC), one 2-input OR gate
(1 7432 IC) and one inverter (1 7404 IC)
 Figure 2-44NAND Logic Implementation

Tristate buffers have a normal input, an output, and a control input that determines the state of
the output. When the control input is equal to 1, the output is enabled and the gate behaves like a
conventional buffer with the output equal to the normal input. When the control input is 0, the
output is disabled and the gate goes to a high-impedance state (the tristate buffer becomes an
open circuit), regardless of the value in the normal input. Due to the presence of the high
impedance state, the output of several tristate buffers can be tied together to form a common line
without any loading effects.

Figure 2-45Behavior of a Tristate Buffer

Figure 2-46Implementation of 2:1 MUX using Tristate Buffers

 Code for Verilog HDL Simulation:

module mux_2x1_case(i0,i1,s0,out);
input i0,i1,s0;
output reg out;
always @(*)
begin
 case(s0)
1'b0:out=i0;
1'b1:out=i1;
endcase;
end
endmodule

Figure 2-47Simulated waveforms for a 2:1 MUX

 Design of 4:1 MUX:

A 4:1 MUX has four input lines (I0,I1,I2 and I3), one output line (Y) and two select lines (S1
and S0).
Table 3 Truth Table of 4:1 MUX

From the truth table, the Boolean expression for the output of 4:1 MUX can be obtained as:

A 4:1 MUX can be implemented using four 3-input AND gates (2 7411 IC), three 2-input OR
gates (1 7432 IC) and two inverters (1 7404 IC).
 Figure 2-48NAND Logic Implementation

Figure 2-49 Tristate Buffer Implementation

The 2 by 4 decoder gives the outputs S1'S0' , S1'S0 , S1S0' , S1S0 which are then given as the
control signals to the tristate buffers to select the desired input.

A 4:1 MUX can also be implemented using three 2:1 MUXes. Here s1 and s0 are select lines and
w0, w1, w2 and w3 are the input lines.
 Figure 2-504:1 MUX can also be implemented 2:1 MUXes.

 Code for Verilog HDL Simulation:

Module mux_4x1_case(i0,i1,i2,i3,s,out);
input i0,i1,i2,i3;
input [1:0]s;
output reg out;
always @(*)
begin
case(s)
2'b00:out=i0;
2'b01:out=i1;
2'b10:out=i2;
2'b11:out=i3;
endcase
end
endmodule

Figure 2-51Simulated waveforms for a 4:1 MUX

  Implementation of Boolean Functions using MUX:
A n-variable Boolean Function can be implemented easily using a 2^n : 1 MUX
For example, consider the following
Table 4truth table of 2^n : 1 MUX

This function can be easily implemented using a 16:1 MUX. The 4 inputs A, B, C and D should
be given as the 4 select lines of the MUX.

For the input combination ABCD = 0, the input selected by the MUX is I0. From the truth table
we can deduce that I0 = 1. Similarly, the other inputs are given to the MUX.

Figure 2-52 Implementation of the given 4 variable Boolean Function using 16:1 MUX
However, this is inefficient as the MUX logic complexity increases as number of select lines
increases (compare the implementation of 2:1 MUX and 4:1 MUX). So we try to reduce the
number of select lines.
A n variable boolean function can be implemented with a 2^(n-1):1 MUX and one inverter.
Consider the 4 variable function specified before, it can be implemented using an 8:1 MUX and
an inverter. Three of the inputs, A,B and C in that order are given as the select lines. The input
values are determined from the truth table, as a function of the fourth input D.
For a particular combination of input values ABC, D can take two values D=0 and D=1. The
Boolean function can also take two values f=0 and f=1. 4 different situations arise for a particular
combination of ABC values.
XXX - indicates a particular combination of ABC values (ranging from 000 to 111)

Table 5combination of ABC

Here f is zero irrespective of the value of D.

Hence for the particular combination of ABC, f = 0
Table 6 combination of ABC

Here f has the same value as D.

Hence for the particular combination of ABC, f = D
Table 7 combination of ABC

Here f is the complement of D.

Hence for the particular combination of ABC, f = D'
Table 8combination of ABC, f = D'

Here f is one irrespective of the value of D.

Hence for the particular combination of ABC, f = 1

The Truth table for the 4 variable Boolean function specified above, could be redrawn as:
Table 9 : 4 variable Boolean function
 Figure 2-53Implementation of a 4 variable Boolean Function using a 3:1
If we try to reduce the selection lines further, some extra logic gates might be introduced.
An efficient implementation of a n variable Boolean function can be done using a 2^(n-1) : 1
MUX and an inverter.

 Design of 1:2 DEMUX:

A 1:2 DEMUX has one input line (I), two output lines (Y1 and Y2) and one select line (S).
If S=0, Y0=I and Y1=0; if S=1, Y0=0 and Y1=I

Table 10 Truth Table of a 1:2 DEMUX

The Boolean expressions for the outputs Yo and Y1 can be given as

A 1:2 DEMUX can be implemented using two 2-input AND gates (1 7408 IC), and one inverter
(1 7404 IC)

Figure 2-541:2 DEMUX can be implemented using two 2-input AND gates (1 7408 IC

 Code for Verilog HDL Simulation:

module demux_1x2_cond(I,s0,out);
input I,s0;
output [1:0]out;
assign out[0]=s0?1'b0:I
assign out[1]=s0?I:1'b0
endmodule

Figure 2-55Simulated waveforms for a 1:2 DEMUX

 Design of 1:4 DEMUX:

A 1:4 DEMUX has one input line (I), four output lines (Y0,Y1,Y2 and Y3) and two select lines
(S1 and S0).
Table 11Truth table of 1:4 DEMUX

Figure 2-56Boolean expressions for the outputs Y0, Y1, Y2 and Y3 can be given as

A 1:4 DEMUX can be implemented using four 3-input AND gates (2 7411 ICs), and two inverters (1 7404
IC)

Figure 2-57four 3-input AND gates (2 7411 ICs), and two inverters (1 7404 IC)

 Code for Verilog HDL Simulation:

module demux_1x4_cond(I,s,out);
input I;
input [1:0]s;
output [3:0]out;
assign out[0]=s[0]?1'b0:(s[1]?1'b0:I);
assign out[1]=s[0]?(s[1]?1'b0:I):1'b0;
assign out[2]=s[0]?1'b0:(s[1]?I:1'b0);
assign out[3]=s[0]?(s[1]?I:1'b0):1'b0;
endmodule

Figure 2-58 Simulated waveforms for a 1:4 DEMUX

2.4.2 Automatic Street Light Circuit Using IC 741

Simple Automatic Street Light Circuit Using IC 741 is easy to construct with few easily
available components. In this circuit LDR (light depended Resistor) is used as a light-dark
Sensor. Operational amplifier IC 741 drives Relay through BC547 Transistor as inverting
amplifier.

You can connect any Light Source to the Relay. (How to use Relay?). We know IC 741 is a
general purpose operational Amplifier, Here 8 Pin dual in line package operational amplifier
used and configured as inverting amplifier.

Circuit Diagram

Figure 2-59Automatic Street Light Circuit Using IC 741 Circuit Diagram

 Components Required

1. Operational Amplifier IC 741

2. 12V SPDT Relay
3. LDR
4. Transistor BC547 NPN
5. Diode 1N4001
6. Variable Resistor 10KΩ
7. Resistor (R3, R6) 1KΩ = 2
8. Resistor 100KΩ = 2
9. Resistor 470Ω

 IC 741 Pin Details

Figure 2-60 IC 741 8 Pin CDIP

 IC 741 Pin Details

Figure 2-61IC 741 8 Pin CDIP

When there is natural light then the LDR Resistance level goes down so that voltage and current
flow through R1 easily goes to the ground or negative. Hence the inverting input receives low
range voltage and current due to that Output voltage decrease and turns OFF the transistor. So
the Relay coil gets disconnected from bias and turns OFF the light source connected with the
common and N/O pins.

LDR Resistance level increase due to darkness after sunset. Hence the maximum voltage and
current flow through R1 Reaches inverting input of Op-Amp, So the output voltage also gets
increase and turns ON the transistor Q1 by the way Relay coil gets bias and turns ON the light
Source connected with the common and N/O pins.

2.4.3 Clap Switch Circuit with Relay

If you want to design a Switch circuit to turn ON and turn OFF without reach a physical switch
then try this simple Clap Switch Circuit with Relay, this circuit is designed with timer IC 555,
dual D flip flop IC 7474 and a electromagnetic Relay.
This circuit will turn ON or turn OFF the load connected with Relay when you clap or make
louder sound trigger to this circuit, a simple condenser mic is act as a sensor in this circuit.

Circuit Diagram

Figure 2-62 Clap Switch Circuit with Relay

Components Required

1. IC 555 timer
2. IC 7474 dual D flip flop
3. 5V Relay (SPDT)
4. Condenser Mic
5. Transistor BC 547 NPN
6. LED
7. Diode 1N4007
8. Resistor 43KΩ, 1KΩ, 100KΩ, 330Ω each one
9. Capacitor 10μF, 0.01μF
10. Battery 9V

Construction & Working

This circuit has three stage one is sound detector stage this is constructed by Condenser mic and
transistor BC 547 as a level shifter, then second stage is timer IC 555 and this IC employed as a
monostable multivibrator which will produce one timing pulse depends on timing Resistor R3
and timing Capacitor C1, when it receives trigger input from sound detector stage.

Output pulse from timer IC is directly fed into third stage that is D flip flop, here the Input pulse
is makes the D flip flop into either SET or RESET position, the Relay is connected at the Q
output of D flip flop, this Relay gets energized and turn ON load during set condition and turn
OFF load during Reset condition
This circuit constructed without any load connection at Relay. How to use Relay?
Condenser Mic
 Figure 2-63 Condenser microphone

available in different size and all are working in the same way, A condenser mic will have
Fixed back plate and Movable front plate (Diaphragm), and separated by air (insulator), when the
sound wave hits the front plate then it moves according to the sound wave and makes the
different capacitance level and this signal can be used as electric audio signal, condenser mic
requires bias and amplifier for to produce electric audio signal.

2.4.4 Light Detector With Sensitivity Control Circuit

Simple Light Detector With Sensitivity Control Circuit is designed by using LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor) and operational amplifier. Here LDR acts as Light detecting sensor and it is
placed in a balanced Wheatstone bridge, A 10KΩ Variable Resistor connected with LDR can
control the sensitivity of LDR.

This light detector circuit is designed to indicate the presence of light through LED, you can
connect Relay switch or any output actuator depends on your requirement.

Circuit Diagram

Figure 2-64Simple Light Detector With Sensitivity Control Circuit

 Components Required

1. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)

2. Operational amplifier IC 741
3. Transistor BC547 (NPN)
 4. LED
5. Variable Resistor 10KΩ
6. Resistor 220Ω, 2KΩ each one
7. Resistor 10KΩ = 2
8. Battery 9V

 Circuit Construction & Working

We know Wheatstone bridge helps us to find unknown Resistance value from a quadrilateral
with three known resistances and applying a voltage between a pair of opposite corners. The
voltage difference from Wheatstone bridge is applied to the operational amplifier inputs and the
difference between inverting pin and non-inverting pin is amplified by the op-amp and gives
output through pin 6. This output is fed into transistor switch Q1 and the LED glows depends on
the Q1 ON and OFF conditions.

Figure 2-65 IC 741 (Operational Amplifier)

This Operational Amplifier IC LM741 has 8 Pins, and we don’t use pin 1 and 5 in this circuit
they are called offset null. Bias for this IC applied through pin 7 and pin 4. Inverting input pin 2
and Non inverting input pin 3 are considered as input terminals and pin 6 acts as output terminal.

 Transistor BC547 (NPN)

 Figure 2-66Transistor BC547 (NPN)

Transistor BC547 is a NPN transistor and have three terminals called collector, Base and
Emitter. This transistor can acts as Switch and low power general purpose amplifier.

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Figure 2-67Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

LDR is a component that changes its Resistance depends on light intensity, it has two terminals
and don’t have any polarity, it is made by cadmium sulfide Material, Resistance between two
terminal will be very high when there is no light and Resistance between two terminal will be
very low when there is near light source.

2.4.5 Temperature Controlled DC Fan

Simple Temperature Controlled DC Fan Circuit is designed with Negative temperature co-
efficient Thermistor and an operational amplifier. This Thermistor variable Resistance value
based on the temperature, when the temperature rises then Thermistor Resistance gets decrease
and for temperature decrease then Thermistor Resistance gets Increase. We can choose threshold
point of temperature by using variable resistor.
We can implement this Temperature Controlled DC Fan circuit in a common PCB and place the
Thermistor sensor near the place where temperature controlling is need.
Circuit Diagram
 Figure 2-68 Temperature Controlled DC Fan using Thermistor

Components Required

1. Thermistor NTC 10KΩ

2. Operational Amplifier IC LM741
3. DC Fan 9V
4. Transistor BC547 NPN
5. Resistors 4.7KΩ, 39Ω each one
6. Variable Resistor 10KΩ
7. Diode 1N4007
8. Battery 9V

 Construction & Working

Here Operational Amplifier compares Reference voltage at non inverting input and inverting
input and controls output voltage by using op-amp output transistor BC547 acts as switch to
connect or disconnect DC fan from power supply.

Variable Resistor VR1 is connected across power supply and variable pin is connected to the
Non inverting input of IC 741 and then NTC thermistor is connected between the power supply
through R1 Resistor and also connected with Inverting Input of IC 741. Operational amplifier
also uses the same power supply source and output is connected to the Q1 transistor base through
R2 Resistor. 9V DC fan is conned with positive supply and Q1 transistor collector terminal, here
the Q1 transistor acts as switch. When the temperature increase and reaches the threshold then
op-amp gives differential voltage and makes Q1 transistor turn ON then DC fan gets ground
supply and starts to run. If the temperature level below the threshold then op-amp gives zero
output then Q1 transistor stays in turn OFF condition and DC fan don’t get bias to run and so it
remains in off condition.

 Thermistor
 Figure 2-69Thermistor

This Thermistor element don’t have polarities and we can connect the terminals in any direction.

Transistor BC547

Transistor BC547 is a Three terminal two junction active device (NPN), we can configure
BC547 pin as facing the flat surface and pin 1 is called as Collector terminal and 2 is Base and
Pin 3 is called as Emitter terminal. It can be used in general purpose, amplification and switching
applications.

2.4.6 Circuit Description Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch

This circuit uses a timer IC NE555 (IC2) and audio amplifier IC TBA810 (IC1). TBA810 is a 7-
watt audio amplifier IC which is used to amplify the audio signal coupled from audio
transformer X1. Here we used a loudspeaker as a sound sensor. The audio transformer of 3 volts
is connected to the loudspeaker as a coupling transformer. The central terminal of the
transformer is kept open as shown in the circuit diagram of the clap switch cum touch switch.
 Clap Switch Cum Touch Switch

The loudspeaker LS1 is used to change audio signal to voltage signal which is further coupled
with audio transformer and is given to the input of audio amplifier IC (IC1). The amplified output
from pin 12 of IC1 is connected to pin 2 of IC2.

When the power supply of 9-volt is applied with switch SW1 closed, the relay RL1 operates. It
remains in an ON state for a certain interval of time due to the timer circuit.

The purpose of switch SW1 is to select between the touch switch and the clap switch. With the
Close position of switch SW1, this circuit works as a Clap switch. With the Open position of
switch SW1, this circuit works as a touch switch.

 Electronics Component Required

Resistor (all ¼-watt, ± 5% Carbon)

R1 = 150 Ω
R2 = 100 Ω
R3 = 1 Ω
VR1 = 1M Ω
Capacitors
C1, C5 = 100 µF, 10V (Electrolytic capacitor)
C2 = 6.8 KpF (Ceramic Disc)
C3 = 1.5 KpF (Ceramic Disc)
C4 = 1000 µF, 10V (Electrolytic capacitor)
C6 = 0.1 µF (Ceramic Disc)
Semiconductors
IC1 = TBA810 (Audio Amplifier IC)
IC2 = NE555 (Timer IC)
D1 – D3 = 1N4001 (Rectifier Diode)
Miscellaneous
RL1 = 6V, 100Ω Relay
SW1 = Selector Switch
L1 = Light bulb or Load
LS1 = 8Ω Speaker (Used as microphone)
X1 = Audio Output Transformer (3 or 4.5 V)
Touch Plate
2.4.7 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier Circuit

Simple Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier Circuit designed by using IC LM386. IC LM386
from Texas Instruments is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer
applications. This IC Provides gain value 20 with low external components. By adding addition
of external Resistor and capacitor between Pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value from
20 to 200.

IC LM386 Can operate with 4V to 12V and has low quiescent current Drain 4mA. This IC can
give Voltage gain from 20 to 200. It can operate with Battery power also. This IC comes in
different package size.

 Components Required (BOM)

1 C2, C4 10µF CP_Elec_3x5.4 2

2 C1 2.2µF CP_Elec_3x5.4 1
3 C7 220µF CP_Elec_3x5.4 1
4 C3, C5 0.1µF C_0805_2012Metric 2
5 C6 0,22µF C_0805_2012Metric 1
6 R1 1kΩ R_0805_2012Metric 1
7 R2 2.2kΩ R_0805_2012Metric 1
8 R3 22Ω R_0805_2012Metric 1
9 D1 LED LED_0805_2012Metric 1
10 U1 LM386 VSSOP-8_3.0x3.0mm_P0.65mm 1
11 RV1 10kΩ Potentiometer_Bourns_3214G_Horizontal 1
12 J1, J2, J3 Screw_Terminal_01x02 JWT_A3963_1x02_P3.96mm_Vertical 3
  Circuit Diagram

Figure 2-70Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Using LM386 PCB Gerber files.
 Construction & Working
This Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier Circuit can drive 4Ω, 8Ω and 16Ω loud speakers. 6V
DC supply used as bias to this circuit, Audio input is applied to the Non Inverting pin through
Capacitor C1, Variable Resistor RV1, by changing the RV1 value we can adjust the output
volume. Inverting pin of this IC grounded, Gain bypass and gain pins are connected through C4
and R2 components.
Output from Pin 5 is connected to the screw terminal through C7 Capacitor, Here LED indicates
the ON condition of this amplifier circuit.
 Printed Circuit Board

Figure 2-71 Interactive Board Viewer

2.5 Rectification and Retesting of Prototype Malfunctions

In the design and development of advanced digital systems, it is crucial to rectify and retest any
malfunctions that may occur in the prototype devices and circuits. This essay aims to discuss the
process of identifying and rectifying prototype malfunctions, followed by retesting to ensure
effective operation of the design. The design includes sequential circuits, combinatorial
functions, electronic switching and control circuits, sound-operated systems, and touch-operated
systems.

 Identifying and Rectifying Prototype Malfunctions:

Sequential Circuits: Sequential circuits are prone to malfunctions such as incorrect data storage,
timing issues, or improper state transitions. To identify and rectify these malfunctions, the
following steps can be taken: -

1. Seven-Segment Display: Check for any incorrect or missing segments in the display.
Verify the connections and ensure that the correct signals are being applied. Rectify any
faulty connections or components. –

2. Register: Verify that the register is storing and manipulating data correctly. Check for
any data corruption or incorrect outputs. Rectify any issues with the flip-flops or data
paths. –
3. Flip-Flops: Test the flip-flops individually to ensure proper functioning. Check for any
issues with clock signals, input/output connections, or timing violations. Rectify any
faulty flip-flops or connections. –
4. Counters: Verify that the counters are generating the expected sequence of numbers.
Check for any issues with clock signals, reset signals, or incorrect outputs. Rectify any
faulty components or connections. –
5. Timers: Test the timers to ensure accurate time measurement or generation. Check for
any timing inaccuracies or incorrect outputs. Rectify any faulty components or
connections.
 Combinatorial Functions:

Combinatorial functions can suffer from malfunctions such as incorrect logic operations, signal
propagation delays, or faulty inputs/outputs. To identify and rectify these malfunctions, the
following steps can be taken: -

1. Encoders: Verify that the encoders are correctly converting input signals into coded
outputs. Check for any incorrect or missing outputs. Rectify any faulty components or
connections. –
2. Decoders: Test the decoders to ensure proper conversion of coded inputs into multiple
outputs. Check for any incorrect or missing outputs. Rectify any faulty components or
connections. –
3. Multiplexers: Verify that the multiplexers are correctly selecting and routing input
signals to the desired output. Check for any signal distortion or incorrect routing. Rectify
any faulty components or connections. –
4. Demultiplexers: Test the demultiplexers to ensure proper routing of a single input to the
desired output. Check for any signal distortion or incorrect routing. Rectify any faulty
components or connections.
 Electronic Switching and Control Circuits:
Electronic switching and control circuits can experience malfunctions such as improper
switching, incorrect sensor readings, or faulty control signals. To identify and rectify these
malfunctions, the following steps can be taken: -
1. Automatic Light Operated Switch Using LDR and IC741: Verify that the circuit is
correctly responding to the ambient light level and switching the light source accordingly.
Check for any incorrect switching or sensor readings. Rectify any faulty components or
connections. –
2. Clap Operated Electronic Switch Circuit: Test the circuit to ensure it accurately detects
clapping sounds and triggers the desired switching action. Check for any false triggers or
incorrect switching. Rectify any faulty components or connections. –
3. DC Motor Control Circuit Using NE555: Verify that the circuit is correctly controlling
the speed and direction of the DC motor. Check for any incorrect motor behavior or faulty
control signals. Rectify any faulty components or connections.
 4. Dome Lamp Dimmer: Test the circuit to ensure smooth and accurate dimming of the
dome lamp.Check for any flickering or incorrect dimming levels. Rectify any faulty
components or connections. –
5. Electronic Washing Machine Control Circuit Diagram: Verify that the circuit is
correctly controlling various functions of the washing machine, such as water level,
temperature, and motor control. Check for any incorrect operation or faulty control
signals.
6. Rectify any faulty components or connections. Retesting for Effective Operation:
After rectifying the identified malfunctions, it is essential to retest the prototype devices
and circuits to ensure their effective operation.
 The retesting process involves:
1. Verification of Functionality: Verify that the prototype devices and circuits perform their
intended functions accurately and reliably. Check for any remaining malfunctions or
unexpected behavior.
2. Compliance with Design Specifications: Ensure that the prototype devices and circuits
comply with the design brief and regulatory requirements. Verify that all design
specifications, such as performance, safety, and efficiency, are met.
3. Performance Evaluation: Evaluate the performance of the prototype devices and circuits
under different operating conditions. Check for any performance deviations or limitations.
4. Reliability and Durability Testing: Test the prototype devices and circuits for their
reliability and durability over an extended period. Check for any potential issues that may
arise during long-term operation.

2.6 Documenting electrical/electronic system design

 Documentation for Approval

In the field of electrical/electronic engineering, the design and development of advanced digital
systems play a crucial role in various industries. These systems are responsible for the efficient
and reliable operation of complex electrical/electronic devices and equipment. To ensure the
successful implementation of such systems, it is essential to document the design process
thoroughly. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the documentation required
for the approval of electrical/electronic system designs.
1. System Requirements: Before initiating the design process, it is imperative to clearly
define the system requirements. This includes identifying the purpose, functionality, and
performance criteria of the proposed system. The documentation should outline the specific
objectives, constraints, and specifications to be met during the design and development
stages.
2. System Architecture: The system architecture serves as the foundation for the design
process. It involves the identification and organization of various components, interfaces,
and subsystems within the system. The documentation should provide a detailed
description of the system architecture, including block diagrams, flowcharts, and any other
relevant graphical representations. This allows stakeholders to understand the overall
structure and functionality of the proposed system.
3. Design Methodology: The design methodology outlines the step-by-step process followed
to develop the advanced electrical/electronic system. It should include a comprehensive
description of the design approach, tools, and techniques employed. This documentation
ensures that the design process is systematic, efficient, and adheres to industry standards
and best practices.
4. Component Selection and Integration: The selection and integration of components are
critical aspects of system design. The documentation should include a detailed analysis of
the chosen components, such as microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and communication
modules. It should outline the rationale behind the selection, considering factors such as
cost, performance, reliability, and compatibility. Additionally, the documentation should
describe the integration process, including circuit diagrams, wiring schematics, and any
other relevant technical details.
5. Testing and Validation: To ensure the functionality and reliability of the advanced
electrical/electronic system, thorough testing and validation are essential. The
documentation should outline the test procedures, test cases, and expected outcomes. It
should also include the results of the tests conducted, highlighting any issues encountered
and the corresponding resolutions. This documentation provides evidence of the system's
performance and compliance with the defined requirements.
6. Safety and Compliance: Electrical/electronic systems must adhere to safety regulations
and industry standards. The documentation should include a comprehensive assessment of
 safety considerations, risk analysis, and compliance with relevant standards (e.g., IEC
61508, ISO 26262). It should also outline any necessary safety measures implemented
during the design process to mitigate potential hazards and ensure the system's safe
operation.

2.7 Consistent solutions to unplanned situation.

In the realm of advanced electrical/electronic design, it is crucial to anticipate and address

unplanned situations that may arise during the development and implementation of digital
systems. This essay aims to provide solutions consistent with organizational policies for such
situations in the context of sequential circuits, combinatorial functions, and electronic switching
and control circuits.

A. Sequential Circuits:

Sequential circuits are essential components in digital systems, allowing for the storage and
manipulation of data. In the event of an unplanned situation, such as a malfunctioning seven-
segment display, register, flip-flop, counter, or timer, it is important to follow the organization's
policies for troubleshooting and rectification. This may involve conducting a thorough analysis
of the circuit, checking for loose connections, faulty components, or incorrect programming. If
necessary, replacement of defective components or reprogramming of the circuit may be
required to restore proper functionality.

B. Combinatorial Functions

Combinatorial functions, including encoders, decoders, multiplexers, and demultiplexers, play a

vital role in digital systems by enabling data manipulation and routing. If an unplanned situation
arises, such as incorrect output from an encoder or decoder, it is important to adhere to the
organization's policies for resolution. This may involve verifying the input signals, checking for
incorrect wiring or faulty components, and ensuring proper programming or configuration. If
necessary, recalibration or replacement of components may be required to rectify the issue and
restore the desired functionality.
 C. Electronic Switching and Control Circuits

Electronic switching and control circuits are responsible for automating various functions, such
as light operation, motor control, and appliance switching. In the event of an unplanned situation,
such as a malfunctioning light-operated switch or a faulty motor control circuit, it is essential to
follow the organization's policies for resolution. This may involve checking the circuit
connections, verifying the input/output signals, and ensuring proper functioning of integrated
circuits or microcontrollers. Troubleshooting techniques, such as signal tracing, component
testing, and circuit simulation, may be employed to identify and rectify the issue. If necessary,
replacement of faulty components or reprogramming of the control circuit may be required to
restore normal operation.
 Self-check 2.1
Part one: Say True/False:
1. System integration aims to create a cohesive and seamless operation by connecting
various elements.
2. Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed to perform specific
functions within larger systems or products.
3. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables intelligent monitoring, control, and automation of
various processes and applications.
4. Robotics and automation do not play a vital role in advanced electrical/electronic
systems.
5. Power electronics involves the conversion, control, and management of electrical power.
Part Two: Multiple Choice:
1. Which concept involves connecting everyday objects and devices to the internet?
A. System Integration
B. Embedded Systems
C. Internet of Things (IoT)
D. Robotics and Automation
2. What does power electronics deal with?
A. Conversion, control, and management of electrical power
B. Integration of multiple subsystems and technologies
C. Design and development of advanced digital systems
D. Detection and measurement of physical parameters
3. Which component is a fundamental part of advanced electrical/electronic systems?
A. Encoders
B. Sensors
C. Microcontrollers
D. Power transistors
4. What do AI and ML techniques enable in advanced electrical/electronic systems?
A. Energy storage and management
B. Intelligent monitoring and control
C. Secure communication protocols
 D. Conversion and manipulation of data
5. Why is cybersecurity important in advanced electrical/electronic systems?
A. To optimize power conversion efficiency
B. To protect against unauthorized access and data breaches
C. To enable intelligent decision-making
D. To enhance the capabilities of robotic systems
6. Which type of circuit enables the storage and manipulation of data in digital systems?
A. Sequential circuit
B. Combinatorial function
C. Power electronic circuit
D. Sensor circuit
7. What do encoders and decoders do in digital system design?
A. Perform logical operations
B. Convert multiple inputs into a coded output
C. Select inputs to be routed to a single output
D. Store and manipulate data temporarily
8. What do sound-operated light and alarm systems use to trigger specific actions?
A. Temperature sensors
B. Light dimmer circuits
C. Sound sensors
D. Proximity sensors
9. What do clap switch cum touch switch circuits provide a convenient way to control?
A. Sequential circuits
B. Power electronics
C. Electrical devices
D. Combinatorial functions
10. Which standards are crucial for ensuring safety, reliability, and interoperability in digital
systems?
A. ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
B. ISO 27001 and IEC 60601
C. IEC 61508 and ISO 14001
 D. ISO 9001 and IEC 61508

Part Two: Match the following concepts with their corresponding

descriptions:

Match A Match B
AI and ML a. Control and management of electrical power
System Integration b. Connecting objects and devices to the internet
Power Electronics c. Enhancing system capabilities with intelligent behavior and learning from
data
IoT d. Integration of multiple subsystems and technologies
Robotics and Automation e. Utilizing electrical/electronic components for autonomous
Part Four: Fill in the Blank:

1. Advanced electrical/electronic systems often involve the __________ of multiple

subsystems, components, and technologies.
2. Embedded systems are often dedicated, real-time, and __________ constrained.
3. Sensors detect and measure physical, chemical, or environmental __________ and convert
them into electrical signals.
4. __________ and ML algorithms enable systems to analyze large datasets and recognize
patterns.
5. Cybersecurity concepts, such as secure communication protocols and __________
algorithms, are essential for protecting advanced electrical/electronic systems.
 Operation Sheet:2.1
Operation Title: Assembling an Embedded System

Instructions:

 Gather all the necessary components and tools.

 Ensure a clean and well-lit workspace.
 Follow the assembly steps carefully.
 Double-check the connections and alignments before proceeding.

Precautions:

 Handle electronic components with care to avoid damage.

 Disconnect power sources before making any connections.
 Avoid static electricity by grounding yourself and using an anti-static mat.

Tools and Requirements:

Microcontroller board

 Sensors and actuators

 Connecting wires
 Soldering iron
 Screwdriver
 Multimeter
 Power supply

Procedures:

 Identify the specific functions and requirements of the embedded system.

 Mount the microcontroller board on a suitable platform.
  Connect the required sensors and actuators to the microcontroller board following the
datasheets and pin diagrams.

Quality Criteria:

 All connections are secure and properly soldered.

 The microcontroller board is powered up and functioning correctly.
 Sensors and actuators respond accurately to inputs.
 There are no loose or tangled wires.
 The assembled embedded system passes functional testing and performs the desired tasks
successfully.
 Please note that the operation sheet is truncated, and the remaining steps and quality
criteria are missing
.
 3 UNIT THREE: OBTAIN APPROVAL FOR THE DESIGN
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following
content coverage and topics:
 concept of Obtain approval for the design
 Presenting and explaining the design
 Requests for Design Modifications
 Documenting and approval final design
 Quality of work
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Define concept of Obtain approval for the design
 Present and explain the design
 Negotiate Requests for Design Modifications
 Document and approval final design
 Monitor Quality of work
3.1 Concept of Obtain approval for the design

In the field of electrical and electronic engineering, designing and developing advanced systems
requires a meticulous approach to ensure optimal performance, reliability, and safety. One
crucial step in this process is obtaining approval for the design from client representatives or
other relevant individuals. This essay aims to outline the key considerations and steps involved
in presenting and explaining the design to the client representative and/or other relevant
person(s) to secure their approval.

1. Understand the Client's Requirements: Before presenting the design, it is essential to

thoroughly understand the client's requirements, expectations, and constraints. This
understanding will enable the design team to tailor the presentation to address specific concerns
and align the design with the client's objectives.

2. Prepare a Comprehensive Design Documentation: To effectively present and explain the

design, it is crucial to prepare a comprehensive design documentation package. This package
should include detailed technical drawings, specifications, calculations, and any relevant
supporting documentation. The documentation should be organized, clear, and concise, enabling
the client representative to easily comprehend the design and its features.

3. Highlight the Design Rationale: During the presentation, it is important to articulate the
design rationale, explaining the choices made and the reasons behind them. This helps the client
representative understand the design's purpose, functionality, and benefits. By providing a clear
rationale, the design team can instill confidence in the client representative regarding the design's
effectiveness and suitability for the intended application.

4. Address Safety and Regulatory Compliance: Safety is a critical aspect of any

electrical/electronic design. It is imperative to demonstrate that the design adheres to relevant
safety standards and regulatory requirements. This can be achieved by highlighting safety
features, such as fail-safe mechanisms, protective measures, and compliance with industry
standards. Providing evidence of compliance, such as certifications or test reports, can further
reinforce the design's reliability and safety.

5. Discuss Performance and Efficiency: The presentation should emphasize the design's
performance capabilities and efficiency. This includes discussing factors such as power
consumption, speed, accuracy, and reliability. Utilizing simulation results, prototypes, or past
performance data can help substantiate claims regarding the design's performance.
Demonstrating how the design meets or exceeds the client's performance expectations is crucial
for obtaining approval.

6. Address Cost and Feasibility: Cost-effectiveness and feasibility are key considerations for
any design project. During the presentation, it is essential to address these aspects by discussing
the design's cost implications, potential savings, and feasibility in terms of resources, materials,
and manufacturing processes. Providing a cost-benefit analysis or return on investment (ROI)
assessment can help the client representative evaluate the design's economic viability.

7. Encourage Feedback and Address Concerns: Throughout the presentation, it is important to

encourage the client representative to provide feedback, ask questions, and express any concerns
they may have. Actively listening to their input and addressing their concerns demonstrates a
commitment to client satisfaction and fosters a collaborative relationship. By incorporating their
feedback, if feasible, the design team can further enhance the design's suitability and acceptance.

3.2 Presenting and explaining the design

Presenting and explaining the design of advanced electrical and electronic systems requires clear
communication and effective demonstration of the design concept, features, and benefits. Here
are some key points to consider when presenting and explaining the design:
1. Understand the Target Audience: Tailor your presentation to the specific audience you are
addressing. Consider their technical background, level of expertise, and familiarity with
advanced electrical and electronic systems. Adapt your language and presentation style
accordingly to ensure effective communication.
2. Start with an Overview: Begin by providing an overview of the design project, including its
purpose, objectives, and scope. Explain the problem or need that the design aims to address
 and highlight the significance of the advanced electrical and electronic system in meeting
those requirements.
3. Visual Aids and Prototypes: Utilize visual aids such as diagrams, schematics, 3D models,
or prototypes to illustrate the design concept. Visual representations help the audience grasp
the system architecture, component connections, and overall functionality. Use labels,
callouts, and animations if necessary to explain complex or dynamic aspects of the design.
4. Break down the Design: Break down the design into its main components, subsystems, or
modules. Explain the function and purpose of each element and how they interconnect and
work together to achieve the desired system operation. Highlight any innovative or unique
features of the design that differentiate it from conventional solutions.
5. Emphasize Benefits and Advantages: Clearly articulate the benefits and advantages of the
advanced electrical and electronic system. Explain how the design enhances performance,
efficiency, reliability, safety, or user experience compared to existing systems or alternative
solutions. Use quantitative data or case studies if available to support your claims.
6. Address Design Considerations: Discuss the considerations that were taken into account
during the design process, such as safety, functionality, budget, and scalability. Explain the
trade-offs made and the reasoning behind design decisions. Highlight any design features or
strategies that were implemented specifically to address these considerations.
7. Demonstrate Performance and Functionality: If possible, demonstrate the performance
and functionality of the advanced electrical and electronic system. Conduct live
demonstrations or use pre-recorded videos to showcase key features, operation modes, or
real-world applications. This provides a tangible experience for the audience and helps them
visualize the system in action.
8. Address Potential Challenges and Limitations: Acknowledge any potential challenges,
limitations, or areas for improvement in the design. Be transparent about the design's
constraints and discuss any ongoing research or future developments that may address these
challenges. This shows a realistic approach and encourages feedback and collaboration.
9. Encourage Questions and Discussion: Create an interactive environment by encouraging
the audience to ask questions, provide feedback, or share their insights. This promotes
engagement and allows for a deeper understanding of the design concept. Be prepared to
address inquiries and provide further explanation or clarification as needed.
10. Conclusion and Next Steps: Conclude the presentation by summarizing the key points
discussed and reiterating the value and significance of the design. Clearly communicate the next
steps, such as further development, testing, or implementation, and invite collaboration or
partnership opportunities if applicable.
Remember to adapt your presentation style and level of technical detail based on the audience's
level of understanding and interest. Use language that is accessible and avoid jargon or excessive
technical terms unless the audience is familiar with them. Clear and concise communication is
key to effectively present and explain the design of advanced electrical and electronic systems

3.3 Requests for Design Modifications

In the process of designing and developing advanced electrical/electronic systems, it is not

uncommon for requests for modifications to arise. These modifications may be suggested by
relevant individuals within the organization, such as project managers, engineers, or
stakeholders. Negotiating these requests while adhering to organizational policies and constraints
is crucial to ensure the design remains efficient, feasible, and aligned with the project objectives.
This essay aims to outline the key considerations and steps involved in negotiating requests for
modifications to the design within the constraints of organization policy.

1. Evaluate the Requested Modification: When a request for a design modification is

received, it is essential to thoroughly evaluate its feasibility, impact, and alignment with the
project objectives. This evaluation should consider factors such as technical feasibility, cost
implications, time constraints, and potential effects on performance, safety, and regulatory
compliance. A detailed analysis will enable the design team to make informed decisions during
the negotiation process.

2. Review Organizational Policies and Constraints: Before entering into negotiations,

it is crucial to review the organization's policies, design guidelines, and constraints. These
policies may include factors such as budget limitations, resource availability, quality standards,
and project timelines. By understanding these constraints, the design team can negotiate within
the boundaries set by the organization, ensuring that any modifications align with the overall
project goals and objectives.
 3. Communicate with Relevant Stakeholders: Effective communication with relevant
stakeholders is vital during the negotiation process. This includes engaging with the individuals
who have requested the modification, project managers, engineers, and other key decision-
makers. By actively listening to their concerns, understanding their perspectives, and explaining
the potential implications of the requested modification, the design team can foster a
collaborative environment and work towards finding mutually agreeable solutions.

4. Assess the Impact of the Modification: During the negotiation process, it is crucial to
assess the impact of the requested modification on various aspects of the design. This includes
evaluating its effects on performance, functionality, safety, regulatory compliance, cost, and
feasibility. By conducting a thorough impact assessment, the design team can determine the
viability of the modification and propose alternative solutions if necessary. It is important to
balance the benefits of the modification with any potential drawbacks or compromises.

5. Propose Alternative Solutions: If the requested modification is not feasible or aligns

poorly with the project objectives, it is essential to propose alternative solutions. These
alternatives should address the underlying concerns or requirements while considering the
organizational policies and constraints. By presenting well-reasoned alternatives, the design team
can demonstrate their commitment to finding suitable solutions that meet the needs of the
stakeholders while maintaining the integrity of the design.

6. Document and Communicate the Negotiated Changes: Once an agreement is

reached, it is crucial to document and communicate the negotiated changes to all relevant parties.
This includes updating the design documentation, specifications, and any other relevant
documentation to reflect the approved modifications. Clear and concise communication ensures
that all stakeholders are aware of the changes and can proceed with the project accordingly.

3.4 Documenting and approval final design

Documenting and obtaining approval for the final design of advanced electrical and electronic
systems is crucial to ensure proper communication, traceability, and compliance with project
requirements. Here are some key considerations for documenting and obtaining approval for the
final design:
1. Design Documentation:
a. Design Specifications: Document the detailed specifications of the system, including
functional requirements, performance targets, safety standards, and any specific industry
regulations or guidelines that need to be followed.
b. System Architecture: Provide a comprehensive overview of the system's architecture,
including block diagrams, schematics, and interconnections. Clearly document the
functions and relationships between different components, subsystems, and interfaces.
c. Component Documentation: Document the specifications, datasheets, and
characteristics of the selected components, including electrical ratings, tolerances, and
compatibility requirements.
d. Design Calculations: Include relevant design calculations, such as power budgets,
voltage drop calculations, thermal analysis, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
considerations. Document any assumptions or simplifications made during the design
process.
e. Safety Analysis: Document the results of safety analyses, risk assessments, and any
mitigation measures implemented to ensure compliance with safety standards and
regulations.
f. Test and Validation Plans: Outline the plans for testing and validation of the design,
including test procedures, acceptance criteria, and performance metrics. Specify any
specialized test equipment or facilities required for verification and validation.

2. Approval Process:
a. Internal Review: Conduct an internal review of the design documentation by cross-
functional teams or subject matter experts. This ensures that the design meets the required
specifications, aligns with company standards, and addresses any potential issues or risks.
b. Design Review Meetings: Schedule formal design review meetings with stakeholders,
including project managers, engineers, and representatives from relevant departments
(e.g., quality control, manufacturing, and procurement). Present the design
documentation, explain the design concept, and address any questions or concerns raised
by the reviewers.
c. Design Changes and Iterations: Consider feedback received during the design review
process and incorporate necessary revisions or improvements. Clearly document design
 changes, including the reasons, impact analysis, and approval status for each change.
d. Compliance Verification: Ensure that the design documentation complies with
applicable regulations, standards, and industry guidelines. This may involve collaborating
with regulatory bodies or seeking certifications for compliance.
e. Approval Signatures: Obtain formal approval signatures from key stakeholders or
decision-makers to signify their agreement and acceptance of the final design. This
includes obtaining sign-offs from project managers, engineering leads, and other relevant
authorities within the organization.
f. Document Control: Establish a document control system to manage versions,
revisions, and access to the design documentation. This ensures that the approved final
design is securely stored, easily accessible, and protected against unauthorized
modifications.

3. Change Management:
a. Change Request Process: Establish a formal change request process to handle any
design modifications or deviations from the approved final design. This includes
documenting change requests, assessing their impact on the design, and obtaining
appropriate approvals before implementing the changes.
b. Document Revisions: Update the design documentation to reflect approved design
changes. Clearly indicate the revision history, including the date, description of changes,
and the person responsible for the revision.
c. Communication: Communicate design changes and revisions to all relevant
stakeholders, ensuring that they are aware of the modifications and any potential impact
on downstream processes, such as manufacturing, procurement, or testing.

By following a systematic approach to documenting and obtaining approval for the final design,
you ensure proper documentation, traceability, and compliance with project requirements. This
facilitates effective communication, reduces the likelihood of errors or misunderstandings, and
supports the successful development and implementation of advanced electrical and electronic
systems.
3.5 Quality of work

In the field of advanced electrical/electronic design and development, ensuring the quality of
work is of utmost importance. Quality monitoring involves the systematic evaluation of work
against personal performance agreements and established organizational or professional
standards. This essay will explore the significance of quality monitoring in this domain and
discuss various methods and tools used to monitor and maintain high-quality work.

3.2.1. Importance of Quality Monitoring:

Quality monitoring plays a crucial role in advanced electrical/electronic design and development
for several reasons.

 It ensures that the work meets the agreed-upon standards and specifications, thereby
minimizing errors and defects.
 It helps identify areas for improvement and enables continuous learning and
development.
 Quality monitoring enhances customer satisfaction by delivering products and services
that meet or exceed their expectations.

3.2.2. Monitoring against Personal Performance Agreements:

Personal performance agreements are individual goals and targets set by employees in alignment
with organizational objectives. Monitoring work against these agreements helps individuals
assess their performance and identify areas for improvement. It also provides a framework for
evaluating the quality of work based on personal benchmarks. Regular self-assessment and
reflection are essential components of this monitoring process.

3.2.3. Monitoring against Established Organizational Standards:

Organizations often establish specific quality standards and guidelines to ensure consistency and
excellence in their work. Monitoring against these standards involves evaluating the work
against predefined criteria, such as design specifications, safety regulations, and industry best
practices. This monitoring process ensures that the work aligns with the organization's quality
objectives and helps maintain a high level of professionalism.
3.5.1 Monitoring against Professional Standards

In addition to organizational standards, professionals in the field of advanced electrical/electronic

design and development are expected to adhere to industry-wide professional standards. These
standards are defined by recognized bodies, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) or the International Electro technical Commission (IEC).

Monitoring work against these professional standards ensures compliance with ethical
guidelines, technical accuracy, and best practices within the industry.

 Methods and Tools for Quality Monitoring:

Several methods and tools are available to monitor the quality of work in advanced
electrical/electronic design and development. These include:

 Peer Reviews: Involving colleagues or subject matter experts to review and provide
feedback on the work. Peer reviews help identify potential errors, offer alternative
perspectives, and ensure adherence to standards.
 Testing and Validation: Conducting rigorous testing and validation procedures to verify
the functionality, performance, and reliability of the design. This may involve
simulation tools, prototyping, and real-world testing.
 Quality Assurance Processes: Implementing quality assurance processes, such as ISO
9001, to ensure that the design and development activities follow standardized
procedures and meet quality objectives.
 Documentation and Documentation Reviews: Maintaining comprehensive
documentation throughout the design and development process and conducting regular
reviews to ensure accuracy, completeness, and compliance with standards.
 Self check 3.1.
Part one: True or False:

1. Visual aids such as diagrams and prototypes can help illustrate the design concept.
2. The design presentation should emphasize the design's performance capabilities.
3. Addressing safety and regulatory compliance is not necessary when obtaining approval
for a design
4. Encouraging questions and discussion during the presentation can promote engagement.
5. The presentation style should be adapted to the audience's level of understanding.

Part Two: Match the design consideration with its description

Match A Match B
1. Safety and regulatory a. Discussing the design's cost implications
compliance
6. Performance and efficiency b. Explaining the choices made in the design
7. Cost and feasibility c. Highlighting fail-safe mechanisms
2. Design rationale d. Demonstrating power consumption
8. Addressing concerns e. Encouraging the client representative's
feedback

Part Three: Multiple Choice:

1. When obtaining approval for a design, it is important to:

A. Ignore the client's requirements
B. Present incomplete design documentation
C. Highlight safety and regulatory compliance
D. Discourage feedback and concerns
 2. The design rationale helps the client representative understand:
A. The purpose and functionality of the design
B. The benefits of the design
C. The cost and feasibility of the design
D. The performance and efficiency of the design

3. Addressing cost and feasibility during the presentation involves discussing:

A. Safety features of the design
B. The design's compliance with industry standards
C. The design's potential savings and economic viability
D. The design's performance capabilities
4. Encouraging feedback and addressing concerns during the presentation demonstrates:
A. A commitment to client satisfaction
B. A disregard for client input
C. A focus on jargon and technical terms
D. A lack of interest in collaboration
5. When presenting and explaining the design, it is important to:
A. Use excessive technical terms
B. Avoid visual aids and prototypes
C. Break down the design into its main components
D. Disregard potential challenges and limitations

Part Three: Fill in the Blank:

1. During the presentation, it is important to __________ the design's purpose,

functionality, and benefits.
2. One way to demonstrate the design's reliability and safety is by providing evidence of
__________ or test reports.
3. The presentation should emphasize the design's __________ capabilities, such as power
consumption and speed.
4. During the negotiation process, it is crucial to assess the impact of the requested
modification on various aspects of the __________.
 5. Effective communication with relevant stakeholders is vital during the negotiation
process to foster a collaborative __________.

Operation Sheet: 3.1

Operation Title: Assembling a Wooden Shelf

Instructions:

 Gather all the necessary materials, including wooden panels, screws, a screwdriver, and a
level.
 Lay out the wooden panels on a flat surface and ensure they are aligned properly.
 Using the screwdriver, attach the wooden panels together by inserting screws through the
pre-drilled holes.
 Tighten the screws securely but be careful not to overtighten and damage the wood.
 Use the level to check the shelf's horizontal and vertical alignment. Make adjustments if
necessary.
 Once the shelf is properly assembled, double-check the tightness of all screws to ensure
stability.

Precautions:

 Handle the wooden panels with care to avoid splinters or injuries.

 Use appropriate safety equipment, such as safety goggles and gloves, when handling
tools and materials.
 Avoid overtightening the screws, as it may cause the wood to split or crack.

Tools and Requirements:

 Wooden panels
 Screws
 Screwdriver
  Level

Procedures:

 Gather materials
 Lay out wooden panels
 Attach panels with screws
 Tighten screws securely
 Check alignment with the level
 Adjust if necessary
 Double-check screw tightness

Quality Criteria:

 The wooden panels are securely attached without any wobbling.

 The shelf is level and properly aligned.
 All screws are tightened securely without damaging the wood.
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