9.

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
In this chapter, we will learn about trigonometric functions and their graphs, trigonometric identities
and solving trigonometric equations.
Some physical changes such as tides, annual temperatures and phases of the Moon are described
as cyclic or periodic because they repeat regularly. Trigonometric functions are also periodic and we
can use them to model real-life situations.

CHAPTER OUTLINE
9.01 Angles of any magnitude
9.02 Trigonometric identities
9.03 Radians
9.04 Trigonometric functions
9.05 Trigonometric equations
9.06 Applications of trigonometric functions

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 IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL:
• evaluate trigonometric ratios for angles of any magnitude in degrees and radians
• use reciprocal trigonometric ratios and trigonometric identities
• solve trigonometric equations
• understand trigonometric functions and sketch their graphs
• examine practical applications of trigonometric functions

Shutterstock.com/Jon Beard

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 TERMINOLOGY
amplitude: The height from the centre of period: The length of one cycle of a periodic
a periodic function to the maximum or function on the x-axis, before the function
minimum values (peaks and troughs of its graph 2π
repeats itself. For y = k sin ax the period is
respectively) For y = k sin ax the amplitude is k a
centre: The mean value of a periodic function that periodic function: A function that repeats itself
is equidistant from the maximum and minimum regularly
values. For y = k sin ax + c the centre is c phase: A horizontal shift (translation).
identity: An equation that shows the equivalence For y = k sin [a(x + b)], the phase is b, that is, the
of 2 algebraic expressions for all values of the graph of y = k sin ax shifted b units to the left
variables reciprocal trigonometric ratios: The cosecant,
secant and cotangent ratios, which are the
reciprocals of sine, cosine and tangent respectively

WS
9.01 Angles of any magnitude
In Chapter 4, Trigonometry, we examined acute and obtuse obtuse angles by looking at angles
Homework
Angles of any
magnitude turning around a unit circle. We can find angles of any size by continuing around the circle.

1st quadrant: acute angles (between 0° and 90°) y

You can see from the triangle in the unit circle with 90°
1st quadrant
angle θ that:
(x, y)
sin θ = y
1 unit y
cos θ = x
180° ° 0°
x
y x
360°
tan θ =
x
In the 1st quadrant, x and y are both positive
so all ratios are positive in the 1st quadrant.
270°

2nd quadrant: obtuse angles y

(between 90° and 180°) 2nd quadrant

90°

sin θ = y (positive) (−x, y)

cos θ = −x (negative) y
1 unit
180° − θ
y 180° θ 0° x
tan θ = (negative) x 360°
−x
The angle that gives θ in the triangle is
180° − θ.

270°

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 2nd quadrant
sin (180° − θ) = sin θ
cos (180° − θ) = −cos θ
tan (180° − θ) = −tan θ

3rd quadrant: angles between 180° and 270°

sin θ = −y (negative) y

cos θ = −x (negative) 90°

−y y
tan θ = = (positive)
−x x
The angle that gives θ in the triangle is 180° + θ. 180° + θ
180° 0° x
x θ 360°
3rd quadrant y
1 unit
sin (180° + θ) = −sin θ
(−x, −y)
cos (180° + θ) = −cos θ
3rd quadrant
tan (180° + θ) = tan θ 270°

4th quadrant: angles between 270° and 360°

sin θ = −y (negative) y

cos θ = x (positive) 90°

−y
tan θ = (negative)
x
The angle that gives θ in the triangle is
360° − θ. 180° 0° x
θ x
360° − θ 360°
y
4th quadrant 1 unit

sin (360° − θ) = −sin θ (x, −y)

cos (360° − θ) = cos θ 4th quadrant

270°
tan (360° − θ) = −tan θ

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 Putting all of these results together gives a rule for all 4 quadrants that we usually call the
ASTC rule.

ASTC rule
A: All ratios are positive in the y
1st quadrant. 90°
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant
S: Sin is positive in the 2nd quadrant
θ
(cos and tan are negative). 180° − θ
S A
T: Tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant
(sin and cos are negative). 180° 0° x
360°
C: Cos is positive in the 4th quadrant
(sin and tan are negative). T C
180° + θ 360° − θ

ASTC can be remembered using the

phrase ‘All Stations To Central’. 3rd quadrant 4th quadrant
270°

EXAMPLE 1

a Find all quadrants where:

i sin θ > 0 ii cos θ < 0 iii tan θ < 0 and cos θ > 0
b Find the exact value of:
i tan 330° ii sin 225°
c Simplify cos (180° + x).
3
d If sin x = − and cos x > 0, find the value of tan x.
5

Solution

a   i Using the ASTC rule, sin θ > 0 in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.
ii cos θ > 0 in the 1st and 4th quadrants, so cos θ < 0 in the 2nd and 3rd
quadrants.
iii tan θ > 0 in the 1st and 3rd quadrants so tan θ < 0 in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
Also cos θ > 0 in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
So tan θ < 0 and cos θ > 0 in the 4th quadrant.

414 MATHS IN FOCUS 11. Mathematics Advanced ISBN 9780170413152

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 b i 330° lies in the 4th quadrant. y

The angle inside the triangle in the

4th quadrant is 360° − 330° = 30°
and tan is negative in the
4th quadrant.

tan 330° = −tan 30° x

330° 30°
1
=−
3

ii 225° is in the 3rd quadrant. y

The angle in the triangle in the
3rd quadrant is 225° − 180° = 45°
and sin is negative in the
3rd quadrant.

sin 225° = −sin 45° 225°

x
1 45°
=−
2

c 180° + x is in the 3rd quadrant where cos x is negative.

So cos (180° + x) = −cos x.

d sin x < 0 and cos x > 0 so x is in the y

4th quadrant.
3
sin x = −
5
So the opposite side is 3 and the
hypotenuse is 5.
x x
By Pythagoras’ theorem, the adjacent
side is 4. (3, 4, 5 triangle). 3
5
tan x < 0 in the 4th quadrant.
3
So tan x = − .
4

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 We can find trigonometric ratios of angles greater than 360° by turning around the circle
more than once.

EXAMPLE 2

Find the exact value of cos 510°. y

Solution

To find cos 510°, we move around the circle

more than once. 150°
30° x
510°
cos (510° − 360°) = cos (150°)
The angle is in the 2nd quadrant where
cos is negative. The angle inside the triangle
is 180° − 150° = 30°.
So cos 510° = cos 150°
= −cos 30°

3
=− .
2

Negative angles
The ASTC rule also works for negative angles. These are measured in the opposite direction
(clockwise) from positive angles as shown.

Negative angles
y
−270°
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant

−(360° − θ)
−(180° + θ)
S A

−180° −360°
x
0°
T C
−(180° − θ) −θ

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

−90°

416 MATHS IN FOCUS 11. Mathematics Advanced ISBN 9780170413152

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 In the 4th quadrant: In the 3rd quadrant:
sin (-θ) = −sin θ sin (−(180° − θ)) = −sin θ
cos (-θ) = cos θ cos (−(180° − θ)) = −cos θ
tan (-θ) = −tan θ tan (−(180° − θ)) = tan θ

In the 2nd quadrant: In the 1st quadrant:

sin (−(180° + θ)) = sin θ sin (−(360° − θ)) = sin θ
cos (−(180° + θ)) = −cos θ cos (−(360° − θ)) = cos θ
tan (−(180° + θ)) = −tan θ tan (−(360° − θ)) = tan θ

EXAMPLE 3

Find the exact value of tan (−120°).

Solution

Moving clockwise around the circle, the y

angle is in the 3rd quadrant, with
180° − 120° = 60° in the triangle.
tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant.
tan (−120°) = tan 60°
= 3 x
60° 120°

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 Exercise 9.01 Angles of any magnitude
1 Find all quadrants where:
a cos θ > 0 b tan θ > 0 c sin θ > 0
d tan θ < 0 e sin θ < 0 f cos θ < 0
g sin θ < 0 and tan θ > 0 h cos θ < 0 and tan θ < 0
i cos θ > 0 and tan θ < 0 j sin θ < 0 and tan θ < 0

2 a Which quadrant is the angle 240° in?

b Find the exact value of cos 240°.

3 a Which quadrant is the angle 315° in?

b Find the exact value of sin 315°.

4 a Which quadrant is the angle 120° in?

b Find the exact value of tan 120°.

5 a Which quadrant is the angle −225° in?

b Find the exact value of sin (−225°).

6 a Which quadrant is the angle −330° in?

b Find the exact value of cos (−330°).

7 Find the exact value of:

a tan 225° b cos 315° c tan 300° d sin 150°
e cos 120° f sin 210° g cos 330° h tan 150°
i sin 300° j cos 135°

8 Find the exact value of:

a cos (−225°) b cos (−210°) c tan (−300°) d cos (−150°)
e sin (−60°) f tan (−240°) g cos (−300°) h tan (−30°)
i cos (−45°) j sin (−135°)

9 Find the exact value of:

a cos 570° b tan 420° c sin 480° d cos 660°
e sin 690° f tan 600° g sin 495° h cos 405°
i tan 675° j sin 390°
3
10 If tan θ = and cos θ < 0, find sin θ and cos θ as fractions.
4
4
11 Given sin θ = and tan θ < 0, find the exact value of cos θ and tan θ.
7
5
12 If sin x < 0 and tan x = − , find the exact value of cos x.
8

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 2
13 Given cos x = and tan x < 0, find the exact value of sin x and tan x.
5
5
14 If cos x < 0 and sin x > 0, find cos x and sin x in surd form if tan x = .
7
4
15 If sin θ = − and 270° < θ < 360°, find the exact value of tan θ and cos θ.
9

3
16 If cos x = − and 180° < x < 270°, find the exact value of tan x and sin x.
8
17 Given sin x = 0.3 and tan x < 0:
a express sin x as a fraction
b find the exact value of cos x and tan x.

18 If tan α = −1.2 and 270° < α < 360°, find the exact values of cos α and sin α.

19 Given that cos θ = −0.7 and 90° < θ < 180°, find the exact value of sin θ and tan θ.

20 Simplify:
a sin (180° − θ) b cos (360° − x) c tan (180° + β)
d sin (180° + α) e tan (360° − θ) f sin (−θ)
g cos (−α) h tan (−x)

9.02 Trigonometric identities WS

The reciprocal trigonometric ratios Homework

Trigonometric
identities

The reciprocal trigonometric ratios are the reciprocals of the sine, cosine and tangent
ratios.

Simplifying
The reciprocal trigonometric ratios trigonometric
functions

1 hypotenuse cosec θ can also

Cosecant    cosec θ = =
sin θ opposite be written as csc θ.

1 hypotenuse
Secant           sec θ = =
cos θ adjacent

1 adjacent
Cotangent      cot θ = =
tan θ opposite

The reciprocal ratios have the same signs as their related ratios in the different quadrants.
For example, in the 3rd and 4th quadrants, sin θ < 0, so cosec θ < 0.

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 EXAMPLE 4

a Find cosec α, sec α and cot α for this triangle. B

2
b If sin θ = − and tan > 0, find the exact ratios of cot θ, 5
7
3
sec θ and cosec θ.
c State the quadrants where cosec θ is negative. C
α
A
4

Solution

1 1 1
a cosec α = sec α = cot α =
sin α cos α tan α
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent
= = =
opposite adjacent opposite

5 5 4
= = =
3 4 3

b sin θ < 0 and tan θ > 0 in the 3rd quadrant. So cos θ < 0.

By Pythagoras’ theorem: tenu

se
hy p o

opposite
            72 = a2 + 22 7
2
a2 + 4 = 49 θ
             a2 = 45 a adjacent

       a = 45
           = 3 5
1 1 1
cot θ = sec θ = cosec θ =
tan θ cos θ sin θ
adjacent hypotenuse hypotenuse
= = =
opposite adjacent opposite

3 5 7 7
= =− =−
2 3 5 2
7 5
=−
15
c sin θ < 0 in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.
So cosec θ < 0 in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

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 Complementary angles
In n ABC if ∠B = θ then ∠A = 90° − θ (by the angle A
90°
sum of a triangle). ∠B and ∠A are complementary −θ
angles because they add up to 90°. c
b
b a
sin θ = sin (90° − θ) =
c c
θ
a b C a B
cos θ = cos (90° − θ) =
c c
b a
tan θ = tan (90° − θ) =
a b
c c
sec θ = sec (90° − θ) =
a b
c c
cosec θ = cosec (90° − θ) =
b a
a b
cot θ = cot (90° − θ) =
b a

Notice the pairs of trigonometric ratios that are equal:

Complementary angle results

sin θ = cos (90° − θ) tan θ = cot (90° − θ) sec θ = cosec (90° − θ)
cos θ = sin (90° − θ) cot θ = tan (90° − θ) cosec θ = sec (90° − θ)

EXAMPLE 5

a Simplify tan 50° − cot 40°.

b Find the value of m if sec 55° = cosec (2m − 15)°.

Solution

a tan 50° − cot 40° = tan 50° − cot (90° − 50°) b sec 55° = cosec (90° − 55°)
= tan 50° − tan 50° = cosec 35°
=0 So 2m − 15 = 35
2m = 50
m = 25

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 The tangent identity
y
In the work on angles of any magnitude, we saw that
y
sin θ = y, cos θ = x and tan θ = .
x
From this we get the following trigonometric identities: P(x, y)
1
y
The tangent identity θ
x
x
For any value of θ:
sin θ cos θ
tan θ =   cot θ =
cos θ sin θ

An identity is an equation that shows the equivalence of 2 algebraic expressions for all values
of the variables, for example, a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a - b) is an identity.

EXAMPLE 6

Simplify sin θ cot θ.

Solution
cos θ
sin θ cot θ = sin θ ×
sin θ
= cos θ

The Pythagorean identities

The unit circle above has equation x2 + y2 = 1, because of Pythagoras’ theorem.
But sin θ = y and cos θ = x, so
(cos θ)2 + (sin θ)2 = 1
A shorter way of writing this is:
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
This formula is called a Pythagorean identity because it is based on Pythagoras’ theorem in
the unit circle.
There are 2 other identities that can be derived from this identity.

Dividing each term by cos2 θ: Dividing each term by sin2 θ:

cos2 θ sin 2 θ 1 cos2 θ sin 2 θ 1

+ = + =
cos θ cos θ cos2 θ
2 2
sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ
2 2

1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ cot2 θ + 1 = cosec2 θ

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 Pythagorean identities
For any value of θ:
cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 can also be rearranged to give:

cos2 θ = 1 − sin2 θ or
sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ

EXAMPLE 7

Prove that:
1 − cos x 1
a b
cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x        2
=
sin x 1 + cos x
Solution
1 − cos x
a LHS = cot x + tan x b LHS =
sin 2 x
cos x sin x
= + 1 − cos x
sin x cos x =
1 − cos2 x
cos2 x + sin 2 x 1 − cos x
= =
sin x cos x (1 + cos x )(1 − cos x )
1
= 1
sin x cos x =
1 + cos x
1 1
= × = RHS
sin x cos x
= cosec x sec x
= RHS 1 − cos x 1
∴ 2
=
∴ cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x sin x 1 + cos x

Exercise 9.02 Trigonometric identities

1 For this triangle, find the exact ratios of sec x, cot x and cosec x.
5 9
2 If sin θ = , find cosec θ, sec θ and cot θ.
13
x
4 5
3 If cos θ = , find exact values of cosec θ, sec θ and cot θ.
7
6
4 If sec θ = − and sin θ > 0, find exact values of tan θ, cosec θ and cot θ.
5

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 5 If cot θ = 0.6 and cosec θ < 0, find the exact values of sin θ, cosec θ, tan θ and sec θ.

6 Show sin 67° = cos 23°.

7 Show sec 82° = cosec 8°.

8 Show tan 48° = cot 42°.

9 Simplify:
a cos 61° + sin 29° b sec θ − cosec (90° − θ)
sin55°
c tan 70° + cot 20° − 2 tan 70° d
cos35°
cot 25° + tan 65°
e
cot 25°
10 Find the value of x if sin 80° = cos (90 − x)°

11 Find the value of y if tan 22° = cot (90 − y)°

12 Find the value of p if cos 49° = sin (p + 10)°

13 Find the value of b if sin 35° = cos (b + 30)°

14 Find the value of t if cot (2t + 5)° = tan (3t − 15)°

15 Find the value of k if tan (15 − k)° = cot (2k + 60)°

16 Simplify:
a tan θ cos θ b tan θ cosec θ c sec x cot x

d 1 − sin2 x e 1 − cos2 ° f cot2 x + 1

g 1 + tan2 x h sec2 θ − 1 i 5 cot2 θ + 5
1
j
  k sin2 α cosec2 α l cot θ − cot θ cos2 θ
cosec 2 x
17 Prove that:
1 + sin °
a cos2 x − 1 = −sin2 x b sec θ + tan θ =
cos °
3
c 3 + 3 tan2 α = d sec2 x − tan2 x = cosec2 x − cot2 x
1 − sin 2 °
e (sin x − cos x)3 = sin x − cos x − 2 sin2 x cos x + 2 sin x cos2 x

1 − sin 2 ° + 2sin °
f cot θ + 2 sec θ = g cos2 (90° − θ) cot θ = sin θ cos θ
sin ° cos°
1 − sin 2 ° cos2 °
h (cosec x + cot x)(cosec x − cot x) = 1 i 2
= tan2 θ + cos2 θ
cos °

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 9.03 Radians WS

The rules and formulas learned in this chapter can also be expressed in radians, which we
Homework
Radians of any
learned about in Chapter 4, Trigonometry. magnitude

ASTC rule
Positive angles Negative angles
y y

π 3°
−
2nd quadrant 2 1st quadrant 2nd quadrant 2 1st quadrant

π−θ θ − (π + θ) − (2π − θ)
S A S A

π 0 −° −2°
x x
2π 0

T C − (π − θ) T C −θ
π+θ 2π − θ

3rd quadrant 4th quadrant 3rd quadrant ° 4th quadrant

3π −
2 2

  

In the 2nd quadrant: In the 4th quadrant:

sin (π − θ) = sin θ sin (−θ) = −sin θ
cos (π − θ) = −cos θ cos (−θ) = cos θ
tan (π − θ) = −tan θ tan (−θ) = −tan θ
In the 3rd quadrant: In the 3rd quadrant:
sin (π + θ) = −sin θ sin (−(π − θ)) = − sin θ
cos (π + θ) = −cos θ cos (−(π − θ)) = −cos θ
tan (π + θ) = tan θ tan (−(π − θ)) = tan θ
In the 4th quadrant: In the 2nd quadrant:
sin (2π − θ) = −sin θ sin (−(π + θ)) = sin θ
cos (2π − θ) = cos θ cos (−(π + θ)) = −cos θ
tan (2π − θ) = −tan θ tan (−(π + θ)) = −tan θ
In the 1st quadrant:
sin (−(2π − θ)) = sin θ
cos (−(2π − θ)) = cos θ
tan (−(2π − θ)) = tan θ

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 EXAMPLE 8

Find the exact value of:

5π 11π
a sin b cos
4 6

Solution

5π 4π π ° 5π  ° π
a = + sin   = sin  π + 
4 4 4  4  4
π π
= π+ = − sin
4 4
in the 3rd quadrant, so sin θ < 0. 1
=−
2

11π 12π π ° 11π  ° π

b = − cos   = cos  2π − 
6 6 6  6   6
π π
= 2π − = cos
6 6
in the 4th quadrant, so cos θ > 0. 3
=
2

Exercise 9.03 Radians

1 Find the exact value of each expression.

π π π
a cosec b sec c cot
4 6 3
π
sin
3 π π π
d e 1 – cos2 f tan cos
π 4 3 3
cos
3 π 3π
cot + tan
2 π π 2 5 10
g 1 + tan h cosec –1 i
4 6 π
cot
5
3π π
2 a Show that =π− .
4 4
3π
b In which quadrant is the angle ?
4
3π
c Find the exact value of cos .
4

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 5π π
3 a Show that =π− .
6 6
5π
b In which quadrant is the angle ?
6
5π
c Find the exact value of sin .
6
7π π
4 a Show that = 2π − .
4 4
7π
b In which quadrant is the angle ?
4
7π
c Find the exact value of tan .
4
4π π
5 a Show that =π+ .
3 3
4π
b In which quadrant is the angle ?
3
4π
c Find the exact value of cos .
3
5π π
6 a Show that = 2π − .
3 3
5π
b In which quadrant is the angle ?
3
5π
c Find the exact value of sin .
3
13π π
7 a i Show that = 2π + .
6 6
13π
ii In which quadrant is the angle ?
6
13π
iii Find the exact value of cos .
6
b Find the exact value of:
9π 7π 11π
i sin ii tan iii cos
4 3 4
19π 10π
iv tan v sin
6 3

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 8 Copy and complete each table with exact values.

a π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π 10π 11π
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
sin
cos
tan

b π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
sin
cos
tan

c π 5π 7π 11π 13π 17π 19π 23π

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
sin
cos
tan

9 Copy and complete the table where possible.

0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π
2 2 2 2
sin
cos
tan

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 9.04 Trigonometric functions WS

Homework
INVESTIGATION
Sine and
cosine curves

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° AND 360° WS

y
Remember the results from the unit circle:
Homework
Trigonometric

sin θ = y graphs

2nd quadrant 90 ° 1st quadrant

cos θ = x
y
tan θ = 180 ° − θ θ
x S A Trigonometric
graphs
match-up
180 ° 0°
x
360 °
WS
T C
180 ° + θ 360 ° − θ Homework
Sketching
periodic
functions:
amplitude and
3rd quadrant
270 ° 4th quadrant period

WS

Homework
Sketching

1 Angle 0° is at the point (1, 0) on the unit circle. Use the circle results to find sin 0°, periodic
functions:
phase and
cos 0° and tan 0°. vertical shift

2 Angle 90° is at the point (0, 1). Use the circle results to find sin 90°, cos 90° and tan 90°.
Discuss the result for tan 90° and why this happens.
3 Angle 180° is at the point (−1, 0). Find sin 180°, cos 180° and tan 180°. Amplitude
and period

4 Angle 270° is at the point (0, −1). Find sin 270°, cos 270° and tan 270°. Discuss the
result for tan 270° and why this happens.
5 What are the results for sin 360°, cos 360° and tan 360°? Why?
6 Check these results on your calculator.

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 The sine function
Using all the results from the investigation, we can draw up a table of values for y = sin x.

x 0° 90° 180° 270° 360°

y 0 1 0 −1 0

We could add in all the exact value results we know for a more accurate graph. Remember
that sin x is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants and negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

x 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 − 1 −1
y 0 1 0 − − − −1 − 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Drawing the graph gives a smooth ‘wave’ curve.

y
1
y = sin x

0 x
90° 180° 270° 360°

−1

As we go around the unit circle and graph the y values of the points on the circle, the graph
should repeat itself every 360°.
y = sin x has domain (−∞, ∞) and range [−1, 1]. It is an odd function.

y
1 y = sin x

0° x
−360° −270° −180° −90° 90° 180° 270° 360° 450° 540° 630° 720°

−1

430 MATHS IN FOCUS 11. Mathematics Advanced ISBN 9780170413152

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 The cosine function
Similarly for y = cos x, which is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants and negative in the 2nd
and 3rd quadrants. Its graph has the same shape as the graph of the sine function.

x 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
3 1 1 1 1 3 3 − 1 1 1 1 3
y 0 1 − − − 0 − − −1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

y
y = cos x
1

x
90° 180° 270° 360°

−1

As we go around the unit circle and graph the x values of the points on the circle, the graph
should repeat itself every 360°.
y = cos x has domain (−∞, ∞) and range [−1, 1]. It is an even function.

y
y = cos x
1

0° x
−450° −360° −270° −180° −90° 90° 180° 270° 360° 450° 540° 630° 720°

−1

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 The tangent function
y = tan x is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants and negative in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
It is also undefined for 90° and 270° so there are vertical asymptotes at those x values,
where the function is discontinuous.

x 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
1 1 1 1
y 0 1 3 – − 3 −1 − 0 1 3 – − 3 −1 − 0
3 3 3 3

x
−1 90° 180° 270° 360°

y = tan x

y
As we go around the unit circle and graph the values of of the points on the circle, the
x
graph repeats itself every 180°.
y = tan x has domain (−∞, ∞) except for 90°, 270°, 540°, … (odd multiples of 90°) and range
(−∞, ∞). It is an odd function.

y = tan x
y

−360° −270° −180° −90° 0° 90° 450° 540° 630° 720° x

180° 270° 360°
−1

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 The cosecant function
1
cosec x =
sin x
Each y value of y = cosec x will be the reciprocal of y = sin x. Because sin x = 0 at x = 0°, 180°,
360°, …, y = cosec x will have vertical asymptotes at those values.
We can use a table of values and explore the limits as x approaches any asymptotes.

x 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
2 2 2 2
y – 2 2 1 2 2 – −2 − 2 − −1 − − 2 −2 –
3 3 3 3

1
y = sin x
0 x
90° 180° 270° 360°

−1
y = cosec x

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 The secant function
1
sec x = , so each y value of y = sec x will be the reciprocal of y = cos x. Because cos x = 0
cos x
at x = 90°, 270°, 450°, …, y = sec x will have vertical asymptotes at those values.

x 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
2 2 2 2
y 1 2 2 – −2 − 2 − −1 − 3 − 2 −2 – 2 2 1
3 3 3

y
y = sec x

1
y = cos x
0 x
90° 180° 270° 360°

−1

The cotangent function

1
cot x = , so each y value of y = cot x will be the reciprocal of y = tan x. Because tan x = 0
tan x
at x = 0°, 180°, 360°, …, y = cot x will have vertical asymptotes at those values. Also, because
tan x has asymptotes at x = 90°, 270°, 450°, …, y = cot x = 0 and there are x-intercepts at
those values.

x 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 210° 225° 240° 270° 300° 315° 330° 360°
1 1 1 1
y – 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 – 3 1 0 − −1 − 3 –
3 3 3 3

y = tan x
y

0 x
90° 180° 270° 360°

−1
y = cot x

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 It is more practical to express the trigonometric functions in terms of radians (not degrees),
so here are the graphs in radians:

y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x

y y y

1 1
1

0 x 0 x 0 x
° ° 3° 2° ° ° 3° 2° ° ° 3° 2°
−1
2 2 2 2 2 2
−1 −1

Domain (−∞, ∞), range [−1, 1] Domain (−∞, ∞), range [−1, 1] Domain (−∞, ∞)

Odd function Even function except for π , 3π , 5π , …

2 2 2
π
(odd multiples of ),
2
range (−∞, ∞)
Odd function

y = cosec x y = sec x y = cot x

y y y

1 1
1
0 x 0 x 0 x
° ° 3° 2° ° ° 3° 2° π π 3π 2π
2 2 −1
2 2 2 2
−1 −1

Properties of the trigonometric functions

All the trigonometric functions have graphs that repeat at regular intervals, so they are called
periodic functions. The period is the length of one cycle of a periodic function on the
x-axis, before the function repeats itself.
The centre of a periodic function is its mean value and is equidistant from the maximum and
minimum values. The mean value of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x is 0, represented by the
x-axis.

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 The amplitude is the height from the centre of a periodic function to the maximum or
minimum values (peaks and troughs of its graph respectively). The range of y = sin x and
y = cos x is [-1, 1].
y = sin x has period 2π and amplitude 1.
y = cos x has period 2π and amplitude 1.
y = tan x has period π and no amplitude.

INVESTIGATION

TRANSFORMING TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

Use a graphics calculator or graphing software to draw the graphs of trigonometric
functions with different values.
1 Graphs in the form y = k sin x, y = k cos x and y = k tan x where k = …, −3, −2, −1, 2, 3, …
2 Graphs in the form y = sin ax, y = cos ax and y = tan ax where a = …, −3, −2, −1, 2, 3, …
3 Graphs in the form y = sin x + c, y = cos x + c and y = tan x + c where c = …, −3, −2,
−1, 2, 3, …
°
4 Graphs in the form y = sin (x + b), y = cos (x + b) and y = tan (x + b) where b = …, ± ,
° 2
±π, ± , …
4
Can you see patterns? Could you predict what different graphs look like?

Now we shall examine more general trigonometric functions of the form y = k sin ax,
y = k cos ax and y = k tan ax, where k and a are constants.

Period and amplitude of trigonometric functions

2π
y = k sin ax has amplitude k and period .
a
2π
y = k cos ax has amplitude k and period .
a
π
y = k tan ax has no amplitude and has period .
a

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 EXAMPLE 9

a Sketch each function in the domain [0, 2π].

i y = 5 sin x ii
y = sin 4x iii y = 5 sin 4x
x
b Sketch the graph of y = 2 tan for [0, 2π].
2
Solution

a i The graph of y = 5 sin x has y values y

5
that are 5 times as much as y = sin x,
so this function has amplitude 5 and y = 5 sin x
period 2π. We draw one period of the
sine ‘shape’ between ±5. ° ° 3° 2°
x
2 2

−5

ii The graph y = sin 4x has amplitude 1 y

2π π y = sin 4x
and period = . 1
4 2
π
The curve repeats every , so in x
2 ° ° 3° ° 5° 3° 7° 2°
4 2 4 4 2 4
the domain [0, 2π] there will be −1
4 repetitions. The ‘4’ in sin 4x
compresses the graph of y = sin x
horizontally.

iii The graph y = 5 sin 4x has amplitude y

y = 5 sin 4x
5
π
5 and period . It is a combination of
2
graphs i and ii. π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
x
4 2 4 4 2 4

−5

x y
b y = 2 tan has no amplitude.
2
π
Period = = 2π
1
2 π π 3π 2π x
2 2
So there will be one period in the domain y = 2 tan x
2
[0, 2π].

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 The graphs of trigonometric functions can change their phase, a shift to the left or right.

Phase shift of trigonometric functions

y = sin (x + b), y = cos (x + b) and y = tan (x + b) have phase b, which is a shift b units from
y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x respectively, to the left if b > 0 and to the right if b < 0.

EXAMPLE 10

 °
Sketch the graph of f (x) = sin  x +  for [0, 2π].
 2
Solution
y

Amplitude = 1  ° 
1 y = sin  x +
2


2π
Period = = 2π
1 0 x
° ° 3° 2°
π 2 2
Phase: b =
2 −1
π
This is the graph of y = sin x moved units to
2
the left. If you’re unsure how the phase affects the
graph, draw a table of values.
π 3π
x 0 π 2π
2 2
y 1 0 −1 0 1

The graphs of trigonometric functions can change their centre, a shift up or down.

Centre of trigonometric functions

y = sin x + c, y = cos x + c and y = tan x + c have centre c, which is a shift up from
y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x respectively if c > 0 and a shift down if c < 0.

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 EXAMPLE 11

Sketch the graph of y = cos 2x − 1 in the domain [0, 2π]. Graphing the
cosine
function

Solution
2π
Amplitude = 1, period = π. y
2
c = −1 so the centre of the graph moves down 1

1 unit to −1.
0 x
Instead of moving between −1 and 1, the graph ° ° 3° 2°
moves between −2 and 0. 2 2
−1

−2

General trigonometric functions

Amplitude Period Phase Centre

y = k sin [a(x + b)] + c k 2π
a
y = k cos [a(x + b)] + c k 2π b y=c
Shift left if b > 0 Shift up if c > 0
a Shift right if b < 0 Shift down if c < 0
y = k tan [a(x + b)] + c No amplitude π
a

EXAMPLE 12

For the function y = 3 cos (2x − π), find:

a the amplitude b the period c the phase

Solution
y = 3 cos (2x − π)
  π 
= 3 cos  2 x −  
  2
2π π
a Amplitude = 3 b Period = c Phase = units
2 2
                    = π

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 EXAMPLE 13

a Sketch the graph of y = 2 cos x and y = cos 2x on the same set of axes for [0, 2π].
b Hence, sketch the graph of y = cos 2x + 2 cos x for [0, 2π].

Solution
y
a y = 2 cos x has amplitude 2 and period 2π. 2
y = 2 cos x

2π
y = cos 2x has amplitude 1 and period or π. 1
y = cos 2x
2

x
° ° 3° ° 5° 3° 7° 2°
4 2 4 4 2 4
−1

−2

b Add y values on the graph, using a table of values if more accuracy is needed.

π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
cos 2x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
2 cos x 2 2 0 − 2 −2 − 2 0 2 2

cos 2x + 2 cos x 3 2 −1 − 2 −1 − 2 −1 2 3

y
y = cos 2x + 2 cos x
3

2
y = 2cos x

1
y = cos 2x

x
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
−1

−2

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 Exercise 9.04 Trigonometric functions
1 a Sketch the graph of f (x) = cos x in the domain [0, 2π].

b Sketch the graph of y = −f (x) in the same domain.

2 Sketch the graph of each function in the domain [0, 2π].

a f (x) = 2 sin x b y = 1 + sin x c y = 2 − sin x
d f (x) = −3 cos x e y = 4 sin x f f (x) = cos x + 3
g y = 5 tan x h f (x) = tan x + 3 i y = 1 − 2 tan x

3 Sketch the graph of each function in the domain [0, 2π].

a y = cos 2x b y = tan 2x c y = sin 3x
x
d f (x) = 3 cos 4x e y = 6 cos 3x f y = tan
2
x x
g f (x) = 2 tan 3x h y = 3 cos i y = 2 sin
2 2
4 Sketch the graph of each function in the domain [−π, π]:
a y = −sin 2x b y = 7 cos 4x c f (x) = −tan 4x
d y = 5 sin 4x e f (x) = 2 cos 2x f f (x) = 3 tan x − 1

x
5 Sketch the graph of y = 8 sin in the domain [0, 4π].
2
6 Sketch over the interval [0, 2π] the graph of:
 °
a y = sin (x + π) b y = tan  x +  c f (x) = cos (x − π)
 2

 °  °  °
d y = 3 sin  x −  e f (x) = 2 cos  x +  f y = 4 sin  2x + 
 2  2  2
 °  °
g y = cos  x −  h y = tan  x + 
 4  4

7 Sketch over the interval [−2, 2] the graph of:

a y = sin πx b y = 3 cos 2πx

8 For each function, find:

i the amplitude ii the period iii the centre iv the phase
a y = 5 sin 2x b f (x) = –cos (x – π) c y = 2 tan (4x) – 2
 π  π
d y = 3 sin  x +  +1 e y = 8 cos (πx – 2) – 3 f f (x) = 3 tan  5x +  +2
 4  2
9 Find the domain and range of each function.
a y = 4 sin x − 1 b f (x) = −3 cos 5x + 7

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 10 Sketch in the domain [0, 2π] the graphs of:
a y = sin x and y = sin 2x on the same set of axes
b y = sin x + sin 2x

11 Sketch for the interval [0, 2π] the graphs of:

a y = 2 cos x and y = 3 sin x on the same set of axes
b y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x

12 By sketching the graphs of y = cos x and y = cos 2x on the same set of axes for [0, 2π],
sketch the graph of y = cos 2x − cos x.

13 Sketch the graph of y = cos x + sin x.

9.05 Trigonometric equations

WS

Homework
Trigonometric
equations
EXAMPLE 14

Solve each equation for [0°, 360°].

3
a    sin x = 0.34 b    cos x = c     tan θ = −1
2

Solution Make sure that your calculator is in degrees mode. Check

your solution by substituting back into the equation.

a 0.34 is positive and sin x > 0 in 1st and 2nd quadrants.

sin x = 0.34
x ≈ 19°53′, 180° − 19°53′ 19°53′ is the principal solution but there is
another solution in the 2nd quadrant.
= 19°53′, 160°7′

b cos x > 0 in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

3
cos x =
2
x = 30°, 360° − 30°
= 30°, 330°

c tan θ < 0 in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.

For tan θ = −1
θ = 180° − 45°, 360° − 45°
= 135°, 315°

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 EXAMPLE 15

Solve tan x = 3 for [−180°, 180°].

Solution

In the domain [−180°, 180°], we use positive angles for 0° ≤ x ≤ 180° and negative angles
for −180° ≤ x ≤ 0°.
tan > 0 in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

tan x = 3
x = 60°, −(180° − 60°)
= 60°, −120°

EXAMPLE 16

Solve 2 sin2 x − 1 = 0 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.

Solution

2 sin2 x − 1 = 0 1
sin x = ±
2
2 sin2 x = 1
1 1
sin2 x = =±
2 2
Since the ratio could be positive or negative, there are solutions in all 4 quadrants.
x = 45°, 180° − 45°, 180° + 45°, 360° − 45°
= 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°

If we are solving an equation involving 2x or 3x, for example, we need to change the domain
to find all possible solutions.

EXAMPLE 17

Solve 2 sin 2x − 1 = 0 for [0°, 360°].

Solution
Notice that the angle is 2x but the domain is for x.

If     0° ≤ x ≤ 360°
then 0° ≤ 2x ≤ 720°
This means that we can find the solutions by going around the circle twice.

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 2 sin 2x − 1 = 0
2 sin 2x = 1
1
sin 2x =
2
Sin is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.
First time around the circle: 1st quadrant is θ and the 2nd quadrant is 180° − θ.
Second time around the circle: add 360° to θ and 180° − θ.
2x = 30°, 180° − 30°, 360° + 30°, 360° + 180° − 30°
= 30°, 150°, 390°, 510°
∴ x = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°

You can solve trigonometric equations involving radians. You can recognise these because
the domain is in radians.

EXAMPLE 18

Solve each equation for [0, 2π]. The domain [0, 2π] tells us that the solutions
Trigonometric
will be in radians. Make sure that your
equations
a cos x = 0.34 calculator is in radians mode here.
1
b sin α = −
2
2
c sin x - sin x = 2

Solution

a cos x > 0 in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

cos x = 0.34
x ≈ 1.224, 2π − 1.224
= 1.224, 5.059

b sin α is negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

1
sin α = −
2
π π
α=π+ , 2π −
4 4
5π 7π
= ,
4 4

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 c sin2 x − sin x = 2
sin2 x − sin x − 2 = 0 This is a quadratic equation.
(sin x − 2)(sin x + 1) = 0
sin x = 2      sin x = −1
sin x = 2 has no solutions since −1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
3π
sin x = −1 has solution x =
2
3π
x=
2

Exercise 9.05 Trigonometric equations

1 Solve each equation for [0°, 360°]:
1
a sin θ = 0.35 b cos θ = − c tan θ = −1
2
3 1
d sin θ = e tan θ = − f 2 cos θ = 3
2 3
g tan 2θ = 3 h 2 cos 2θ − 1 = 0 i 2 sin 3θ = −1

j tan2 3θ = 1 k sin2 x = 1 l 2 cos2 x − cos x = 0

2 Solve for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°:

a cos x = 1 b sin x + 1 = 0 c cos2 x = 1
d sin x = 1 e tan x = 0 f sin2 x + sin x = 0
g cos2 x − cos x = 0 h tan2 x = tan x i tan2 x = 3

3 Solve for [0, 2π]:

a sin x = 0 b tan 2x = 0 c sin x = −1
d cos x − 1 = 0 e cos x = −1

4 Solve for [−180°, 180°]:

1
a cos θ = 0.187 b sin θ = c tan θ = 1
2
3 1
d sin θ = − e tan θ = − f 3 tan2 θ = 1
2 3
g tan θ + 1 = 0 h tan 2θ = 1

5 Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π:

1 1
a cos x = b sin x = − c tan x = 1
2 2

3
d tan x = 3 e cos x = −
2

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 6 Solve for −π ≤ x ≤ π:
a 2 sin x = 3 b 2 cos x = 0 c 3 tan2 x = 1

7 Solve 2 cos x = −1 in the domain [−2π, 2π].

8 Solve for [0, 2π]:

a tan2 x + tan x = 0 b sin2 x − sin x = 0 c 2 cos2 x − cos x − 1 = 0
d 4 sin2 x = 1 e tan x cos x + tan x = 0 f sin2x + 2 cos x − 2 = 0

9.06 Applications of trigonometric functions

Trigonometric graphs can model real-life situations.
Applications of
trigonometric
functions

EXAMPLE 19
WS

Homework
This table shows the average maximum monthly temperatures in Sydney.
Applying
trigonometric
functions Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
°C 26.1 26.1 25.1 22.8 19.8 17.4 16.8 18.0 20.1 22.2 23.9 25.6

a Draw a graph of this data.

b Is it periodic? Would you expect it to be periodic?
c What is the period and amplitude?

Solution

a
30
Temperature (C)

25

20

15

10

0
March

April

June

September

October

November

December
August
January

February

May

July

Month

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 b The graph looks like it is periodic, and we would expect it to be, since the
temperature varies with the seasons and these repeat every 12 months. It goes up
and down, and reaches a highest value in summer and a lowest value in winter.
c This curve is approximately a cosine curve with a period of 12 months.
The highest maximum temperature is around 26° and the lowest maximum
26° + 18°
temperature is around 18°, so the centre of the graph is = 22°. So the
2
amplitude is 26 - 22 (or 22 - 18) = 4.

DID YOU KNOW?

Waves
The sine and cosine curves are used in many applications including the study of waves.
There are many different types of waves, including water, light and sound waves.
Oscilloscopes display patterns of electrical waves on the screen of a cathode-ray tube.

Shutterstock.com/Oskari Porkka

Simple harmonic motion (such as the movement of a pendulum) is a wave-like or

oscillatory motion when graphed against time. In 1581, when he was 17 years old,
the Italian scientist Galileo noticed a lamp swinging backwards and forwards in Pisa
cathedral. He found that the lamp took the same time to swing to and fro, no matter how
much weight it had on it. This led him to discover the pendulum.
Galileo also invented the telescope. Find out more about his life and work.

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 Exercise 9.06 Applications of trigonometric functions
1 This graph shows the time Sunset
of sunset in a city over 10
9
a period of 2 years.
8
a Find the approximate 7

Time (pm)
period and amplitude of 6
the graph. 5
4
b At approximately what 3
time would you expect the 2
Sun to set in July? 1
0

ch

ov b er

Ja er

ch

ov er

r
y

pt l y
ry

ay

ay

be
l

ar
Ju

Se Ju
b

N mb
a

M
ar

ar
em
em

em
nu

nu
M

e
Ja

pt
Se

N
2 The graph shows the incidence of crimes committed over 24 years in Gotham City.
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

a Approximately how many crimes were committed in the 10th year?

b What was:
i the highest number of crimes? ii the lowest number of crimes?
c Find the approximate amplitude and the period of the graph.

3 This table shows the tides (in metres) at a jetty measured 4 times each day for 3 days.

Day Friday Saturday Sunday

Time 6:20 11:55 6:15 11:48 6:20 11:55 6:15 11:48 6:20 11:55 6:15 11:48
a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m. a.m. a.m. p.m. p.m.
Tide (m) 3.2 1.1 3.4 1.3 3.2 1.2 3.5 1.1 3.4 1.2 3.5 1.3

a Draw a graph showing the tides.

b Find the period and amplitude.
c Estimate the height of the tide at around 8 a.m. on Friday.

448 MATHS IN FOCUS 11. Mathematics Advanced ISBN 9780170413152

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 9. TEST YOURSELF

For Questions 1 to 4 select the correct answer A, B, C or D.

Qz
1 This graph shows the water depth in metres as a lock opens and closes over time.
Practice quiz

4
3.5
3
Water depth (m)

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 10 20
0 30 40
Time (min)

The approximate period and amplitude of the graph are:

A Amplitude 1, period 15 min

B Amplitude 0.5, period 7.5 min
C Amplitude 1, period 7.5 min
D Amplitude 0.5, period 15 min

2π
2 The exact value of cos is:
3
1 3 3 1
A B − C D −
2 2 2 2
3 The equation of the graph below is:
y
3

−° − 3° −° −° ° ° 3° ° x
4 2 4 4 2 4

−3

A y = 3 cos 4x B y = 3 sin 4x C y = 4 sin 3x D y = 4 cos 3x

4 cosec2 x is equal to:

A cot2 x − 1 B 1 − cos2 x C 1 + cot2 x D tan2 x + 1

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 5 Find the exact value of:
a cos 315° b sin (−60°) c tan 120°

6 Solve for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°:

3
a sin x = b tan x = 1 c 2 cos x + 1 = 0
2
3 1
d sin2 x = e tan 2x =
4 3
7 Solve for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π:
a tan x = −1 b 2 sin x = 1 c tan2 x = 3
d cos x = 1 e sin x = −1

8 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, sketch the graph of:

x
a y = 3 cos 2x b y = 7 sin
2
12
9 If sin x = − and cos x > 0, evaluate cos x and tan x.
13
10 Simplify:
a cos (180° + θ) b tan (−θ)
c sin (π − θ) d tan x cos x
e 4 − 4 sin 2 A f cos (90 − x)°
g cot β tan β

11 Find the exact value of:

5π 5π 4π
a sin b cos c tan
4 6 3
2cos2 θ
12 Prove that = 2 + 2 sin θ.
1 − sin θ
13 Find the value of b if sin b = cos (2b − 30)°.

 ° 
14 Find the period, amplitude, centre and phase of y = –2 cos  3x +  + 5.
 12 
15 Find the exact value of:
π π
a sec b cot
4 6
π
π cos
c cosec d 6
3 π
sin
6
16 Find the domain and range of each function.
a y = –6 sin (2x) + 5 b f (x) = 4 cos x – 3

450 MATHS IN FOCUS 11. Mathematics Advanced ISBN 9780170413152

BK-CLA-MATHSFOCUS11_ADVANCED-180355-Chp09.indd 450 23/11/18 4:54 PM

 9. CHALLENGE EXERCISE

1 Find the exact value of:

a sin 600° b tan (−405°)

2 Solve 2 cos (θ + 10°) = −1 for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.

3 If f (x) = 3 cos πx:

a find the period and amplitude of the function
b sketch the graph of f (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
 °
4 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, sketch the graph of:  x − 
2
 °
a f (x) = 2 cos  x +  + 1 b y = 2 − 3 sin
 2
c y = sin 2x − sin x d y = sin x + 2 cos 2x
x
e y = 3 cos x − cos 2x f y = sin x − sin
2
5 Solve cos2 x − cos x = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

6 Find the exact value of sin 120° + cos 135° as a surd with rational denominator.

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