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1. Read the text and answer the question!

Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of survival for their grand-calves,
new research has found. The study found that grandmothers who were no longer able to reproduce
had the biggest beneficial impact on the survival chances of their grand-offspring. This may be
because grandmothers without calves of their own are free to focus time and resources on the latest
generation, the researchers suggest.

The research team also found that grandmothers had a particularly important role in times of food
scarcity as the impact on a calf of losing a post-menopausal grandmother was highest in years when
salmon was scarce. Previous research has shown that post-reproductive female killer whales are the
most knowledgeable and provide an important leadership role for the group when foraging in salmon
grounds. These benefits to the group may help to solve the long-standing mystery of why the
menopause has evolved in some species of whales and in humans, the authors of the study say.

Senior author of the study, Dr Dan Franks from the Department of Biology, at the University of York,
said: "The study suggests that breeding grandmothers are not able to provide the same level of
support as grandmothers who no longer breed. This means that the evolution of menopause has
increased a grandmother's capacity to help her grand-offspring. Lead author, Dr Stuart Nattrass, from
the University of York, added: "The findings help to explain factors that are driving the whales' survival
and reproductive success, which is essential information given that the Southern Resident killer
whales — one of the whale populations under study — is listed as endangered and at risk of extinction.
We suspect when breeding grandmothers are supporting their own calves, their movement and
activity patterns are constrained and they are not able to provide support and leadership in the same
way as post-menopausal females. Also, grandmothers with their own calves will be busy caring for
their own calves and be able to invest less in their grand-offspring, compared to post-menopausal
grandmothers.”

University of York. (2019). Killer whale grandmothers boost survival of calves: Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of
survival for their grand-calves. Taken on December 17, 2019 from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209161339.htm.

What is the writer’s purpose in writing the passage?

a. to explain the reproduction of killer whales

b. to report an observation on female killer whales without calves

c. to motivate the readers to support studies on endangered animals

d. to inform the relationship between post-menopausal grandmothers and their calves

e. to convey that post-menopausal killer whales have the greatest effect on their posterity

2. Read the text and answer the question!

Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of survival for their grand-calves,
new research has found. The study found that grandmothers who were no longer able to reproduce
had the biggest beneficial impact on the survival chances of their grand-offspring. This may be
because grandmothers without calves of their own are free to focus time and resources on the latest
generation, the researchers suggest.

The research team also found that grandmothers had a particularly important role in times of food
scarcity as the impact on a calf of losing a post-menopausal grandmother was highest in years when
salmon was scarce. Previous research has shown that post-reproductive female killer whales are the
most knowledgeable and provide an important leadership role for the group when foraging in salmon

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grounds. These benefits to the group may help to solve the long-standing mystery of why the
menopause has evolved in some species of whales and in humans, the authors of the study say.

Senior author of the study, Dr Dan Franks from the Department of Biology, at the University of York,
said: "The study suggests that breeding grandmothers are not able to provide the same level of
support as grandmothers who no longer breed. This means that the evolution of menopause has
increased a grandmother's capacity to help her grand-offspring. Lead author, Dr Stuart Nattrass, from
the University of York, added: "The findings help to explain factors that are driving the whales' survival
and reproductive success, which is essential information given that the Southern Resident killer
whales — one of the whale populations under study — is listed as endangered and at risk of extinction.
We suspect when breeding grandmothers are supporting their own calves, their movement and
activity patterns are constrained and they are not able to provide support and leadership in the same
way as post-menopausal females. Also, grandmothers with their own calves will be busy caring for
their own calves and be able to invest less in their grand-offspring, compared to post-menopausal
grandmothers.”

University of York. (2019). Killer whale grandmothers boost survival of calves: Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of
survival for their grand-calves. Taken on December 17, 2019 from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209161339.htm.

“... their movement and activity patterns are constrained ....” (Paragraph 3)

The underlined word is synonymous with ….

a. released

b. liberated

c. alienated

d. restricted

e. distracted

3. Read the passage and answer the question!

Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of survival for their grand-calves,
new research has found. The study found that grandmothers who were no longer able to reproduce
had the biggest beneficial impact on the survival chances of their grand-offspring. This may be
because grandmothers without calves of their own are free to focus time and resources on the latest
generation, the researchers suggest.

The research team also found that grandmothers had a particularly important role in times of food
scarcity, as the impact on a calf of losing a post-menopausal grandmother was highest in years when
salmon was scarce. Previous research has shown that post-reproductive female killer whales are the
most knowledgeable and provide an important leadership role for the group when foraging in salmon
grounds. These benefits to the group may help to solve the long-standing mystery of why the
menopause has evolved in some species of whales and in humans, the authors of the study say.

Senior author of the study, Dr Dan Franks from the Department of Biology, at the University of York,
said: "The study suggests that breeding grandmothers are not able to provide the same level of
support as grandmothers who no longer breed. This means that the evolution of menopause has
increased a grandmother's capacity to help her grand-offspring. Lead author, Dr Stuart Nattrass, from
the University of York, added: "The findings help to explain factors that are driving the whales' survival
and reproductive success, which is essential information given that the Southern Resident killer
whales — one of the whale populations under study — is listed as endangered and at risk of extinction.
We suspect when breeding grandmothers are supporting their own calves, their movement and

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activity patterns are constrained and they are not able to provide support and leadership in the same
way as post-menopausal females. Also, grandmothers with their own calves will be busy caring for
their own calves, and be able to invest less in their grand-offspring, compared to post-menopausal
grandmothers.”

University of York. (2019). Killer whale grandmothers boost survival of calves: Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of
survival for their grand-calves. Taken on December 17, 2019 from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209161339.htm.

It is implied in the second paragraph that …

a. Breeding grandmothers have a significant role in times of food scarcity.

b. The research team focused on studying how post-menopausal grandmothers find salmon for their
grand-offspring.

c. Many killer whales died in years when salmon was scarce.

d. Grandmothers are busy caring for their own calves when searching for food.

e. Young killer whales have less experience in finding food than post-menopausal grandmothers.

4. Read the passage and answer the question!

Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of survival for their grand-calves,
new research has found. The study found that grandmothers who were no longer able to reproduce
had the biggest beneficial impact on the survival chances of their grand-offspring. This may be
because grandmothers without calves of their own are free to focus time and resources on the latest
generation, the researchers suggest.

The research team also found that grandmothers had a particularly important role in times of food
scarcity, as the impact on a calf of losing a post-menopausal grandmother was highest in years when
salmon was scarce. Previous research has shown that post-reproductive female killer whales are the
most knowledgeable and provide an important leadership role for the group when foraging in salmon
grounds. These benefits to the group may help to solve the long-standing mystery of why the
menopause has evolved in some species of whales and in humans, the authors of the study say.

Senior author of the study, Dr Dan Franks from the Department of Biology, at the University of York,
said: "The study suggests that breeding grandmothers are not able to provide the same level of
support as grandmothers who no longer breed. This means that the evolution of menopause has
increased a grandmother's capacity to help her grand-offspring. Lead author, Dr Stuart Nattrass, from
the University of York, added: "The findings help to explain factors that are driving the whales' survival
and reproductive success, which is essential information given that the Southern Resident killer
whales — one of the whale populations under study — is listed as endangered and at risk of extinction.
We suspect when breeding grandmothers are supporting their own calves, their movement and
activity patterns are constrained and they are not able to provide support and leadership in the same
way as post-menopausal females. Also, grandmothers with their own calves will be busy caring for
their own calves, and be able to invest less in their grand-offspring, compared to post-menopausal
grandmothers.”

University of York. (2019). Killer whale grandmothers boost survival of calves: Post-menopausal killer whale grandmothers improve the chances of
survival for their grand-calves. Taken on December 17, 2019 from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209161339.htm.

Which statement is inappropriate with the information provided in the passage?

a. Grandmothers who no longer breed are better leaders than breeding grandmothers.

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b. Breeding killer whales are able to replace post-reproductive females’ position in supporting their
grand-offspring.

c. There aren’t many Southern Resident killer whales left in the world.

d. Menopause affects the way a grandmother supports her grand-offspring.

e. Grandmothers without calves of their own are free to look after the latest generation.

5. This passage is for the question below!

Conflicts had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the
wealth that Spain had been taking from the land it had claimed in the Americas.

In order to fulfill her desire, Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the
navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale,
Drake achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to England’s treasury and diminishing Spain’s
supremacy.

Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman
Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne
and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against
England’s theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Spanish
Armada, in January 1586.

Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled 130
sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than 19,000 robust soldiers and 8,000 sailors. Although
some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada
could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9, 1588, but bad weather forced it back
to port. Their course was still unchanged, only postponed. Later, the voyage resumed once more on
July 22 after the weather became more stable.

The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the
coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain
vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada
laid an anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the
midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away.
Their crews were in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again
on August 8.

Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage.
During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the
moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind
shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the
English fleet and returned home, defeated.

What does the text mainly deal with?

a. The devious methods of Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and towns

b. The Spanish army’s attempts to get back their stolen silver and gold

c. The long standing conflict between Spain and England

d. The invasion of England by the Spanish fleet

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e. The fight of England’s navy against Spanish armada

6. Read the passage and answer the question!

Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the
wealth that Spain had been taking from the land it had claimed in the Americas.

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to
raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic
success, adding gold and silver to England’s treasury and diminishing Spain’s supremacy.

Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman
Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne
and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against
England’s theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Spanish
Armada, in January 1586.

Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled 130
sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than 19,000 robust soldiers and 8,000 sailors. Although
some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada
could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9, 1588, but bad weather forced it back
to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable.

The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the
coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain
vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada
laid an anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the
midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away.
Their crews were in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again
on August 8.

Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage.
During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the
moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind
shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the
English fleet and returned home, defeated.

In which paragraph does the author explain the effect of King Philip II's overconfidence about his
vessels?

a. 2

b. 3

c. 4

d. 5

e. 6

7. Read the passage and answer the question!

Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the
wealth that Spain had been taking from the land it had claimed in the Americas.

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Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to
raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic
success, adding gold and silver to England’s treasury and diminishing Spain’s supremacy.

Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman
Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne
and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against
England’s theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Spanish
Armada, in January 1586.

Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled 130
sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than 19,000 robust soldiers and 8,000 sailors. Although
some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada
could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9, 1588, but bad weather forced it back
to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable.

The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the
coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain
vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada
laid an anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the
midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away.
Their crews were in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again
on August 8.

Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage.
During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the
moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind
shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the
English fleet and returned home, defeated.

What conclusion can we draw about the English fleet?

a. They couldn’t be defeated by any other fleet.

b. They had bigger and sophisticated vessels.

c. They had a strong defense system.

d. They were vulnerable to attack.

e. They had bulletproof ships.

8. This passage is for the question below.

Conflicts had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the
wealth that Spain had been taking from the land it had claimed in the Americas.

In order to fulfill her desire, Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the
navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale,
Drake achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to England’s treasury and diminishing Spain’s
supremacy.

Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman
Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne

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and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against
England’s theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Spanish
Armada, in January 1586.

Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled 130
sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than 19,000 robust soldiers and 8,000 sailors. Although
some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada
could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9, 1588, but bad weather forced it back
to port. Their course was still unchanged, only postponed. Later, the voyage resumed once more on
July 22 after the weather became more stable.

The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the
coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain
vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada
laid an anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the
midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away.
Their crews were in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again
on August 8.

Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage.
During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the
moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind
shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the
English fleet and returned home, defeated.

Which of the following is TRUE based on paragraph 4?

a. Phillip’s new warships were built with indestructible materials.

b. Phillip used different types of sailing vessels that cannot be destroyed.

c. Phillip had nearly twenty thousand people signing up to be his soldiers.

d. Phillip’s armada consisted of sailing vessels all completed with weapons.

e. Phillip believed that any battle against England would cause no harm to his fleet.

9. Read the passage and answer the question!

Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the
wealth that Spain had been taking from the land it had claimed in the Americas.

Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to
raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic
success, adding gold and silver to England’s treasury and diminishing Spain’s supremacy.

Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman
Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne
and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against
England’s theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Spanish
Armada, in January 1586.

Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled 130
sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than 19,000 robust soldiers and 8,000 sailors. Although

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some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada
could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9, 1588, but bad weather forced it back
to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable.

The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the
coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain
vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada
laid an anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the
midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away.
Their crews were in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again
on August 8.

Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage.
During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the
moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind
shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the
English fleet and returned home, defeated.

How is the author’s tone in the passage?

a. Ironic

b. Factual

c. Neutral

d. Admiring

e. Nostalgic

10. The question is based on the following passage.

The United Nations predicts Earth will have to feed another 2.3 billion people by 2050, mostly
concentrated in urban centers far from farmland. Conventional agriculture may not be able to meet
that demand, but luckily NASA has been working for decades to tackle food production both on Earth
and in space. Feeding astronauts during long-term space exploration means stretching resources to
grow plants in space – including minimizing water use and energy consumption and eliminating soil.

NASA initially pioneered these techniques on the ground by building the country’s first vertical farm.
Inside a decommissioned hypobaric chamber left over from testing the Mercury space capsule,
technologists stacked rows of hydroponic trays like bookshelves against the walls. Then systems for
lighting, ventilation, and circulating water were added using off-the-shelf parts. Various crops were
planted on the stacked trays to test how well they would grow in water and without the benefit of
sunlight or open air. This innovative approach to farming created a foundation for the industry of
controlled environment agriculture, or CEA.

CEA combines plant science and environmental control to optimize plant growth and maximize
efficiency, frequently incorporating vertical growth structures. Technology enables the filtering of
contaminants from crop water and delivers precise nutrient balances. Artificial lighting provides only
the necessary wavelengths at the right time, intensity, and duration, while environmental controls
maintain ideal temperature and humidity. This approach could help feed burgeoning future
generations, said Nate Storey, chief science officer at Plenty Unlimited, one of several companies
building on NASA’s plant-growth research.

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Pierce, M. (2021). NASA Research Launches a New Generation of Indoor Farming. Taken on November 30, 2021 from https://www.nasa.gov
/directorates/spacetech/spinoff/NASA_Research_Launches_a_New_Generation_ of_Indoor_Farming.

It is stated in the passage that ...

a. The world will run out of food by 2050 according to the United Nations.

b. NASA has maximized a farming method requiring a little water.

c. NASA is taking over conventional agriculture to address future food demands.

d. To improve plant development, plant science must be integrated with vertical growth structures.

e. NASA's innovative approach pioneered the establishment of a controlled environment agriculture

industry.

11. The question is based on the following passage.

The United Nations predicts Earth will have to feed another 2.3 billion people by 2050, mostly
concentrated in urban centers far from farmland. Conventional agriculture may not be able to meet
that demand, but luckily NASA has been working for decades to tackle food production both on Earth
and in space. Feeding astronauts during long-term space exploration means stretching resources to
grow plants in space – including minimizing water use and energy consumption and eliminating soil.

NASA initially pioneered these techniques on the ground by building the country’s first vertical farm.
Inside a decommissioned hypobaric chamber left over from testing the Mercury space capsule,
technologists stacked rows of hydroponic trays like bookshelves against the walls. Then systems for
lighting, ventilation, and circulating water were added using off-the-shelf parts. Various crops were
planted on the stacked trays to test how well they would grow in water and without the benefit of
sunlight or open air. This innovative approach to farming created a foundation for the industry of
controlled environment agriculture, or CEA.

CEA combines plant science and environmental control to optimize plant growth and maximize
efficiency, frequently incorporating vertical growth structures. Technology enables the filtering of
contaminants from crop water and delivers precise nutrient balances. Artificial lighting provides only
the necessary wavelengths at the right time, intensity, and duration, while environmental controls
maintain ideal temperature and humidity. This approach could help feed burgeoning future
generations, said Nate Storey, chief science officer at Plenty Unlimited, one of several companies
building on NASA’s plant-growth research.

Pierce, M. (2021). NASA Research Launches a New Generation of Indoor Farming. Taken on November 30, 2021 from https://www.nasa.gov
/directorates/spacetech/spinoff/NASA_Research_Launches_a_New_Generation_ of_Indoor_Farming.

With the sentence "This approach could help feed burgeoning future generations ..." in the last
paragraph, the author intends to ....

a. imply that global food crisis is a situation that can occur in the future

b. mention a solution intended to predict future food shortages

c. show that the development of agricultural technology is necessary

d. infer that the approach is the sole way to meet future food needs

e. tell that the method should be applied not only in space, but also on earth

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12. The question is based on the following passage.

The United Nations predicts Earth will have to feed another 2.3 billion people by 2050, mostly
concentrated in urban centers far from farmland. Conventional agriculture may not be able to meet
that demand, but luckily NASA has been working for decades to tackle food production both on Earth
and in space. Feeding astronauts during long-term space exploration means stretching resources to
grow plants in space – including minimizing water use and energy consumption and eliminating soil.

NASA initially pioneered these techniques on the ground by building the country’s first vertical farm.
Inside a decommissioned hypobaric chamber left over from testing the Mercury space capsule,
technologists stacked rows of hydroponic trays like bookshelves against the walls. Then systems for
lighting, ventilation, and circulating water were added using off-the-shelf parts. Various crops were
planted on the stacked trays to test how well they would grow in water and without the benefit of
sunlight or open air. This innovative approach to farming created a foundation for the industry of
controlled environment agriculture, or CEA.

CEA combines plant science and environmental control to optimize plant growth and maximize
efficiency, frequently incorporating vertical growth structures. Technology enables the filtering of
contaminants from crop water and delivers precise nutrient balances. Artificial lighting provides only
the necessary wavelengths at the right time, intensity, and duration, while environmental controls
maintain ideal temperature and humidity. This approach could help feed burgeoning future
generations, said Nate Storey, chief science officer at Plenty Unlimited, one of several companies
building on NASA’s plant-growth research.

Pierce, M. (2021). NASA Research Launches a New Generation of Indoor Farming. Taken on November 30, 2021 from https://www.nasa.gov
/directorates/spacetech/spinoff/NASA_Research_Launches_a_New_Generation_ of_Indoor_Farming.

From the first paragraph, it can be assumed that ...

a. NASA is more concerned with food production in space than with food production on Earth.

b. The United Nations estimates that Earth will have to feed billions of people in a decade.

c. The most crucial aspect of long-term space exploration is astronaut nutrition.

d. Conventional agriculture will succeed in feeding astronauts if it is combined with NASA's

techniques.

e. In the future, there will not be enough land for conventional agriculture.

13. The question is based on the following passage.

The United Nations predicts Earth will have to feed another 2.3 billion people by 2050, mostly
concentrated in urban centers far from farmland. Conventional agriculture may not be able to meet
that demand, but luckily NASA has been working for decades to tackle food production both on Earth
and in space. Feeding astronauts during long-term space exploration means stretching resources to
grow plants in space – including minimizing water use and energy consumption and eliminating soil.

NASA initially pioneered these techniques on the ground by building the country’s first vertical farm.
Inside a decommissioned hypobaric chamber left over from testing the Mercury space capsule,
technologists stacked rows of hydroponic trays like bookshelves against the walls. Then systems for
lighting, ventilation, and circulating water were added using off-the-shelf parts. Various crops were
planted on the stacked trays to test how well they would grow in water and without the benefit of
sunlight or open air. This innovative approach to farming created a foundation for the industry of
controlled environment agriculture, or CEA.

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CEA combines plant science and environmental control to optimize plant growth and maximize
efficiency, frequently incorporating vertical growth structures. Technology enables the filtering of
contaminants from crop water and delivers precise nutrient balances. Artificial lighting provides only
the necessary wavelengths at the right time, intensity, and duration, while environmental controls
maintain ideal temperature and humidity. This approach could help feed burgeoning future
generations, said Nate Storey, chief science officer at Plenty Unlimited, one of several companies
building on NASA’s plant-growth research.

Pierce, M. (2021). NASA Research Launches a New Generation of Indoor Farming. Taken on November 30, 2021 from https://www.nasa.gov
/directorates/spacetech/spinoff/NASA_Research_Launches_a_New_Generation_ of_Indoor_Farming.

How is the second paragraph related to the first paragraph?

a. Paragraph 2 exemplifies kinds of agricultural progress discussed in paragraph 1.

b. The vertical farm described in paragraph 1 is explained in detail in paragraph 2.

c. The second paragraph expands on the first paragraph's discussion of NASA's agricultural method.

d. The second paragraph explains further the issues raised in the first paragraph regarding food
demands in 2050.

e. The success of the NASA farming practices mentioned in the first paragraph is reiterated in the
second paragraph.

14. Read the text and answer the question!

Many children with ADHD have other disorders as well as ADHD, such as behavior or conduct
problems, learning disorders, anxiety, and depression. The combination of ADHD with other disorders
often presents extra challenges for children, parents, educators, and healthcare providers. Therefore,
it is important for healthcare providers to screen every child with ADHD for other disorders and
problems.

When children act out persistently so that it causes serious problems at home, in school, or with
peers, they may be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is one of the most
common disorders occurring with ADHD. ODD usually starts before 8 years of age, but it can also occur
in adolescents.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is diagnosed when children show a behavioral pattern of aggression toward
others and serious violations of rules and social norms at home, in school, and with peers. These
behaviors can lead to breaking the law and being jailed. Having ADHD makes a child more likely to be
diagnosed with CD.

Starting treatment early is important. For younger children, the treatment with the strongest
evidence is behavioral parent training, where a therapist helps the parent learn effective ways to
strengthen the parent-child relationship and respond to the child’s behavior. For school-age children
and teens, an often-used effective treatment is combination training and therapy that includes the
child, the family, and the school.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD. Taken on 4 June 2020
from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html.

The author’s main purpose in the last paragraph is to ….

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a. recommend suitable healthcare providers

b. convey effective treatment for children and teens

c. review the impact of other disorders for children with ADHD

d. ask parents with children with ADHD to be open regarding their children’s condition

e. emphasize the importance of early intervention when identifying behavioural concerns

15. Read the text and answer the question!

Many children with ADHD have other disorders as well as ADHD, such as behavior or conduct
problems, learning disorders, anxiety, and depression. The combination of ADHD with other disorders
often presents extra challenges for children, parents, educators, and healthcare providers. Therefore,
it is important for healthcare providers to screen every child with ADHD for other disorders and
problems.

When children act out persistently so that it causes serious problems at home, in school, or with
peers, they may be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is one of the most
common disorders occurring with ADHD. ODD usually starts before 8 years of age, but it can also occur
in adolescents.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is diagnosed when children show a behavioral pattern of aggression toward
others and serious violations of rules and social norms at home, in school, and with peers. These
behaviors can lead to breaking the law and being jailed. Having ADHD makes a child more likely to be
diagnosed with CD.

Starting treatment early is important. For younger children, the treatment with the strongest
evidence is behavioral parent training, where a therapist helps the parent learn effective ways to
strengthen the parent-child relationship and respond to the child’s behavior. For school-age children
and teens, an often-used effective treatment is combination training and therapy that includes the
child, the family, and the school.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD. Taken on 4 June 2020
from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html.

This passage would most likely be found in ….

a. a book about parenting and child development

b. an article about school for children with ADHD

c. a magazine about science and innovation

d. a journal of research and treatment

e. a healthcare journal

16. Read the text and answer the question!

Many children with ADHD have other disorders as well as ADHD, such as behavior or conduct
problems, learning disorders, anxiety, and depression. The combination of ADHD with other disorders
often presents extra challenges for children, parents, educators, and healthcare providers. Therefore,
it is important for healthcare providers to screen every child with ADHD for other disorders and
problems.

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When children act out persistently so that it causes serious problems at home, in school, or with
peers, they may be diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is one of the most
common disorders occurring with ADHD. ODD usually starts before 8 years of age, but it can also occur
in adolescents.

Conduct Disorder (CD) is diagnosed when children show a behavioral pattern of aggression toward
others and serious violations of rules and social norms at home, in school, and with peers. These
behaviors can lead to breaking the law and being jailed. Having ADHD makes a child more likely to be
diagnosed with CD.

Starting treatment early is important. For younger children, the treatment with the strongest
evidence is behavioral parent training, where a therapist helps the parent learn effective ways to
strengthen the parent-child relationship and respond to the child’s behavior. For school-age children
and teens, an often-used effective treatment is combination training and therapy that includes the
child, the family, and the school.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Other Concerns and Conditions with ADHD. Taken on 4 June 2020
from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/conditions.html.

What is the tone of the passage?

a. Sarcastic

b. Empathic

c. Objective

d. Persuasive

e. Sentimental

17. The question is based on the following text.

The food supply in the United States is among the safest in the world. However, when certain
disease-causing bacteria or pathogens contaminate food, they can cause foodborne illness, often
called "food poisoning." The Federal government estimates that there are about 48 million cases of
foodborne illness annually — the equivalent of sickening 1 in 6 Americans each year. And each year,
these illnesses result in an estimated 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths.

Although everyone is susceptible, some people are at greater risk for developing foodborne illness.
If you – or someone you care for – are in one of these high-risk groups, it's especially important to
practice safe food handling. Vulnerable people are not only at increased risk of contracting a
foodborne illness but are also more likely to have a lengthier illness, undergo hospitalization, or even
die.

(1) Changes during pregnancy alter the mother's immune system. (2) The alteration makes
pregnant women more susceptible to foodborne illness. (3) Harmful bacteria can also cross the
placenta and infect an unborn baby whose immune system is under-developed and not able to fight
infection. (4) Foodborne illness during pregnancy is serious and can lead to miscarriage, premature
delivery, stillbirth, sickness or the death of a newborn baby. (5) Many women think that, without
children, their lives are without hope.

U.S Food and Drugs Administration. (2021). People at Risk of Foodborne Illness. Taken on September 27, 2021
from https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/people-risk-foodborne-illness.

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The word susceptible in paragraph 2 means ….

a. able to be cured

b. easily influenced or harmed

c. dangerous and involving risk

d. impossible to get damaged or hurt

e. protected against a particular disease

18. The question is based on the following text.

The food supply in the United States is among the safest in the world. However, when certain
disease-causing bacteria or pathogens contaminate food, they can cause foodborne illness, often
called "food poisoning." The Federal government estimates that there are about 48 million cases of
foodborne illness annually — the equivalent of sickening 1 in 6 Americans each year. And each year,
these illnesses result in an estimated 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths.

Although everyone is susceptible, some people are at greater risk for developing foodborne illness.
If you – or someone you care for – are in one of these high-risk groups, it's especially important to
practice safe food handling. Vulnerable people are not only at increased risk of contracting a
foodborne illness but are also more likely to have a lengthier illness, undergo hospitalization, or even
die.

(1) Changes during pregnancy alter the mother's immune system. (2) The alteration makes
pregnant women more susceptible to foodborne illness. (3) Harmful bacteria can also cross the
placenta and infect an unborn baby whose immune system is under-developed and not able to fight
infection. (4) Foodborne illness during pregnancy is serious and can lead to miscarriage, premature
delivery, stillbirth, sickness or the death of a newborn baby. (5) Many women think that, without
children, their lives are without hope.

U.S Food and Drugs Administration. (2021). People at Risk of Foodborne Illness. Taken on September 27, 2021
from https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/people-risk-foodborne-illness.

The irrelevant statement in paragraph 3 is sentence ….

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

19. The question is based on the following text.

The food supply in the United States is among the safest in the world. However, when certain
disease-causing bacteria or pathogens contaminate food, they can cause foodborne illness, often
called "food poisoning." The Federal government estimates that there are about 48 million cases of
foodborne illness annually — the equivalent of sickening 1 in 6 Americans each year. And each year,
these illnesses result in an estimated 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths.

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Although everyone is susceptible, some people are at greater risk for developing foodborne illness.
If you – or someone you care for – are in one of these high-risk groups, it's especially important to
practice safe food handling. Vulnerable people are not only at increased risk of contracting a
foodborne illness but are also more likely to have a lengthier illness, undergo hospitalization, or even
die.

(1) Changes during pregnancy alter the mother's immune system. ( 2 ) The alteration makes
pregnant women more susceptible to foodborne illness. (3) Harmful bacteria can also cross the
placenta and infect an unborn baby whose immune system is under-developed and not able to fight
infection. (4) Foodborne illness during pregnancy is serious and can lead to miscarriage, premature
delivery, stillbirth, sickness or the death of a newborn baby. (5) Many women think that, without
children, their lives are without hope.

U.S Food and Drugs Administration. (2021). People at Risk of Foodborne Illness. Taken on September 27, 2021
from https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/people-risk-foodborne-illness.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement based on the text?

a. Hospitalization rate is higher with longer duration for people who are suscpetible at getting
foodborne illness.

b. A susceptible person is likely to experience higher risks of food poisoning as well as suffer much
longer.

c. Pregnant women are one group of people who are susceptible to foodborne illness.

d. Illnesses caused by contaminated food lead to the deaths of babies at birth or after birth.

e. The unborn child may be affected by foodborne illness suffered by the mother.

20. The question is based on the following text.

The food supply in the United States is among the safest in the world. However, when certain
disease-causing bacteria or pathogens contaminate food, they can cause foodborne illness, often
called "food poisoning." The Federal government estimates that there are about 48 million cases of
foodborne illness annually — the equivalent of sickening 1 in 6 Americans each year. And each year,
these illnesses result in an estimated 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths.

Although everyone is susceptible, some people are at greater risk for developing foodborne illness.
If you – or someone you care for – are in one of these high-risk groups, it's especially important to
practice safe food handling. Vulnerable people are not only at increased risk of contracting a
foodborne illness but are also more likely to have a lengthier illness, undergo hospitalization, or even
die.

(1) Changes during pregnancy alter the mother's immune system. (2) The alteration makes
pregnant women more susceptible to foodborne illness. (3) Harmful bacteria can also cross the
placenta and infect an unborn baby whose immune system is under-developed and not able to fight
infection. (4) Foodborne illness during pregnancy is serious and can lead to miscarriage, premature
delivery, stillbirth, sickness or the death of a newborn baby. (5) Many women think that, without
children, their lives are without hope.

U.S Food and Drugs Administration. (2021). People at Risk of Foodborne Illness. Taken on September 27, 2021 from
https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/people-risk-foodborne-illness.

Which of the following is the best restatement of the first sentence in the second paragraph?

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a. Foodborne illness may be suffered by all groups of people although they are susceptible to it.

b. Food may cause illness to weaker people even though it can also happen to healthy ones.

c. Everyone is at risk of foodborne illness, but some people can be more vulnerable to it.

d. Everyone can get sick of foods, but some of people have a greater chance to get diseases.

e. Despite the fact that everyone can be infected, some are more vulnerable to illnesses.

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Petunjuk pengerjaan :

1. Pilih satu jawaban yang paling tepat dengan memberi tanda silang (x) pada huruf (A/B/C/D/E) pada lembar jawaban.
2. Masukkan lembar jawaban ke aplikasi Ruangguru dengan klik icon (scan) pada halaman Bank Soal atau Latihan Topik untuk
melihat hasil dan pembahasan dari soal yang telah kamu kerjakan.

1. A B C D E 11. A B C D E

2. A B C D E 12. A B C D E

3. A B C D E 13. A B C D E

4. A B C D E 14. A B C D E

5. A B C D E 15. A B C D E

6. A B C D E 16. A B C D E

7. A B C D E 17. A B C D E

8. A B C D E 18. A B C D E

9. A B C D E 19. A B C D E

10. A B C D E 20. A B C D E

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