This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what

changes have been made to the previous version. Because

it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.

Designation: C 297 – 94 (Reapproved 1999)

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 C 297 – 94 (1999)

Designation: C 297/C 297M – 04

Standard Test Method for

Flatwise Tensile Strength of Sandwich Constructions1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 297/C 297M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.09 on Sandwich
Construction.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 1994. May 1, 2004. Published January 1995. May 2004. Originally published as C 297 – 52T. approved in 1952. Last previous edition
C 297 – 61(1988)e1. approved in 1999 as C 297 – 94 (1999).

1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers determines the determination of the core flatwise tension tensile strength of the core, the
core-to-facing bond, or the bond between core and facings facing of an assembled sandwich panel. The test consists of subjecting
a sandwich construction to a tensile load normal to the plane of the sandwich, such load being transmitted to the sandwich through
thick loading blocks bonded to the sandwich facings or directly to the core. Permissible core material forms include those with
continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as
honeycomb).
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The Within the text
the inch-pound units g are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
must be a used indeppendently of the other. Coxmbining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
C 274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D 792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D 2734 Test Method for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D 3039/D 3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
D 3171 Test Method for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D 3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D 5229/D 5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E 1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
E 1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
E 1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
3. STerminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology D 3878 deficnes terms relatincg to high-modulus fibers and Use

2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
Vol 03.01. volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.

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 C 297/C 297M – 04
3.1 For a their composites. Terminology C 274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich panel constructions. Terminology
D 883 defines terms relating to function properly, the facings must have a sufficient bond plastics. Terminology E 6 defines terms
relating to the core.
3.2 This test method provides information on how well the facings are bonded mechanical testing. Terminology E 456 and
Practice E 177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of a conflict between terms, Terminology D 3878 shall have
precedence over the other terminologies.
3.2 Symbols:
A = cross-sectional area of a test specimen
CV = coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population for a given property (in percent)
Fzftu = ultimate flatwise tensile strength
Pmax = maximum force carried by test specimen before failure
Sn-1 = standard deviation statistic of a sample population for a given property
x1 = test result for an individual specimen from the core. It is mainly used as sample population for a quality control test given
property
x̄ = mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample population for bonded sandwich panels. a given property
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of subjecting a sandwich construction to a uniaxial tensile force normal to the plane of the
sandwich. The force is transmitted to the sandwich through thick loading blocks, which are bonded to the sandwich facings or
directly to the core.
4.2 The only acceptable failure modes for flatwise tensile strength are those which are internal to the sandwich construction.
Failure of the loading block-to-sandwich bond is not an acceptable failure mode.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 In a sandwich panel, core-to-facing bond integrity is necessary to maintain facing stability and permit load transfer between
the facings and core. This test method can be used to provide information on the strength and quality of core-to-facing bonds. It
can also be used to produce flatwise tensile strength data for the core material. While it is primarily used as a quality control test
for bonded sandwich panels, it can also be used to produce flatwise tensile strength data for structural design properties, material
specifications, and research and development applications.
5.2 Factors that influence the flatwise tensile strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: facing material, core
material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, facing stacking sequence and overall thickness, core geometry (cell
size), core density, adhesive thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing,
specimen alignment, loading procedure, speed of testing, facing void content, adhesive void content, and facing volume percent
reinforcement. Properties that may be derived from this test method include flatwise tensile strength.
6. Interferences
6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation—Poor material fabrication practices, lack of control of fiber alignment, and damage
induced by improper specimen machining are known causes of high data scatter in composites in general. Specific material factors
that affect sandwich composites include variability in core density and degree of cure of resin in both facing matrix material and
core bonding adhesive. Important aspects of sandwich panel specimen preparation that contribute to data scatter are incomplete
or nonuniform core bonding to facings, misalignment of core and facing elements, the existence of joints, voids or other core and
facing discontinuities, out-of-plane curvature, facing thickness variation, and surface roughness.
6.2 System Alignment—Excessive bending will cause premature failure. Every effort should be made to eliminate excess
bending from the test system. Bending may occur as a result of misaligned grips, poor specimen preparation, or poor alignment
of the bonding blocks and loading fixture. If there is any doubt as to the alignment inherent in a given test machine, then the
alignment should be checked as discussed in Test Method D 3039/D 3039M.
6.3 Geometry—Specific geometric factors that affect sandwich flatwise tensile strength include core cell geometry, core
thickness, specimen shape (square or circular), adhesive thickness, facing thickness, and facing per-ply thickness.
6.4 Environment—Results are affected by the environmental conditions under which the tests are conducted. Specimens tested
in various environments can exhibit significant differences in both strength behavior and failure mode. Critical environments must
be assessed independently for each facing, adhesive and core material tested.
6.5 Conditioning—As it is inappropriate to bond a moisture-conditioned specimen to the bonding blocks, it is necessary to
perform the bonding operation prior to such conditioning. The presence of the bonding blocks will affect the degree of moisture
intake into the specimen, in comparison to a non-bonded sample.
7. Apparatus
4.1 Test machine, capable of maintaining
7.1 Micrometers—The micrometer(s) shall use a controlled loading rate and indicating 4- to 5-mm [0.16- to 0.20-in.] nominal
diameter ball-interface on irregular surfaces such as the load with an accuracy bag-side of 61 % of the indicated value. a facing

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 C 297/C 297M – 04
laminate, and a flat anvil interface on machined edges or very smooth-tooled surfaces. The accuracy of the test machine
instrument(s) shall be v suitable for readifng to within 1 % of the sample length, width and thickness. For typical speccimen
geometrdies, anc instrument with Practices E 4.
4.2 an accuracy of 625 mm [60.001 in.] is desirable for thickness, length and width measurement.
7.2 Loading f Fixtures, t—The loading fixtures shall be self-aligning and shall not apply eccentric loads. A satisfactory type of
apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The loading blocks shall be sufficiently stiff to keep the bonded core or facings essentially flat under
load. Loading blocks 40 to 50 mm ( [1.5 to 2.0 in.)] thick have been found to perform satisfactorily. Permissible tolerances for
the loading blocks (along with alignment requirements) are provided in Fig. 2.
47.3 Testing Machine—The testing machine shall be in accordance with Practices E 4 and shall satisfy the following
requirements:
7.3.1 Ter,sting Magchine, Configuration—The testing machine shall have both an essentipally stationary head and a movable
head.
7.3.2 Drive Mechanism,—The testing machine drive mechanism shall be capable of measuring accurately imparting to 0.025
mm (0.001 in.).
5. Test the movable head a controlled velocity with respect to the stationary head. The velocity of the movable head
shall be capable of being regulated in accordance with 11.6.
7.3.3 Load Indicator—The testing machine load-sensing device shall be capable of indicating the total force being carried by
the test specimen. This device shall be essentially free from inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the force
with an accuracy over the force range(s) of interest of within 61 % of the indicated value.
7.4 Conditioning Chamber—When conditioning materials at non-laboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level con-
trolled environmental conditioning chamber is required that shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to within
63°C [65°F] and the required relative humidity level to within 63 %. Chamber conditions shall be monitored either on an
automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at regular intervals.
7.5 Environmental Test Chamber—An environmental test chamber is required for test environments other than ambient testing
laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of maintaining the gage section of the test specimen at the required test
environment during the mechanical test.
8. Sampling and Test Specimens
58.1 Sampling—Test at least five specimens per tesht condition unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer

FIG. 1 Flatwise Tension Test Setup

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 C 297/C 297M – 04

FIG. 2 Permissible Bonded Assembly Tolerances

specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For statistically significant data, consult the procedures outlined in Practice
E 122. Report the method of sampling.
8.2 Geometry—Test specimens shall have a square or round circular cross-section, and shall be equal in thickness to the
sandwich panel thickness. All dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.). Minimum specimen facing areas
for various types of core materials are given below:
5.1.1 For continuous cores, such as follows:
8.2.1 Continuous Bonding Surfaces (for example, balsa wood and foams, the wood, foams)—The minimum facing area of the
specimen shall be 625 mm2 (1 [1.0 in.2).
5.1.2 For open-celled cores, such as honeycomb, having].
8.2.2 Discontinuous Cellular Bonding Surfaces (for example, honeycomb)—The required facing area of the specimen is
dependent upon the cell size, to ensure a minimum number of cells less than 6 mm (0.5 in.), are tested. Minimum facing areas are
recommended in Table 1 for the more common cell sizes. These are intended to provide approximately 60 cells minimum in the
test specimen. The largest facing area shall be 2600 listed in the table (5625 mm2(4 [9.0 in.2), and]) is a practical maximum for
this test method. Cores with cell s 6izes larger than 9 mm ( [0.375 in.)] may require a smaller number of cells to be tested in the
specimen.
8.3 Specimen Preparation and Machining—Specimen preparation is extremely important for this test method. Take precautions
when cutting specimens from large panels to avoid notches, undercuts, rough or g uneven surfaces, or delaminations due to
inappropriate machining methods. Obtain final dimensions by water-lubricated precision sawing, milling, or grinding. The use of
diamond tooling has been found to be extremely effective for many material systems. Edges should be flat and parallel within the
m specified tolerances. Record and report the specimen cumtting preparation method.

TABLE 1 Recommended Minimum Specimen Facing Area

Minimum Cell Size Maximum Cell Size Minimum Facing Area
(mm [in.]) (mm [in.]) (mm2 [in.2])
- 3.0 [0.125] 625 [1.0]
3.0 [0.125] 6.0 [0.250] 2500 [4.0]
6.0 [0.250] 9.0 [0.375] 5625 [9.0]

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 C 297/C 297M – 04
8.4 Labeling—Label the test specimens so that they will be 5800 mm2 (9 in.2).
5.2 The distinct from each other and traceable back to the panel of origin, and will neither influence the test nor be affected by
it.
8.5 Loading Fixture Bonding—The loading blocks shall be bonded to the core or facings of the test specimen using a suitable
adhesive. Ideally, To minimize thermal exposure effects upon the bonding temperature and pressure shall not appreciably affect the
existing bond between facing and core. The bonding pressure shall not be greater than core-to-facing bonds, it is recommended
that the original facing to core bonding pressure. If possible, the assembly bonding temperature shall be at room temperature, or
at least 28°C (50°F) [50°F] lower than that at which the sandwich was originally bonded.
5.3 The number of test specimens and bonded. Similarly, the method of their selection depend on assembly bonding pressure
shall not be greater than the original facing-to-core bonding pressurpoe. Permissible tolerances for the particular test under
consideration, and no general rule can be given to cover bonded assembly (along with alignment requirements) are provided in
Fig. 2.
9. Calibration
9.1 The accuracy of all cases. However, when specimens measuring equipment shall have certified calibrations that are to be
used for acceptance tests, current at least five specimens shall be tested.
6. the time of use of the equipment.
10. Conditioning
6.1 When the physical properties
10.1 Standard Conditioning Procedure—Unless a different environment is specified as part of the component materials are
affected by moisture, bring experiment, condition the test specimens to constant weight (61 %) before testing, preferably in a
conditioning room accordance with temperature Procedure C of Test Method D 5229/D 5229M, and humidity control, store and
make the tests, preferably, in a room under the same conditions. A temperature of 23 test at standard laboratory atmosphere (23
6 3°C (73 [73 6 5°F)] and a relative humidity of 50 6 5 % are recommended.
7. relative humidity).
11. Procedure
7.1 Determine the plan dimensions of the specimens in millimetres (inches)
11.1 Parameters to a precision of 60.5 %.
7.2 Measure the thickness of the specimens in millimetres (inches) to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.).
7.3 Apply a tensile load at a constant rate of movement of the testing machine cross-head at such a rate that the maximum load
will occur between 3 Be Specified Before Test:
11.1.1 The specimen sampling method, specimen geometry, and 6 min (Note 1). One acceptable test setup is shown in Fig. 1.
7.4 An adhesion failure of the bond to the loading blocks is not considered a valid failure. A retest shall be performed.
conditioning travelers (if required).
11.1.2 The properties and data reporting format desired.
NOTE 1—ADetermine specific material property, accuracy, and data reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation and data
recording equipment. Estimate the specimen strength to aid in transducer selection, calibration of equipment, and determination of equipment settings.
11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters.
11.1.4 If performed, sampling method, specimen geometry, and test parameters used to determine facing density and
reinforcement volume.
11.2 General Instructions:
11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether intentional or inadvertent.
11.2.2 If specific gravity, density, facing reinforcement volume, or facing void volume are to be reported, then obtain these
samples from the same panels being tested. Specific gravity and density may be evaluated in accordance with Test Methods D 792.
Volume percent of composite facing constituents may be evaluated by one of the matrix digestion procedures of Test Method
D 3171, or, for certain reinforcement materials such as glass and ceramics, by the matrix burn-off technique in accordance with
Test Method D 2584. The void content equations of Test Method D 2734 are applicable to both Test Method D 2584 and the matrix
digestion procedures.
11.2.3 Following final specimen machining, but before conditioning and testing, measure the specimen length and width or
diameter. The accuracy of these measurements shall be within 0.5 % of the dimension. Measure the specimen thickness; the
accuracy of this measurement shall be within 625 mm [60.001 in.]. Record the dimensions to three significant figures in units
of millimetres [inches].
11.3 Bond the specimen to the bonding blocks, in accordance with the requirements of 8.5.
11.4 Condition the bonded specimens as required. Store the specimens in the conditioned environment until test time, if the test
environment is different than the conditioning environment.

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11.5 Following final specimen conditioning, but before testing, re-measure the specimen length and width or diameter as in
11.2.3.
11.6 Speed of Testing—Set the speed of testing so as to produce failure within 3 to 6 min. If the ultimate strength of the material
cannot be reasonably estimated, initial trials should be conducted using standard speeds until the ultimate strength of the material
and the compliance of the system are known, and speed of testing can be adjusted. The suggested standard head displacement rate
of cross-head movement is 0.50 mm/min ( [0.020 in./min].
11.7 Test Environment—If possible, test the specimen under the same fluid exposure level used for conditioning. However, cases
such as elevated temperature testing of a moist specimen place unrealistic requirements on the capabilities of common testing
machine environmental chambers. In such cases, the mechanical test environment may need to be modified, for example, by testing
at elevated temperature with no fluid exposure control, but with a specified limit on time to failure from withdrawal from the
conditioning chamber. Record any modifications to the test environment.
11.8 Specimen Installation—Install the specimen/bonding block assembly into the test machine test fixture.
11.9 Loading—Apply a tensile force to the specimen at the specified rate while recording data. Load the specimen until rupture.
11.10 Data Recording—Record force versus head displacement continuously, or at frequent regular intervals. Record the
maximum force, the failure force, and the head displacement at, or as near as possible to, the moment of rupture.
11.11 Failure Modes—Adhesive failures that occur at the bond to the loading blocks are not acceptable failure modes and the
data shall be noted as invalid. The following failure modes are considered to be acceptable:
11.11.1 Core Failure—Tensile failure of the sandwich core. Pieces of the core may remain in the adhesive that bonds the core
to the block or facing.
11.11.2 Cohesive Failure of Core-Facing Adhesive—Failure in the adhesive layer used to bond the facing to the core, with
adhesive generally remaining on both the facing and core surfaces.
11.11.3 Adhesive Failure of Core-Facing Adhesive—Failure in the adhesive layer used to bond the facing to the core, with
adhesive generally remaining on either the facing or the core surface, but not both.
11.11.4 Facing Tensile Failure—Tensile failure of the facing, usually by delamination of the composite plies in the case of a
fiber-reinforced composite facing.
12. Validation
12.1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated for any specimen that breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such flaw
constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be performed for any specimen on which values are not calculated.
12.2 A significant fraction of failures in a sample population occurring at the bond(s) to the loading blocks shall be cause to
reexamine the means of force introduction into the material. Factors considered should include the fixture alignment, adhesive
material, specimen surface characteristics, and uneven machining of specimen ends.
813. Calculation
813.1 Ultimate Strength—Calculate the ultimate flatwise tensile strength as follows: using Eq 1 and report the results to three
significant figures.
P
s5A (1)

Fftu
z 5 Pmax / A (1)

where:
sFzftu = ultimate flatwise tensile strength, MPa (psi); [psi],
Pmax = ultimate load, force prior to failure, N (lb); [lbf], and
A = cross-sectional area, mm2 ([in.2).].
13.2 Statistics—For each series of tests calculate the average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in percent)
for ultimate flatwise tensile strength:
n
x̄ 5 ~ ( x1! (2)
i51

Sn21 5 Œ(~
n

i51
x21 2 n x̄2! / ~n 2 1! (3)

CV 5 100 3 Sn21 / x̄ (4)

where:
x̄ = sample mean (average),
Sn-1 = sample standard deviation,
CV = sample coefficient of variation, %,
n = number of specimens, and
x1 = measured or derived property.

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914. Report
9.1 The report shall include
14.1 Report the following:
9.1.1 Description of test specimens; core material, facings, core-to-facing adhesive,
9.1.2 Dimensions of test specimens,
9.1.3 Method of bonding specimen following information, or references pointing to blocks; adhesive, cure cycle, and pressure,
9.1.4 Specimens conditioning, if any,
9.1.5 Test temperature and specimens time at temperature,
9.1.6 Test machine cross-head loading rate,
9.1.7 Flatwise tensile strength; individual values and average, and
9.1.8 Description other documentation containing this information, to the maximum extent applicable (reporting of failure
mode; percentage items beyond the control of failure area of core, adhesive (cohesion a given testing laboratory, such as might
occur with material details or adhesion), or facing (Note 2). panel fabrication parameters, shall be the responsibility of the
requestor):
NOTE 2—Failure definitions:
core failure—tensile future 2—Guides E 1309, E 1434 and E 1471 contain data reporting recommendations for composite materials and composite
materials mechanical testing.
14.1.1 The revision level or date of the sandwich core. Pieces issue of this test method.
14.1.2 The name(s) of the core are in the adhesive that bonds the core test operator(s).
14.1.3 Any variations to this te bst method, anomalies noticked during testing, or facing.
cohesive failure equipment problems occurring during testing.
14.1.4 Identification of adhesive—failure in all the adhesive layer used materials consistuent to bond the sandwich panel
specimen tested, including for each: material specification, material type, manufacturer’s material designation, manufacturer’s
batch or lot number, source (if not from manufacturer), date of certification, expiration of certification, facing to the core filament
diameter, tow or yarn filament count and twist, sizing, form or weave, fiber areal weight, matrix type, facing matrix content and
volatiles content, ply orientation and stacking sequence of the block facings.
14.1.5 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare the core. The adhesive is on sandwich panel including: fabrication
start date, fabrication end date, process specification, cure cycle, consolidation method, and a description of the c equipment used.
14.1.6 Ply orientation and stacking sequence of the facing or block.
adhesion failure laminate.
14.1.7 If requested, report facing density, volume percent reinforcement, and void content test methods, specimen sampling
method and geometries, test parameters and test results.
14.1.8 Results of adhesive—failure by disbonding any nondestructive evaluation tests.
14.1.9 Method of preparing the test specimen, including specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geometry, samplivng
method, and specimen cutting method.
14.1.10 Calibration dates and methods for all measurements and test equipment.
14.1.11 Details of loading blocks and apparatus, including dimensions and material used.
14.1.12 Type of test machine, alignment results, and data acquisition sampling rate and equipment type.
14.1.13 Measured length and width (or diameter) and thickness for each specimen (prior to and afther conditioning, if
appreopriate).
14.1.14 Weight of specimen.
14.1.15 Method of bonding specimens to blocks; adhesive, cure cycle, and pressure.
14.1.16 Conditioning parameters and results.
14.1.17 Relative humidity and temperature of the facing or block. No adhesive on the core or on the facing or block.
facing failure—tensile failure testing laboratory.
14.1.18 Environment of the facing. Usually by delamination test machine environmental chamber (if used) and soak time at
environment.
14.1.19 Number of specoimens tested.
14.1.20 Speed of testing.
14.1.21 Individual ultimate p flatwise tensile strengths and average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in
percent) for the population.
14.1.22 Force versus crosshead displacement data for each specimen so evaluated.
14.1.23 Failure mode, location of a fiber-reinforced composite facing.

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 C 297/C 297M – 04
10. failure, percentage of failure area of core, adhesive (cohesive or adhesive failure), or facing for each specimen.
15. Precision and Bias
105.1 Precision—The precision of the procedure in Test Method C 297 data required for measuring sandwich construction
flatwise tensile strengths will be determined in the development ofu a precision stuatement is not available for this method.
105.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material suitable—Bias cannot be determined for determining the bias for the
procedure in this test method, bias has not been determined.
11. method as no acceptable reference standards exist.
16. Keywords
116.1 core; facing; flatwise tension; sandwich; sandwich construction; tensile strength

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