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WEEK-9-12 MDL 4Q NTS112-Physics

Information Insurance and Security (Asian Institute of Computer Studies)

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REMINDER:
Read and examine carefully the rubrics for your project (final output) on
pages 86 - 88 so that you can prepare or do it in advance. Furthermore, kindly
review modules 1 – 7 for your 3rd quarterly examination. Keep posted to get
updates and schedule(s) for the said exam and project submission.

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FOURTH QUARTER Essential Concepts and Fundamental Overview

MODULE Measurements in Physics
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
Physics is the science of matter and its motion—the science that deals
• Differentiate fundamental and derived quantities with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.
• Convert units from one system to another
• Differentiate accuracy from precision
INCLUSIVE DATE:
• Differentiate random errors from systematic errors and
• Convert absolute uncertainty to relative uncertainty and vice versa.

KEY QUESTIONS:
• Why do we have to measure?
• Can a measurement be both precise and accurate?
• What role does Physics play in improving our lives?

Fig 2. Branches of Physics

Table 1 BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

CLASSICAL PHYSICS
MECHANICS It deals with motion, force, work, energy and fluids
Fig 1. Fathers of Physics (from left to right): A. Einstein for Theory of Relativity, G. Galileo for HEAT AND It deals with the effects of heat when added or
Observational Astronomy, and I. Newton for the Laws of Motion THERMODYNAMICS removed from a system, the methods of heat

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transfer, and the transformation of heat energy to b. DERIVED QUANTITY

mechanical energy or work and vice-versa. - all those units which are obtained by multiplying and/or dividing one
OPTICS It deals with the study of light and its properties. or more fundamental units with or without introducing any other
It deals with phenomena associated with electrical numerical factor.
ELECTRICITY AND charges (whether static or moving), magnetism, and
MAGNETISM the relationship with between electricity and
magnetism
WAVE MOTION It deals with properties, transmission, and
AND SOUND perception of different types of waves.

MODERN PHYSICS
It tells how matter curves space-time and how the
GENERAL
curvature of space-time dictates the trajectory of
RELATIVITY
matter and light.
It deals with phenomena associated when an object
SPECIAL RELATIVITY moves with speeds approaching the speed of light in
vacuum
It deals with the properties of and the reactions
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
within the atomic nucleus.
QUANTUM It deals with the nature and behavior of matter and
MECHANICS energy on the atomic and subatomic levels.
It deals with the building blocks of matter called
PARTICLE PHYSICS
elementary particles

Measurement is the size or magnitude of something, or a

Fig 3. Physical Quantities: Fundamental and Derived
comparison of an unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.
Two systems are: the METRIC (or the mks and cgs system) and the ENGLISH (or
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
the fps system).

Physical quantities may either be fundamental or derived. When taking scientific measurements, it is important to be both accurate
and precise. Accuracy represents how close a measurement comes to its true value.
a. FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITY
- are all those units which are independent of any other unit (including This is important because bad equipment, poor data processing or human error can
themselves) lead to inaccurate results that are not very close to the truth. Precision is how close a
series of measurements of the same thing are to each other. Accuracy is achieved if
rules of significant figures are followed.

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As the number of significant figures increases, the more certain the WAYS ESTIMATING ERRORS IN MEASUREMENTS
measurement. As precision of a measurement increases, so does the number of

percent error = X – XT
significant figures. ... Notice that the number of significant digits increase as the
measured value gets more precise and the range of uncertainty gets smaller.
X 100%
it is used to judge accuracy in

XT
measurement

whereas:
X – measured or experimental value
XT – accepted or true value

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

Robert conducted an experiment in which he investigated how much

water a paper towel could absorb. Initially, Robert found that one paper towel
can absorb 12.8g of water. Later he found that his scale was not calibrated, so he
had to repeat the experiment. After repeating the experiment with a new scale,
Fig 4. Accuracy versus Precision Robert found that one paper towel can actually absorb 32.9g of water. What is
the approximate percent error between the findings of the first and second
experiments?

RANDOM VERSUS SYTEMATIC ERRORS

1. RANDOM ERROR causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It
comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment. These errors may
be reduced by increasing the number of trials of a measurement and
averaging out the results.

2. SYSTEMATIC ERROR always affects measurements the same amount or by

the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each
time. It is predictable.

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percent difference = X1 – X2
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:

A reaction between one mole of sodium and one mole of chloride should yield X 100%
42 grams of sodium chloride. In your experiment, the actual yield is 32.73 grams.
Calculate the percent error of your experiment.
X1 + X2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3: SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

In the following reaction, eight moles of sodium hydroxide are broken down Two trials were performed in an experiment to determine the latent heat of
into four moles of sodium oxide and four moles of water. What is the percent error if vaporization (Lv) of water at 100C. The values of Lv of water obtained were 532
your experiment yields 195 grams of sodium oxide? cal/g and 536 cal/g. Find the percent difference between the two values.
2NaOH→Na2O+H2O
GIVEN: Lv1 = 532 cal/g Lv2 = 536 cal/g

% difference = |532cal/g – 536 cal/g|

532cal/g – 536 cal/g X 100% = 75%

variance
The variance of a set of measurements is calculated step-by-step as follows:

1. Take the mean of the set of measurements

2. Take the deviation of each measurement from the mean

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3. Square each deviation

3. STANDARD DEVIATION
4. Get the sum of the squares of each deviation
- Get the squared value of the variance, or use the formula below.
5. Divide the sum of the squares by the number of measurements in the set,

. In symbols, variance
N

IMPORTANT TAKE – AWAYS:

1. A variance of zero means that all measurements are identical.

2. A small variance indicates that the values are close to one another which
= 0.02s ^2
means they are precise – the closer the values are the more precise the
measurement is.
3. The square root of the variance is the standard deviation – a measure of how = 0.14 second OR
diverse or spread out are a set or measurements from their average. A small
SD means that most of the measurements are close to their mean or ≈ 0.1 second
average, the more spread or diverse if otherwise.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE UNCERTAINTIES

During an experiment in physics laboratory class, a group of five students was Uncertainty indicates the range of values within which the measurement is
asked to measure the period of a simple pendulum. Their measurements were as asserted to lie with some level of confidence, usually at 95% level of confidence.
follows: 2.3s, 2.4s, 2.2s, 2.5s and 2.1s. Determine the following:
1. ABSOLUTE UNCERTAINTY
1. MEAN = (2.3s + 2.4s + 2.2s + 2.5s + 2.1s)
= 2.3s For instance, the resistance of a wire is (25.00 ± 0.05) Ω where 0.05Ω is the
5 absolute uncertainty so, the ranges will be from 24.95 – 25.05 Ω.

It is usually based on the least count or the smallest value that can be read
2. VARIANCE: from any measuring device. For instance, the least count of a ruler is either
1mm or 0.125in, depending on which scale is used. Thus, uncertainty should
= (2.3s-2.3s) ^2 + (2.4s-2.4s) ^ + 2.2s-2.2s) ^2 + (2.5s-2.5s) ^2 + (2.1s-2.1s) ^2 be ± the least count.
5
= 0.02s ^2

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SAMPLE PROBLEM: REFERENCES

The Biology book is 5.3±0.1cm thick. Find its:
a. Best estimate of the thickness – 5.3cm
b. Least count of the measuring device – 0.01cm Carr, Kevin. (2021, February 25). Importance of Measurements in Chemistry.
c. The range: 5.2cm – 5.4cm sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/importance-
d. Thickness of the book using relative uncertainty – 5.3cm ± (0.1cm/5.3cm) measurements-chemistry-8589096.html
x 100% = 5.3cm ± 2%
Varsity Tutor. (n. d.). High School Chemistry: Calculating Errors. Retrieved
from https://www.varsitytutors.com/high_school_chemistry-
2. RELATIVE OR PERCENT UNCERTAINTY help/calculating-error
Absolute uncertainty divided by numerical or measured value x 100%
0.05 Ω / 25.00 Ω x 100% = 0.2%
Metric-English Unit Conversion Examples. (n.d..). Retrieved from
Thus, the same resistance may be expressed as 25.00 Ω ± 0.2%. The absolute https://www.chemteam.info/Metric/Metric-English-Conv.html
uncertainty of the measurement shows how large the error is, while the
relative uncertainty shows how large the error is in relation to the true value. Helmenstine, Todd. (2021, February 16). English to Metric Conversions - Unit
Cancelling Method. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/english-to-
metric-conversions-unit-cancelling-method-604150

Silverio, A.A., Ramos, J.D., A. (2017). Exploring Life through Science Series:
Senior High School General Physics. Are You Sure? pp 1-28. Quezon City,
Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

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6. 100 yards to meter

Important
RemInderS For 7 – 9 items, follow the rules of scientific notation operation in expressing
your final answer.
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a 7. Manila, the most populous city, has approximately 4.12x10^7 people
separate paper. living in it. The population of the entire National Capital Region (NCR) is
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation approximately 3.1X10^8 people. About how many times greater is the
(s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to population of NCR than the population of Manila?
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format: 8. A box contains 5.125X10^4 thumb tucks. The mass of each thumb tuck is
(SECTION___LASTNAME___FIRSTNAME___ACTIVITYNAME (for example: 8.1X10^-6 kilograms. What is the combined mass of the thumb tucks in
IC1MA___BINABAN___PRINCESS___SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a the box?
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet. 9. A microscope is set so it makes an object appear 4.3X10^3 times larger
than its usual size. A virus has a diameter of 2.7X10^-8 meter. How large
Name: _______________________________________________________
will the diameter of the virus appear when it is viewed under the
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________
microscope?
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________
10. 1.2 yottameter to yoctometer

RATING: B. PERCENT ERROR (5 points each)

1. After conducting an experiment that involved the reaction of solutions of
Na2SO4 and Ba (NO3)2, 8.8 grams of BaSO4 was yielded. What is the
percent error if the theoretical yield of BaSO4 for this experiment is 12.8

MODULE 7: Assessment
grams?
2. A student measures that a piece of string is 1.6 cm, but the actual length
PART 1: PROBLEM SOLVING of the string is 2.13 cm. What is the student's percent error?
Solve the following word problems as indicated. 3. Referring to sample problem 1 for percent difference above, find the
A. UNIT CONVERSION (2 points each) percent error for each measurement if the accepted value of Lv of water
- Refer to the previous lessons in the 3rd quarter. at 100°C is 570 cal/g?

1. 4.04 x 105 feet to centimeters C. VARIANCE (5 points each)

2. 1 x 105 meter to inches In an experiment, 10 trials were done to determine the range of a projectile.
3. 1,000 yards to nanometer The measurements for the range of the projectile in meters are as follows:
4. 0.02515 ft3 to cm3 134.8, 133.9, 135.1, 134.7, 135.3, 134.9, 135.2, 134.8, 135.5, and 135.4. Find
5. 3.2 feet in 8 hours to centimeter per second the following:
1. Mean

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2. Variance
3. Standard Deviation 4. The conversion factor to change kilograms to pounds is
4. Measured Range of the projectile a. 1 kg/2.20 lb c. 2.20 lb/1 kg
b. 1 lb/454 kg d. 454 kg/1 lb
D. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE UNCERTAINTIES (5 points each)
Determine the absolute and relative uncertainties of the following except for 5. Convert 3.25 mi to kilometers. 1 mile = 1.609km
problems 4 and 5. a. 2.02 km c. 4.95 km
1. The speed of an ant was measured to be v= (3.015 ± 0.02) cm/s. b. 5.23 km d. 1.91 km
2. The mass of an object is found to be (24.5 ± 0.1) grams.
3. The density of an object was found to be 2.7 g/cm^3 ± 1.2%. 6. 65.0ºC is equivalent to
4. The measurement of the volume of an object is 1.33 m^3 ± 2.3%. a. -85.0ºF c. 85.0ºF
5. During an experiment in a physics laboratory class, a group of 7 students b. 120.ºF d. 149ºF
was asked to measure the height of a beaker. Their measurements are as
follows: 5.25cm, 5.27cm, 5.26cm, 5.24cm, 5.23cm, 5.36cm, and 5.21cm. 7. The SI Unit standard for mass is the:
Determine the height of the beaker. a. Pound (lb) c. Gram (g)
6. The length and width of a rectangle are L = (6.5 ± 0.1) m and W = 3.41 ± b. Slug (sl) d. Kilogram (kg)
0.3) m, respectively. Find the perimeter and area of the rectangle. Refer
to the formulae below. 8. What would happen if Earth’s gravitational pull suddenly stopped?
P = 2L + 2W a. Nothing
A=LxW b. The Moon would fly out of Earth orbit
c. The Moon would fall into the Earth.
PART 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST (15 PTS) d. The Moon would fall into the sun
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer (1 point each)
9. One Newton is equivalent to _________________________.
1. The base unit for the length in metric system is a. One kilogram meter
a. centimeter c. meter b. One kilogram per meter second
b. inch d. yard c. One kilogram per meter second squared
d. One meter per second squared
2. In metric system the prefix nano- means
a. 10^-9 c. 10^9 10. Who is/are the Father/s of Physics?
b. 10^12 d. 10^-12 a. Sir Isaac Newton c. Galileo Galilei
b. Albert Einstein d. All of the above
3. Which of the following is an exact number?
a. 10.25 g c. 4.000 kg
b. 7 chairs d. 60 seconds

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11. Which is a derived quantity?

a. Electric current c. Temperature
b. Voltage d. Time

12. Uncontrolled changes in air pressure while determining the boiling point of
a liquid give rise to _______________.
a. Personal error c. systematic error
b. Random error d. relative error

13. A density of 5400 kg/m^3 is equal to _____________ g/cm^3.

a. 5.4 c. 540
b. 54 d. 5400

14. The only fundamental quantity that is defined on a humanmade object is

_________________.
a. Length c. Temperature
b. Mass d. Time

15. Which statement is not true?

a. Precise measurements are accurate.
b. Accurate measurements are precise.
c. Precise measurements can be inaccurate.
d. Inaccurate measurements cannot be precise.

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A force is a vector quantity. A

FOURTH QUARTER

MODULE Kinematics vector quantity is a quantity that has both

magnitude and direction. To fully describe
the force acting upon an object, you must
of Translations describe both the magnitude (size or
numerical value) and the direction. Thus,
At the end of this module, you are expected to: 10 Newton is not a full description of the
• Define force
force acting upon an object. In contrast,
• Solve the problems involving distance and displacement, speed and
INCLUSIVE DATE: velocity 10 Newton, downward is a complete
description of the force acting upon an
object; both the magnitude (10 Newton)
and the direction (downward) are given.
KEY QUESTIONS:
• Why do we have to measure? For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be
• Can a measurement be both precise and accurate? placed into two broad categories
• What role does Physics play in improving our lives?
Table 1: TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF FORCE

Contact forces are those types of forces

Overview that result when the two interacting objects
are perceived to be physically contacting
each other. Examples of contact forces
A force is a push or pull that acts upon an object as a result of that include
objects interactions with its surroundings. Whenever there is an interaction CONTACT FORCES • Frictional forces
between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the • Tensional forces
interaction ceases, the two objects no longer experience the force. Forces only • Normal forces
exist as a result of an interaction. • Air resistance forces
• Applied forces
Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit
known as the Newton. A Newton is abbreviated by an "N." To say "10.0 N" means Action-at-a-distance forces are those types
10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg of forces that result even when the two
mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be ACTION-AT-A-DISTANCE
interacting objects are not in physical
stated: FORCES
contact with each other, yet are able to
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s2 exert a push or pull despite their physical

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separation. Examples of action-at-a- KINEMATICS OF TRANSLATION

distance forces include
• gravitational forces. A. DISTANCE VERSUS DISPLACEMENT
• Electrical forces - Distance is how far away something has travelled from another object,
• Magnetic forces while displacement is how far something is from the other object.
Displacement is a vector quantity; distance is a scalar quantity.

Motion, on the other hand, is the action of changing location or position.

Position in refers to the location of an object with respect to a frame of reference.
A frame of reference is a set of coordinates that can be used to determine positions
and velocities of objects in that frame; different frames of reference move relative
to one another. In simpler definition, it is a perspective that one uses to determine
if an object is moving which consists of an object or environment that is considered
to be stationary. Take these examples: Fig 1. Comparison between distance and displacement
1. When you see a ball roll down a street, you can tell the ball is moving
because the frame of reference is the streets, whatever may be on the side SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
of the roads, or the Earth. All of these are frames of reference. All
Starting from San Jose Church, a procession has to take the following routes: 50m,
measurements of motion will be compared to a frame of reference.
North, 40m East, and 60m North. To go back, it has to follow the same routes but
2. For the children on the bus, if they use other children riding the bus as their
in opposite direction.
frame of reference, they do not appear to be moving.
a. What is the total distance covered?
ANSWER: 50m + 40m + 60m + 60m + 40m + 50m = 300m
The study of motion can be divided into:
b. What is the total displacement?
1. Kinematics – it describes the motion in terms of displacement, velocity
ANSWER: The displacement is zero because the procession when back to
and acceleration.
where it started.
2. Dynamics – it relates forces force and motion

Translation is the term used in Physics for motion in a straight line

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
that is commonly described by three quantities: displacement, velocity and
acceleration. A car travels along a straight road 100 m east then 50 m west. Find distance and
displacement of the car.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 5:
Car’s speedometer reads 10,500 km at the start of a trip and 10,700 km at the end.
Determine distance and displacement.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
A person walks 4 meters east, then walks 3 meters north. Determine distance and
displacement. In this problem, use the Pythagorean theorem formula: a2 + b2 = c2.
B. SPEED AND VELOCITY

Speed is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path, while
velocity is the rate and direction of an object's movement.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 4:
A runner travels around rectangle track with length = 50 meters and width = 20
meters. After travels around rectangle track two times, runner back to starting
point. Determine distance and displacement.

Fig 2. Comparison between Speed and Velocity

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There are two types of speed:

FORMULA FOR SPEED AND VELOCITY 1. Instantaneous Speed – (v) of a body is its speed at particular time with
∆t being extremely small. The speed indicated by a speedometer is
instantaneous speed.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
A particle experiences the displacement given by the function x(t) = 10 t2 – 5t + 1.
Compute its instantaneous speed at time t = 3s.
GIVEN:
The function is given by x(t) = 10 t2 – 5t + 1 and t = 3s

Fig 3. Formulae for Speed and Linear Velocity

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
When an object is dropped and acted on by gravity, its position changes according
to the function x(t) = 4.9t2, and x(t) is in units of meters. What is the
instantaneous speed at t = 10.0 sec using Instantaneous Speed Formula?

2. Average Speed - is the total distance travelled by a body per unit of

time of travel. In symbols

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3: SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

A car stops at a traffic light, and then begins moving along a straight road. The car’s John drove for 3 hours at a rate of 50 miles per hour and for 2 hours at 60 miles
distance from the light is given by the function x(t) = 6t2. What will be the per hour. What was his average speed for the whole journey?
instantaneous speed at t = 5.00 s?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
What is the average speed of a lizard that runs 100 meters in 40 seconds and then
runs an additional 50 meters in 20 seconds?

STEP 1: Determine the total distance

100 m + 50 m = 150 m

STEP 2: Determine the total time

40 seconds + 20 seconds = 60 seconds

STEP 3: Calculate the average speed

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
What is the average speed of a helicopter that flies 50 km in 20 minutes and then
30 km in 10 minutes?
STEP 1: Determine the total distance
50 km + 30 km = 80 km
STEP 2: Determine the total time

There are two types of velocity:

1. Instantaneous Velocity – it is the velocity of a body at an instant time.
Instantaneous velocity describes how fast an object is moving at different
instants of time in a given time interval. It is also defined as average
STEP 3: Calculate the average speed velocity for an infinitely small-time interval. It is defined by the equation

v = (ds)/(dt), or, in other words, the derivative of the object's average

velocity equation

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1: 2. Average Velocity – it is the total displacement per unit of time.
Find the instantaneous velocity at t = 4 given the displacement equation s = 5t3 - =
3t2 + 2t + 9.

SOLUTION:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
Find the instantaneous velocity at t = 5 given the displacement equation s = -1.5t2 +
10t + 4

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:

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C. ACCELERATION SAMPLE PROBLEM 2:

- It refers to the change in the rate of velocity with respect to time. An
For 10s, the velocity of a car which travels with a constant acceleration, changes
object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity. Velocity can change in
from 10m/s to 30m/s. Determine its acceleration.
three ways:
a. Change in speed (may either be increasing or decreasing)
b. Change in direction, and
c. Change in both speed and direction

SAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
A car moves from rest to a speed of 72km/h in 4s. Find the acceleration of the car?

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
A car moving with 15m/s uniformly slows its velocity. It comes to a complete stop
in 10s. What is its acceleration?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4: REFERENCES

A race car accelerates from an initial velocity of 10m/s to a final velocity 30m/s in a
time interval 2s. Determine its average acceleration? The Meaning of Force. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/newtlaws/Lesson-2/The-Meaning-
of-Force

Distance and Displacement – Problems and Solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://physics.gurumuda.net/distance-and-displacement-problems-and-
solutions.htm

Average Speed. (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/average-speed

Instantaneous Speed Formula. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://byjus.com/instantaneous-speed-formula/

Instantaneous Speed Formula. (n.d.). Retrieved from

SAMPLE PROBLEM 5: https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics-formulas/instantaneous-speed-
formula/
A motorcycle starts its trip along a straight line with a velocity of 10m/s and ends
with 20m/s in the opposite direction in a time interval of 2s. What is the average How to Calculate Instantaneous Velocity. (2020, May 10). Retrieved from
acceleration of the car? https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Instantaneous-Velocity

Average Speed and Average Velocity. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.vedantu.com/physics/average-speed-and-average-velocity

60+ Solved Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration Problems for High School.
(2015). Retrieved from https://physexams.com/lesson/speed-velocity-
acceleration-problems_17

Displacement and Distance: Solutions to Problems. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.problemsphysics.com/mechanics/motion/disp_dist_solutions.ht
ml#Solution_to_Problem_1

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2. Assuming that AICS is located 2 km away from your home. In the

Important morning you are going to school and in the evening, you come back
RemInderS home. In this entire trip what is the distance travelled and the
displacement covered?
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a 3. An object moves along a right triangle from point A to B to C shown
separate paper. in the figure below. (Consider the sides as 3m and 4m)
(a) Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement vector?
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation
(b) How much distance traveled by this moving object?
(s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to
(c) Suppose the object returns to the point A, its initial position.
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format:
(SECTION___LASTNAME___FIRSTNAME___ACTIVITYNAME (for example:
Now, Find the displacement and distance?
IC1MA___BINABAN___PRINCESS___SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet.
Name: _______________________________________________________
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________

RATING:

MODULE 8: Assessment
PART 1: PROBLEM SOLVING
Solve the following word problems as indicated.

A. DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT (5 points each)

1. An object moves from point A to point B to point C, then back to point B
and then to point C along the line shown in the figure below.
a) Find the distance covered by the moving object.
b) Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement of the object.
B. SPEED AND VELOCITY (3 points each)
1. What is the speed of a rocket that travels 800m in 13s?
2. How long will it take if you travel 400,000m with an average speed of
100m/s?

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3. A person walks 100m in 5 minutes, then 200m in 9 minutes and finally 50 4. A snowball is thrown from rest to a speed of 12m/s at your unsuspecting
in 4 minutes. Find its average speed? friend. If the acceleration of the snowball is 24m/s^2, how long does it
take the snowball to accelerate?
4. A person walks 750m due north, then 250m due east. If the entire walk
takes 13 minutes, find the person's average velocity? PART 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST (15 PTS)
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer (1 point each)
5. An object moves along a straight line. First it travels at a velocity of
12m/s for 6s and then continues at the same direction with 20m/s for 3s. 1. A drone moves at a constant speed of 6 m/s. This means that the object:
What is its average speed? a. Increases its speed by 6 m/s every second
b. Decreases its speed by 6 m/s every second
6. For 10s, the velocity of a car which travels with a constant acceleration, c. Doesn’t move
changes from 10m/s to 20m/s. How far does the car travel? d. Has a positive acceleration
e. Moves 6 meters every second
7. A cyclist covers a distance of 15 miles in 2 hours. Calculate his speed.
2. A toy car moves 8 m in 4 s at the constant velocity. What is the car’s
8. A boy walks at a speed of 4 kmph. How much time does he take to walk a velocity?
distance of 20 km? a. . 1 m/s c. 2 m/s
b. . 3 m/s d. 4 m/s
9. A car takes 4 hours to cover a distance, if it travels at a speed of 40 mph.
What should be its speed to cover the same distance in 1.5 hours? 3. An object moves with a constant acceleration of 5 m/s2. Which of the
following statements is true?
10. If a person drives his car in the speed 50 miles per hour, how far can he a. The object’s velocity stays the same
cover in 90 minutes? b. The object moves 5 m each second
c. The object’s acceleration increases by 5 m/s2 each second
C. ACCELERATION (5 points each) d. The object’s acceleration decreases by 5 m/s2 each second
1. A roller coaster car rapidly picks up speed as it rolls down a slope. As it e. The object’s velocity increases by 5 m/s each second
starts down the slope, its speed is 4 m/s. But 3 seconds later, at the
bottom of the slope, its speed is 22 m/s. What is its average 4. To calculate the speed and velocity take:
acceleration? a. Distance divided by time
2. A car advertisement states that a certain car can accelerate from rest to b. Momentum x time
70 km/h in 7seconds. Find the car’s average acceleration. c. Distance x time
d. Momentum divided by time
3. A downhill skier reaches the steepest part of the trail. Her speed
increases from 9m/s to 18m/s in 3 seconds. What is her average
5. The main difference between speed and velocity is that velocity includes
acceleration?
this:

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a. Units c. magnitude c. Turning a corner

b. Direction d. there is no difference d. Increasing its velocity

6. Total distance divided by total time equals: 13. What is speed?

a. Instantaneous speed c. average speed a. How much distance is covered over a period of time.
b. Momentum d. velocity b. The quickness of an object
c. The location of an object
7. This is how fast you would be going if you traveled 100 miles in 1/2 an d. The change in location by an object
hour:
a. 50 mi/h c. 200mi/h 14. An object is _____ if its position changes relative to another object.
b. 5h/mi d. 35 kph a. in motion c. at reset
b. a frame of refence d. magical
8. To tell if something is moving it must be compared to this type of point:
a. Vector c. magnitude 15. A place or object used for comparison to determine if another object is in
b. Reference d. axis motion is called a
a. Frame of reference
9. 5 m/s/s could also be written as: b. Motion detector
a. 5 meters per minute c. 5 meters c. Reference point
b. 5 meters per second d. 5 meters per second squared d. Both A and C

10. An object that is slowing down:

a. Is decelerating
b. Has negative acceleration
c. Is decreasing its speed
d. All of these

11. An object can be accelerating even if its speed is constant if it:

a. Comes to a stop
b. Changes direction
c. Moves in a straight line
d. It’s not possible

12. An object that is NOT accelerating could be sitting still or doing this:
a. Moving slowly
b. Moving at a constant speed

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FOURTH QUARTER Overview

MODULE Free Fall and
Projectile Motion Figure 1 shows the five (5) kinematics equations that relate
At the end of this module, you are expected to: displacement, velocity and acceleration. The simplest type of motion is uniform
• Differentiate the types of motion motion. Uniform motion means that an object travels equal distance in equal
INCLUSIVE DATE: • Solve problems involving one-dimensional and multi-dimensional time intervals. Motion can be uniform, accelerated or a combination of both.
analysis using the five (5) kinematic equations.

KEY QUESTIONS: FREE FALL

• How do I describe my day-to-day motion?
• How do the principles in kinematics influence innovations in
transportation? A free-falling object is an object that is falling under the sole influence
of gravity. Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is
said to be in a state of free fall. There are two important motion characteristics
that are true of free-falling objects:
• Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance.
• All free-falling objects (on Earth) accelerate downwards at a rate of
9.8 m/s/s or 9.8 m/s^2.

In the absence of air resistance, all bodies at the same location above
the Earth’s surface fall vertically with the same acceleration regardless of their
size and mass. It was proven by David Scott in 1971 when he dropped a feather
and a hammer from the same height on the surface of the moon, where air
resistance is negligible, or almost absent. The acceleration of a free-falling body
is called acceleration due to gravity (g) and is equal to 9.8 m/s^2 at Earth’s
surface. This acceleration is downward and directed toward the center of the
Earth.

Fig 1. The Five (5) Kinematic Equations

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DERIVING THE KINEMATIC EQUATIONS

Fig 2. Derivations of the Kinematic Equations

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PROBLEM 1:
Meg and her lab partner are completing a free fall lab in physics. Her partner drops the ball in front of the motion sensor to measure its speed. Assuming acceleration
is constant and air resistance is negligible, how far does the object fall if it reaches a speed of 10 m/s?

SOLUTION:

PROBLEM 2:
Shaira and her partner disagree about whether or not she can make a picket fence drop to the ground in exactly 1.0 s. Her partner thinks the fence is too light to drop
that quickly, but she’s convinced it’s possible. Assuming acceleration is constant and air resistance is negligible, from how high does she have to drop the picket fence
for the smart gate to measure its ground impact at exactly 1.0 s?

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SOLUTION:

PROBLEM 3:
Ms. Leah Cathrina Andes is approaching a stoplight moving with a velocity of +30.0 m/s. The light turns yellow, and Ima applies the brakes and skids to a stop. If Ima's
acceleration is -8.00 m/s2, then determine the displacement of the car during the skidding process. (Note that the direction of the velocity and the acceleration vectors
are denoted by a + and a - sign.)

FORMULA:

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SOLUTION:
Once the equation is identified and written down, the next step of the strategy FORMULA:
involves substituting known values into the equation and using proper algebraic steps
to solve for the unknown information. This step is shown below.

PROBLEM 5:
A cart is at x = 5m and time t = 0. The cart accelerates at 4m/s^2. If The speed of
the cart at t=0 is 3m/s, find the position of the cart at t =2s and also determine
where the cart is when it reaches a speed of 5m/s.

PROBLEM 4:
Chona Mie is waiting at a stoplight. When it finally turns green, Chona accelerated
from rest at a rate of a 6.00 m/s2 for a time of 4.10 seconds. Determine the
displacement of Chona's car during this time period.

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PROJECTILE MOTION PROBLEM 1:

A bullet fired at an angle θ = 60o with a velocity of 20 m/s. Acceleration due to
Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown or projected into the air,
gravity is 10 m/s2. What is the time interval to reach the maximum height?
subject to only the acceleration of gravity. The object is called a projectile, and its
path is called its trajectory. The motion of falling objects, as covered in Problem-
Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics, is a simple one-dimensional type of GIVEN
projectile motion in which there is no horizontal movement. In this section, we Vo = 20m/s
consider two-dimensional projectile motion, such as that of a football or other object Angle(θ) = 60°
for which air resistance is negligible. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s^2
Time interval (t) =?

SOLUTION
The initial velocity at the horizontal direction (x axis)
vox = vo cos 60o = (20) (0.5) = 10 m/s

The initial velocity at the vertical direction (y axis)

voy = vo sin 60o = (20) (0.5√3) = 10√3 m/s

The final velocity in the vertical direction = the final velocity at the highest point
vty = 0 m/s

The initial velocity at the horizontal direction voy = 10√3 m/s

FORMULA:
time interval to reach the maximum height vty = voy + g t

Fig 3. Projectile Motion OR 1.73s

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PROBLEM 2: SOLUTION:
The horizontal component of the initial velocity
An aircraft is moving horizontally with a speed of 50 m/s. At the height of 2 km,
vox = vo cos θ = (25 m/s) (cos 45o) = (25 m/s) (0.5√2) = 12.5√2 m/s
an object is dropped from the aircraft. Acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s2,
what is the time interval before the object hits the ground.
The vertical component of the initial velocity
voy = vo sin θ = (25 m/s) (sin 45o) = (25 m/s) (0.5√2) = 12.5√2 m/s
GIVEN:
Height (h) = 2km = 2000m TIME IN THE AIR (T)
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s^2
The time in air calculated with the equation of the upward vertical motion. Choose
Time interval (t) =?
upward direction as positive and downward direction as negative.
SOLUTION:
GIVEN:
The initial velocity (vo) = 12.5√2 m/s (upward direction, positive)
(g) = -10 m/s2 (downward direction, negative)
Height (h) = 0
Time Interval (t) =?

PROBLEM 3:
A kicked football leaves the ground at an angle θ = 45o with the horizontal has
an initial speed of 25 m/s. Determine the distance of X. Acceleration due to
gravity is 10 m/s^2

GIVEN:
Initial speed (Vo) = 25 m/s
OR 3.54s
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 10 m/s2
Angle (θ) = 45°
Distance (x) =?

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HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) MAXIMUM HEIGHT

PROBLEM 4:
An object projected upward at an angle θ = 30° with the horizontal has an initial
speed of 20 m/s. Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. Determine the
maximum height. PROBLEM 5:
A football is kicked with an initial velocity of 25 m/s at an angle of 45-degrees
GIVEN: with the horizontal. Determine:
The initial velocity (vo) = 20 m/s
a) the time of flight
(g) = 10 m/s2
Angle (θ) = 30° b) the horizontal displacement, and
Maximum Height =?
c) the peak height of the football.
SOLUTION:
vertical component of the initial velocity (voy) GIVEN:
voy = vo sin 30o = (20) (sin 30°) = (20) (0.5) = 10 m/s Horizontal Component Vertical Component
vix = vi • cosθ viy = vi • sinθ
MAXIMUM HEIGHT
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = -10 m/s2 (downward direction, negative) vix = 25 m/s • cos (45°) viy = 25 m/s • sin (45°)
Vertical component of the initial velocity (voy) = 10 m/s (upward direction, positive)
Velocity at the maximum height (vty) = 0 vix = 17.7 m/s viy = 17.7 m/s

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Horizontal Information Vertical Information

x =? y =? c) THE PEAK HEIGHT OF THE FOOTBALL
vix = 17.7 m/s viy = 17.7 m/s
y = viy•t +0.5•ay•t2
vfx = 17.7 m/s vfy = -17.7 m/s y = (17.7 m/s) • (1.80 s) + 0.5*(-10 m/s/s) • (1.80 s)2
y = 31.9 m + (-15.9 m)
y = 15.9 m
ax = 0 m/s/s ay = -9.8 m/s/s

SOLUTION:
a) THE TIME OF FLIGHT
vfy = viy + ay*t
-17.7 m/s = 17.7 m/s + (-9.8 m/s/s) • t
-35.4 m/s = (-9.8 m/s/s) • t
3.61 s = t
The total time of flight of the football is 3.61s

b) THE HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT

x = vix•t + 0.5•ax•t2
x = (17.7 m/s) • (3.6077 s) + 0.5 • (0 m/s/s) • (3.6077 s)2
x = (17.7 m/s) • (3.6077 s)
x = 63.8 m
The horizontal displacement of the projectile is 63.8 m.

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REFERENCES

Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions. (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.pasco.com/products/guides/kinematic-equations

Introduction to Free Fall. (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-5/Introduction

Kinematic Equations and Problem-Solving. (2021). Retrieved from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-6/Kinematic-
Equations-and-Problem-Solving

Practice Problems: Kinematics Solutions. (2020). Retrieved from

https://www.physics-prep.com/index.php/14-introductory-units/129-practice-
problems-kinematics-solutions

Projectile motion – problems and solutions. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://physics.gurumuda.net/projectile-motion-problems-and-solutions.htm

Non-Horizontally Launched Projectile Problems. (2020). Retrieved from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/Non-Horizontally-
Launched-Projectiles-Problem-Solv

Silverio, A.A., Ramos, J.D., A. (2017). Exploring Life through Science Series:
Senior High School General Physics. Are You Sure? pp 159 - 169. Quezon City,
Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

Silverio, A.A., Ramos, J.D., A. (2017). Exploring Life through Science Series:
Senior High School General Physics. Wherever You Are, Wherever You Go. pp
65 - 72. Quezon City, Phoenix Publishing House Inc.

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possible. Assuming acceleration is constant and air resistance is

Important negligible, from how high does she have to drop the picket fence for
RemInderS the smart gate to measure its ground impact at exactly 1.0 s?
(3 points)
• Tear this activity sheet and submit on the scheduled date along with the
other activity (ies) the instructor may have asked the students to do on a 3. Mrs. Mariann Alvarez is approaching a stoplight moving with a
separate paper. velocity of +25.0 m/s. The light turns yellow, and Ima applies the
• If you are sending something you’ve done online such as MS presentation brakes and skids to a stop. If Ima's acceleration is -8.00 m/s2, then
(s), pictures, pdfs and alike as an attachment, then you may send them to determine the displacement of the car during the skidding process.
my email at germanvertudez1211gmail.com following this format: (Note that the direction of the velocity and the acceleration vectors
(SECTION___LASTNAME___FIRSTNAME___ACTIVITYNAME (for example: are denoted by a + and a - sign.) (3 points)
IC1MA___BINABAN___PRINCESS___SCAVENGERS HUNT), or send a
digital copy from your flash drive together with this activity sheet. 4. Riza is waiting at a stoplight. When it finally turns green, Riza
accelerated from rest at a rate of a 4.75.00 m/s2 for a time of 4.30
Name: _______________________________________________________
seconds. Determine the displacement of Riza's car during this time
Grade Level & Section: __________________________________________
period. (3 points)
Date Submitted: (to be filled in by the subject instructor): _______________
5. A cart is at x = 5.25m and time t = 0. The cart accelerates at
RATING: 4.15m/s^2. If The speed of the cart at t=0 is 3m/s, find the position
of the cart at t =2s and also determine where the cart is when it
MODULE 9: Assessment reaches a speed of 5m/s. (3 points)
6. A stone is thrown vertically up with an initial velocity of 4.9m/s from
PART 1: PROBLEM SOLVING
the top of the building that is 64m high. On its way down, it misses
Solve the following word problems as indicated.
the top of the building and goes straight to the ground. Find:
(9 points)
A. FREE FALL (33 POINTS) + 2
a. Its maximum height relative to the ground
1. Jo Ann and her lab partner are completing a free fall lab in physics.
b. Its time of flight or the total time it is in air, and
Her partner drops the ball in front of the motion sensor to measure
c. Its velocity just before it reaches the ground.
its speed. Assuming acceleration is constant and air resistance is
negligible, how far does the object fall if it reaches a speed of 9.8 7. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 7.1 m/s. Find:
m/s? (3 points) (9 points)
2. Anneth and her partner disagree about whether or not she can make a. Maximum height reached the ball
a picket fence drop to the ground in exactly 3.0 s. Her partner thinks b. Its time of flight
the fence is too light to drop that quickly, but she’s convinced it’s c. Velocity the ball would return to its starting point

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B. PROJECTILE MOTION (33 POINTS) + 2 c. Both A & B

1. A bullet fired at an angle θ = 60degress with a velocity of 30 m/s. d. None of the above
Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2. What is the time interval to
reach the maximum height? (3 points) 2. The .......... of motion changes during the motion of a projectile.
a. direction
2. An aircraft is moving horizontally with a speed of 60 m/s. At the b. velocity
height of 2 km, an object is dropped from the aircraft. Acceleration c. direction of velocity
due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2, what is the time interval before the object d. All the above
hits the ground. (3 points)
3. Identify the correct statement related to the projectile motion.
3. A kicked football leaves the ground at an angle θ = 45degrees with a. It is uniformly accelerated everywhere
the horizontal has an initial speed of 25.5 m/s. Determine the b. It is uniformly accelerated everywhere except at the highest position
distance of X. Acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s^2 (3 points) where it is moving with constant velocity
c. Acceleration is never perpendicular to velocity
4. A ball thrown horizontally from the edge of the top of a building d. None of the above
34.0m high strikes the ground 24.5m from the foot of the building.
Find: (9 points) 4. Which of the following is true regarding projectile motion?
a. Time it takes the ball to reach the ground a. Horizontal velocity of projectile is constant.
b. Initial velocity of the ball b. Vertical velocity of projectile is constant.
c. Velocity just before the ball strikes the ground c. Acceleration is not constant.
d. Momentum is constant
5. A ball is kicked with a velocity of 23.0 m/s at an angle 30° with the
horizontal. Find: (15 points) 5. In a projectile motion the velocity
a. The horizontal and vertical components of its initial velocity a. is always perpendicular to the acceleration.
b. The time it took to reach its maximum height b. is never perpendicular to the acceleration.
c. The time of flight c. is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant only.
d. The maximum height it reached d. is perpendicular to the acceleration for two instants.
e. The range it travelled
6. A projectile is moving at 60 m/s at its highest point, where it breaks into two
equal parts due to an internal explosion. Immediately after explosion, one
PART 2: MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST (15 PTS) part moves vertically up at 50 m/s with respect to the ground, then the other
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer (1 point each) part will move at speed of
1. A horizontal projectile has a. 110 m/s
a. constant speed in horizontal direction. b. 120 m/s
b. constant acceleration in vertical direction. c. 130 m/s

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d. 1061 m/s c. experience forces of the same magnitude

d. undergo a change in their inertia
7. The trajectory of a projectile is a
a. Parabola 13. A ball is dropped from the top of a building. Taking air resistance into
b. Circle account, which best describes the speed of the ball while it is moving
c. Straight line downward?
d. Ellipse a. It will increase until it reaches the speed of light
b. It will increase at a steady rate
8. The path followed by a projectile is called its c. It will remain constant
a. trajectory d. It will decrease
b. range e. It will increase till a particular time and then it will remain constant
c. amplitude
d. none of these 14. Assertion: A stone and a feather dropped from the same height do not reach
the ground at the same time.
9. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a and Reason: Acceleration due to gravity is dependent on the mass of the object.
speed u. The acceleration and speed of the stone just after the release is a. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
a. a upwards, zero explanation of assertion.
b. (g - a) upwards, u downwards b. If both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct
c. (g - a) downwards, zero explanation of assertion.
d. g downwards, u upwards c. If assertion is true but reason is false.
d. If both assertion and reason are false.
10. The KE of a freely falling body
a. is directly proportion to height of its fall 15. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity?
b. is inversely proportional to height of its fall a. 9.8 m/s2
c. is directly proportional to square of time of its fall b. 10 m/s2
d. 1 and 3 are true c. Both A and B
11. Motion of a body falling freely under gravity is an example of d. None of these
a. uniform motion
b. non-uniform motion
c. a combination of uniform and non-uniform motion
d. none of these

12. Two objects of different masses falling freely near the surface of moon would
a. have same velocities
b. have different accelerations

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