Pure Mathematics – Matrices and Determinants p.

Matrices and Determinants

Assignment – Suggest Solution
⎛ 1 3⎞
⎜ − ⎟
⎛ cos 60° − sin 60° ⎞ ⎜ 2 ⎟
1. (a) (i) R = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 2
⎝ sin 60° cos 60° ⎠ ⎜ 3 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛1 0⎞
R 6 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝0 1⎠

(ii) ∵ det A = 2 3 ≠ 0

1 ⎛ 3 − 1⎞
∴ A-1 exists and A −1 = ⎜ ⎟
2 3 ⎜⎝ 0 2 ⎟⎠

A −1 RA
⎛ 1 3⎞
⎜ − ⎟ 2
1 ⎛ 3 − 1⎞⎜ 2 ⎟⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎟
⎜
2 3⎝ 0 ⎟
2 ⎠⎜ 3 1 ⎟⎜⎝ 0 3 ⎟⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
1 ⎛ 0 − 2 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟
2 3 ⎝ 3 1 ⎠⎝ 0 3 ⎟⎠
⎛ 0 − 1⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 1 ⎠
in which all the elements are integers.
(b) By (a)(ii), we have

⎛ 0 − 1⎞
6

( −1
A RA = ⎜⎜ )
6
⎟⎟
⎝1 1 ⎠
⎛ 0 − 1⎞
6

⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = A −1 R 6 A = A −1 A = I
⎝ 1 1 ⎠

⎛ 0 − 1⎞
2

Choose M = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ in which all the elements are integers and

⎝1 1 ⎠

⎛ 0 − 1⎞
6

M = ⎜⎜3
⎟⎟ = I .
⎝1 1 ⎠

⎛ 0 − 1⎞ ⎛ − 1 − 1⎞
2

Here, M = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝1 1 ⎠ ⎝1 0 ⎟⎠
Pure Mathematics – Matrices and Determinants p.2

⎛ 3 1⎞
⎜ − ⎟⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ − 1 ⎞
2. (a) (i) y=⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 3 ⎟⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 3 1⎞
⎜ − ⎟ ⎛ cos 30° − sin 30° ⎞
(ii) ⎜ 2 2⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 3 ⎟ ⎜⎝ sin 30° cos 30° ⎟⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
which represents a matrix of rotating anti-clockwise by 30o.

⎛ cos 30° − sin 30° ⎞ ⎛ cos 2005 × 30° − sin 2005 × 30° ⎞
2005

A 2005
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin 30° cos 30° ⎠ ⎝ sin 2005 × 30° cos 2005 × 30° ⎠
⎛ cos167 × 360° + 30° − sin 167 × 360° + 30° ⎞ ⎛ cos 30° − sin 30° ⎞
(iii) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ sin 167 × 360° + 30° cos167 × 360° + 30° ⎠ ⎝ sin 30° cos 30° ⎠
⎛ 3 1⎞
⎜ − ⎟
=⎜ 2 2⎟
⎜ 1 3⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

⎛ cos 30° − sin 30° ⎞ ⎛0⎞ ⎛ − 2 ⎞

m

(b) Suppose ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ sin 30° cos 30° ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ cos m × 30° − sin m × 30° ⎞⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ − 2 ⎞

⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ sin m × 30° cos m × 30° ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎧⎪− 2 sin m × 30° = − 2
⎨
⎪⎩2 cos m × 30° = 2
⇒ m × 30° + 360°k = 45° where k ∈ ℜ
45° − 360°k
m= = 1.5 − 12k which is not an integer
30°
∴ There is a contradiction.
Pure Mathematics – Matrices and Determinants p.3

3. (a) (E) has unique solution

1 a 1 1 a 1
2 − 2a 3b − 2
⇔ 1 2 − a 3b − 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ 0 2 − 2a 3b − 2 ≠ 0 ⇔ ≠0
1− a b −1
2 a +1 b +1 0 − a +1 b −1
2 3b − 2
⇔ (1 − a ) ≠ 0 ⇔ b(a − 1) ≠ 0 ⇔ a ≠ 1 and b ≠ 0
1 b −1

By Crammer’s Rule:

4 a 1 4 a 1 4 a 1
3 2 − a 3b − 1 7 2 3b 3 2 3b
7 a +1 b +1 7 a +1 b +1 7 1 b 1 + 2ab − 4b
x= = = =
b(a − 1) b(a − 1) b(a − 1) b(a − 1)
1 4 1 1 4 1
1 3 3b − 1 1 7 3b
2 7 b +1 2 3 b 2b − 1
y= = =
b(a − 1) b(a − 1) b(a − 1)
1 a 4 1 a 4
1 2−a 3 0 2−a −1
2 a +1 7 0 − a +1 −1 a −1 1
z= = = =
b(a − 1) b(a − 1) b(a − 1) b

(b) (i) For a = 1

⎛1 1 1 4⎞ ⎛1 1 1 4 ⎞ ⎛1 1 1 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(E ) : ⎜ 1 1 3b − 1 3 ⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 0 3b − 2 − 1⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 0 b − 1 − 1⎟
⎜2 2 b +1 7⎟ ⎜0 0 b − 1 − 1⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 0 3b − 2 − 1⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝
⎛1 1 1 4 ⎞ ⎛1 1 1 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
~ ⎜ 0 0 b − 1 − 1⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 0 b 1⎟
⎜0 0 1 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0 0 b − 1 − 1⎟⎠
⎝ b

For b ≠ 0
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎛1 1 1 4 ⎞ ⎜1 1 1 4 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
(E ) : ⎜ 0 0 1 1 ⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 0 1 1 ⎟
⎜⎜ b⎟ ⎜ b ⎟
⎟
⎝ 0 0 b − 1 − 1⎠ ⎜ 0 0 0 1 − 2b ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠
1
For consistency, 1 − 2b = 0 ⇒ b =
2
For b = 0
Pure Mathematics – Matrices and Determinants p.4

⎛1 1 1 4 ⎞ ⎛1 1 1 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
(E ) : ⎜ 0 0 0 1 ⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 0 − 1 − 1⎟ which is inconsistent.
⎜ 0 0 − 1 − 1⎟ ⎜ 0 0 0 1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

1
Hence, for the consistency of (E), b = . In this case,
2

⎛1 1 1 4⎞
⎜ ⎟
(E ) : ⎜ 0 0 1 2 ⎟
⎜0 0 0 0⎟
⎝ ⎠

z = 2 and x + y + 2 = 4 => x + y = 2
Let x = t ∈ ℜ , then y = 2 – t.
Solution set = {(t ,2 − t ,2 ) : t ∈ ℜ}
(ii) Put x = t, y = 2 – t and z = 2 to x2 – 2y2 – z = 14, we have
t2 – 2(2 – t)2 – 2 = 14 => t2 – 8t + 24 = 0.
Discriminant of the above equation = 82 – 4 x 24 < 0.
Hence there is no real solution for (x, y, z).
(c) If b = 0,

⎛1 a 1 4⎞ ⎛1 a 1 4 ⎞ ⎛1 a 1 4⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
( E ) : ⎜ 1 2 − a − 1 3 ⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 2 − 2 a − 2 − 1⎟ ~ ⎜ 0 2 a − 2 2 1 ⎟ ,
⎜ 2 a + 1 1 7 ⎟ ⎜ 0 − a + 1 − 1 − 1⎟ ⎜ 0 0 1 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 0

which is an inconsistent system.

⎛m − m⎞ ⎛1 − 1⎞
4. M = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = m⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝m m ⎠ ⎝1 1 ⎠
⎛1 − 1⎞⎛1 − 1⎞ ⎛ 0 − 2⎞
(a) M 2 = m 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = m 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 1 ⎠⎝1 1 ⎠ ⎝2 0 ⎠
(b) (i) MX = XM

⎛1 − 1⎞⎛ a b ⎞ ⎛ a b ⎞⎛1 − 1⎞
⇒ m⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = m⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 1 ⎠⎝ c d ⎠ ⎝ c d ⎠⎝1 1 ⎠
⎛a − c b − d ⎞ ⎛a + b b − a⎞
⇒ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝a + c b + d ⎠ ⎝c + d d − c⎠
⇒ a − c = a + b and b − d = b − a
⇒ c = −b and d = a

(ii) det X = ad – bc = a2 + b2 > 0, as a, b are non-zero real numbers.

∴ X is non-singular.
Pure Mathematics – Matrices and Determinants p.5

⎛1 0⎞ ⎛ a b ⎞ 6 ⎛ a − b⎞ ⎛1 0⎞
(iii) (1) X − 6 X −1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2 2 ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝0 1⎠ ⎝ − b a⎠ a + b ⎝b a ⎠ ⎝0 1⎠
⎛ 6a 6b ⎞
⎜ a− 2 b+ 2 ⎟
⇒⎜ a +b 2
a + b 2 ⎟ = ⎛⎜ 1 0 ⎞⎟
⎜ − b − 6b 6a ⎟ ⎜⎝ 0 1 ⎟⎠
⎜ a − ⎟
⎝ a2 + b2 a2 + b2 ⎠
⎛ a2 + b2 − 6 ⎞ ⎛ a2 + b2 + 6 ⎞
⇒ a⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ = 1 and b ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ a +b ⎠ ⎝ a +b ⎠
2 2 2 2

⎛ a2 − 6 ⎞
⇒ b = 0 and a⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ = 1
⎝ a ⎠
⇒ b = 0 and a 2 − a − 6 = 0
⇒ b = 0 and (a = 3 or − 2)
⎛ 3 0⎞ ⎛ − 2 0 ⎞
i.e. X = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ or ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0 3⎠ ⎝ 0 − 2⎠
i.e. X = 3I or − 2 I
(2) a > 0 ⇒ a = 3 ⇒ X = 3I
2 2
⎡ ⎛ 1 − 1⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛1 − 1⎞⎤
⇒ ⎢m⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 3kI ⎥ = − ⎢m⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 1 1 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 1 1 ⎠⎦
⎛1 − 1⎞
Clearly, 3kI and m⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ are commutative.
⎝1 1 ⎠

⎛1 − 1⎞ ⎛1 − 1⎞ ⎛1 − 1⎞
2 2

⇒ m ⎜⎜2
⎟⎟ + 9k 2 I − 6km⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = − m 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝1 1 ⎠ ⎝1 1 ⎠ ⎝1 1 ⎠
⎛ 9k 2 − 6km − 2m 2 + 6km ⎞ ⎛ 0 2m 2 ⎞
⇒ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟ =
⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2m − 6km 9k − 6km ⎠ ⎝ − 2m
2 2
0 ⎟⎠
⎧⎪9k 2 − 6km = 0
⇒⎨
⎪⎩− 2m 2 + 6km = 2m 2
⎧3k (3k − 2m ) = 0
⎪
⇒⎨ 2m
⎪⎩k = 3 as m ≠ 0
2m
⇒k=
3
(c) (M – kX)2 = –M2 => (M – kX)4 = M4
⎛ m − m ⎞ 2m ⎛ 3 0 ⎞ ⎛ − m − m ⎞
Take P = M − kX = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ m m ⎠ 3 ⎝ 0 3⎠ ⎝ m − m ⎠
⎛ m m⎞
Clearly, we may take Q = -P, i.e. Q = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ .
⎝− m m⎠