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C

This document covers fundamental concepts of C++ programming including object-oriented principles, data types, operators, and input/output operations. It discusses the core OOP concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also outlines the basic and derived data types in C++ as well as arithmetic, relational, logical, and other common operators. Finally, it provides examples of using operators to perform basic calculations and input/output functions for reading from and writing to files or streams.

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Subham dey
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26 views2 pages

C

This document covers fundamental concepts of C++ programming including object-oriented principles, data types, operators, and input/output operations. It discusses the core OOP concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. It also outlines the basic and derived data types in C++ as well as arithmetic, relational, logical, and other common operators. Finally, it provides examples of using operators to perform basic calculations and input/output functions for reading from and writing to files or streams.

Uploaded by

Subham dey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

**Basic concepts of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming):**


- **Encapsulation:** Bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit called
an object.
- **Inheritance:** Ability to create new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their attributes
and behaviors.
- **Polymorphism:** Ability of objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common
superclass, allowing methods to be invoked on them interchangeably.
- **Abstraction:** Process of hiding the implementation details and showing only the essential
features of an object.
- **Classes and Objects:** Classes define the blueprint for creating objects, which are instances of
classes.
2. **Advantages, disadvantages, and applications of OOP:**
- **Advantages:** Modularity, reusability, extensibility, code organization, easier maintenance,
and better problem-solving approach.
- **Disadvantages:** Complexity, overhead, potential performance issues, and the need for
understanding of concepts.
- **Applications:** Widely used in software development for building large-scale systems,
including web applications, desktop applications, mobile apps, and games.

3. **Data types in C++:**


- **Primitive Data Types:** Integers (int, short, long), Floating-point numbers (float, double),
Characters (char), Boolean (bool).
- **Derived Data Types:** Arrays, Pointers, References.
- **User-defined Data Types:** Classes, Structures, Enumerations, Unions.

4. **Operators in C++:**
- **Arithmetic Operators:** Addition (+), Subtraction (-), Multiplication (*), Division (/), Modulus
(%).
- **Relational Operators:** Equality (==), Inequality (!=), Greater than (>), Less than (<), Greater
than or equal to (>=), Less than or equal to (<=).
- **Logical Operators:** AND (&&), OR (||), NOT (!).
- **Assignment Operators:** Assignment (=), Addition and assignment (+=), Subtraction and
assignment (-=), Multiplication and assignment (*=), Division and assignment (/=).
- **Increment and Decrement Operators:** Increment (++), Decrement (--).
- **Bitwise Operators:** AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), Shift left (<<), Shift right (>>).
5. **IO functions of C++:**
- **Input Functions:** `cin`, `getline()`, `get()`, `read()`.
- **Output Functions:** `cout`, `put()`, `write()`.
- **Formatted Input/Output:** `setw()`, `setprecision()`, `setfill()`, `endl`, `setw()`.
- **File Input/Output:** `ifstream`, `ofstream`, `fstream`.

6. **Input output statements of C++:**


- **Input:** Reading data from the user or files using input streams (`cin`, file input).
- **Output:** Displaying data to the user or writing data to files using output streams (`cout`, file
output).

7. **Sums based on operators:**


- Example 1: Calculate the sum of two numbers using arithmetic operators.
- Example 2: Check if a number is even or odd using modulus operator.
- Example 3: Find the maximum of two numbers using ternary operator.
- Example 4: Swap two numbers using bitwise XOR operator.
- Example 5: Calculate the area of a rectangle using multiplication operator.

These topics cover fundamental concepts of programming in C++, including OOP principles, data
types, operators, and input/output operations. If you need further clarification on any topic or want
to delve deeper into specific examples, feel free to ask!

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