L1.

feniodic foopes hes. Page No.

Date
fentdic table. helps w in Lnderto
Systemahc Stucyy 4 tue vaneLs eleonds
toundn natrer, hlithout LDhich it oruld
hae baen inmpossiblu for us to study all thed.
aleusents By classiying the elemesianto
Vanbus gou and peiode aa Comparativeshudy
Hae eemeuts qne. Haeiy Compounde Can be
done. Tt also help us to qnelyse the penodic
tendin arieus froperies sueh s ionizaths,
fotenhal, electren atinit, electeonega ivity ete,
VaxiUS historical nettaods have beey propsed
Hox classihicatia r Elements Jike
ifoouts hypatheis ii) pobexeinex Tsiad Rule
) Mendeleeu's peiodie Tahle

3S5
Na 23 B
34 Ba 137 127.
34+7 y623 yot13t-g 35-St 129
2 2

t) Tohn Aexandey Neolands n1865 fotodey the

law Detaves. He. amanged tue eleMexbs in
inreasiy oxdeY f taeiY atovic weigt and
oted Haat evert eightte elemeut thad pnperies
similar to the YAt elenment

23242429 31 32 35S Noble gss mis

ölemens k Ca
L4t wt 39 4o 34s/p22beek
7/
 Pa:o

MANELEEV
The Node,laoby
wweiguts.
H
Be
He
2 Ne Na ASi
3 T Mn fe
K Ca.

Nb Mo Ru Rh
Kr
(A Te
cd
La ce
Xe Ba
Ta.
Au
TI

12 Kn
63 Ele ment Kmow n
table nmay be deined as the 2ahle
fenbdic
Sinilar
LàLoroliug to taeiy Boperties So thet
elemens all oithin the SaMe vertical caluiMM
areseparated
ane disiilay lenents Lomwo
Modern feriodic LauJi-the ost
Known peiodic tablesthedong tom
tae peiodic table.
m/Prsent form st mdesn Pesiodi Table TBis
#Long fox lwarheY fejedic Jeble.
also called as Bohx, Bux qnd Kargs encept antakewic he,
(a)Jtis based on the Bohr-But elechonic Lonhquehion

)Raiods and 1% vextical lolumhs lyoDla

tohnh& ye nanned as 1
yertital
ou g to TUPAC, 18
to 1gth
gpup havig Same number nf VaLee
shehnaing to same the'
Boperties 4re
electons in the outermost shell So
SimilaY.
 Date

d-plock He
2 te Be fNe.

Sand BleLk eleaent are caled representaie

elevnet
d-blss eleme are khoQn as tyasiton elemen
alokelenents - Jsneyrensition lement

S)P,d - plok these aYe ter bloeks

Sand eare egresentative bloks

din trawsiton aud uinhertati on

modern periodi law The

cheicel and fhysicad
poperhes nf the elemenbs are a penDdic.
ehon n their atonie numloeyo.
mAodern peioodic loble ?
4Long formot periodic 4ajale
tpesciplion of peibds ;- A
4ableis Called a pentd.. Asontaf00 of a feicdi
pexiod Consists nf a
r elemcnts haviug Some. vodence bhollhere scaies
qre
Sepen Peibdswm all,iehare
 elements haring
Sinilar
Cuter enery skelo Conßiurahcn o< te.

2
262 P

S54dse

# the second exiod staxts witt the electons beginisg

to enter tae second enery de shel,n=2
Thus, SecCind period has eiyu elements init
25

HThe thtod peicd hegins itu He eletrons entei te

foin
Thee are only eik elements mthethird

n4
H The tourt period lorsPonds tototh
eighteen elementsn pexied.
fere are
 Page No.
Date
s.he fl Pesind beginnig oith 5sbabital.
nz5s similay to ourth peiod tuere are,
cquteen elementsin fift pesiodl os oell..

LThe sisth peiod. stax ts taith the. ilig o 6s

oYbital n6) Tluere are sixteen brbital
As Suel threare thiny too eleMentsin bixta feicd.

#2 taesevent peiod. beqin oiH A-0rbitalsn1)

TLwold. also hae.Contained 32ele yaents
But ik i s l intompleke.
5d

a TuPAC gae namea to elemenb& alboe atonic

2lai), 3(ri),utqad), s(Pent)6CHex)
Csepk ) 3(oct)9(enn)
4oUnilim-UhL
|oD Wnil nilàum=Unn

|b2- unn bium -Unh

103 = Unil tium = Unt
|o4 unnil quadimz Un
lob unil hexiun unh
107una) Sehium
Lo8 nilotium -UnO
 Page tir
atouic ho:o lheelement vilenniumis
B2 th
(1) 119(2)0
te. oxbitals that are tlled are:
83.Iy
kdkp 2) 66,6f,6d,6f (3)

Sth 6th

Period
Atomie Noi120 peiod- 8th
2 hd
unbilium
o
Neef electonsia

s
2

d block ghd group rfaib

Detexhaintion fexiod, qu No01) 4 lue
fredited hy frinciple
1 Pesiod-
valence bhell
oxbilal which tlives
type. of
Z Block NoiTheus Kla block nO no sBlDCK
st6youp.
the daste
Lst 262 p l38
yaleeShell
 (Page No.

S
peziodz 2

- yth peiod.
3 Ags -) 2hd

3s3pllock.
Me 12)-seAs sleck
Mn 3ad leiod
3rd feod
Sbtett
Sp-block
Deteyminati oM o roup of an element
(a) fox - block,gp no. the o. ofes
Hhe valene shel &afteY the
hoble
(b) erx -block ele haent
(C)tor d- blo eleentl
gat no. ho. tf esin (h-)dsubshele a
Valenee he
fos- block Period |qe|lolocK
2 (3) 3rd sst
)! Is2s2363fys' 2nd
 fox Pblock "3 feiot
2
2
2
2
C(2)

foy d- BlocK.
242-4
7+2-3
d 2tD =|2

By.Aa elemen as atonic nmbey 19. fredict te gzcup

Ahd period. in hich the element i plaed.
upqpeiod peiod
penod
d)4ath ganup
1st ga0up yt penod
8s Elemnenta A,s,cDaadE have thetollouig
2 2
(e)6253P3A 3
(E) 1626'2p'3s'3pys
Which among. tuese lleeAong to te Sahee
0ypin tie penodic teble ?
A D
3 13 S 2

1DUnh (2)un s) Une (u)UueíSEE mains1

bue element wita z 20(Not zctdiscouered) oill be. ane '
j Janertansitiom Actel (2)AIKaliue earl mne lal
3) Akali metal4)FaMAion hetalTf mainsJ
Aus 120-8W 2hd penod
etal
20 11À AKahe earth
1-2
Atouic Kadius. | Page No

SS+2st s+4=44,

s71,89,/084 aye calld lanthanick a aida

81. The. eleinauks coith atonnie hb S9 and los beltnge
[yeemains 1
(a)kqaeup llandrcups b) Aclinoids an Gpirups

edon torm nt period 4able can be diuidcd

nto fe Mam blocks, these are. b, fd alblecke
4.-Blok eleMentsi-The. elemeitia wluieh thl
las electon enter
rutermnst ene
thes-boshel of teir
level are called. b-block cyts
qeneral Configuraion is nse. )refresens
are caleo AKali motals t)heyes tu
of ot elemena
gre. Called. alKaline ertte metals
4R-BlocK elementsi 1he elemen
last electona enters tue pBub-bhell of teir
kex msl ener level are called p-blok
olomenkAhe general oniurat ou eir
texmost shel is nsppla owy exxephoms He
adblock elements- The elementsi hit
the
Las electon entert Hhedsuh-bhel ot
Hue penulimate enerH level axe Caled d-blek
elehenks theiY fenerl valenee shellonigasta
A(n)An where n xepresents He outey
most enex lerel
2blocK eleme nts'- The elements n which the lost
electn enter he f-sub- shell aNe Caled f-blok
elements Their gcneral coniuration ia
a-2)(n)dhsJkere nyepresents
the eutey most bhell they Consists et two
tollow
Series of elements of irstseieslanthanoldo
lanthaum(szLa) and arecalled
aLHihus
the elementaot second senes follow
gtc) and are Called atinoids
sceeni lg effectis nd eflechvs nueheay Chage

nucless aud torte at repulsin dteto luner

shetl eleeons
decxease in dote tatraetn oeeKee
b)the
due toinner hel u calledsreehi y fft
efect,(ie. total repusie are
shield' g
e called slieldiuy effet)
valene s hell eexEK
Duto gcreeniug etiet. hueleus
exexted by nalee
force of atraction expexiented ky
e totelalractn forte
 (n-th
electnicsepuli
|Page ilo.
shell Dale

fosetof alaactn (valenee hel)

>Test electsn
electr ni Repelli um
(dl Teere u axeductions nelear Chatge dua to
SCeening. effect Reduued nuclear harge i
Called.eective nclear chaxqe.
(el ucleay charge zz, tuen eecive nuelear
Caulanabiorcers atta

* ote attath'on qnd nucleus Repulsin tort

Repulsion 5 diterence ,efectie puclear
#Calculatm nf &Cng slatexs ule J:- To (akulat
nesshieldi u censtank 6) or an electanin
ms and nk rbital,
a) ite tue electmnia Contiguratim s the edement
n Hue yell erig oTdex and qpivgs -
i) for Sqnod pelectronsi--
up Contibute nnthig to tc
tha slieldiug lonstont
(n-ell Mor rf the eecnn fox lich. Sis calcubted)
buield the CenceTn electìn to qn extent of
oAlelectops in the (n)bhell
extent of o 85 ohied to am.
each.
e ALL electros n-2) or doey A0up
shield tomplet
 |aetho.

EHetiwe Nuc lea Chaga afelewent, of beicont. peicd

66f ns4np 6on)obitellToial
Blewmert: elect»rmàc. tohigcvaion|| ec ens iantchore

3 35X2l90 170 130

2
yo3s 2035o8S X2F|'20 2'05
"0S135
2YD 2"ko
|2% 325
31D 3'90
yxo% o 8S X2*1'0
Sxo3S ISo8SX2 Fl'90
6 XD35 =2'to %5xeX2 l0 3'80 S'20

|huelees 36)6e foooic

foxceaMNEt e l30

SHIN efecte eelear

mucear charge 3 Z-6=3-0 si
Charge z* - =30

qtb 0354 205 sbT t6= 2'05

efethive Chargc s- 2'0s E l'3S

3"25.B 5-2»yo= 2"40
Sinilarl o0 C- 6 2

35.20t
 |Page No.
Date

nf opup Conti bete nothily to tue bheildig

tonstaul
19) AlLtlue. other elecaons in the n or nf gDup
6ieldue lence eleetpn to an ectent o or3 Ll.

hd r nt Dup coNti bute 1'00

isut left gnt eleeton 4d multi piy

6

Ln-2)
tH*os
6035+935SIO 94
Z-8 23-194 33
for 2
 Page tto
-tt feziccdic toendsen Physcel
Prpiea:mst
RopPentieS of tha ele ments hueh che.
as to mic volm.nthe
akohic sige,20n'yaicn enthalpElectevn gain
othalpy qhd eletneqaivity undergo pe ribdic.
aiaio toith ta Chongentha adouic numbex
within apesiod or a group.
HAloc yedius Atoic Tadiw is dedindos
etom to He eutermost shell bf eleetons

muclei t o siniler atoA bonded by a singl

Covalen- bond Ja Case ef aomonuclear b0hdd.
Xcovalest =tinteucleardistmae bet" Auo bolked
atorns
Ho î Covalent adius 9437fn
2 yandeYla als Radius Co valentradius
t niay he. de fined as hay bf the
internuc lear distanee beteen tu0
adtaent atoes cf tue sane, bustadeee lement belorgiy
to -tuo nearest neighkong Molecules of Hhc sa&.
Subbtane im Sohd sBate. Covale nt sadius of the
le ments u shorter thah its vanolex waal hadius
CompaxiSoN o4 Covalent gnd

2yandertiad "hcevalent KYvenderwnal

 [Page No.
3 Metallic radiusi Metalli Dola
Metelicadius ma al. aefinl
as half tha ihteyhelear
distane actween Dadfatent atonss
Hhe metalic attice, ue metallic rdiy
of an atom is aluDays Largey thanits
Covalent adius
Cmetalc aondy lovalent bDnd ef eaks
aiation og Atoic Kadit in e. feziodic Tasle
Xadi decrease oit the increase ntHeato
nunsex in pexiod

120

Table Atonie Radiirf lemet6o

ot Secodnd period
Eloment L3li,be af Ne
NMuelearcarge +3 t9+5
2
+6
2 2
+9
Conigusahion 12 26 22 242 282 252p2s2p252
AiradicAm1S2188 125
42
The vahues zive nim in Table, Shosabpt
/ncrease nthe atoniciBe Ne his s
due to the Teason hat tue
Ae lovalont adii hereas valuesorbther elemeE
het forNeitis Vander
LOls acilus beause itdoes not for)
bond. t Covalent Bond l i Lovelet
 Pn 93
181P
atoh paeut ofthat than
islagex anion radius
ot the (b)
+| distane
Arteruelear
+l| chageuclear
-||
Na
of
tle thanthet Radiesof
a) bohd h0ic
Cationitaetadius wlaich which
in
theinuence hesan it
ue bedefiued
the as may
Racliubi=Tonic
sadius Lonic
OsT
(ii)iiLli)iV)
ZV)
elements ollei
- is
0incresed e
e. l)demains
loalant
D) (B)Deereased
tao periodic üm
a le} nqut
to mMoig
)
(
 [Page No.

2+
Ca., Ca', Ca is fEma

followig Group l3 elementsú

A) AZCqa2 TnLTL (6) (g4aLALLn 2TL

Seyeenit etfect t

eleetoy
Pes eeldig
Shieldi
H3)-1S 2S 2p353

o electOM but difexent nagitude cf nucleay chavg

are Called 2s0-eleeoic 2onse aietio f siz
among 260-electoie ios.
ue tolloollg speies
2- +2 +3
2
24 3

10 12. |3
|D
hiss caled hoelectooie species.