Upthrust (Buoyancy)

When an object is wholly or partially immersed in the liquid, the net resultant
upward force exerted by the liquid is called Upthrust (buoyant force)
The SI unit of Upthrust is Newton

Why liquid exerts Upthrust?

When any object is wholly or partially immersed in the liquid, liquid exerts
pressure from all direction, the pressure on the lateral surfaces are equal and
opposite so they cancelled each other, but the liquid pressure in the lower
surface is more than the pressure on the upper surface due to more depth.
Hence the net resultant force is acted on upward direction that is called
Upthrust . Therefore liquid exerts Upthrust.
The formula for Upthrust
U = d.g.V
Where, d = density of liquid
g = acceleration due to gravity
V = volume of displaced liquid
Upthrust (Buoyancy)
Factors affecting Upthrust
 Density of liquid (Ud) {Upthrust is directly proportional to density of liquid}
 Acceleration due to gravity (Ug) {Upthrust is directly proportional to Acceleration
due to gravity}
 Volume of displaced liquid (UV) {Upthrust is directly proportional to Volume of
displaced liquid}

Give reasons:
 An egg sinks in pure water but floats on concentrated solution of salt and
water.
 It is easy to swim in sea than in river.
 The haul of ship sinks more as it move from sea to river.

The density of salt solution is more than that of pure water due to presence of
salt. As we know that Upthrust is directly proportional to density of liquid so
salt water exerts more Upthrust than pure water therefore an egg sinks in pure
water but floats on concentrated solution of salt and water.
Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' principle:
“When an object is wholly or partially immersed in the liquid, the Upthrust
experienced by the object is equal to weight of displaced liquid”.
Upthrust = Weight of displaced liquid
Verification of Archimedes’ Principle
Let us suppose,
Weight of object in air = w1
Weight of object in water = w2
Weight of empty Beaker = w3
Weight of beaker with displaced water = w4
Then Upthrust = weight of object in air – weight of object in liquid
U = w1 - w2
Weight of displaced water = w4 - w3
By Archimedes’ principle
Upthrust = Weight of displaced liquid
w1 - w2 = w4 - w3
Archimedes' Principle
 Study the figure given below and answer the
following questions;
a) Which law is verified by this experiment?
b) State the law.
c) what is the actual and apparent weight of the substance?
d) What is the Upthrust acting on the body?
e) What is the weight of displaced water?
f) Name the instruments A, B and C.
g) What will be the change in weight of object in water if the pure water of Eureka can is
replaced by the concentrated solution of salt and water? Give reason to your answer.

Application of Archimedes' principle

 Eureka can
 Submarine
 Hot air balloon
 Ship, boat.
Law of Floatation
Law of Floatation:
“Weight of floating object is equal to weight of displaced liquid.”

Let us suppose,
Density of object = d1
Density of liquid = d2
Volume of object = V1
Volume of displaced liquid = V2
By law of floatation,
Weight of floating object = weight of displaced liquid
W1 = W2
m1 x g = m2 x g
m1 = m 2
d 1 x V1 = d 2 x V2
Law of Floatation
Conditions for floatation and sinking if
objects:
 When the density of object is greater than density of
liquid (d1>d2).
Then v1<V2 so the object cannot displaced the liquid
equal to its weight hence the object sinks.
 When the density of object is less than density of liquid
(d1<d2).
Then v1>V2 so the liquid displaced by the object will be
more than its weight hence the object floats partially in
liquid.
 When the density of object is equal to density of liquid
(d1=d2).
Then v1=V2 so the object will displaced the liquid
equal to its weight hence the object floats with its upper
surface in air.
Law of Floatation
Conditions for floatation of the body
 When the density of object is less than density of liquid.
 When the weight of object is equal to weight of displaced liquid.
Give Reasons:
a. An iron nail sinks in water but a huge ship made of iron floats on it.
b. An iron nail sinks in water but floats on mercury.
c. The haul of ship sinks more when cargo is loaded to an empty ship.

 The density of iron is more than that of water so the iron nail sinks in
water but a huge ship made of iron is made in a such a way hat it
displaces the water equal or more than its weight. And according to law
of floatation, if the weight of object is equal to the weight of displaced
liquid then the object floats. Therefore, an iron nail sinks in water but a
huge ship made of iron floats on it.
Atmospheric Pressure
Hydrometer:
An instrument that is used to measure the relative density of liquid.
Working principle:
Law of floatation
Atmospheric pressure:
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure.
It is measured by Barometer
Application
 Syringe
 Air pump
 Water pump
Atmospheric Pressure
Working of Hand Pump
Working principle: atmospheric pressure
Upstroke:
when we push the handle down, the piston raises up that makes low atmospheric
pressure below the piston so that the foot valve opens and piston valve closes hence the
under ground water raises up in the lower cylinder of the hand pump. This is called
Upstroke.
Down stroke:
when we push the handle up, the piston goes down so that he pressure below the
piston increases such that the foot valve closes and piston valve opens hence the water
comes in upper part of the cylinder of the hand pump. This is called Down stroke
Upstroke Down stroke
Handle is pushed down Handle is pulled up
Piston moves up Piston moves down
Piston valve closes Piston valve opens
Foot valve opens Foot valve closes
Water raises to lower part of cylinder Water moves from lower to upper part of cylinder
Water does not comes out of pump Water comes out of pump
Atmospheric Pressure
 How does a syringe works?
 A syringe consist of needle, cylindrical body and a piston. When we pull the piston
backward, the pressure inside the cylinder decreases so that the higher
atmospheric pressure outside pushes the medicine or blood inside the cylindrical
body. And when we push the piston forward, the pressure inside the cylinder
increases that injects medicine inside the body.
 What is normal atmospheric pressure?
 The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of Hg.
 Convert 760 mm of Hg into pascal.
 Solution,
Density of Mercury = 13600 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2
height of Mercury in barometer = 760 mm
760
= = 0.76 m (1m = 1000 mm)
1000
Pressure exerted by Mercury = d.g.h
= 13600 x 9.8 x 0.76
= 101292.8 Pascal
Therefore the 760 mm of Hg atmospheric pressure = 101292.8 Pascal
Laws of Liquid Pressure
i. Liquid pressure is directly proportional to height of liquid.
ii. Liquid pressure is directly proportional to density of liquid.
iii. Liquid pressure is transmitted equally and normally in all
direction.
iv. Liquid finds its own level
v. Liquid pressure does not depend upon shape and size of
vessel.
 Numerical problems on Law of floatation
Formulae: Formulae:
 Pressure = P =
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝐹)  Portion of object below the liquid
𝑉
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝐴) surface = 2
𝑉1
 Liquid Pressure = P = d.g.h  Portion of object above the liquid
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑚) 𝑉
 Density = surface = 1 − 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑉) 𝑉1

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
 Relative Density =
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4°𝐶
 Upthrust = d.g.V
 Upthrust = Weight of displaced liquid
 Upthrust = Wa – Wl
 Upthrust = d.g.A (h2 – h1)
 Law of floatation: d1V1 = d2V2
Numerical problems on Law of floatation
The densities of wood and water are 750 kg/m3 and 1 gm/cc respectively. If the
block of wood with dimension 60cm x 40cm x 20cm is kept on water. Answer
the following questions.
a) What is the volume of water displaced by the block?
b) What portion of the block is inside the water?
c) What portion the block is outside the water?
d) What is the height of block above the water surface?
e) What is the mass of water displaced by the block?

Solution,
Density of wood = d1 = 750 kg/m3 = 750/1000 = 0.75 gm/cm3
Density of water = d2 = 1 gm/cm3
Volume of wooden block = V1 = 60cm x 40cm x 20cm
= 48000 cm3
Volume of displaced water = V2 =
Numerical problems on Law of floatation
By law of floatation,
Weight of floating object = weight of displaced liquid
W1 = W2
or, m1g = m2g
or, d1V1 = d2V2
or, 0.75 x 48000 = 1 x V2
V2 = 36000 cm3
Volume of displaced water = V2 = 36000 cm3
𝑽𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟑
Portion of block inside the surface of water = = =
𝑽𝟏 𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝑽𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
Portion of block above the surface of water = 1 - =1 - =
𝑽𝟏 𝟒 𝟒
𝟏
Height of block above the surface of water = x 20 cm = 5 cm
𝟒
Mass of water displaced by the block = d2V2 = 1 x 36000 = 36000 gm = 36 kg