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Logarithmi Function

Exponential functions have the form f(x) = ax where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. Logarithmic functions are the inverse of exponential functions. The logarithm of a number is the power to which the base must be raised to produce that number. The domain of logarithmic functions is the interval (0, ∞) since the input cannot be 0 or negative. The range is all real numbers. The base cannot be 0, 1, or negative. The output of the log is negative when the base is between 0 and 1 and the input is greater than 1, and positive otherwise. It is positive when the base is greater than 1 and the input is between 1 and the base, and negative otherwise.

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12K views

Logarithmi Function

Exponential functions have the form f(x) = ax where a > 0 and a ≠ 1. Logarithmic functions are the inverse of exponential functions. The logarithm of a number is the power to which the base must be raised to produce that number. The domain of logarithmic functions is the interval (0, ∞) since the input cannot be 0 or negative. The range is all real numbers. The base cannot be 0, 1, or negative. The output of the log is negative when the base is between 0 and 1 and the input is greater than 1, and positive otherwise. It is positive when the base is greater than 1 and the input is between 1 and the base, and negative otherwise.

Uploaded by

muhammadhuzaifax808
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponential functions:-

Are those functions in the form of f(x) = ax whereas a > 0, a ≠ 1.


0-ve and 00 is not defined.

Logarithmic functions:-
Inverse functions of exponentiations are called logarithmic functions.
If we write f(x) = ax so we also can write as logaf(x) = x.
For example 23 = 8 = log28 = 3.
logxx = 1 whereas x  R.
 Input of log cannot be zero or negative.
We can write as domain D of logarithmic function is D = +R, because
input of 0 means that:
f(x) = ax = 0 , x  R

The above function f(x) is undefined.


If we write
log20 = undefined

If we write function as:


f(x) = ax = -R, x  R

The above function f(x) is undefined.


If we write
log2-2 = undefined

We simply can say that domain of logarithmic functions is in the interval


of (0, ∞)

 Range of logarithmic function is all real numbers :


yR

 Base of logarithmic function can never be zero, one and negative :


logax = y such that a ≥ 0 & a ≠ 1
If we write
log02 = undefined

So we cannot take base zero.


If we write
log-22 = undefined

So we cannot take base negative.


If we write
log12 = undefined

So we cannot take base one.

 logex = lnx  called natural logarithm, whereas “e” is Euler’s constant.


Its value e = 2.718, it is irrational value.
Logee = lne = 1

 log10x  called common logarithm.

Q. When will be the output of log is negative and positive?

To answer this question we have to define two cases:

 Case -1 when base a < 1

Input x > 1  output of log is negative


Log0.58 = -3

Input a > x < 1  output of log is positive


Log0.50.25 = 2

Input a < x < 1  output of log is positive


Log0.250.5 = 0.5
 Case -2 when base a > 1

Input x < 1  output of log is negative


Log40.5 = -0.5

Input a > x > 1  output of log is positive


Log164 = 0.5

Input a < x > 1  output of log is positive


Log24 = 2

 Some properties related two numbers :

If two numbers or functions are multiplied and taken the log which is
equal to sum of their logs taken individually:

Loga[f(x)×g(x)] = loga[f(x)]+loga[g(x)]

If two numbers or functions are divide and taken the log which equal to
difference between these two functions is taken log individually:

Loga[f(x)/g(x)] = loga[f(x)]–loga[g(x)]

We have also a base property of log as:

logba = logca/ logcb

If we have an exponential function and take the log of that function:

Loga[f(x)n] = nloga[f(x)]
Euler’s constant (e):

 Base of natural logarithm (lnx = logex) are called Euler’s


constant
 ‘e’ is irrational number which is approximately equal to 2.718.
 ‘e’ is equal to limit of function (1+1/x)x when x approaches to
infinity.
 If it is in exponential function of the form f(x) = ex then the
derivative or integration of f(x) is equal to itself.
 Euler’s constant is also involved in the famous equation called
Euler’s identity: eiπ = -1

Euler’s identity is the most beautiful function that unifies five


mathematical constants together (i, π, 1, 0 and e), this equation
interconnects different branches of mathematics including
calculus, trigonometry and complex numbers.

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