READING AND WRITING HOW TO WRITE A POSITION PAPER

FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER The purpose of a position paper is to generate support on

POSITION PAPER an issue. It describes a position on an issue and the rational
POSITION PAPER for that position. The position paper is based on facts that
According to Gabelo et al (2016), a position paper is a provide a solid foundation for your argument.
formal, usually detailed statement, especially regarding a 1. Use evidence to support your position, such as
single issue, that articulates position, viewpoint, policy, as of statistical evidence or dates and events.
government, organization, or political candidate. 2. Validate your position with authoritative references
CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING A POSITION PAPER or primary source quotations.
Unique Features 3. Examine the strengths and weakness of your
Expresses the writer’s position on an issue, reasons position.
for the writer’s stand; may use simile, metaphor, and 4. Evaluate possible solutions and suggest courses of
analogy action.
Purpose and Audience COLLEGE ADMISSION ESSAY
Persuading professors, teachers, lawyers, or CONSIDERATIONS IN WRITING
government officials Unique Features
Pattern of Development in Writing Those prompts may either lead you to tell about
• Comparing, your achievements and experiences, your academic goals,
• Contrasting your personal philosophy, or your ability to analyze ideas.
In this way, the writer gives the impression of objectivity by Purpose and Audience
presenting the points from both sides of a controversial is to persuade the admissions committee to accept
issue. you as a student in their college or university
THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITING A POSITION PAPER Pattern of Development in Writing
• Organize The pattern of development of the essay will
depend on the prompt.
• Outline
ELEMENTS IN WRITING
• Inform
School Name and Address
• Frame
include writing the full name of the college or
• Credibility
university you are applying to in the upper left-hand corner
THE PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER (IBC)
of the letter
Establish flow from paragraph to paragraph:
Salutation
• Keep your voice active A standard salutation is suitable for your college
• Quote sources to establish authority application letter. However, it is a great idea to do your
• Stay focused on your point of view research and use the full name of the admissions officer
• Focus on logical arguments assigned to your region.
• Don’t lapse into summary Introduction
Introduction The best examples of college application letters
• Start with topic sentence or two that attract attention open strong. Thank the admissions committee for reviewing
and summarize the issue. your application, and introduce yourself.
Developmental (Body) Explanation of Academic Interest
Focus on three main points to develop: Include your intended major and career path, as
• General statement of the position well as interdisciplinary interests.
• An elaboration that references documents and Discussion of Extracurricular Interest
source data The college application essay format may be a
• Past experiences and authoritative testimony place for you to discuss extracurricular involvement, so use
Conclusion this space to elaborate or discuss additional interests.
• restating the position Conclusion
a. Summarize, then conclude your argument Point to specific classes, professors, programs,
b. Refer to the first paragraph/opening statements as organizations, and aspects of the college that pique your
well as the main points: interest. No one is going to hold you to your plan, but
a. Does the conclusion restate the main idea? colleges want to see that you have one.
b. Does it reflect the succession and Complimentary Close
importance of the arguments? Lastly, every good college application letter should
c. Does it logically conclude their include an expression of gratitude alongside your close and
development? your signature.
 JOB APPLICATION LETTER Highlight your education
FORMATTING AN APPLICATION LETTER If you have little work experience, emphasizing your
According to the indeed.com, when writing an application education is a great way to showcase your strengths,
letter for a job, make sure to include information about interests, and background. Some items you’ll want to
yourself and your professional experience that will appeal to consider including in the education section of your resume
a hiring manager by following these steps: are:
Use a professional format • Relevant coursework
A job application should be more professional, the • GPA and honors
alignment of the document should include single spacing, • Relevant projects
one-inch margins and left-alignment. It’s best to use a • Certifications and online courses
professional and traditional font, such as Times New Include relevant experience
Roman, in a size from 10 to 12 points. Try to keep your job When you first start putting together a resume, you
application letter to one page. might feel like you don’t have any relevant experience to
Create the heading refer to. But a little digging into your life could unearth
include your name and contact information, the date several experiences that show your professionalism,
and the company name and address. interests, and character—all things a potential employer can
Address the letter to the hiring manager consider important. You can include the following in a
Address your letter to this person with a common section titled “Relevant Experience”:
business greeting such as “Dear Mr./Ms.” and their last • Volunteer experience
name. • Part-time jobs
HOW TO WRITE AN APPLICATION LETTER • Extracurricular activities
Review information about the company and position List your skills
Spend some time reviewing the company Chances are even if you don’t have any formal work
information, which you can likely find on the website, as well experience, you probably have skills that will be useful in the
as the position listing. Compare your qualifications and field. Look through several job descriptions of positions
experience with the list of skills in that posting. you’re interested in to see what skills are commonly
Open the letter by describing your interest requested. The relevant skills you’ll choose to list will likely
Include your specific interest in the role and depend on the job, but might include:
company so the reader knows this is not a generic Include a summary
application letter. Briefly state the main experience or A resumé summary is a brief description of your
qualification you have that makes you a good fit. experience and qualifications. Usually one to three
Outline your experience and qualifications sentences long, a summary gives recruiters a way of quickly
The next few paragraphs of your letter should understanding your background and assets as a worker.
highlight your experience, qualifications and skills, Use a template
positioned in a way that aligns with the company’s goals and Eliminate the stress of coming up with your own
mission. layout by using one of the many resumé templates you can
Include aspects of your personality find online. Customize any template you find to fit your
Consider how you can incorporate aspects of your needs and tastes. A word processing program like Microsoft
personality while remaining professional Word or Google Docs can be helpful here. Need access to
Express appreciation one? Try approaching your local public library. If you’re a
Express your appreciation to the hiring manager for student, your school library will likely have resources you
reviewing your letter and considering you for the position can use. You can also create a Google account for free.
before you sign off your letter.
Close the letter
Many people use “Sincerely” or “Best” to close the
letter, although any professional sign-off is fine to include.
The final line of the letter should be your full name.
RESUMÉ
WRITING A RESUME WITH NO EXPERIENCE
As senior high school students, writing a resume with no
formal experience is a challege. It means emphasizing other
aspects of your life that will showcase your skills and
passions – like your education, and involvement in activities
like extracurriculars or volunteering. Follow these tips from
Coursera (2022) in writing a resume.
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY On your created Facebook page, a summary of the statistics
FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER will be accessible through the Facebook Business Suite.
ICT PROJECT FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
CONCEPT PAPER Hovering your mouse pointer over “post reach” will give your
A concept paper is a document used to convince a panel of more insights on which recent post reached the most
potential funders to help a product, program, or service people.
become a reality. WHAT’S IN THE REPORT TAB?
FIVE ELEMENTS OF A CONCEPT PAPER Overview
Introduction It contains the summary of statistics about your page
includes your group’s mission and vision and a brief such as:
introduction of your project • Reach: Organic - your posts seen through the
Purpose page’s wall, shares of users, and the news feed
includes the reasons why this project is worth your • Reach: Paid - your posts seen through paid ads
group and your sponsor’s time, effort, and money • Post Clicks - number of clicks done to your posts
Description • Likes, Comments, and Shares - actual interaction
includes all the necessary information about the done by your audience either through liking the
project post, commenting on it, or sharing it on their wall.
Support Likes
contains the budget needed for the project. Some contains the statistics about the trend of page likes
concept papers do not specify any amount Reach
requested from the sponsor contains information about the number of people
Contact Information who were reached your post
includes information on how the group can be Visits
contacted contains data of the number of times your page tabs
ICT PROJECT PROCESS (like the Timeline) are visited
Planning Posts
• Conceptualizing your project contains data showing when (day and time) your
• Researching on available data about your topic site visitors visit your site
• Setting deadlines and meetings People
• Assigning people to various tasks contains statistics about your audience’s
• Finding a web or blog host demographics (age, location, gender, language,
• Creating a site map for your website and country) It also includes demographics about
the people you have reached and engaged with
• List down all applications that you need including
DEMOGRAPHICS
web apps
This refers to the statistics characterizing human population
• Funding (if applicable)
usually divided by age, gender, income, location, and
Development
language.
involves the actual creation of the website(s);
WHEN IS THE RIGHT TIME TO POST?
involves the production of images, infographics, etc.
Here are some handy infographics from statusbrew.com
Release and Promotion
which we can use as a basis for how we manage our
involves the actual release of the website for public
schedule of posting online content to achieve better
view and promoting it. Promotion typically starts
engagement.
before the actual release.
BEST DAYS WORST DAYS
Maintenance
Twitter Wednesday Saturday
involves responding to feedback from your site
Wednesday
visitors and continuing to improve the website.
Facebook Thursday Saturday
ICT PROJECT PUBLICATION AND STATISTICS Friday
In the business world, companies would use site statistics Wednesday
to check how popular their website is and at which day and LinkedIn Sunday
Thursday
time they get the most traffic. This way their new content Friday
Pinterest 5pm – 7pm
could reach more people. Saturday
MONITORING SITE STATISTICS ON DIFFERENT Instagram Tuesday Sunday
PLATFORMS Monday
Once you log in to your WordPress account, you are on the Reddit Thursday
Reader tab by default. Simply click on My Sites and from Saturday
there you will see the statistics for your blog. Thursday Monday
YouTube
Friday Tuesday
 Wednesday Image
ICT PROJECT MAINTENANCE adds an image to your survey
IMPORTANCE OF FEEDBACKS Video
When you create content and you find it highly successful adds a video to your survey
without anyone giving you feedback is a game of chance. HOW TO SHARE YOUR GOOGLE FORM?
• Link to share - contains the URL that you can
In the corporate world, time and money are wasted when share on your website
you leave things to chance. The same goes with web page • Embed - contains an embed code to attach to your
creation - feedbacks are very important. HTML
Creating Online Surveys/Feedback Forms • Short URL - generates a shorter URL necessary for
The internet will give you plenty of options in gathering your limited spaces like sharing on Twitter
audience’s feedback. The only difference that you and your • Share link via - allows you to share the link to
group may notice is how these services are presented. Google+, Facebook, and Twitter
Some of them, because they are free to use, may have too • Send form via email - allows you to share the form
many ads or some features are lacking. In any case, it is via email
your group’s choice which of these services is not • Add collaborators - allows others to edit your form,
cumbersome to reach your objective. necessary when in group
• Data gathering using google forms THE DISADVANTAGES OF ICT
ELEMENTS OF A GOOGLE FORM CYBER CRIMES
Question title Cybercrimes are illegal acts done through the use of the
includes the question that will be answered by your internet.
audience In 2012,, Stephen Nale (Complex.com) posted a list of ten
Help Text most common internet cybercrimes as follows:
creates a subtext under the question to give more Phishing/Spoofing
information about a question The act of sending multiple emails to multiple users
Question Type in hopes of having a number of them clicking on the links or
changes the type of question according to your malware attached to the email.
preference. Blackmail/Extortion
Advanced settings The act of using the Internet to threaten or damage
contains more options for the specified question someone’s reputation to extort money or anything else of
type. value. This can be avoided if you are aware of what you
TYPES OF QUESTIONS should post on the Internet.
Text Accessing Stored Communications
a question that can be answered in a short text A.K.A. hacking; the act of obtaining unauthorized
Paragraph Text access to data from a computer network.
a question that can be answered in a long text Sports Betting
Multiple choice The act of wagering on any sports event over the
a question that can be answered by only one Internet. In some countries, gambling (including sports
answer in a set of options betting) is illegal even if you are doing it over the Internet.
Checkboxes Non Delivery of Merchandise
a question that can be answered with multiple The act of devising a scheme wherein a culprit
answers in a set of options posts an item or service for sale over the Internet and once
Choose from a list the transactions have been done, does not really give the
similar to a multiple-choice question but the options item or service.
are revealed in a drop-down list Electronic Harassment
Scale The act of anonymously using the Internet to
a question that can be answered with a numerical harass, abuse, threaten or annoy other people.
range Child Pornography
WHAT ELSE CAN BE ADDED? The act of using the Internet to show child
Section header pornography. This act is highly punishable by law.
adds a header for a specific part of your survey Prostitution
Page Break The act of using the Internet to engage in
adds a page break which means that the items at prostitution.
the bottom of the page will be added to the next Drug Trafficking
page; necessary if your survey is too long The act of selling illegal substances using the
Internet.
Criminal Copyright Infringement
The act of piracy is mainly for financial gain. In late
2014 the number one pirate website, ThePirateBay, was
raided for the second time due to years of pirating movies,
music, games, books, and other software. These kinds of
websites earn money through advertising.
COMBATTING CYBER CRIMES
Network Security
Before a hacker can get through the unauthorized
files he or she is targeting, the hacker has to get through
several security measures like firewalls, secure
connections, passwords, anti-malware, and data
encryptions.
Investigation
URL tracing and logging are used by websites to
track your unique IP addresses. This can be used by
investigators to trace hackers. In piracy, trackers are used
in identifying IP addresses currently sharing a pirated file.
Penalties
More and more laws are being created and
implemented today. Penalties include both a fine and
imprisonment.
PEH 1 two competition lifts in order are the snatch and the clean
FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER and jerk.
RESISTANCE TRAINING ▪ A series of stabilization exercises for the lower back
FACTS and shoulder should be included in the program.
▪ The musculoskeletal structures of children and ▪ The exercise program for adolescents is similar with
adolescents are susceptible to injuries if the that of the adults.
workload is more than what their bodies can WHAT EXERCISES SHOULD BEGINNERS START WITH
tolerate. AND HOW HEAVY SHOULD THEY LIFT?
▪ As they mature, the growth plates of the bones ▪ A novice lifter should start with a low load while
starts to calcify and fuse then completely hardens emphasizing on techniques.
between ages 18 to 25. ▪ Resistance training puts an excessive load on
▪ While the bone is still young, these regions of the musculoskeletal structures which can lead to injury
bones cannot tolerate large amount of stress and if not properly performed.
can fracture easily. ▪ Some fitness trainers advocate the use of machines
▪ Once the plates are injured, it can stunt the growth over free weights for novice lifters because it is safe
of the child. and easy to teach.
▪ It is important that the adolescent trains within the ▪ The limitation of using machines is that movement
allowable limits in order to stimulate bone growth usually occurs in a single place and does not imitate
without causing injury. the normal human movement that occurs at
▪ Experts agree that children and adolescents will different planes.
benefit greatly from a well-designed and supervised ▪ On the other hand, some trainers would emphasize
resistance training program on using free weights like dumbbells and barbells
▪ A well-designed program provide adequate because it emphasizes on learning the proper
stimulus for the development of musculoskeletal technique, balance, and coordination.
structures. ▪ Learning the technique takes more time but
BENEFITS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING exercise is more functional compared to exercises
▪ Studies show that resistance training increases performed using a machine.
bone density in adults and adolescents. Beginners need to start a new workload to emphasize
▪ It will develop neuromuscular connections which technique and minimizes the occurrence of DOMS or
will enhance the child’s gross motor control. delayed onset of muscle soreness. DOMS is a muscle
▪ Lastly, resistance training increases the strength pain commonly experienced a day after the first workout.
output of children without significantly increasing WHAT TYPE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING PROGRAM
the muscle fiber size. CAN HELP INCREASE MUSCLE MASS?
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PLANNING A RESISTANCE Hypertrophy
TRAINING PROGRAM Hypertrophy (the enlargement of an organ or tissue
▪ The resistance training program for children and from the increase in size of its cells.) is dependent on
adolescents should be properly planned and taught. several factors such as fiber type, nutrition, hormone level,
▪ It is necessary that the fitness expert supervise the and type of resistance program.
exercise session and ensure that the child performs SUBDIVISION OF MUSCLE FIBERS
the correct technique. Fast Twitch Fibers
▪ Aside from focusing on proper form, the child should ▪ are bigger in diameter, generate high force output,
avoid exercises wherein the load is lifted above the and have lower resistance to fatigue.
head. ▪ It increases in size as a result resistance of training.
▪ The child should start with a light load and perform Slow Twitch Fibers
one to three sets of 10 to 15 repetitions per set. ▪ are usually smaller in diameter, have low power
▪ The intensity should be increased gradually at less output, and enhanced capability to resist fatigue.
than 10% of the previous load. ▪ It does not increase in size during the resistance
▪ The exercise sessions should be scheduled twice a training
week with rest days in between. ▪ An individual’s ability to bulk up is dependent on
▪ The program should also include single joint and which fiber type is predominant in his/her body. The
multi-joint exercises but exclude Olympic lifts. distribution and proportion of a fiber type is
Weightlifting genetically predetermined.
also called Olympic-style weightlifting, or Olympic ▪ An individual’s ability to bulk up is dependent on
weightlifting, is an athletic discipline in the modern Olympic which fiber type is predominant in his/her body. The
programme in which the athlete attempts a maximum- distribution and proportion of a fiber type is
weight single lift of a barbell loaded with weight plates. The genetically predetermined.
 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE INCREASE OF ▪ Studies among female lifters show a minimal rise in
MUSCLE IN SIZE testosterone as a result of resistance training.
1. Recovery – is the important factor that influences ▪ The chance of a female lifter to increase her muscle
hypertrophy. mass is low because testosterone does not
2. Recovery and adaptation –is coordinated by the significantly increase after performing resistance
endocrine system exercises.
3. Proper nutrition and adequate hormonal levels HOW CAN THE RISK OF INJURY BE MINIMIZED WHEN
would considerably improve the ability of the PERFORMING RESISTANCE EXERCISE?
muscle to increase in size. 1. It is important for an individual to get a medical
The presence of appropriate hormones causes the muscle clearance first before lifting weights especially if
fiber to increase the protein content of each muscle fiber he/she has been sedentary for a long time.
which leads to an increase in muscle fiber size. 2. Follow the training program and increase the
4. The diet of an individual should contain adequate workload gradually.
amounts of essential amino acids which are the 3. Wear a proper attire during workout as well as
building blocks for synthesizing protein in the following the rules and etiquette of the gym.
muscle fiber. THE 12 RULES OF ETIQUETTE
5. The type of resistance program is also important in Don’t know where to start? Use this list of guidelines
stimulating the muscle fiber to expand. commonly used in fitness facilities:
FORMS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING PROGRAM 1. Do not bring your gym bag or other personal
(BASED ON THE GOAL OF THE INDIVIDUAL) belongings onto the fitness floor.
Strength Program 2. Be courteous when using the water fountain. If there
▪ emphasizes in increasing the force production is a line, please do not fill up your water bottle.
capability of the muscle. 3. Ask if you may “work in,” and always allow others
Endurance Program the same courtesy; afterward, return the seat and
▪ characterized by high repetitions because it weight to the last user’s setup.
emphasizes on the ability of the muscle to resist 4. Refrain from yelling, using profanity, banging
fatigue. weights and making loud sounds.
Hypertrophy Program 5. Do not sit on machines between sets.
▪ emphasizes on increasing muscle size without 6. Re-rack weights and return all other equipment and
being concerned with increasing strength. accessories to their proper locations.
Power Program 7. Ask staff to show you how to operate equipmen
▪ trains the muscle to increase speed and explosives properly so that others are not waiting as you figure
of movement it out.
ARE WOMEN GOING TO BULK UP IF THEY LIFT 8. Wipe down all equipment after use.
WEIGHTS? 9. Stick to posted time limits on all cardiovascular
▪ The chance of women bulking up is low because machines.
their average testosterone level is lower than men. 10. Do not bring children onto the gym floor. Children
▪ The lower concentration of testosterone reduces must remain in the childcare area.
the capacity of the muscle cells to increase in 11. Do not disturb others. Focus on your own workout
muscle size. and allow others to do the same.
▪ Before puberty, the testosterone levels of males 12. Before beginning your workout, wash your hands
and females are almost similar. At the start of and wipe off any cologne or perfume.
puberty, the testosterone level of males increases FLEXIBILITY TRAINING
tenfold while the level in females remains the same. Poor flexibility changes normal movement patterns and
▪ Women who artificially increase their testosterone posture. Aside from increasing range of motion, flexibility
level will spark the same masculinizing changes exercises correct muscle imbalance and helps improve
observed in men and this includes muscle mass neuromuscular efficiency.
increase.
▪ Aside from the genetic tendencies, testosterone Flexibility is the available range of motion for each joint. It
level also increases with resistance training. varies from joint to joint and from person to person.
▪ Studies show that in men, a resistance training CLASSIFICATION OF FLEXIBILITY
program that incorporates large muscle groups, Active
multi-joint exercise, high work load, and short rest implies that the limb is moved through muscle
intervals is able to increase the testosterone level in action.
the blood. Passive
when the limb is moved by an external force.
Some joints have limited range of motion (vertebral joints) the myotatic stretch reflex and allows more
while some joints have the ability to move along different movement around the joint.
planes (shoulder joints) ❖ Ballistic and dynamic stretching exercise is not as
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO POOR FLEXIBILITY effective as static stretching in increasing ROM
1. A thick muscle or fat around the joint structure can because it stimulates the myotatic stretch reflex.
limit the range of motion. On the other hand, some However, it uses reciprocal inhibition to lengthen
joints are unusually flexible because of inherent the opposite muscle tendon unit. Muscles usually
tolerance and long muscle-tendon units. work in pairs, if one group of muscles bends the arm
2. Flexibility changes as an individual grows older. (i.e. biceps) another group strengthens it (i.e.
3. The elasticity of connective tissues deteriorates as triceps).
the individual grows older. ❖ Reciprocal inhibition – is an automatic relaxation
4. Gender response in which one muscle group contracts, the
Because of the smaller muscle size and hormone, women muscle group that performs the opposite action
tend to be more flexible at the hip joint than men. automatically relaxes.
FOUR TYPES OF FLEXIBILITY TRAINING PROGRAMS WHAT IS THE BEST TYPE OF STRETCHING FOR
Static stretching BEGINNERS? ARE THERE EXERCISES THAT
is a slow and sustained muscle-tendon lengthening BEGINNERS SHOULD AVOID?
exercise usually held at the end of ROM(range of motion) It is recommended that beginners should:
for 30 seconds. 1. Incorporate a static stretching program because it
Do not help with the warm-up activity because it is safer and easier.
relaxes the muscle and helps return the core temperature to 2. Do stretching exercise at least twice a week after
resting levels. the resistance training session while the muscles
Dynamic stretches are still warm.
lengthen the muscle-tendon unit by slowly moving 3. Stretching exercise should be performed for all the
the limb throughout the entire range of motion but the major muscle groups and joints.
position is not held or sustained. 4. Each stretch should be held at the point of mild
The exercise is performed repeatedly to improve to discomfort for 30 seconds and performed in two
improve the range of motion. sets for each exercise.
Ballistic stretching Static stretching is also effective in reducing muscle spasm
incorporates rapid movements (i.e. bouncing) to or muscle cramps.
lengthen the muscle tendon unit. Cramps – are uncontrolled contraction of muscles which is
The momentum lengthens the muscle beyond the usually a result of dehydration, fatigue, or electrolyte
normal range. The rapid increase in tension over the imbalance.
stretched muscle might lead to muscle strains.
PNF stretching
or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
stretching – is a set of stretching techniques commonly used
in clinical environments to enhance both active and passive
range of motion in order to improve motor performance and
aid rehabilitation.
It is usually an assisted stretching routine wherein
the muscle-tendon unit is made to contract a resistance
followed by a passive lengthening similar to the static
stretch.

❖ It is important that an individual feels a mild strain

or tension during the static stretch but should not
stretch the muscle beyond mild discomfort to avoid
the myotatic stretch reflex – an automatic
contraction of the muscle to prevent injury.
❖ It counteracts the stretch and increases stiffness at
the joint which limits the range of motion. However,
after holding the stretch for several seconds the
autogenic inhibition takes effect.
❖ Autogenic inhibition- is an automatic relaxation
response of the muscle-tendon unit which opposes
GENERAL MATHEMATICS controlled corporations, non-bank corporations, banks and
FINALS – FIRST QUARTER multilateral agencies. Bondholders do not vote in the
ANNUITIES institution’s annual meeting but the first to claim in the
DEFINITION OF TERMS institution’s earning. On the maturity date, the bondholders
Annuity will receive the face amount of the bond. Aside from the face
a sequence of payments made at equal (fixed) amount due on the maturity date, the bondholders may
intervals or periods of time receive coupons (payments/interests), usually done semi
Payment Interval annually, depending on the coupon rate stated in the bond
the time between successive payments certificate.
Annuities Stocks Bonds
Simple Annuity General Annuity A form of equity financing A form of debt financing or
According or raising money by raising money by
an annuity where an annuity where
to payment allowing investors to be borrowing from investors.
the payment the payment
interval and part owners of the
interval is the same interval is not the
interest company. Investors are guaranteed
as the interest same as the
period interest payments and a
period. interest period.
Ordinary Annuity Annuity Due Stock prices vary every return of their money at
(or Annuity a type of annuity in day. These prices are the maturity date.
Immediate) which the reported in various media
According (newspaper, TV, Investors still need to
a type of annuity in payments are
to time of
which the payments made at beginning internet, etc.) consider the borrower’s
payment credit rating. Bonds issued
are made at the of each payment
end of each interval. Investors can earn if the by the government
payment interval stock prices increase, but pose less risk than those
Annuity Certain Contingent they can lose money if the by companies because
an annuity in which Annuity stock prices decrease or the government has
payments begin an annuity in which worse, if the company guaranteed funding (taxes)
According and end at definite the payments goes bankrupt. from which it can pay its
to duration times. extend over an loans.
indefinite (or Higher risk but with
indeterminate) possibility of higher Lower risk but lower yield.
length of time returns.
Can be appropriate for
Time of an annuity (t)
Can be appropriate if the retirees (because of the
time between the first payment interval and last
investment is for long guaranteed fixed income)
payment interval term (10 years or more). or for those who need the
Regular or Periodic payment (𝑹) This can allow investors money soon (because
the amount of each payment to wait for stock prices to they cannot afford to take
Amount (Future Value) of an annuity (𝑭) increase if ever they go a chance at the stock
sum of future values of all payments to be made low. market).
during the entire term of the annuity LOANS
Present value of an annuity (𝑷) Business Loan
sum of present values of all the payments to be money lent specifically for a business purpose. It
made during the entire term of annuity may be used to start a business or to have a business
STOCKS AND BONDS expansion
Stocks Consumer Loan
Stocks can be bought or sold at its current price money lent to an individual for personal or family
called the market value. When a person buys some shares, purpose
the person receives a certificate with the corporation’s Collateral
name, owner’s name, number of shares and par value per assets used to secure the loan. It may be real-
share. estate or other investments
Bonds Term of the Loan
Bonds are interest bearing security which promises time to pay the entire loan
to pay amount of money on a certain maturity date as stated Consumer Loans and Business Loans
in the bond certificate. Unlike the stockholders, bondholders Consumer loans are loans given to individuals for
are lenders to the institution which may be a government or personal or family purpose while business loans are loans
private company. Some bond issuers are the national for business. Consumer loans and business loans may
government, government agencies, government owned and require a collateral. The collateral for both loans may be real
estate or other investments. For business loans, they can
use equipment, fixtures, or furniture as collateral. Consumer
loans do not usually require a guarantor. Business loans
require the business owners to sign as guarantors. For
consumer loans, the bank or the lending institution may
require a credit report, bank statements, and an income tax
return, and if the lendee is employed, a certificate of
employment and employee pay slips. For business loans,
the lendee must submit a credit report, income tax returns
and the company’s financial statement. The term of the
business loan is generally shorter than the consumer loan.
The interest rate for business loan is usually higher than that
for the consumer loan.
Amortization Method
method of paying a loan (principal and interest) on
installment basis, usually of equal amounts at regular
intervals
Mortgage
a loan, secured by a collateral, that the borrower is
obliged to pay at specified terms
Chattel Mortgage
a mortgage on a movable property
Outstanding Balance
any remaining debt at a specified time
What is mortgage?
A mortgage is a business loan or a consumer loan
that is secured with a collateral. Collaterals are assets that
can secure a loan. If a borrower cannot pay the loan, the
lender has a right to the collateral. The most common
collaterals are real estate property. For business loans,
equipment, furniture, and vehicles may also be used as
collateral. Usually, the loan is secured by the property
bought. For example, if a house and lot is purchased, the
purchased house and lot will be used as a mortgaged
property or a collateral. During the term of the loan, the
mortgagor, the borrower in a mortgage, still has the right to
possess and use the mortgaged property. If the mortgagor
does not make regular payments on the mortgage, the
mortgagee or the lender in a mortgage can repossess the
mortgaged property.
The most common type of mortgage is the fixed-
rate mortgage wherein the interest remains constant
throughout the term of the loan.
LOGIC
Proposition
A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either
true or false, but not both. If a proposition is true, then its
truth value is true, which is denoted by 𝑇; otherwise, its truth
value is false, which is denoted by 𝐹.
Compound Proposition
A compound proposition is a proposition formed
from a simpler proposition using logical connectors or some
combination of logical connectors.
EARTH SCIENCE Crystal Size/Texture
FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER Texture
ROCKS refers to the overall appearance of igneous rocks
ROCKS based on the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral
naturally occurring aggregates of one or more minerals and grains or crystals.
may or may not contain mineraloids and pre-existing rocks ▪ strongly influences by the rate of cooling
CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS o The faster the rate of cooling is, the smaller
▪ igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic the crystal.
▪ made differently by physical changes (processes) o The slow cooling of magma, the bigger the
crystal size.
melting weathering
Cooling Eroding Intrusive Rocks
Solidification Deformation ▪ take one million years or more to cool
compaction o have bigger crystal sizes
IGNEOUS ROCKS Extrusive Rocks
▪ Latin word ignis which means “fire” ▪ solidification process is very fast
▪ formed from magma: o have smaller crystal sizes - microscopic
o melting and cooling grains
o solidification (known as crystallization) Classification
Melting and Cooling Based on texture:
▪ extremely high temperature in the earth’s interior Fine-grained (Aphanitic) Fast rate of cooling
melts solid rock to form a molten liquid called Coarse-grained
Slow rate of cooling
magma (Phaneritic)
▪ magma finds its way out toward the earth’s surface Porphyritic
Two rates of cooling
(two crystal sizes)
▪ as magma rises, it cools down to form rock again
Glassy Very fast rate of cooling
Solidification or Crystallization
Chemical Composition:
▪ can occur along the surface of the earth or beneath
Felsic (Granitic)
the surface of the earth
• “fel” refers to feldspar of the potassium-rich variety
Extrusive Volcanic Igneous Rocks
• “sic” which indicates a high percentage of silica
molten rocks (lava) solidify at the surface of the
earth • rich in silicon, oxygen, aluminum, and potassium
Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks • Dominant Minerals: Quartz, potassium feldspar,
magma that loses mobility before reaching the sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar
surface and crystallizes at depth or beneath the earth’s • Rock color (based on % of dark minerals): 0 -
surface 25%, light in color
Mafic (Basaltic)
• “ma” referring to magnesium
• “fic” which is the Latin word for iron
• rich in magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium
• Dominant Minerals: Pyroxene, calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar
• Rock color (based on % of dark minerals): 25 -
45%, usually dark in color
Andesitic (Intermediate)
• contains a mixture of both light and dark-colored
minerals
• Dominant Minerals: Amphibole, sodium and
calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar
• Rock color (based on % of dark minerals): 45-
85%
EXTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE
Ultramafic (ultrabasic)
▪ obsidian ▪ pegmatite
▪ pumice ▪ granite • have a relatively low amount of silica
▪ rhyolite ▪ diorite • contain mostly dark-colored minerals: 90% "mafic"
▪ andesite ▪ gabbro minerals
▪ basalt • many are found on the surface were brought up
▪ scoria from the mantle by rising bodies of magma that
erupted on the surface
 • rare on the Earth's surface, but they dominate the MAJOR TYPES
mantle Clastic (Detrital) Sedimentary Rocks
• Dominant Minerals: Olivine, Pyroxene ▪ come from clasts or pieces of other rock of different
• Rock color (based on % of dark minerals): 85 - sizes cemented together
100% ▪ Clastic sediments are called gravel, sand, silt, or
clay.
*The outside walls are made of sedimentary rock, ▪ commonly classified based on particle size
SANDSTONE. made of rounded gravel particles in
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS the sand or finer-grained matrix
formed through the deposition and solidification of sediment (clay or silt-sized materials)
Conglomerate
deposited on the Earth’s surface or near the surface of the
the coarsest of the clastic
Earth
sedimentary rock
Sediment Breccia composed of angular particles
solid material that is moved and deposited in a new composed dominantly of sand-size
location Sandstone
particles
▪ mostly found in beaches, rivers, and oceans where composed chiefly of silt-size
sand, mud, and another type of sediments are Siltstone
particles (usually quartz)
present consists of finely laminated (thinly
▪ preserve or “record” the kind of environment that Shale layered) clay-sized particles (silts
existed while they were being formed and clay)
▪ scientists - to learn about the changes in climate Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
and environment in Earth’s history • start as a solution of water, ions, and sediment
▪ made of lithified sediment • formed via the evaporation of water and the
Lithification (diagenesis) precipitation of ions over time
is the process that turns sediments into rock. • classification: based on chemical composition
PROCESSES • chemical processes: evaporation or precipitation,
Weathering leaving dissolved minerals behind
▪ breaking down of rocks into smaller fragments. Evaporites
Transportation ✓ halite, gypsum, and dolostone
▪ sediment can be transported by sliding down ✓ form from brines generated in areas where the
slopes, being picked up by the wind, or by being amount of water is lost by evaporation
carried by running water in streams, rivers, or ocean ✓ location of formation: hot and dry environment
currents. such as a desert playa
Deposition (burial) Precipitates
▪ sediment is deposited when the energy of the ✓ Limestone - made of the mineral calcite or from
transporting medium becomes too low to continue the shells of sea critters
the transport process. ✓ precipitation due to change of the temperature
Compaction (or the acidity) of the water that settle out on the
▪ occurs when files of sediments accumulate and the bottom of the ocean
materials below are compacted by the weight of the Organic Sedimentary Rocks
overlying layers. ▪ Coal – form the dead remains of plants
Cementation ▪ form from hard, biological materials like plants,
▪ hardening and welding of clastic sediments by the shells, and bones that are compressed into rock
precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces. (calcium minerals in them)
▪ Common types: METAMORPHIC ROCKS
o Calcite ▪ “changed form" rocks
o Silica ▪ come from pre-existing rocks
o Iron Oxide o igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic
FEATURES o parent rock or protoliths
Fossil assemblages ▪ formed below the surface of the earth through the
▪ remains of and traces of plants and animals that process of metamorphism
existed in different geologic periods that are o the recrystallization of minerals in rocks
preserved in rocks o due to changes in pressure (stress) and
Stratification temperature (heat) conditions
▪ Stratification or layering is the result of a change in o the effects can be complex
grain size and composition.
 o based on: ▪ produced by low grade metamorphism, which is
▪ composition of the original rock caused by relatively low temperatures and
▪ pressure and temperature pressures
TYPES OF METAMORPHISM Phyllite
Contact or Thermal Metamorphism ▪ created from slate that is further metamorphosed
▪ the pre-existing rock gets in contact with magma ▪ very fine-grained white mica achieves a preferred
o source of heat orientation
▪ occur around the contact/metamorphic aureole of ▪ primarily composed of quartz, sericite mica, and
the intruding magma and the rock layers chlorite
Metamorphic or Contact Aureole Schist
the zone surrounding the intrusion ▪ has been squeezed harder than slate
▪ main factors: ▪ often found folded and crumpled and so many of the
Heat original minerals have been altered into flakes
-If the temperatures are too high the minerals in ▪ usually named by the main mineral from which they
the rock will melt to produce magma that will form are formed (Bitotite mica schist, hornblende schist,
igneous rock. garnet mica schist, and talc schist)
-If the temperatures are too low, the reactions Gneiss
necessary to change rock would not take place. ▪ a high-grade metamorphic rock
-temperature “window” between 2000 C - 8000 ▪ has been subjected to more heat and pressure than
C schist
-occur at depths of 7 km (or greater) below ▪ coarser than schist and has distinct banding
Earth’s surface ▪ compose of materials as the same as granites
-causes chemical reactions (Feldspar with mica and quartz)
>recrystallization of existing minerals ▪ can be formed from sandstone or shale, or it can be
>formation of new minerals formed from the igneous rock granite
Reactive fluids
Examples:
▪ Limestone is heated to high temperature and forms
larger grains of crystals (Marble)
▪ Sandstone that is changed to quartzite.
▪ The quartzite is still a quartz mineral but it is no
longer porous like sandstone.
▪ Quartzite is much more crystalline in appearance.
Regional Metamorphism NONFOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
▪ occurs in areas that have undergone a considerable The texture contains equidimensional crystals and
amount of mechanical deformation and chemical resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock
recrystallization associated with the large-scale Marble
forces of plate tectonics ▪ results when limestone (parent rock) is
▪ Convergent and divergent plate boundaries metamorphosed
represent environments with a range of ▪ with large, interlocking crystals of calcite
temperature and pressure conditions suitable for ▪ used as a building stone and has variety of colors
different degrees of metamorphism. Quartzite
▪ Over-riding plate: High temperature and pressure ▪ forms from quartz sandstone (parent rock); quartz
▪ Descending plate: relatively low temperature and grains are fused
high-pressure
▪ When tectonic forces squeeze rocks as they are
heated, the rocks deform into folds and form layers.
Foliation
▪ mineral alignment perpendicular to the
compressional force and usually gives the rock a
layered or banded appearance
▪ The foliated layer’s thickness varies from a fraction
of a meter to a meter.
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Slate
▪ a fine-grained metamorphic rock
 ROCK CYCLE
ROCK CYCLE
▪ visual diagram that shows how igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are formed
and how they are interrelated
▪ never-ending process (proceeds with no beginning
or ending point )
▪ describes the dynamic transitions through geologic
time
▪ would dictate the transformation of rocks
▪ determine where the rocks are located
▪ describes all the processes by which rocks are
formed, modified, transported, decomposed,
melted, and reformed
ROCK CYCLE PROCESSES

✓ melting
✓ crystallization (cooling and solidification)
✓ weathering and erosion
✓ lithification (compaction and cementation)
✓ metamorphism (heat and pressure)
PRE CALCULUS
FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON • Karol Wojtyła stresses(SJPII) that participation has
FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER its foundation on intersubjectivity, man as existing
INTERSUBJECTIVITY and acting together-with-others that can imply
INTERSUBJECTIVITY participation as an act towards the common good of
Intersubjectivity will make us realize that to place ourselves the community.
in the shoes of others and leads to a greater understanding • Man-action
and appreciation of others. • The ultimate test of your greatnes is the way you
• It is the condition of man, a subject, among other treat every human being.
men, who are also subjects. OBSTACLE TO AUTHENTIC DIALOGUE
• It refers to the shared awareness and Seeming v.s. Being
understanding among persons. Seeming
• It is made possible by the awareness of the self and proceeds from what one wishes to seem. I
the other. approach the other from what I want to impress on
the other. The look of “seeming is “ made –up” ,
artificial
Being
proceeds from what one really is. I approach the
other from what I really am, not wanting to impress
on the other.
Imposition v.s. Unfolding
Imposition
is interaction between persons, they influence one
another. It is dictating my own opinion, attitude,
• Refers to shared meanings constructed by people myself on the other.
in their interactions with each other Unfolding
• Places communication at the centre of meaning- is finding in the other the disposition towards what I
making. myself recognized as true, good, and beautiful. It
• Gives more attention to social aspects must also be alive in the other person in his/her own
• Interaction > communication > socialization unique way. All I have to do in dialogue is to bring
WHAT PHILOSOPHER SAYS ABOUT him/her to see it for themselves.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY? I – thou v.s. i – it
Edmund Husserl “I-THOU (DIALOGUE) is to be distinguished from “I-IT
Intersubjectivity, a term originally coined by the (monologue) opposite to Dialogue
philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), is most simply • One way of distinguishing dialogue from monologue
stated as the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both is to describe the obstacles to dialogue which would
conscious and unconscious, between two persons or be the characteristic of monologue.
“subjects,” as facilitated by empathy. • We must note first that our life with other persons is
Martin Buber in reality never be a pure dialogue nor pure
• In I and Thou, Buber explains that the self becomes monologue but a mixture. It is the question of which
either more fragmentary or more unified through its predominates.
relationships to others. “The worst prison would be a closed heart”
• This emphasis on intersubjectivity is the main -St. John Paul II
difference between I and Thou and Buber's earlier HOW IS DIALOGUE POSSIBLE?
Daniel: Dialogues on Realization (1913). This made possible when the self realizes that the other is
• Dialogue a philosophical theory that showed a genuine and unique individual.
particular quality Interaction, where the parties
involved develop a connection or relationship. When two individuals begin to view each other as other-that
Dialogue is, truly acknowledging each other’s presence-then that is
Buber explains that genuine dialogue exists when: the beginning of an authentic relationship and dialogue.
“Whether spoken or silent… each of the participants really DIALOGUE
has in mind the other or others in their present and particular • Conversation or some type of way of
being and turns to them with the intention of establishing a communication
living mutual relation[ship] between himself and them“. • Also helps understand characters
(Buber, 1965, p. 22). • Is a way a character speaks that develops who they
St. John Paul II are and their motives
• “Man is not just a rational animal.”
 • A way of realistically understanding the plot, setting philosophy reveals man’s longing for communication
(dialect), Conflict, action and characters’ motives through love, hope, and fidelity. Man’s search for being,
INTERACTION then, becomes the drama of communication.
Interaction is the collaborative exchange of thoughts, ▪ Born in Paris, Dec. 7, 1889, the son of French
feelings, or ideas between two or more people, resulting in ambassador to Stockholm
a reciprocal effect on each other. ▪ Mother died when he was 4 yrs. Old
COMMUNICATION ▪ Rich cultural upbringing, extensive travel
• The word communication has originated from a latin ▪ Wide reading in German and Anglo-American
word ”Communes” which means something philophies
common. ▪ At 18, took diplome with thesis on The Metaphysical
• Communication is a process of exchanging Ideas of Coleridge and their relation to the
information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions Philosophy of Schelling.
through speech signals, writing or behavior. In ▪ 1910, Ph.D. at Sorbonne, passed agregation
communication process, a sender encodes a ▪ 3Early readings on Bradley (immediate
message and then using a medium and send it to experience), Royce (loyalty) and Hocking
appropriate feedback using a medium (Absolute)
SOCIALIZATION ▪ March 23, 1929, conversion from no religion to
Socialization is the process by which a society transmits its Catholicism. While reviewing Francois Mauriacs
cultural values to its members, and the way in which work, was asked, Why are you not one of us?
individuals internalize he values, beliefs, and norms of a ▪ Still anti-scholasticism
given society and learn to function as a member of that ▪ Died October 8, 1973.
society. Gabriel Marcel’s Existentialism
HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE AN AUTHENTIC DIALOGUE? Gabriel Marcel's existentialism focused on
9 Ways to Have an Authentic Conversation Create Human commitment to the development of the individual’s concrete
Moments. Human moments occur when you're face to face existence, the restoration of mutual respect, and trust in
with someone. human relationships; recognize the true worth of man in
1. Take People as They Are… relation to his fellow man in the feeling of bondness. He
2. Resurrect a Positive, Past Experience. ... therefore holds the position that the question about man’s
3. Introduce the Four-Sentence Rule. ... existence is not a problem but a mystery.
4. Notice More People… PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION
5. Express Your Feelings… ▪ The act of giving time to think about the meaning
6. Look for Commonality… and purpose of life.
7. Adopt a Conversational Tone… Primary Reflection
PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION fragmented and compartmentalized thinking
DOING PHILOSOPHY ▪ is a “means -end” thinking, and applying it to human
▪ to ask questions relation, it is a selfish thinking.
▪ to reflect ▪ One of the characteristics of doing philosophy
▪ to formulate and evaluate arguments properly is
▪ philosophy begins in wonder ▪ the ability to express and
Perplexed ▪ support one’s claim rationally,
▪ If you are perplexed, you feel confused and slightly ▪ so if we are not able to justify our views and claims,
worried by something because you do not we are not doing philosophy.
understand it. ▪ the ability to think logically
▪ and once you are perplexed, you begin to think, in ▪ the ability of the mind to construct and evaluate
a sense you begin to philosophize arguments
GABRIEL Marcel (1889-1973) ▪ important tool in doing philosophy
Marcel’s philosophical search for being begins form no other Secondary Reflection
existential experience than his own. His whole philosophical instrumental thinking
method derives its origin from his own personality, his love ▪ characterized as the act of recapturing the unity of
of music and his artistic vision of drama. Marcel himself is original experience by gathering back what has
convinced that it is in drama and through drama that been separated by the primary reflection, thus
metaphysical thought grasps and defines itself in concreto. secondary reflection allows us to think holistically.
▪ SECONDARY REFLECTION by Gabriel Marcel is
Drama assumes its place with philosophy at the heigt of a genuine and unselfish thinking and applying it to
man’s experience. Marcel’s drama reveals the lonliness, human relation, you are not thinking of what you can
misunderstanding and frustrated love of man while his practically get in any relationship and in other words
 you take care and respect the other person with SOCRATES
dignity that deserves to be cared for and to be ▪ Socrates didn’t think we could know if there’s an
loved. afterlife or not, but he thought there were really only
▪ And so when Gabriel Marcel think of a philosophical two possibilities.
reflection he is referring to the Secondary Death as Dreamless Sleep
Reflection. Nice, not scary, rest
▪ enables us to see the interdependence and Death as Passage to another Life
interconnectedness of people, actions and events, get to hang out with cool people from the past who
as well as our direct relation to them. Indeed, have already died
Philosophical reflection allows us to understand Therefore, either way, death is nothing to fear.
deeply ourselves as well as our role and place in ▪ Socrates recommended spending your life looking
the world. after your mind, cultivating that part of you that you’ll
DEATH get to keep forever-if there’s an afterlife.
DEATH ▪ If you do that, when the time comes fro you to die,
Is the end of all biological functions that sustain a living you’ll actually see death as a benefit, because you
organism. IN medical terms, the death of a human being is won’t be troubled by bodily things, while your mind
associated with “brain dead” or ceasing all brain functions. will be in top form
The causes of death include aging, disease, and ▪ To philosophize is to learn how to die
fatal injury. It is now defined as a transition – a shift from the ▪ One who is wise is always ready to die
earthly life to the life after (earthly) death
THE PARADOX OF DEATH
The Certainty of Death
▪ nothing remains the same forever-this is the law of
entropy. Death is certain because we have seen
people die. Anything that has a beginning, has also
an end.
The Uncertainty in Death
▪ as to when life will come to an end is beyond human
will (except in the case of intentional death)
PERSPECTIVE ON DEATH
Ancient Egypt
▪ Two ideas that prevailed in ancient Egypt came to
exert great influence on the concept of death in
other cultures. The first was the notion, epitomized
in the Osirian myth, of a dying and rising saviour
god who could confer on devotees the gift of
immortality; this afterlife was first sought by the
pharaohs and then by millions of ordinary people.
▪ The second was the concept of a postmortem
judgment, in which the quality of the deceased’s life
would influence his ultimate fate. Egyptian society,
it has been said, consisted of the dead, the gods,
and the living. During all periods of their history, the
ancient Egyptians seem to have spent much of their
time thinking of death and making provisions for
their afterlife. The vast size, awe-inspiring
character, and the ubiquity of their funerary
monuments bear testimony to this obsession.
Christians
▪ St. Peter, Waiting At The Pearly Hall For The
Coming Of Good Souls
▪ You will be condemned
▪ Total Condemnation in Hell
KOMUNIKASYON SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA IBA PANG ANYO NG
FINALS – FIRST SEMESTER KULTURANG POPULAR
MGA SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA PILIPINAS FlipTop
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA TELEBISYON ▪ Pagtatalong pa-rap
Telebisyon ▪ Nahahawig sa balagtasan subalit hindi nakalahad o
▪ Itinuturing na pinakamakapangyarihang media sa walang malinaw na paksa
kasalukuyan dahil sa dami ng mamamayang ▪ Walang nasusulat na iskrip kaya karaniwang di
naaabot nito. pormal ang gamit na wika
▪ Lalong dumami ang manonood ng telebisyon ▪ Pangkaraniwan ang paggamit ng mga salitang
saanmang sulok ng bansa dahil sa paglaganap ng nanlalait para makapuntos sa kalaban
cable o satellite connection ▪ Battle League – kompetisyong isinasagawa ng
Wikang Filipino mga malalaking Samahan
▪ Nangungunang midyum sa telebisyon sa Pilipinas ▪ May tigatlong round ang bawat kalahok at ang
▪ Ito ang wika ng mga: mananalo ay nakabatay sa mga hurado
o teleserye ▪ May mga FlipTop na isinasagawa sa wikang Ingles
o pantanghaling palabas subalit ang karamihan ay sa wikang Filipino
o magazine shows ▪ Youtube ang karaniwang paraan ng paglaganap ng
o news and public affairs FlipTop
o komentaryo ▪ May mga paaralang nagsasagawa ng FlipTop lalo
o dokumentaryo na tuwing Buwan ng Wika
o reality tv Pick-up Lines
o programang pang-edukasyon ▪ Sinasabing makabagong bugtong kung saan may
Impluwensiya ng mga programang ito sa mga tanong na sinasagot ng isang bagay na madalas
manonood maiugnay sa pag-ibig at iba pang aspekto ng
▪ Sinasabing 99% ng mga mamamayan sa Pilipinas buhay.
ang nakapagsasalita ng Filipino dahil sa exposure ▪ Pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa boladas ng mga
sa telebisyon binatang nanliligaw na nagnanais magpapansin,
▪ Maraming kabataan ang namumulat sa wikang magpakilig, magpangiti at paibigin ang dalagang
Filipino bilang unang wika maging sa lugar na hindi nililigawan.
kabilang sa Katagalugan ▪ Nakikita sa Facebook wall, sa Twitter, at sa iba
▪ Sa mga probinsiyang rehiyonal ang wika, wikang pang social media network.
Filipino ang ginagamit sa mga paskil o babalang ▪ Ang wikang ginagamit sa mga pick-up lines ay
nasa paligid. karaniwang Filipino at mga barayti nito subalit
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA RADYO AT DIYARYO nagagamit din ang Ingles o Taglish.
▪ Filipino ang nangungunang wika sa radyo. ▪ Nauso ang pick-up lines dahil sa impluwensiya ni
▪ Ang mga estasyon ng radyo sa probinsiya ay “Boy Pick-up” o Ogie Alcasid sa programang
gumagamit ng rehiyonal na wika subalit sa mga Bubble Gang.
panayam ay karaniwang Filipino ang wikang ▪ Naging matunog din nang gamitin ni dating
ginagamit. Senador Miriam Defensor Santiago sa kanyang
▪ Sa mga diyaro, wikang Ingles ang ginagamit sa mga talumpati at isinulat pa niya sa aklat na Stupid
mga broadsheet at wikang Filipino sa mga tabloid is Forever. Kung saan pinagsama-sama niya ang
maliban sa People’s Journal at Tempo mga orihinal niyang pick-up lines at hindi.
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA PELIKULA Hugot Lines
▪ Ang mga lokal na pelikulang gumagamit ng midyum ▪ Tinatawag ding love lines o love quotes
na Filipino ay mainit ding tinatangkilik ng mga ▪ Tawag sa mga linya ng pag-ibig na nakakikilig,
manonood. nakatutuwa, cute, o minsa’y nakaiinis.
▪ Ingles ang karaniwang pamagat ng mga pelikulang ▪ Karaniwang nagmula sa linya ng ilang tauhan sa
Pilipino tulad ng: One More Chance, Starting Over pelikula o telebisyong nagmarka sa puso’t isipan ng
Again, It Takes A Man and A Woman, You’re Still mga manonood.
the One, She’s Dating the Gangster, Maybe This ▪ Nakagagawa rin ng sariling “hugot lines” ang mga
Time, atbp. tao depende sa damdamin o karanasang
▪ Ang wikang ginagamit sa mga pelikulang ito ay pinagdaraanan nila sa kasalukuyan.
Filipino, Taglish, at iba pang barayti ng wika. ▪ Minsa’y nakasulat sa Filipino subalit madalas,
Taglish ang gamit na salita.
 SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA TEXT ▪ Mga pamilihan at palengke
▪ Mahalagang bahagi ng komunikasyon sa ating ▪ Direct selling
bana ang pagpapadala at pagtanggap ng SMS ▪ Ginagamit sa mga komersiyal o patalastas
(short messaging system). pantelebisyon o panradyo
▪ Tinaguriang “Texting Capital of the World” ang SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA EDUKASYON
Pilipinas dahil humigit-kumulang apat na bilyong Sa itinatadhana ng K-12 Curriculum
text ang ipinadadala at natatanggap sa ating bansa ▪ Sa mababang paaralan (Kindergarten hanggang
araw-araw. Grade 3) ay unang wika ang gagamitin bilang
Katagian ng wika sa SMS o text wikang panturo at bilang hiwalay na asignatura,
▪ Madalas gumagamit ng code switching o pagpapalit samantalang ang Filipino at Ingles naman ay
ng Ingles at Filipino itinuturo bilang magkahiwalay na asignaturang
▪ Binabago o pinaiikli ang baybay ng mga salita dahil pangwika
160 characters lamang ang nilalaman nito ▪ Sa mas matataas na antas ay nananatiling
▪ Walang sinusunod na tuntunin sa pagpapaikli ng bilingguwal ang wikang panturo.
salita, Ingles o Filipino man ang gamit. INTRODUKSYON SA PANANALIKSIK SA WIKA AT
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA SOCIAL MEDIA AT SA KULTURANG PILIPINO
INTERNET PANANALIKSIK
▪ Tulad ng sa text, gumagamit din ng code switching Good (1963)
sa pagpapahayag sa social media, gayundin ang Ang pananaliksik ay isang maingat, kritikal, at
pagpapaikli ng mga salita disiplinadong inkwiri sa pamamagitan ng iba’t ibang teknik
▪ Higit na mas pinag-iisipan ang mga salita o at paraan batay sa kalikasan at kalagayan ng natukoy na
pahayag bago i-post dahil mas maraming tao ang suliranin tungo sa klaripikasyon at resolusyon.
makakikita. Aquino (1974)
▪ Kaiba sa text, maaaring mag-edit ng post o Ang pananaliksik ay sistematikong paghahanap ng
komento sa social media. mga mahahalagang ipormasyon hinggil sa isang tiyak na
▪ Nananatiling Ingles ang pangunahing wikang paksa o suliranin.
ginagamit sa social media at Internet bagaman Manuel at Medel (1976)
marami nang website ang mapagkukunan ng mga Ito ay proseso ng pangangalap ng mga
impormasyon o kaalamang nasusulat sa Filipino o impormasyon upang malutas ang isang partikular na
Tagalog. suliranin sa isang siyentipikong pamamaraan.
Mga babasahin at impormasyong nasusulat sa wikang E. Trece at J.W. Trece
Filipino na makikita sa Internet Ang pananaliksik ay isang pagtatangka upang
▪ Dokumentong pampamahalaan makakuha ng mga solusyon sa mga suliranin. Idinagdag pa
▪ Akdang pampanitikan nila na ito ay isang pangangalap ng mga datos sa isang
▪ Awiting nasusulat sa wikang Filipino kontroladong sitwasyon para sa layunin ng prediksyon at
▪ Resipi eksplanasyon.
▪ Balita mula sa mga pahayagang online LAYUNIN NG PANANALIKSIK
▪ Diksiyonaryong Filipino Calderon at Gonzales (1993)
▪ Mga sulatin sa wikang Filipino (blog, komento, atbp) ▪ Upang makadiskubre ng mga bagong kaalaman
▪ Impormasyong pangwika hinggil sa mga batid pang penomena.
SITWASYONG PANGWIKA SA KALAKALAN ▪ Upang makakita ng mga sagot sa mga suliraning
Mga gumagamit ng Wikang Ingles hindi pa ganap na nalulutas ng mga umiiral na
▪ Mga boardroom ng malalaking kompanya at metodo at impormasyon.
korporasyon ▪ Mapagbuti ang mga umiiral na teknik at
▪ Mga Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) lalo na makadebelop ng mga bagong instrumento o
sa mga kumpanyang nakabase sa Pilipinas na ang produkto.
sineserbisyuhan ay mga dayuhang customer ▪ Makatuklas ng hindi pa nakikilalang substances at
▪ Dokumentong nakasulat tulad ng memo, kautusan, elements.
kontrata, atbp ▪ Makalikha ng batayan ng pagpapasya sa kalakalan,
▪ Website ng mga malalaking mangangalakal industriya, edukasyon, pamahalaan at iba pang
gayundin ang kanilang mga press release lalo na larangan.
kung ito ay nakalathala sa mga broadsheet o ▪ Ma-satisfy ang kuryosidad ng mananaliksik.
magazine ▪ Mapalawak o ma-verify ang mga umiiral na
Mga gumagamit ng wikang Filipino kaalaman.
▪ Pagawaan o production line
▪ Mall at restoran
 MGA URI NG PANANALIKSIK PANIMULANG PANANALIKSIK
Michael Patton (1990) MGA HAKBANG SA PANANALIKSIK
Panimulang Pananaliksik (Basic Research) Una: Pumili at Maglimita ng Paksa
▪ Ang layunin ng pananaliksik na ito ay umunawa at 1. Pumili ng isang paksang kawili-wili at kapaki-
magpaliwanag. pakinabang upang magkaroon ng saysay ang
▪ Ito ay binubuo ng teoryang nagpapaliwanag tungkol kalalabasan nito.
sa isang penomenong sinisiyasat (o pangyayari) at 2. Maghanda ng sapat na sangguniang babasahin sa
ito ay deskriptibo o naglalarawan. napiling paksa sapagkat kailangang mapalawak
Pagdugtong Pananaliksik (Applied Research) ang mga kaalaman ng paksang tatalakayin.
▪ Ang layunin ng pananaliksik na ito ay upang 3. Pumili ng paksang hindi magiging malawak at
matulungan ang mga tao na maunawaan ang masaklaw.
kalikasan ng isang suliranin nang sa gayon ay 4. May katangiang napapanahon at nakapag-aambag
magkaroon siya ng ideya kung paano ito sa kasalukuyang kalagayan o penomena sa
makokontrol. larangan ng wika at kultura
▪ Sa madaling salita, ang uring ito ay humahanap ng 5. May matibay na kaugnayan at kabuluhang
potensiyal na kalutasan sa mga suliranin ng tao at mapaglalapatan ng angkop at malayang metodo o
mga suliraning umiiral sa kanyang kapaligiran. pamamaraan
Pagkilos na Pananaliksik (Action Research) 6. Paksang nakapagpapayaman sa pag-unawa,
▪ Ang pananaliksik na ito ay naglalayong lumutas ng pagdalumat, at pagpapahalaga sa anomang isyu o
isang tiyak na suliranin sa isang programa, usapin sa larangan ng kultura at wika.
organisasyon, o komunidad Pokus sa paglilimita ng paksang pampananaliksik
TUNGKULIN AT PANANAGUTAN Uri Edad
1. Matapat at tinutugunan ang mga gawain sa Panahon Kasarian
pananaliksik Grupong kinabibilangan Lugar
Matapat na pangangalap at pag-uulat ng mga datos, hindi perspektiba
maaaring mag-imbento ng mga datos. Halimbawa sa paksang:
2. Obhetibo “Pagbanghay sa Iba’t ibang Imahe ng Kababaihan sa
Inilalayo ang personal na hangarin o intensiyon sa paksa o Piling TV Adbertisment”
isyung sinasaliksik, walang pagkiling sa resulta ng kanyang Pagbanghay sa iba’t ibang imahe
pag-aaral. = pokus sa pananaw o perspektiba
3. Maingat sa anomang pagkakamali at malayo sa Kababaihan
kapabayaan = pokus sa kasarian
Kinikilatis nang mabuti ang mga nabuong gawain at Piling TV Adbertisment
tinitingnan kung wasto ang nailapat na datos. Malinis at = pokus sa uri
maayos ang pagkakasulat ng mga salita at impormasyon, Panlahat na Paksa:
kaya’t mahalaga ang proofreading. “Kalagayan ng mga Pilipinang OFW”
4. Bukas ang isipan sa mga puna at bagong ideya “ Kalagayan ng mga
Limitadong Paksa ayon sa
Ang mga mananaliksik ay tumatanggap ng mga suhestiyon Pilipinang OFW sa taong
Panahon
at puna, para sa kanila ito ay magpapaganda at 2020-2021”
magpapabuti pa ng ginawang pananaliksik. “Kalagayan ng mga
Limitadong Paksa ayon sa
5. May paggalang sa intelektwal na pag-aari Pilipinang OFW sa
Lugar
Kinikilala ang awtor o sumulat ng impormasyon at ideya. Hongkong”
6. Mapagkakatiwalaan ang mananaliksik sa mga “Kalagayan ng Seguridad
Limitadong Paksa ayon sa
kasunduan sa Trabahong mga
Isyu/Pananaw
Pilipinang OFW”
7. May paggalang sa mga kasamahan
“Kalagayan ng Seguridad
Mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng bukas na komunikasyon
sa Trabahong mga
upang mapag-usapan ang isyu na kinahaharap. Limitadong Paksa ayon sa
Pilipinang OFW sa
8. Responsable sa lipunan Panahon, Lugar, at Isyu
Hongkong sa Taong 2020-
Iwasan ang mga isyung sisira sa imahen ng isang tao, 2021”
samahan, o institusyon. Pangalawa: Magsagawa ng Pansamantalang Balangkas
9. Hindi nagtatangi ▪ Makatutulong ang paglalatag ng tentatibong
ng mga kasamahan o kamag-aral, ni ng kasarian, relihiyon, balangkas na naglalaman ng mahahalagang
kultura, lahi at iba pang salik na maaaring sumira sa aspekto at punto na tatalakayin sa kabuuan ng
kahusayan at integridad ng ginagawang pananaliksik. pananaliksik.
10. May kahusayan
 ▪ Kailangang ibatay ang daloy ng isasagawang Pang-apat: Mangalap ng Datos
balangkas sa mga naitalang tiyak na suliranin o ▪ Pangunahing Datos
layunin ng pananaliksik. tuwirang pinanggalingan ng impormasyon na maaaring
Balangkas indibidwal na tao, iba’t ibang organisasyon, pribado man o
I. Epekto ng Sin Tax Law pampubliko. Sulat, talaarawan, talumpati, talambuhay,
a. Negosyante dokumento, batas, kontrata, at lahat ng uri ng orihinal na
i. Malaking kompanya talaan.
ii. Maliit na tindahan ▪ Sekundaryang Datos
b. Konsyumer datos na kinalap mula sa mga aklat, diksiyonaryo,
i. Mayaman encyclopedia, almanac, tesis, disertasyon, manuskrito, at
ii. Mahihirap mga artikulong mababasa sa mga pahayagan at magasin
II. Implikasyon sa Ekonomiya ng Sin Tax Law Panglima: Bumuo ng Borador ng Panimulang Papel
a. Pagbubuwis ▪ Saligang Katwiran
i. Distribusyon pagpapaliwanag tungkol sa paksa. Sinasagot ang mga
tanong na ano at bakit tungkol sa paksa
I. Imahe ng Kababaihan sa mga Komersyal ng ▪ Layunin
Shampoo inilalahad ang kaukulang tanong na nagsisilbing suliranin ng
a. Tradisyunal pag-aaral. Maaaring inilalahad sa anyong patanong.
b. Makabago ▪ Metodolohiya
II. Paraan ng Presentasyon sa Imahe ipinaaalam ang paraang gagamitin sa kabuoan ng tala at
a. Testimonial mga taong tutugon sa gawaing pananaliksik na magsisilbing
b. Sitwasyunal hanguan ng impormasyon
c. Karakterisasyon Pang-anim: Gumamit ng Dokumentasyon
III. Implikasyon sa Kalagayan ng Kababaihan sa Dokumentasyon
Kasalukuyan pinakamahalagang bahagi ng pagsasagawa ng
a. Babae bilang malaya sa kanyang panimulang pananaliksik ang paghahanda ng talaan ng
kapasyahan lahat ng mga ginamit na sanggunian at iba pang
b. Babae bilang kapantay ng kalalakihan mahahalagang detalye.
c. Babae bilang makabago sa paraan ng
pamumuhay
d. Babae bilang representasyon ng post-
kolonyalismo
Impormal na Balangkas
1. Kasanayan ng Kababaihan sa Komersiyal
2. Imahe ng Kababaihan sa Komersiyal ng Shampoo
3. Paraan ng Presentasyon sa Imahe
4. Implikasyon sa Kalagayan ng Kababaihan sa
Kasalukuyan
Pangatlo: Magtala ng mga Sanggunian o Bibliyograpiya
▪ Silid-aklatan ang pinakamabuting lugar upang
pagsaliksikan
▪ Itala ang lahat ng sangguniang may kaugnayan sa
paksa
▪ Huwag takdaan ang bilang ng magiging
sanggunian
Makatutulong ang paghahanda ng card ng bibliyograpiya
para sa bawat sanggunian na kakikitaan ng sumusunod na
mga impormasyon:
▪ Pangalan ng awtor
▪ Pamagat ng kanyang isinulat
▪ Impormasyon ukol sa pagkakalathala
o Mga naglimbag
o Lugar at tao ng pagkakalimbag
o Pamagat ng aklat
▪ Ilang mahahalagang tala ukol sa nilalaman