Week 6 AIA Lecture

Week 6 AIA lecture
More than 80% of primary producion of grains such as wheat, rice need to be cultivated
in open fields--> need to be tilled (soil preparation).
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Test: 1) To measure soil strength 2) To determine the
location of different soil layers--> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59qqWwfJCH8
It measures how many blows (the hammer hit) to make the cone penetrates into the soil
(by means of force & pressure) by 10cm. Big difference in no.of blows indicate the
different layer. Force÷area of cone= pressure of the soil. Higher pressure, higher
compaction.
Classes of tillage tools:
The clod size must be less than 30mm
Purposes of tillage: To control the weed, To develop the seed bed, Incorporate or
mixing the residue, To control soil erosion, To establish surface configuration
moulboard--> curve blade
The rolling elements--> most popular tools as the implement due to less resistance
during operating using the tractor, it rolls (as it is dragged) without power & can be
attached to wheels so that it can perform secondary tillage.
Tine--> sharp pointed
Nowadays, there is a guideline on how to do tillage with no soil erosion and water runoff.
E.g. plowing more than 50cm depth is prohibited.
Counter blade notched has notches to break the sticks being encountered as the blade
being rolled over the land, allowing the sticks to be decomposed faster.
Coulter blade-fluted acts like a spoon scooping the soil but not deep, then throw it
behind--> prevents soil erosion, forms seed bed and fastest speed among the 4 types of
blades (better efficiency). Coulter notches speed: 15-20km/hr, Coulter flutes: up to
40km/hr
All the disk types except the concaves cut at 90^o to the land.
https://www.rangelinegroup.com/product/ch-co-pl-coulter-2/ --> disk blade concave
image. Slowest speed due to consistent force acting from the soil to the disk. Less than
13m/hr.
chisel plow light image--> https://landoll.com/farm-equipment/chisel-plow/
the spring component of the chisel plow is to provide plow resistance such that when it
encounters some stones, wooden trunk, higher size than itself, the spring allows the
chisel to flip, passing over the barriers.
Chisel plow-heavy--> stronger than the light one
Subsoiler: plow at deeper more than 50cm depth breaking the hardpan layer (not
recommended)
Furrowers--> pushing and turning the soil upside down. Used for paddy field., make
drainage area
The lightest force acting to the tractor as well as to the soil-->the cultivator shank & 'S'
tine.
Cultivator shank is used to control the weeds that grow between the rows of plants. It has
tiny sharp pointed blade there to cut the roots of the weed and then turn the soil upside
down at tiny space.
Coil shank is not steady enough, not really recommended coz it tends to bent its shape
when encounters heavy objects.
Rotary hoe (fastest speed) to perform secondary tillage
Implements usually installed at the back of tractor. Ballast on the front.
Despite reducing efficiency and troublesome maintenances due to different operations
done by lots of different implements at the same time, there are advantages:
Can hire only 1 worker to operate the tractor with these lots of different implements
attached.
More productive, cost saving.
Implement draught OR draft= reduction of power availability to apply the implement. E.g.
when engine power reduced then draft also reduced.
Implement draft is the force acting to the tractor to pull the implements in which its
direction is parallel to the direction of tractor's travel.
For slide 15: the Rf and Rr are the resistance of the soil to the tractor while Rt is the draft.
For slide 19:
the depth of soil to be tilled and the width of implement always inverse towards each
other. When one reduces the other increases.
to reduce implement draft, increase transmission ratio.
to reduce the draft, increase the implement width and reduce the depth
1 disk requires 20hp hence if we have 3 disks attached we need at least 60hp for our
engine.
Self study on the function of these parts:
1. furrow wheel (control the depth of tillage by performing 2ndary tillage)
2. scraper (to flatten out the broken soil particles)
3. bearing
4. axle
In intensive farming practices, the 2ndary tillage is directly used right away skipping the
primary one allowing the water to be mixed up directly to the fine soil particles.
Cultivator is used for maintaining bed formation and get rid off the weeds
Planting rows can be separated

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