18) Transfer of pollen grains from anther to c) Plumule

stigma ofa different plant is called d) Embryogeny.

a) Geitonogamy 20) What is bagging?
used in plant
b) Autogamy a) This is a technique
c) Cliestogamy breeding only
grains of
d) Xenogamy. b) It ensure that pollen used for
19) The early stage of embryo development desirable plants are
is
fertilization of stigma
a) Proembryo c) To develop desired variety of plants
b) Embryo sac d) All of the above.

CHAPTER 3:- HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Reproduction is the production of young ones by an organism. Humans are sexually
reproducing and viviparous.
Dioecious having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.
Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of
different sex in the same species.
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. Male Reproductive System

Ureter Urinary
bladder
Vas deferens
Seminal
vesicle
Prostate
-Bulbourethral
gland
Epididymis
-Urethra
Vasa efferentia
Rete testis

Testicular lobules Testis

LForeskin
Glans penls

eure 3.1(b) Dlagrammatic vlew af male reproductve aystem

(part of testis la open to show tnner detalls)
It consists of Primary sex organs (Paired testes), Accessory ducts,
Accessory glands
and External genitalia.

BIOLOGY
Page 30
 a. Primary sex organs (Paired testes)

Epididymis

Vas efferentia

Rete testis

Seminiferous
tubules Vas deferens
Testicular
labule

Primary sex orgarns that produce sperms & testosterone.

Testes are formed within the abdomen. Soon after the birth or at the g" month of
pregnancy they descent into the scrotal sac (scrotum) through inguinal canal.
The low temperature (2- 2.50C less than the body
temperature) of scrotum helps for proper functioning of testes and for
spermatogenesis.
Each testis is oval in shape. Length 4-5 cm, width: 2-3 cm.
Each testis has about 250 testicular lobules.
Each lobule contains 1-3 coiled seminiferous tubules.
Seminiferous tubule is lined internally with spermatogonia (male germ cells) &
Sertoli cells(Nurse cell).
Sertoli cells (Nurse cells) give shape and nourishment to developing spermatogonia.
The regions outside the seminiferous tubules (interstitial spaces) contain small blood
vessels, interstitial cells (Leydig cells) and immunologically competent cells.
Leydig cells secrete testicular hormones (androgens).
b. Accessory ducts (Duct system)
- Include rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis &vas deferens. They conduct sperms
from testis as follows:
Seminiferous tubules ’ open into rete testis (irregular cavities) ’vasa efferentia
(series of fine tubules) -epididymis (stores sperms temporarily) ’ vas deferens
’ join with duct of seminal vesicle to form common ejaculatory duct ’ urethra ’
External urethral meatus.
Urethra receives ducts of prostate and Cowper's glands.
c. Accessory glands
Include a prostate gland, a pair of seminal vesicles and a pair of Cowper's glands
(bulbo-urethral glands).
- Their collective secretion (seminal plasma) is ich in fructose, Ca and enzymes.
- Seminal plasma + sperms --- Semen
Functions of seminal plasma:
" Helps for transporting sperms.

BIOLOGY Page 31
 " Supplies nutrients to sperms.
P'rovides alkalinity to counteract the acidity of uterus.
" Secretions of Cowper's glands lubricate the penis. & prostate help for
maturation
seminal vesicle
Secretions of epididymis, vas deferens,
nd motility of sperms.
d. Penis (externalgenitalia)
II is a copulatory organ made of erectile spongy tissue. inseminaton.
Spongy tissue is filled with blood. the penis erects. It facilitates
nen prepuce
cone-shaped tip of the penis is called glans penis. It is covered by
The
(foreskin). 2.Female Reproductive System
of Ovaries).Accessory ducts, Accessory
t ncludes Primary sex organ (a pair
glands and External genitalia.
a Primary sex organ (Paired ovaries)
(fermale gamete) & steroid ovarian
mary Sex organs which produce ova
hormones (estrogen &progesterone).
Ovaries are located on both side of the lower abdomen.
the pelvic wall and uterus by
Each ovary is 2-4 cm in length and is connected to
ligaments.
which encloses the ovarian stroma.
tdcn oary is covered bya thin epithelium
The stroma has outer cortex and inner medulla. centrally
Ovary contains groups of cells (Ovarian follicles). Each follicle carries a
placed ovum.
Cortex
Corpus
4rtoum

Tunica Medulla
albuginea

Germinal Mature Egg

epithelium folcle nest

b.Access9ry ducts ([Duct system)

. Include 2 oviducts (Fallopian tubes), a uterus &vagina.
1. Oviducts: Each oviduct (10-12 cm long) has 3 parts
1) Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped opening provided with many finger-like
fimbriae.
It helps to colled the ovum.
2) Ampulla: Wider part.
3) Isthmus: Narrow jart. lt joins the uterus.
.The ciliated epithelium Imed the lulen of the oviduct drives th ovum
towatds the uteu
2 IlIterus (womb): It nverted pear shped. Itis supported by ligaments

BIOLOGY Page 32
 attached to the pelvi wall
Uterus has 3 parts Upper fundus, middle body and terminal cervIx. Cervix
opens to vagina.
The uterine wall has 3 layers such as
r External perimetrium (thin membrane).
Middle myometrium (thick layer of smooth muscle).
e Inner glandular and vascular endometrium.
Uterine fundus
Uerine cavity
Isthmus

-Ampulla Falloplan
tube
-Infundibulum
Endometrtum Ovary
Myometrdum Fimbriae
Pertmetrtum
Cervix

-Cervical canal

-Vagina
3. Vagina: It opens to the exterior between urethra &anus. The lumen of vagina is
lined by aglycogen-rich mucous membrane consisting of sensitive papillae and
Bartholin's glands. The secretions of Bartholin's glands lubricate the penis
during sexual act.
GAccessory glands
Bartholin's glands.
d External genitalia (vulva or pudendum)
Consist of Mons pubis, vestibule, hymen &clitoris.
Mons pubis: Acushion of fatty tissue covered by pubic hair.
Vestibule: A median channel. It includes
" Labia majora: Large, fleshy, fatty and hairy outer folds. Surrounds vaginal
opening.
" Labia minora: Small, thin and hairless inner folds.
" Hymen (Maiden head): A membrane which partially cover the vaginal opening. It
is often torn during the first coitus. It may also be broken by a sudden fall or jolt,
insertion of a vaginal tampon; active participation in some sports items etc. In
some wonen, hymen persists after coitus. So the hymen is not a reliable
indicator of virginity.
" Clitoris: Ahighly sensitive organ lying just in front of the urethral opening.
Mammary glands (breasts)
Apair of mammary glands contains glandular tissue &fat.
" Glandular tissue of each breast has 15-20 mammary lobes containing clusters of
cells (mammary alveoli).
BIOLOGY
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 Cells of alveoli secrete milk. It is stored in lumen of alveoli.
The alveoli open into mammary tubules.
The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct.
Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is
connccted to lactiferous duct through which milk is sucked out.
Fal
Mammary lobe

Mammary alveolus

Mammary duct
Ampulla RIE

Iactilerous duct -Muscles

between nbs

Nipple
Pectoralls
Areola major muscle

GAMETOGENESIS
- It is the formation of gametes in the gonads.
It includes Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis.
1. Spermatogenesis
Schematic representation ofspermnatogenesis
Spermatogonia -2n (46 chromosomes)
Mitosis difjerentiation
Primary spematocytes (2n)
Jmeiotic division
Sec. spermatocytes -n (23)
| 2meiotic division
Spernatids (n)
|Diferentiation
Spermatozoa (n)
The spermatogonia (sing spermatogonium) present on the inside wall of seminiferous
tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers.
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes. Some of the
spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.
A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division)
leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocytes, which
have only 23 chromosomes each.
- The secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to produce four
equal, haploid spermatids.
- The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by the process called
BIOLOGY Page 34
 spermiogenesis.
After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells. Then they
are released to lumen of seminiferous tubules. It is called
spermiation.
Structure of spermatozoa (Sperm)
A mature sperm is about 60 u (0.06 mm) long.
Aplasma membrane envelops the whole body of sperm.
Sperm has 3 regions:
. Head: Oval shaped. Formed of nucleus and acrosome. Acrosome is formed from Golgi
complex. It contains lytic enzymes. Behind the head is a neck containing proximal
and distal centrioles.
b. Middle piece: Composed of axial filament surrounded by mitochondria and
cytoplasm. Mitochondria produce energy for the sperm motility.
c. Tail: Consists of a central axial filament. The sperm moves in fluid medium and
female genital tract by the undulating movement of the tail.
The human male ejaculates about 200-300 million sperms during a coitus.
For normal fertility at least 60% sperms must have normal shape and size. 40% of
them must show vigorous motility.
Plasna
membrane

Acrosone

Nucleus containing
Head
chron1OSOmal material

Neck

Middle ptece
Milochondria
(energy source for swimming)
map
DBCATON

Tall

Role of Hormones in Spermatogenesis

- Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete 2 gonadotropins such as
Luteinizing hormone (LH) &follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
- LH acts on the Leydig cells and stimulates secretion of androgens. Androgens stimulate
the spermatogenesis.
- FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors which help in the
process of spermiogenesis.
2. Oogenesis
It is the process of formmation and maturation of ovum.
It takes place in Graafian follicles.

Oogenesis is initiated in embryonic stage when millions of egg mother cells (oogonia)

BIOLOGY Page 35
 are formed within cach ovary.
added after birth.
No more oogonia are formed and
cnter into prophase-I of the meiosis
Oogonia multiply to forn primary oocytes. They
and get temporarily arrested at that stage.
a layer of granulosa cells to form
- Each primary o0cyte gets surrounded by
primary follicle.
Oogonla
Mitosis
differenttation

Fetal 1fe Primary oocyte

lst meotic
dBvision
(completed
Birth
Childhood prior to
ovulatton)
Puberty...
Frst Secondary oocyte
poler body
Adult Ovum
reproducttve
Second
polar body

- A large number of primary follicles degenerate during the phase from birth to
puberty. Therefore at puberty only 60,000-80,000 primary follicles are left in each
ovary.
Primary follicles get surrounded by more layers of granulosa cels and a new theca to
form secondary follicles.
The secondary follicles transform into a tertiary follicle. It has a fluid filled cavity
(antrum). The theca layer forms an inner theca interna and an outer theca externa.
- The primary oocyte in the tertiary folicle grows in size and undergoes first unequal
meiotic division to form a large haploid secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body.
The secondary oocyte retains the nutrient rich cytoplasm of the primary oocyte.
- It is unknown that whether the first polar body divides further or degenerates.
- The tertiary follicle further changes into the mature follicle (Graafian follicle).
- Secondary oocyte forms a new membrane (zona pellucida).
Graafian follicle now ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the
ovary. This is called ovulation.
Structure ofovum

Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Vltelliae membrane
Nucleus
Germinal vessicle

(ytoplasm

BIOLOGY Page 36
 - Spherical and non-motile.
About 0.2 mm in diameter.
Ovum has 4 membranes:
a. Plasma membrane: Innermost layer.
b. Vitelline membrane: Attached to plasma
membrane.
c. Zona pellucida: Outer to the Vitelline membrane.
d. Corona radiata: Outer layer formed of follicle cells.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE (REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)
- It is the cyclic events starting from one menstruation till the next
that take place
during the reproductive period (from puberty to menopause) of a woman's life.
- Its duration is 28 or 29 days.
Menstrual cycle is also seen in other primates.
- Menstrual cycle includes
a. Ovarian cycle: Changes in ovary.
b. Uterine cycle: Changes in uterus, oviduct and vagina.

Horm
FSH LH

events
Developlng Regressihg
OvarianDevelopng folllcle Mature follicle corpus luteum corpus luteum

levels
Ovulatton
Hormone
Estrogen

events Progesterone

Uterine
Menses

Days 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
13 11
Menstruatlon Follcular phase Luteal phase Next cycle
(Prollferattve phase) (Secretory phase) begins

Dlagramnattc presenatton of varoua events durtng a menatrual cycle

- Menstrual cycle has the following phases
I Menstrual phase: 1 - 5n day
BIOLOGY Page 37
 The cyele starts with menstrual Movw (bleeding).
- It lasts for 3-5 days.
that
It is due to breakdown of endometrial lining and blood vessels of the uterus
comes out through vagina.
- Menstruation occurs if the released ovum is not fertilized.
poor
- Lack of menstruation indicates pregnancy. It may also be caused due to stress,
health etc.
Menarche: The first menstruation during puberty.
II. Follicular (Proliferative) phase: 5 - 13th day
- It starts from 5 day after menstruation and completed within 8-12 days.
In this phase, the action of gonadotropins (FSH &LH)
from pituitary occurs. FSH stimulates
Development of primary follicles into Graafian fllicles.
Secretion of oestrogens by Graafian follicles.
Oestrogens stimulate
Proliferation of ruptured uterine endometrium and mucus lining of oviduct & vagina.
Development of secondary sexual characters.
- Suppression of FSH secretion.
Secretion of LH (Luteinizing hormone).
IlI. Ovulatory phase: 14" day
LH&FSH attain a peak level in the middle of cycle.
Rapid secretion of LH (LH surge) induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby
ovulation (on 14 day).
IV. Secretory (Luteal) phase: 15- 28" day
After ovulation, Graañan folicle is transformed into a yellow endocrine mass called
Corpus luteum. It secretes progesterone. By the action of progesterone,
Endometrium attains maximum vascularity, thickness and softness. Thus the uterus
gets ready for implantation.
FSH secretion is inhibited to prevent development of a second ovarian follicle.
During pregnancy all events of menstrual cycle stop and there is no menstruation.
If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates. It causes disintegration of
endometrium. It leads to next menstruation and new cycle.
Menstrual cycle ceases around 50 years of age. It is called Menopause.
FERTILIZATION ANDIMPLANTATION
During copulation, semen is released by the penis into the vagina. It is called
insemination.
Fusion of a sperm with ovum is called fertilization. It occurs in Ampullary-isthmic
junction of fallopian tube.
Sperns vag1na corvical canal ulerus ’ isthmus
Fertillzation Ampullary-isthmic Junction
Ovum (from ovary) frnbnae intundibulurm ’ ampulla

DO ocY
 Sperm

-Cells of the
corona radlata
Ovume
Zone
pelluctdn

Pertvitelllne apace

Ovum suTOunded by few sperma

(b
(Monula)

Blastoyst
Implantation

(Blastocyst)

fallopian tube
Traneport of onum, lertilleation and pange of growtng embryo through

- Fertilization happens only if ovum & sperms are

transported simultaneously. So all
copulations do not lead to fertilization & pregnancy.
changes in the membrane that block
A spermn contacts with zona pellucida. It induces
entry of additional sperms.
into the egg cytoplasm via zona
The secretions of the acrosome help sperm to enter secondary oocyte
pellucida & plasma membrane. This causes second meiotic division of
to form an ovum (ootid) and a second polarbody.together to form a diploid zygote.
- The haploid nucleiof the sperm and ovum fuse
undergoes mitotic division (cleavage) as it moves through the isthmus
- Zygote
BIOLOGY
Page 39
 towards the uterus and torms 2, 4, 8, 16 daughter cells called blastomeres.
The embrvo with 8-16 blastomeres is called a morula.
- Morula continues to divide and transforms into blastocyst.
In blastocyst, blastomeres are arranged into trophoblast (outer layer) and an inner
cell mass attached to trophoblast.
The troplhoblast layer gives nourishment to inner cell mass. Also, it gets attached to
endometrium.
After attachment, uterine cells divide rapidly and cover the blastocyst. Thus, the
blastocyst becomes embedded in the endometrium. This is called implantation.
The inner cell mass gets differentiated to 3 germ layers (outer ectoderm, middle
mesoderm &inner endoderm). This 3-layered structure (gastrula) forms the embryo.
PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC, DEVELOPMENT
After implantation, finger-like projections (chorionic villi) appear on the trophoblast
which is surrounded by the uterine tissue and maternal blood.
The chorionic villi &uterine tissue are interdigitated to form placenta. It is a structural
and functional unit b/w embryo (foetus) and maternal body.
Placenta is connected to the embryo by an umbilical cord. It transports substances to
and from the embryo.
Functions ofplacenta
Acts as barrier between the foetus and mother.
" Supply O2, nutrients etc. from mother to foetus.
"Remove CO, and excretory wastes from foetus.
Placenta also acts as an endocrine tissue and produces several hormones like human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), estrogens,
progestogens, etc. In the later phase of Peghancy. a hormone called relaxin is also
secreted by the ovary
During pregnancy, levels of estrogens, progestogens, cortisol, prolactin, thyroxin etc.
are also increased in maternal blood. They support the fetal growth, metabolic
changes in the mother and maintain pregnancy.
The germ layers give rise to all tissues (organs). The stem cells in inner cell mass
have the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.
Human pregnancy (gestation period) lasts 9 months (for cats: 2 months, dogs: 2
months, elephants: 21 months).
Placental villi

Cavity of
enus

Umbilical Yolk sac

vessels Embryo

lug of murus

The human lortus within the uterus

BIOLOGY
Page 40
 Changesin embryo during pregnancy
. After one month: Heart is formed.
. End of second month: Limbs and digits are developed.
" End of 12 weeks (irst trimester): The major organs (limbs, external genital organs etc.)
are well deyeloped.
During 5 month: First movement of foetus and appearance of hair on the
head.
" End of 24 weeks (second trimester): Body is covered with fine hair, eyelids separate
and eye lashes are formed.
" End of 9 months: Ready for delivery.
PARTURTION AND LACTATION
- Parturition (labour): Process of giving birth to young ones.
Parturition is induced by neuroendocrine mechanism.
- The signals originating from the foetus and placenta induce mild uterine contractions
(fetal ejection reflex). This causes the release of oxytocin from maternal pituitary.
Oxytocin causes stronger uterine muscle contractions which in turn stimulate further
secretion of oxytocin. This process is continued leading to expulsion of the baby out of
the uterus through the birth canal.
- After parturition, the umbilical cord is cut off.
The placenta &remnants of umbilical cord are expelled from the maternal body after
parturition. It is called "after birth".
The mammary glands produce milk towards the end of pregnancy. It is called
lactation.
The yellowish milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is caled colostrum.
It contains several antibodies essential to develop resistance for the new born babies.

PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

MARCH- 2021
1) During luteal phase of menstrual cycle, Graffian follicle transforms into ...... (1]
2) Write any four differences between spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. [2
3) Match the following: [2)

1) LH. Surge Fertilization

Leydig cells Nutrition to spermatids
iii) Ampullary- isthmic junction Ovulation
iv) Sertoli cells androgens
(2]
4) Match the following:
Month of pregnancy Features of embryonic development
) First month Eyelid are separated and eye lashes
are formed.
Second month First movement of foetus is observed.
Fifth month Heart sound is noticed using
iü)
stethoscope.
Sixth month Limbs and digits are developed in
iv)
foetus.

BIOLOGY Page 41
 S) In women, sonme hormones are sereted only during pregnancy.
Name any such hormones.
6) LH and FSH play signiflcantrole in spermatogenesis'. [3)
a) Write the functions of LH and FSH in spermatogenesis.
b) Write a single tem used to denote Ll and FSH together.
SAY- 2020
7) The embvo vith 8 to l6 blastomeres is called a [1]
(a) Gastula (b) Morula
(O Blastula (d) Trophoblast
8) ReaTange the following human reproductive events in the correct order of their
OCCurTenCe: [2
Latation Formation of Zygote "Insemination Implantation
Fertilisation Gametogenesis Gestation »Parturition

9) Obseve the diagrammatic view of male reproductive system given below and name the
parts labelled 'a, b', 'c and 'd. [2

MARCH - 2020
10) The gaph given below shows the level of the ovarian hormones in a normally menstruating
wofnan during the follicular phase. [3]

Ovarian

Days 3 5 7 9 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29/1
Menstruation Folicular phasc Lutoal phaSe Next cycke
(Proliferative phasc) (Secretory phase) begins
a) Name A and B
b) Reconstruct the graph showing the level of hormones in luteal phase.
) Name the hornone secreted by Corpus Luteum and mention its function.
11) "Allcopulations lead to fertilization and pregnancy". Do you agree with this statement ?
Justify your answer. (2)

BIOLOGY Page 42
 SAY- 2019
12) Find out the correct sequence : [1]
(a) Fertilisation- zygote - Blastula -Morula -cleavage- Implantation
(b) Fertilisation- zygote- cleavage -Morula -Implantation -Blastula
(c) Fertilisation- zygote- Morula -cleavage -Implantation -Blastula
(d) Fertilisation- zygote -cleavage- Morula -Blastula - Implantation
13) 'LH Surge' induces the rupture of Graafian follicle. [2]
(a) Which gland produces LH and in which day LH Surge happens?
(b) Write the role of LH in males.
MARCH -2019
14) The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called... [1]
15) Observe the diagram given below showing the sectional view of the female reproductive
system and name the parts labelled 'A', 'B/C &'D'. (2]
-C

16) Match the columns B&C with column A.

A
Ovulation
Implantation
SAY- 2018
B
Endometrium
Uterus
LH
Lap
Progesterone
(3)

Gestation Graffian folicle hCG

17) Number of spermatids produced from 25 primary spermatocyte are [1]
a) 25 b) 50 c) 100 d) 250.
MARCH-2018
18) Name the cells in testes which synthesize and secrete the androgens. [1
19) In a classroom discussion, a student said that the sex of the baby is determined by
father. Analyse the statement and give reason for it. [2
SAY- 2017
20) Observe the diagram and answer the questions :

A
(a) Identity Aand B.

BIOLOGY Page 43
 (b) Write the function of B. [2
MARCH- 2017
21) LH.and FSH aregonadotrophins. Distinguish their roles in males and females [2]
SAY- 2016
22) The process of fusion of a sperm with ovum is called 1
23) Match the following Aand B: [2
A B

Ovulation Sperm
Luteal Phase Oogenesis
Acrosome Blasto cyst
Inner cell mass LH
Progesterone
MARCH-2016
24) Match the followingA and B: [2]
A B
Corpus Luteum Embryo
Leydig cells Implantation
Blastocyst Prolactin
Inner cell mass Androgen
Progesterone
SAY- 2015
25) Complete the flowchart showing spermatogenesis by filling Aand Band answer the
questions.

A
Primary Secondary B Spermatozoa
Spermatocyte Spermatocyte
a What is the chromosome number of primary spermatocytes?
b. What is the significance of reduction division in spermatogenesis? [2
26) Choose the odd one from the following and write the common features of others.
a Estrogen b. Androgen
c Relaxin d. Progesterone [1]
MARCH- 2015
27)
a) In which part of the human reproductive system of the following events occur?
) Fertilisation
i) Implantation
b) Diagran of a human blastocyst is given below. ldentify A&B. (2]
-B

28) Schermatic representation of gametogenesis is given below. ldentify A. Write one

difference between A&B. [1

BIOLOGY
Page 44
 SAY- 2014
29) Diagram of mammalian sperm is given. Label the marked parts.
A
-B

map
EDUCATIO
MARCH-2014
30) Observe the diagram, and answer the questions: (3]
a) ldentify A and B
b) What is the function of C?
c) In which of the marked part reduction division takes place?
What is the significance of it?

SAY -2013
a male or
31) "Though one ovum is produced from a primary oocyte it can result into
female chlld after fertilization. But in the case of spermatocytes though 4 sperms are
produced only two of them can result into a female child after fertilization." Justify. [1])

BIOLOGY Page 45