Retdem Mod

Lesson 2 Pathological Influences on Mobility:
BODY MECHANICS 1. Postural Abnormalities

o congenital or acquired postural
 coordinated efforts of the
abnormalities affect the
musculoskeletal system and nervous
efficiency of the musculoskeletal
system to maintain balance, posture and
system and body alignment,
body alignment during lifting, bending,
balance and appearance.
moving and performing ADL's
NOTE: During assessment, observe body
Alignment and Balance
alignment and ROM. (Knowledge about the
- These 2 terms refer to the characteristics, causes and treatment of
positioning of the joints, tendons, common postural abnormalities is necessary
ligaments, and muscles while for lifting, transfer, and positioning)
standing, sitting and lying.
Abnormalities
- To keep the body aligned, the
Torticolis
individual's center of gravity should
always be stable, by this means, it r - Inclining head to affected side, in
reduces the incidence muscle strain which sternocleidomastoid muscle
and helps promote/maintain muscle contracted
tone and conserves energy
Lordosis
- body alignment means that an
- Exaggeration of anterior convex
individual’s center of gravity is stable.
curvature of lumbar spine
- Pelvis (center of gravity)
Kyphosis
- Increased convexity in curvature of

Gravity and Friction thoracic spine
Gravity - invisible force that pulls objects Scoliosis
toward each other.
- Lateral-S or C-shaped spinal column
Weight - force exerted on a body by gravity, with vertebral rotation, unequal
always downward. heights of hips and shoulders
Friction - force that occurs in a direction to Congenital Hip Dysplasia
oppose movement. The greater the surface
- Hip instability with limited adduction
area of the object that is moved, the greater is
contracturesthead of femur does not
the friction.
articulate with acetabulum because of
Shear - force exerted against the skin while abnormal shallowness of acetabulum
the skin remains stationary and the bony
Knock-Knee (genu valgum)
structure move.
- Legs curved inward so knees come
together as person walks
Bowlegs (genu varum)

- One or both legs bent outward at operation and promotes healthy
knee, which is normal until 2 to 3 physiologic functioning.
years of age
Balance
Clubfoot
- An object is balanced when its center
- 95% medial deviation and plantar of gravity is close to its base of
flexion of foot (equinovarus) 5% support, the line of gravity goes
Lateral deviation and dorsiflexion through the base of support, and the
(calcaneovalgus) object has a wide base of support.
Footdrop Coordinated Body Movement
- Inability to dorsiflex and invert font - Using major muscle groups, rather
because of peroneal nerve damage. than weaker ones, and taking
advantage of the body's natural
Pigeon Toes
lever's and fulcrums facilitates the
- Internal rotation of forefoot or entire actions of lifting, carrying, pushing,
foot, common in infants pulling and moving objects.
- (flexors, extensors, abductors pf the
thighs , flexors and extensors of the
2. Muscle Abnormalities knees and upper and lower arms.
- Lever and fulcrum principle – use of
o Injury and disease leads to numerous arm bones as levers and elbows as
alterations in musculoskeletal fulcrum facilitates lifting a weight
function. against resistance.
o Ex. Muscular dystrophies are a group
of familial disorder cause by
degeneration of skeletal muscle fiber Postural Reflexes
3. Damage to the Central Nervous System  Integrated functioning of the

musculoskeletal and nervous systems is
o damage to any component of the essential for body alignment and balance.
central nervous system that regulates  Postural tonus, the sustained
voluntary movement results in contraction of select skeletal muscles that
impaired body alignment, balance and keeps the human body in an upright
mobility. position against the force of gravity,
depends on the functioning of several
4. Direct Trauma to the Musculoskeletal
postural reflexes:
o direct trauma to the musculoskeletal
system results in bruises, contusions,
sprains and fractures.
Labyrinthine sense:
Elements of Body Mechanics: - This sense of position and movement
is provided by the sensory organs in
Body Alignment/Posture
the inner ear, which are stimulated by
- Alignment of body parts that permits body movement (changes in head
optimal musculoskeletal balance and position) and transmit these impulses
to the cerebellum.
Proprioceptor or kinesthetic sense:
- This informs the brain of the location

of a limb or body part as a result of
joint movements stimulating special
nerve endings in muscles, tendons,
and fascia
Visual or optic reflexes:
- Visual impressions contribute to

posture by alerting the person to
spatial relationships with the
environment (nearness of ceilings,
walls, furniture, condition of floor,
etc.).
Extensor or stretch reflexes:
- When extensor muscles are stretched

beyond a certain point (e.g., when
knees buckle under), their stimulation
causes a reflex contraction that aids a
person to reestablish erect posture
(eg, straighten the knee)
Body Mechanics
Application of mechanical laws to the human

body, specifically in regard to structure,
function, and position of the body. It includes
proper body movement in daily activities, the
prevention and correction of problems
associated with posture, and the
enhancement of coordination and endurance

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Lesson 2 Pathological Influences on Mobility:

BODY MECHANICS 1. Postural Abnormalities

- Increased convexity in curvature of

Bowlegs (genu varum)

Footdrop Coordinated Body Movement

3. Damage to the Central Nervous System  Integrated functioning of the

- This informs the brain of the location

Visual or optic reflexes:

- Visual impressions contribute to

Extensor or stretch reflexes:

- When extensor muscles are stretched

Application of mechanical laws to the human

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