FILTRATION SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS

1. Filtration tests with a given slurry have indicated that the specific cake resistance is 157 hr 2/lb. The
fluid viscosity if 2.5 lb/hr.ft and 3 lb of dry cake is formed per ft 3 of filtrate. The cake may be assumed
to be non-compressible, and the resistance of the filter medium may be neglected. If the unit is operated
at constant pressure drop of 5 psi, what is the total filtering area required to deliver 30 ft 3 of filtrate in
½ hour?

GIVEN:

𝑙𝑏
µ = 2.5
ℎ𝑟.𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏2
𝝰 = 157
ℎ𝑟

𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒
C=3
𝞓P = 5 psi 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
t= ½ hr *incompressible cake

V = 30 𝑓𝑡 3

REQ’D: A

SOL’N: CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (CPF)

2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐
For CPF: 𝐾 = 𝛼𝐶𝜇
𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝑉 + 𝑉𝑒 )2 = 𝐾(𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 )
*** resistance of filter medium is negligible, So Ve ≈ 0
𝑉2 (30 𝑓𝑡2 )3 𝑓𝑡 6
V2= Kt ;K= 𝑡
= 1 = 1800 ℎ𝑟
ℎ𝑟
2

2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐
For unit correction/dimensional consistency, the formula for K would be 𝐾 =
𝛼𝐶𝜇 𝑔

𝑙𝑏 (12𝑖𝑛)2 𝑙𝑏𝑓.𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 6 2𝐴2 𝑥 5 2 𝑥 𝑥 32.174
𝑖𝑛 (𝑓𝑡)2 𝑙𝑏.𝑠2
1800 ℎ𝑟 = ℎ𝑟2 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑓𝑡
; A2 = 1471.875 ft4;
157 𝑥3 𝑥2.5 𝑥 32.174 2
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡3 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑟.𝑓𝑡 𝑠

A = 38.3650 ft2

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 2. A filter press containing 24 frames, each in 1-inch thick and holding 0.80 ft3 is used to filter a slurry
containing 2% solids. The net effective filtering area of one side of one plate is 10ft 2. The filtrate has the
same properties of water at 25°C. The final wet cake weighs 90 lbs/ft3. The pressure is constant at 25
psi. (α/g) = 550 hr2/lb;
m=2.08 lb wet cake/ lb dry cake; μ= 0.9125 cP; density of filtrate = 62.213 lb/ft 3
a. How long will it take to wash the cake with a volume of water equal to 10% of the volume of the
filtrate?
b. If it takes 1 ½ hours to open, dump, and reassemble the press, calculate the capacity of the press in
tons of dry precipitate per 24 hr day with washing.
GIVEN: PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PLATE (PFFP)- CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION (CPF)
𝞓P = 25 psi 24 frames, 1” thick each, V =80 ft3/frame, A =10 ft2/frame
α/g = 550 hr2/lb

Slurry Feed,
x=2% solids Filtrate: Same
properties as
water @ 25°C:
𝝆 =62.213 lb/ft3
µ = 0.9125 cP

Wet cake = 90 lb/ft3

m= 2.08 lb wet cake/lb dry cake

REQ’D: a) tw if Vwater = 0.10 Vfiltrate

b) y in tons dry ppt/24-hr day if t for open dump, reassemble = 1.5 hrs
SOL’N:
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑤
a) tw = =
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑤
2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐 𝑥𝜌
For CPF: 𝐾 = where c= wt of dry cake/ft3 of filtrate=(1−𝑚𝑥)
𝛼𝐶𝜇
0.02 (62.213) 𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒
c = 1−2.08(0.02) = 1.2983 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑓𝑡 2
Total A = 24 frames x (10 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒)= 480 ft2

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 2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐
For unit correction/dimensional consistency, the formula for K would be 𝐾 =
𝛼𝐶𝜇 𝑔
2 𝑙𝑏 (12𝑖𝑛)2 𝑙𝑏𝑓.𝑓𝑡
2(480f𝑓𝑡 2 ) (25 2𝑥 )𝑥32.174
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡2 𝑙𝑏.𝑠2
K= hr2 𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 6.72 x10−4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡.𝑠 3600s 𝑓𝑡
= 1,052,379.98 ft6/hr
550 𝑥1.2983 3 𝑥 0.9125 cP x 𝑥 𝑥32.174 2
lb 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 1 cP 1 hr 𝑠

By dimensional analysis:
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
V = 0.80 𝑥24 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑥 90 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑤𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 2.08 lb wet cake 𝑥 = 639.89 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 1.2983 lb dry cake

Assume resistance of filter medium is negligible ; Ve≈ 0

𝑑𝑉 𝐾 1 1 𝐾
Ruth Equation: 𝑟𝑓 = = ; 𝑟𝑤 = 4 𝑟𝑓 = 4 𝑥 2(𝑉+𝑉 )
𝑑𝑡 2(𝑉+𝑉𝑒 ) 𝑒

𝑉𝑤 0.10 𝑥 𝑉 0.10 𝑥 𝑉 0.10 𝑉 0.80 𝑉 2

tw = ; Vwater = 0.10 Vfiltrate ; tw = 1 𝐾 = 1 𝐾 = 𝐾 =
𝑟𝑤 𝑥 𝑥 𝐾
4 (𝑉+𝑉𝑒 ) 4 2(𝑉) 8(𝑉)

0.80 (639.89 𝑓𝑡 3 )2
tw = = 0.3113 ℎ𝑟
1,052,379.98 𝑓𝑡 6 /hr

𝑉 𝑉
b) y = 𝑡 = 𝑡 where f=filtration, w=washing, c=cleaning and others
𝑇 𝑓 +𝑡𝑤 +𝑡𝑐
𝑉 𝑉2 (639.89 𝑓𝑡 3 )2
For CPF tf = 𝐾 = 𝐾
= 1,052,379.98 ft6/hr = 0.3891 ℎ𝑟
(𝑉+𝑉𝑒 )

tT = 0.3891 hr + 0.3113 hr + 1.5 hr = 2.2004 hr/cycle

𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠

= 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 cycle day
ℎ𝑟
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 24 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= = 10.9071
day ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
2.2004 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 639.89 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 10.9071 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑏 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
= 𝑥 𝑥 1.2983 3 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 cycle day 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 2000 𝑙𝑏
= 4.5306 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒/𝑑𝑎𝑦

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 3. A filter press has a filtering area of 300 ft2 it operates at constant pressure of 20psig and gives 10,000
gal of filtrate in 3 hours. Assume Ve= 50 gal , te= 0.05 hr. (a) How much filtrate will be produced if the
filter area is tripled with other conditions maintained constant. (b) How much filtrate will be produced
if the pressure is doubled and if doubling the pressure increases the specific cake resistance by 30%?
(c) What will be the time for washing if the press is washed under the original conditions with 2000 gal
of wash water after 3 hours of filtration?

GIVEN: PFFP-CPF A = 300 ft2

𝞓P = 20 psig
Ve= 50 gal ,
te= 0.05 hr

10,000 gal
t=3 hrs

REQ’D: a) V if A’=3xA (A’ =new area)

b)V if P’ =2P, 𝝰’ = 30% increase (P’ =new pressure)
c) tw if Vw = 2000 gal and tf =3 hrs

SOL’N: 𝐎𝐑𝐈𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐀𝐋 𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝑉 + 𝑉𝑒 )2 = 𝐾(𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 )

(10,000 gal + 50 gal)2 = K (3+0.05hr) ; K = 3.3116 x 107 gal2/hr
1 1 𝐾 2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐 2(∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐
𝑟𝑤 = 4 𝑟𝑓 = 4 𝑥 2(𝑉+𝑉 ) ; 𝐾= constant z; z=
𝑒 𝛼𝐶𝜇 𝛼𝐶𝜇

Let z1=initial condition; z2=new condition

K= 𝐴2 𝑧
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾1 𝐾2
z1 = 𝐴2 ; z2 = (3𝐴)2 , z1=z2 so 𝐴2 = 9𝐴2 ; 𝐾2 = 9 𝐾1

(V + 50 gal)2 = 9K1 (3+0.05hr)

(V + 50 gal)2 = 9x 3.3116 x 107 gal2/hr x (3+0.05hr)
V = 30,100.1940 gal

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 b)V if P’ =2P, 𝝰’ = 1.3𝝰 ; **doubling P = doubling ∆𝑃
2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐 2𝐴2 𝑔𝑐
𝐾= constant z; z=
𝛼𝐶𝜇 𝐶𝜇

Let z1=initial condition; z2=new condition

∆𝑃 𝑧
K= 𝛼
𝐾1 𝛼1 𝐾2 𝛼2 𝐾1 𝛼1 𝐾2 𝛼2 𝐾1 𝛼1 𝐾2 (1.3 𝛼1) 2𝐾1
z1 = ; z2 = , z1=z2 so = ; = K2= 𝛼1.3
∆𝑃1 ∆𝑃2 ∆𝑃1 ∆𝑃2 ∆𝑃1 2∆𝑃1
2𝐾1
(V + 50 gal)2 = (3+0.05hr)
1.3

2𝑥3.3116 x 107 gal2/hr

(V + 50 gal)2 = x (3+0.05hr)
1.3

V = 12,415.5711 gal

c) tw if Vw = 2000 gal and tf =3 hrs

𝑉𝑤 𝑉𝑤 2000 𝑔𝑎𝑙
tw = =1 𝐾 = 1 3.3116 x 107 gal2/hr
= 4.8557 ℎ𝑟
𝑟𝑤 𝑥 𝑥
4 2(𝑉+𝑉𝑒 ) 4 2(10,000+50)

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 4. A plate and frame filter press filtering a slurry gave a total of 11 m 3 of filtrate in 3600 seconds when
filtration stopped. Dumping, cleaning and reassembling takes 30 minutes. Three cubic meters of wash
water was used. The resistance of the cloth can be neglected and a constant pressure is used. Calculate
a) total cycle time and b) the daily capacity
GIVEN: PFFP-CPF

Vw= 3 m3

Vf= 11 m3
t=3600 s

Time for dumping,cleaning, reassembling=30 min.=0.5 hr

Resistance of cloth( filter medium) is negligible ; Ve≈ 0

REQ’D: a) total cycle time, tT

b)daily capacity
SOL’N:
a) tT = tf + tw + tothers where f=filtration, w=washing, others= dumping,cleaning, reassembling
𝑉 𝑉𝑤 𝑉𝑤
tw = 𝑟𝑤 = 1 =1 𝐾
𝑤 𝑟 𝑥
4 𝑓 4 2(𝑉+𝑉 𝑒)
(𝑉)2 (11 𝑚3 )2 𝑚6
𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝑉 + 𝑉𝑒 )2 = 𝐾 (𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 ); (𝑉)2 = 𝐾(𝑡); K= = = 121
𝑡 1 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟
3 𝑚3
tw= 𝑚6
= 2.1818 ℎ𝑟
1 121 ℎ𝑟
𝑥
4 2(11 𝑚3)
tT = tf + tw + tothers = 1 hr + 2.1818 hr + 0.5 hr=3.6818 hr/cycle

y
c) Daily capacity= 𝑡
𝑇

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑥 =
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
ℎ𝑟
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 24 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑎𝑦
= = 6.5186
𝑑𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
3.6818
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚3 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑚3
= 11 𝑥 6.5186 = 71.7046
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
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 5. A small leaf filter is run at constant rate. It is found that the initial pressure drop is 35 kPa and the
pressure after 20 minutes of operation is 345 kPa, during which 0.11m3 of the filtrate is collected. If
these filter were used with the same slurry in a constant pressure filtration at 345 kPa, how much
filtrate is collected in 20 minutes.

GIVEN: CONSTANT RATE FILTRATION (CRF)

P1= 35 kPA
P2 = 345 kPa

V =0.11m3
t= 20 min.

REQ’D: @ CONSTANT PRESSURE FILTRATION,same filter, same slurry, V collected in 20 min?

SOL’N: Assume negligible filter medium resistance; Ve ≈0 so te ≈ 0

𝐑𝐔𝐓𝐇 𝐄𝐐𝐔𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 (𝑉 + 𝑉𝑒 )2 = 𝐾 (𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 ) ; (𝑉𝑟 2 + 2𝑉𝑒 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑉𝑒 2 ) = 𝐾𝑡

*subscript r refers to CRF

>For CRF : 2Vr2 =K tr
2𝑉𝑟 2 2(0.11 𝑚3 )2 𝑚6
K= = = 1.21 x 10−3
𝑡𝑟 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛

2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐 2𝐴2 (∆𝑃)𝑔𝑐

𝐾=
𝛼𝐶𝜇
; K’ = (K’= k if it will be CPF)
𝛼𝐶𝜇

𝞓P = 310 kPa ; 𝞓P = 345 kPa

K K′ 345
= ; 𝐾′ = 𝐾
310 345 310

>For CPF: V2 =K t

2
345 345 −3
𝑚6
𝑉 =Kt = 𝐾𝑡= (1.21 x 10 ) 𝑥 20 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.1641 𝑚3
310 310 𝑚𝑖𝑛

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