c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

BDwbU
13
cigvYy
f~wgKv

AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB c`v‡_©i MVb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ `vk©wbK wewfbœ gZev` cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxb MÖxK
`vk©wbK‡`i g‡Z c`v_© AmsL¨ †QvU †QvU KYv w`‡q MwVZ| G †QvU †QvU KYv‡KB ejv nZ cigvYy| Ebwesk
kZvãxi †klfvM ch©š— g‡b Kiv nZ, cigvYy AwffvR¨| wKš—z G mg‡q I cieZx©Kv‡j wewfbœ cix¶v-
wbix¶vi d‡j cigvYyi MVb m¤ú‡K© eû ARvbv K_v Rvbv hvq| G BDwb‡U Avgiv cigvYy MVb m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-317

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1 iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cix¶v I cigvYyi MVb

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


cigvYyi MVb m¤ú‡K© Wvë‡bi gZev` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

13.1.1 t cigvYyi MVb

weÁvbx Rb WvjUb cigvYyi MVb m¤ú‡K© gZev` cÖKvk K‡ib| Zuvi gZev` Abymv‡iÑ
1| c`v_© AmsL¨ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª KYv w`‡q MwVZ| G ¶z`ª KYv¸‡jv‡K cigvYy e‡j|
2| cigvYy gvÎB AwefvR¨ I Awebk¦i|
3| GKB †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv m`„k| wKš—z wewfbœ c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jv wewfbœ|
4| ivmvqwbK wewµqvq G cigvYy¸‡jv AskMÖnY K‡i| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cigvYyi ms‡hvR‡b bZzb c`v_© m„wó nq|
G gZev‡`i Rb¨ WvjUb‡K ÔAvaywbK cigvYyev‡`i RbK' ejv nq|
weÁvbx cÖwZf cieZx© mg‡q e‡jb †h, mg¯— †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i cvigvYweK IRb nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cvigvYweK IR‡bi
ALÊ ¸YxZK, myZivs mg¯— c`v_©B nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cigvYy w`‡q MwVZ| wKš—z cieZx©‡Z Zuvi G gZev` fzj e‡j
cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| KviY †K¬vwi‡bi cvigvYweK IRb fMœvsk| d‡j †K¬vwi‡bi cvigvYweK IRb †Kvbg‡ZB
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cvigvYweK IR‡bi ALÊ ¸YxZK n‡Z cv‡i bv| 1897 wLª÷v‡ã m¨vi †R.†R. _gmb (Sir J.J.
Thomson) B‡jKUª‡bi Aw¯—Z¡ cÖgvY K‡ib|
cigvYy PvR© wbi‡c¶| B‡jKUªb FYPvR© enb K‡i, myZivs cigvYyi g‡a¨ Aek¨B abPvR© i‡q‡Q| wKš—z wK cÖKv‡i
Ges wKfv‡e G abPvR©¸‡jv cigvYyi g‡a¨ web¨¯— i‡q‡Q?
G mKj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z wM‡q cigvYyi wewfbœ cÖKvi MVb eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUvB cigvYy g‡Wj bv‡g cwiwPZ|
weÁvbx _gmb 1907 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU cigvYy g‡Wj cÖ¯—ve K‡ib| †ZRw¯ŒqZv
n‡Z cÖgvY nq †h, cigvYy‡Z `y cÖKvi PvR© KYv i‡q‡Q, abPvR© KYv Ges
FYPvR© KYv| Zuvi g‡Z, cigvYy 10-10 wgUvi e¨vmv‡a©i GKwU †MvjK|
abPvR©¸‡jv †Mvj‡Ki me©Î mgfv‡e Qov‡bv _v‡K (wPÎÑ13.1) Avi
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv †Mvj‡Ki g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv wbw`©ó e„ËvKvi K‡¶ web¨¯— _v‡K|

wPÎÑ 13.1

G g‡Wj Abymv‡i Pv‡R©i e›Ub B‡jKUªb msL¨vi Ici wbf©i K‡i| GK B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYyi (nvB‡Wªv‡Rb) †¶‡Î
B‡jKUªbwU cigvYyi †K‡›`ª _vK‡e Ges abPv‡R© PvwR©Z †cÖvUb Gi Pviw`‡K wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| `yB
B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYyi (wnwjqvg) †¶‡Î B‡jKUªb `ywU cigvYy †Mvj‡Ki Af¨š—‡i †K‡›`ªi `y'cv‡k _v‡K| `ywU
B‡jKUª‡bi ga¨eZx© `~iZ¡ n‡e cigvYyi e¨vmv‡a©i A‡a©K| †cÖvUb Pviw`‡K Qov‡bv _v‡K| wPÎ 13.2 wZb B‡jKUªb
wewkó cigvYyi (wjw_qvg) †¶‡Î B‡jKUªb wZbwU wÎfz‡Ri kxl© we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| G‡¶‡Î cÖwZwU evûi ˆ`N©¨
†Mvj‡Ki e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb| wZbwU abPvR© Gi Pviw`‡K Qov‡bv _vK‡e| Pvi B‡jKUªb wewkó cigvYyi †¶‡Î B‡jKUªb
PviwU PZzfz©‡Ri PviwU †KŠwYK we›`y‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖwZwU evûi ˆ`N©¨ †Mvj‡Ki e¨vmv‡a©i mgvb| abPvR©¸‡jv Gi
Pviav‡i Qov‡bv _v‡K| Ggbfv‡e weÁvbx _gmb GK n‡Z GKkwU B‡jKUª‡bi web¨vm †`Lvb|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-318

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

wPÎÑ 13.2

13.1.2 t iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cix¶v

weÁvbx iv`vi‡dvW© 1911 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU cigvYy g‡Wj cÖ¯—ve K‡ib| wZwb GKwU cvZjv avZe cv‡Zi Ici α
KwYKv we‡¶c‡Yi gva¨‡g G cix¶v m¤úbœ K‡ib| cix¶vi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wZwb GKwU AwZkq cvZjv †mvbvi cvZ
e¨envi K‡ib| cvZwUi Ici wZwb α iwk¥ we‡¶cY K‡ib Ges †`‡Lb †h, †ewki fvM α KYv †mvbvi cvZ AwZµg
K‡i P‡j hvq I wKQy msL¨K Gw`K-Iw`K mvgvb¨ †eu‡K hvq| Aí msL¨K α KYv †mvbvi cvZ‡j AvNvZ K‡i AZ¨š—
†eu‡K hvq| †Kvb †Kvb α KYv G‡Kev‡i cy‡ivcywi cÖwZdwjZ nq|

wPÎÑ13.3
G †_‡K eySv hvq †h, cigvYyi g‡a¨ Ggb wKQy i‡q‡Q hvi Rb¨ fvix α KYvi weKl©Y N‡U Ges α iwk¥ wd‡i Av‡m|
myZivs cigvYyi g‡a¨ Aek¨B abvZ¥K KYv i‡q‡Q| G djvdj n‡Z G wm×v‡š— DcbxZ nIqv hvq †hÑ
(1) cigvYyi Af¨š—‡i AwaKvsk ¯’vb duvKv e‡j †ewki fvM α-KYv avZe cvZ †f` K‡i †mvRv P‡j hvq| B‡jKUªb
α-KYvi Zzjbvq AZ¨š— nvjKv e‡j Giv B‡jKUª‡bi cÖfv‡e GKUzI †eu‡K P‡j bv|
(2) Aí msL¨K α KYv AZ¨š— †eu‡K hvq ev cy‡ivcywi cÖwZdwjZ nq (20,000 Gi g‡a¨ GKwU)| myZivs G †_‡K
eySv hvq †h, cigvYyi wfZi cigvYyi mg¯— abvZ¥K KYv¸‡jv Z_v cigvYyi mg¯— fi AZ¨š— ¶z`ª RvqMvq GK‡Î Rgv
_v‡K| G‡K wbDwK¬qvm e‡j|
(3) cy‡ivcywi wd‡i Avmv α-KYvi msL¨v AZ¨š— Kg e‡j eySv hvq †h, wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvqZb cigvYyi AvqZ‡bi
Zzjbvq AZ¨š— Kg|

13.1.3 t iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYyi MVbÑ

iv`vi‡dvW© cigvYyi Af¨š—ixY MVb‡K †mŠi RM‡Zi mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡ib| G‡K iv`vi‡dv‡W©i †mvjvi wm‡÷g A¨vUg
g‡Wj ejv nq| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i A¨vUg g‡Wj‡K wbæiƒ‡c eY©bv Kiv hvqÑ
1| cigvYyi †K‡›`ª AZ¨š— ¶z`ª wbDwK¬qvm i‡q‡Q| wbDwK¬qvm abvZ¥K Avavbhy³| cigvYyi mKj abvZ¥K PvR©B
wbDwK¬qv‡m †K›`ªxf‚Z| wbDwK¬qv‡m cigvYyi mg¯— fi cywÄf‚Z _v‡K|
2| wbDwK¬qv‡m †K›`ªxf‚Z mg¯— abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i mgvb msL¨K FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qvm‡K cwi‡ewóZ
K‡i iv‡L| G Kvi‡Y cigvYy PvR© wbi‡c¶|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-319

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

3| †mŠi RM‡Z †hgb m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K MÖn¸‡jv AbeiZ N~Y©vqgvb †Zgb wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡KI `ª“ZMwZ‡Z
B‡jKUªb¸‡jv mZZ N~Y©vqgvb| G‡`i †K›`ªvwfgyLx kw³ I †K›`ªvwZM kw³ ci¯úi mgvb|

wPÎÑ 13.4

13.1.4 t iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡W‡ji ΓwU

1| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡Wj wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl©Y I MwZ m~‡Îi Ici cÖwZwôZ| wbDU‡bi gva¨vKl©Y I MwZm~Î
ïaygvÎ Zwor wbi‡c¶ e¯—zi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ wKš—z B‡jKUªb FYvZ¥K PvR©hy³ I wbDwK¬qvm abvZ¥K PvR©hy³|
Avevi Avgiv Rvwb, MÖn¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvKl©Y ej i‡q‡Q A_P B‡jKUªb¸‡jv G‡K Aci‡K weKl©Y K‡i|
2| †R.wm. g¨v·I‡q‡ji g‡Z GKwU we`y¨r PvR©hy³ KYv Z¡iY cÖvß n‡j kw³ wewKiY K‡i| d‡j kw³ nviv‡Z
_v‡K| G‡¶‡Î †evi hyw³ †`Lvb †h, iv`vi‡dv‡W©i g‡Wj Abymv‡i wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K K¶c‡_ N~Y©vqgvb
we`y¨r PvR©hy³ B‡jKUªb µgvMZ w`K cwieZ©b K‡i e‡j Z¡iY cÖvß nq|
3| cÖ‡Z¨K cigvYyi wbR¯^ eY©vjx i‡q‡Q| kw³ wewKiY µgvMZ wbiew”Qbœfv‡e NU‡j eY©vjxi †iLv¸‡jv ci¯úi
n‡Z Awew”Qbœ n‡e| wKš—z ev¯—‡e eY©vjxi †iLv¸‡jv †ek D¾¡j I wew”Qbœ|
4| B‡jKUªbmg~‡ni K¶c‡_i AvqZb ev AvK…wZ m¤^‡Ü G g‡W‡j wKQy ejv nqwb| Avevi eû B‡jKUªb m¤^wjZ
cigvYyi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv wKfv‡e wbDwK¬qvm‡K cÖ`w¶Y K‡i †m m¤^‡ÜI G g‡W‡j †Kvb wKQy D‡j−L †bB|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-320

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 2 †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡Wj

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


†ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
†ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji ¯^xKvh©¸‡jv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †ev‡ii nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eY©vjx Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

13.2.1 t †evi cigvYy g‡Wj (Bohr Atom Model)

cÖwm× weÁvbx bxjm& †evi 1913 wLª÷v‡ã GKwU cigvYy g‡Wj cÖ¯—ve K‡ib| G g‡Wj g~jZ iv`vi‡dv‡W©i g‡W‡ji
DbœZ ms¯‹iY| 1922 wLª÷v‡ã wZwb G Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb| G g‡W‡ji cÖavb wfwË nj †Kvqv›Uvg
w_Iwi| Gi mvnv‡h¨ wZwb iv`vi‡dv‡W©i g‡W‡ji Amyweav¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v Luy‡R cvb| wZwb iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡W‡j
wbæwjwLZ †gŠwjK ¯^xKvh© cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| G ¯^xKvh©¸‡jv‡K †evi-Gi ¯^xKvh© (Bohr's Postulates) e‡j|

†evi-Gi ¯^xKvh© (Bohr's Postulates)

cÖ_g ¯^xKvh© t GKwU cigvYy `ywU As‡k wef³| wbDwK¬qvm Ges wbDwK¬qvm ewnf©~Z Ask| mg¯— ab PvR© _v‡K
wbDwK¬qv‡m Ges wbDwK¬qv‡mi ewnf~©Z As‡k _v‡K FYPvR© A_©vr B‡jKUªb|
wØZxq ¯^xKvh© t cigvYyi B‡jKUªb¸‡jv B‡”Qg‡Zv mKj m¤¢ve¨ K¶c‡_ wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K cwiågY Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| eis KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó K¶c‡_ kw³i wewKiY e¨wZ‡i‡K AbeiZ wbDwK¬qvm‡K cwiågY K‡i| G
K¶c_¸‡jv‡K ¯’vqx I AwewKiY‡hvM¨ K¶c_ e‡j|
Z…Zxq ¯^xKvh© t K¶c_¸‡jv e„ËvKvi| cÖ‡Z¨K K¶c_ wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K wfbœ wfbœ `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z|
h
PZz_© ¯^xKvh© t †Kvb AwewKiY‡hvM¨ ev ¯’vqx K¶c‡_ AveZ©‡bi mgq B‡jKUª‡bi †gvU †KŠwYK fi‡eM Gi mij
2π
¸wYZK n‡e, GLv‡b h n‡jv c−vs‡Ki aª“eK| h Gi gvb 6.624×10-27 AvM©-†m‡KÛ (erg-sec)|
myZivs hw` GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi fi m, Gi K¶ c‡_i e¨vmva© r, nq Ges B‡jKUªbwU v `ª“wZ‡Z Ny‡i Z‡e †ev‡ii PZz_©
¯^xKvh© AbyhvqxÑ
nh
mvr =
2π
GLv‡b n GKwU c~Y© msL¨v| wewfbœ K¶c‡_i Rb¨ n Gi gvb wewfbœ nq| †hgbÑ 1g ¯’vqx K¶c‡_i Rb¨ n=1, 2q
¯’vqx K¶c‡_i Rb¨ n=2, 3q ¯’vqx K¶c‡_i Rb¨ n=3 BZ¨vw` nq| wKš—z k~b¨ nq bv| n †K K¶c‡_i †Kvqv›Uvg
msL¨v (Quantum number) e‡j Ges Gi bvg gyL¨ †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v|
cÂg ¯^xKvh© t hLb †Kvb B‡jKUªb D”PZi K¶c_ n‡Z wbæZi K¶c‡_ jvd †`q ZLb kw³i wewKiY N‡U| Avi
hw` B‡jKUªb wbæZi K¶c_ †_‡K D”PZi K¶c‡_ jvd †`q Z‡e kw³i †kvlY N‡U| G wewKwiZ ev †kvwlZ kw³i
cwigvY H `yB K¶c‡_i kw³i we‡qvMd‡ji mgvb Ges gvb hγ
∴ E = E1 ∼ E2 = hγ
GLv‡b,
E= wewKwiZ ev †kvwlZ kw³
E1= wbæZi K¶c‡_i kw³
E2 D”PZi K¶c‡_i kw³|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-321

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-322

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

13.2.2 t †ev‡ii nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cigvYy Ges nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eY©vjx

(Bohr's hydrogen atom and the theory of hydrogen spectrum)
Avgiv Rvwb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m GKwU †cÖvUb _v‡K| wbDwK¬qv‡mi evwn‡i myweavhy³ K‡¶ GKwU
B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K‡›`ª †i‡L Nyi‡Q|
g‡bKwi, B‡jKUª‡bi fi m Ges PvR© e GwU r e¨vmv‡a©i K¶c‡_ wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pviw`‡K v †e‡M Nyi‡Q| GLb
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cvigvYweK msL¨v hw` z Ges †cÖvU‡bi PvR© e nq, Z‡e wbDwK¬qv‡m ze cwigvY abPvR© i‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b, B‡jKUª‡bi Ici †K›`ªgyLx ejÑ
mv2
F = r ----------- (13.1)

Ges abPv‡R© PvwR©Z wbDwK¬qvm I FYPv‡R© PvwR©Z B‡jKUª‡bi g‡a¨ Kzj¤^ Zwor AvKl©Y ejÑ
1
z.e.e 1 ze2
F= = × --------- (13.2)
4π∈o r2 4π∈o r2
G `ywU ej mvg¨ve¯’v Drcbœ K‡i e‡j cigvYywU ¯’vwqZ¡ AR©b K‡iÑ
∴ (13.1) Ges (13.2) n‡Z cvBÑ
mv2 1 ze2
r = 4π∈o × r2

ze2
ev, mv2 = -------------- (13.3)
4π∈or
N~Y©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi RoZvi åvgK
I = mr2
‡KŠwYK †eM
v
ω=r

∴ N~Y©biZ B‡jKUªbwUi †KŠwYK fi‡eM

= Iω
v
= mr2 × r

= mvr ------------- (13.4)

‡ev‡ii PZz_© ¯^xKvh© n‡Z Avgiv cvBÑ
nh
mvr = , GLv‡b n=1, 2, 3 BZ¨vw`
2π
nh
ev, v = --------------- (13.5)
2πmr
GLb (13.3) mgxKi‡Y v Gi gvb ewm‡q cvBÑ
nh 2 ze2
m   =
2πmr 4∈or

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-323

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

mn2h2 ze2
ev, =
4π m r
2 2 2 4π∈or

∈on2h2
∴r= --------- (13.6)
πmze2
Dc‡ii mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ K¶c‡_i (n Gi wewfbœ gv‡bi Rb¨) e¨vmva© wbY©q Kiv hvq|
nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi Rb¨ z = 1
∈on2h2
∴r=
πme2
GLv‡b, ∈o, e, h Ges m cÖ‡Z¨‡KB aª“eK|

∴ K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© r †Kvqv›Uvg msL¨v n Gi e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK|

r ∝n2
Avevi, r1 t r2 t r3 t r4 = 1 t 4 t 9 t 16

A_©vr 1g K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© (r1 ) A‡c¶v 2q K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© (r2 ) 4 ¸Y| 3q K¶c‡_i e¨vmva© (r3 ) 9 ¸Y
BZ¨vw` n‡e|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi 1g K¶c‡_i e¨vmva©Ñ

∈oh2
r1 = [ ... n=1 Ges z = 1]
πme2
8.854×10-12×(6.625×10-34)2
=
(3.14×9.1×10-31)(1.6×10-19)2

= 5.3×10-11 wgUvi|

G e¨vmva©‡K †evi e¨vmva© e‡j|

N~Y©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi †eM t

nh
Avgiv Rvwb, mvr =
2π
nh
ev, v =
2πmr
r Gi gvb ewm‡q cvBÑ

nh πme2z ze2
v= × =
2πm ∈oh n
2 2 2∈onh

ze2
= ---------- (13.7)
2∈onh

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-324

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

ze2 1
GLv‡b, Gi gvb aª“eK| myZivs v ∝ n
2∈oh

AZGe, ¶z`ªZg K‡¶ B‡jKUª‡bi †eM me©vwaK|

K¶xq K¤úvsK (Orbital frequency) t

awi, K¶xq K¤úvsK = f
v mz2e4
Avgiv Rvwb, f = = ---------- (13.8)
2πr 4∈2n3h3
o
1
∴f∝ 3
n

B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ (Electron Energy) t

AveZ©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³‡K K¶c‡_i kw³ eySvq| AveZ©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi MwZkw³ I w¯’wZkw³ `yB kw³B
_v‡K|
myZivs †Kvb K¶c‡_i kw³,
En = K.E + P.E

1
GLv‡b, K.E = 2 mv2

ze2
wKš—z mv2 = [ 13.3 mgxKiY n‡Z ]
4π∈or

1 ze2 ze2
∴ K.E = 2 × =
4π∈or 8π∈or

wbDwK¬qvm n‡Z r `~i‡Z¡ †Kvb we›`y‡Z wefe

Q ze
V= =
4π∈or 4π∈or

∴ e Pv‡R©i Rb¨ B‡jKUª‡bi w¯’wZkw³Ñ

ze2
P.E = V × (-e) = –
4π∈or

∴ En = K.E + P.E.

ze2 ze2 ze2 - 2ze2 ze2

= - = =-
8π∈or 4π∈or 8π∈or 8π∈or

ze2
En = -
8π∈or

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-325

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

r Gi gvb ewm‡q cvBÑ

ze2 πme2
En = - ×
8π∈o ∈on2h2

zme4
En = - 2 ------------ (13.9)
8∈on2h2

nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi †¶‡Î z = 1
me4
∴ En = – 2 ------------ (13.10)
8∈on2h2

D`vniYÑ1
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi cÖ_g K‡¶ Aew¯’Z B‡jKUª‡bi kw³i gvb wbY©q Ki“b|
zme4
Avgiv Rvwb, Em = ab 2 - - - - - - - - - (i)
8∈on2h2

GLv‡b,
m = 9.1×10-31 kg
z=1
n=1
e = 1.6×10-19 c
∈o = 8.854×10-12 GKK
h = 6.625×10-34 Ryj-†m.

∴ (i) mgxKiY n‡Z cvBÑ

9.1×10-31×1× (1.6×10-19)4
E1 =-
8× (8.859×10-12)2 × (6.625×10-34)
= - 21.7×10-19 Ryj|

(13.9) bs mgxKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ K¶c‡_ AveZ©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ †ei Kiv hvq|
mgxKiY (13Ñ10) †_‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi wewfbœ K¶c‡_ AveZ©biZ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³ wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Ic‡ii mgxKiYwUi mvg‡b FYvZ¥K wPý B‡jKUªb I wbDwK¬qv‡mi g‡a¨ AvKl©Y kw³ wb‡`©k K‡i| †Kvb cigvYy‡Z
B‡jKUªbhy³ Ki‡Z Dc‡iv³ cwigvYy kw³i cÖ‡qvRb| GB A‡_© K¶xq kw³‡K eÜb kw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
1
Avevi Dc‡iv³ mgxKiY †_‡K cvIqv hvq En∝ - 2 | †m‡nZz n e„w× †c‡j En e„w× cvq A_©vr wfZ‡ii K¶c_
n
A‡c¶v evwn‡ii K¶c‡_i kw³ AwaK|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-326

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
K. mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †evi-Gi ¯^xKvh© Abymv‡i abPvR© _v‡KÑ
(K) wbDwK¬qv‡mi wfZ‡i (L) wbDwK¬qv‡mi evB‡i
(M) K¶c‡_ (N) †KvbwUB bq|
2| †evi-Gi ¯^xKvh© Abymv‡i K¶c_¸‡jvÑ
(K) Dce„ËvKvi (L) e„ËvKvi
(M) Awae„ËvKvi (N) mij‰iwLK|
3| B‡jKUªb D”PZi K¶c_ n‡Z wbæZi K¶c‡_ jvd w`‡j kw³iÑ
(K) †kvlY N‡U (L) aª“e _v‡K
(M) wewKiY N‡U (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|
4| K¶c‡_i e¨vmv‡a©i mgxKiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
∈oh2 ∈on2h2
(K) r= (L) r =
πmzh2e2 πmze2
∈on2h2e2 ∈oπn2h2
(M) r = (N) r = mzev
πmz

L. msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji cÖavb wfwË wK wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.2.1
2| †ev‡ii PZz_© ¯^xKvh©wU ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v K‡i wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.2.1

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-327

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 3 †ZRw¯ŒqZv
D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


†ZRw¯ŒqZvi msÁv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
†ZRw®ŒqZvi ˆewkó¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥¸‡jvi ag© I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

13.3.1 t †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Radioactivity)

weÁvbx †nbix †eK‡ij me©cÖ_g j¶ K‡ib †h, BD‡iwbqvg I BD‡iwbqv‡gi †hŠM n‡Z Aweivg ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e GK
cÖKvi KYv Ges iwk¥ wbM©Z nq| cieZx©‡Z wcqv‡i Kzix Ges Zuvi ¯¿x gv`vg Kzix †_vwiqv‡gi g‡a¨ GB GKB ¸Y
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Aweivg Giƒc KYv ev iwk¥ wbM©Z nIqv‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j Ges †h
c`v_© n‡Z Giƒc KYv ev iwk¥ wbM©Z nq Zv‡K †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© (Radioactive Substance) e‡j|

†ZRw¯ŒqZvi ˆewkó¨ (Characteristics of radioactivity)

1| †h mKj †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK IRb 206 Gi AwaK, †m mKj c`v_© †ZRw¯ŒqZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
2| †ZRw¯ŒqZv GKwU ¯^Ztù‚Z© NUbv|
3| †ZRw¯ŒqZv GKwU Aweivg cÖwµqv|
4| †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ ev KYv abPvR© hy³, FYPvR© hy³ Ges PvR© wbi‡c¶ n‡Z cv‡i|
5| †ZRw¯ŒqZv GKwU wbDwK¬qvi NUbv|
6| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi d‡j bZzb †gŠ‡ji m„wó nq| †hgbÑ †iwWqvg n‡Z wnwjqvg I i¨vWb m„wó nq|

13.3.2 t †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ (Radioactive Rays)

1900 wLª÷v‡ã weÁvbx iv`vi‡dvW© Ges wfjvW© cix¶vi gva¨‡g †`Lvb †h, †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© n‡Z wZb cÖKvi iwk¥
wbM©Z nq; h_vÑ
1| Avjdv iwk¥ (α-rays)
2| weUv iwk¥ (β-rays) Ges
3| Mvgv iwk¥ (γ-rays)
wb‡æi cix¶vi mvnv‡h¨ weÁvbx gv`vgKzix Avjdv, weUv I Mvgv iwk¥i Aw¯—Z¡ cÖgvY K‡ib|
G cix¶vi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g GKwU cyi“ mxmvi e−K †bIqv nq| GLb
mxmvi e−‡Ki g‡a¨ GKwU MZ© K‡i mvgvb¨ †iwWqvg ivLv nq| wQ`ª
n‡Z mvgvb¨ `~‡i Abyf‚wgKfv‡e ev KvM‡Ri Z‡ji Awfj¤^fv‡e
GKwU d‡UvMÖvwdK †c−U ivLv nq (wPÎt 13Ñ5)| mg¯— e¨e¯’vwU‡K
GKwU evqy wbi“× cÖ‡Kv‡ô †i‡L cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ evZvm †ei K‡i
†bqv nq| GLb †PŠ¤^K †¶Î cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j d‡UvMÖvwdK †c−‡Ui Dci
wZbwU wfbœ wfbœ `vM †`Lv hv‡e|

wPÎ t 13Ñ5
‡PŠ¤^K ‡¶‡Îi AwfgyL KvM‡Ri Z‡ji Awfj¤^fv‡e wb‡Pi w`‡K n‡j †d¬wgs-Gi evg n¯— wbqgvbymv‡i evg w`‡K †h
iwk¥wU †eu‡K †M‡Q Zv Avjdv iwk¥, Wvbw`‡K †h iwk¥wU †eu‡K †M‡Q Zv weUv iwk¥ Ges †h iwk¥wU †mvRv Dc‡ii w`‡K
wM‡q †c−‡Ui Dc‡i c‡o‡Q A_©vr hvi Ici †PŠ¤^K †¶‡Îi †Kvb cÖfve bvB Zv Mvgv iwk¥|
BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-328
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

13.3.3 t †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥i cÖK…wZ I ag©

(K) Avjdv iwk¥
1| Avjdv iwk¥ ab PvR©hy³| Pv‡R©i cwigvY 9.56×10-10 B.Gm.BD|
2| iwk¥i cÖ‡Z¨KwU KYvi fi nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi f‡ii Pvi¸‡Yi mgvb|
3| G iwk¥ ˆe`y¨wZK I †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq| myZivs Avjdv iwk¥i KYv¸‡jv PvR©hy³|
4| G iwk¥i Avqbvqb ¶gZv Lye †ewk| G ¶gZv β iwk¥i Zzjbvq 100 ¸Y Ges γ iwk¥i Zzjbvq 1000 ¸Y|
5| G iwk¥ d‡UvMÖvwdK †c−‡Ui Ici wµqv K‡i|
6| G iwk¥i †f`b ¶gZv Lye Kg| β Ges γ iwk¥i Zzjbvq Gi †f`b ¶gZv A‡bK Kg|
7| G iwk¥ wR¼ mvjdvBW I †ewiqvg c−vwU‡bvmvjdvB‡Wi Ici co‡j cÖwZcÖfv m„wó nq|
8| Avjdv iwk¥ kix‡ii †Kvb ¯’v‡b co‡j ¶Z m„wó K‡i| G ¶Z mvivb Lye KóKi|
9| Avjdv iwk¥i KYvi †eM 1.4×109 †m.wg./†m. n‡Z 1.9×109 †mwg./†m. nq|
10| cvZjv avZe cv‡Zi †fZi w`‡q hvevi mgq Avjdv iwk¥i KYv¸‡jvi we‡¶cY N‡U|

(L) weUv iwk¥

1| weUv iwk¥ FY PvR©hy³| Pv‡R©i cwigvY 4.77×10-10 B.Gm.BD|
2| G iwk¥i cÖ‡Z¨KwU KYvi fi GKwU B‡jKUª‡bi f‡ii mgvb (9.1×10-31 wK:MÖvg)|
3| G iwk¥ ˆe`y¨wZK I †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq| myZivs weUv iwk¥i KYv¸‡jv PvR©hy³|
4| G iwk¥ M¨vm‡K AvqwbZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5| G iwk¥ d‡UvMÖvwdK †c−‡Ui Ici wµqv K‡i|
6| G iwk¥i †f`b ¶gZv Av‡Q| Avjdv iwk¥ A‡c¶v G‡`i †f`b ¶gZv †ewk|
7| G iwk¥ †ewiqvg c−vwUmvqvbvBW, K¨vjwmqvg-Uvs‡÷b BZ¨vw`‡Z cÖwZcÖfv m„wó K‡i|
8| weUv iwk¥i KYvi †eM 0.9×1010 †mwg./†m. n‡Z 2.9×1010 †mwg. /†m. n‡Z cv‡i|
9| G iwk¥ †Kvb c`v‡_©i ga¨w`‡q hvevi mgq wew¶ß nq| G we‡¶cY Avjdv iwk¥i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk|
10| G iwk¥i MwZkw³ Av‡Q|

(M) Mvgv iwk¥

1| Mvgv iwk¥ AwZ ¶z`ª Zi½ ˆ`‡N©¨i we`y¨r Py¤^Kxq Zi½|
2| Mvgv iwk¥i †Kvb PvR© †bB|
3| Mvgv iwk¥i †Kvb fi †bB|
4| G iwk¥ ˆe`y¨wZK I †PŠ¤^K †¶Î Øviv wew¶ß nq bv| myZivs Mvgv iwk¥i KYv¸‡jv PvR©nxb|
5| G iwk¥ M¨vm‡K AvqbvwqZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Avqbvqb ¶gZv Avjdv Ges weUv iwk¥i Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg|
6| G iwk¥ d‡UvMÖvwdK †c−‡Ui Ici wµqv K‡i|
7| G iwk¥i †f`b ¶gZv Avjdv I weUv iwk¥i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk|
8| G iwk¥ cÖwZcÖfv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9| Mvgv iwk¥ 3×1010 †mwg./†m. †e‡M Mgb K‡i|
10| Mvgv iwk¥i cÖwZdjb, cÖwZmiY, e¨wZPvi, AceZ©b BZ¨vw` Av‡jvKxq ag© Av‡Q|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-329

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡¶c
‡ZRw¯ŒqZv t †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e Aweivg KYv ev iwk¥ wbM©Z nIqv‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
†ZRw¯Œq iwk¥ t †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© n‡Z wZb cÖKvi iwk¥ wbM©Z nq|
h_vÑ
1| Avjdv iwk¥ (α-rays)
2| weUv iwk¥ (β-rays) Ges
3| Mvgv iwk¥ (γ-rays)

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
K. mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| Avjdv iwk¥i Pv‡R©i cwigvYÑ
(K) 9.40×10-10 B.Gm.BD (L) 9.50×10-10 B.Gm.BD
(M) 9.56×10-10 B.Gm.BD (N) 9.46×10-10 B.Gm.BD|
2| weUv iwk¥i Pv‡R©i cwigvYÑ
(K) 4.77×10-10 B.Gm.BD (L) 4.70×10-10 B.Gm.BD
(M) 4.74×10-10 B.Gm.BD (N) 4.57×10-10 B.Gm.BD|
3| weUv iwk¥i cÖ‡Z¨KwU KYvi fiÑ
(K) wnwjqvg cigvYyi mgvb (L) B‡jKUª‡bi mgvb
(M) †cÖvU‡bi mgvb (N) wbDUª‡bi mgvb|
4| Mvgv iwk¥i fiÑ
(K) nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYyi mgvb (L) †bB
(M) B‡jKUª‡bi mgvb (N) †cÖvU‡bi mgvb|

msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi msÁv wjLyb| Aby‡”Qa 13.3.1
2| †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.3.2|

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-330

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

cvV 4 †ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~Î I Aa©vqy k„´Lj wewµqv, wdkb I wdDkb

D‡Ïk¨
 GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-


cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv I K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv Kv‡K e‡j wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Aa©vqy Kv‡K e‡j wjL‡Z I eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Mo Avqyi e¨vL¨v wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Mo Avqy I Aa©vqyi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wdkb, wdDkb I k„´Lj wewµqvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

13.4.1 t †ZRw¯ŒqZvi cÖKvi‡f` (Kinds of radioactivity)

†ZRw¯ŒqZv `yB cÖKvi t h_vÑ
(1) cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Natural radioactivity) Ges
(2) K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv (Artificial radioactivity)|
†Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j| †hgbÑ BD‡iwbqvg, †iwWqvg,
†_vwiqvg cÖf…wZ †gŠwjK c`v_© n‡Z †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U Zv cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv|
K…wÎg Dcv‡q †Kvb †gŠj‡K †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡j cwiYZ Ki‡j †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U, Zv‡K K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j| †Kvb
cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m `ª“Z MwZm¤úbœ PvwR©Z KYv w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j Dnv‡K †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡j cwiYZ Kiv hvq|

13.4.2 t †ZRw¯ŒqZvi GKK (Units of Radioactivity)

†ZRw¯ŒqZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ †h GKK e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K †ZRw¯ŒqZvi GKK ejv nq, †ZRw¯ŒqZvi `yBwU GKK
Av‡Q|
Kzix t cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 3.7×1010 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY‡K GK Kzix e‡j| G GKKwU AZ¨š— eo e‡j wgwj Kzix ev
gvB‡µv Kzix GKK mvaviYZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
iv`vi‡dvW© t cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 106 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY‡K GK iv`vi‡dvW© e‡j|

13.4.3 t †ZRw¯Œqvi ¶qm~Î (Radioactive Decay Law)

1902 wLª÷v‡ã iv`vi‡dvW© Ges mwW †ZRw¯Œqvi ¶qm~Î Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| m~ÎwU wb‡æ †`Iqv n‡jvÑ
m~Î t †Kvb gyn‚‡Z© †ZRw¯Œq cigvYyi fv½b ev Ae¶‡qi nvi H gyn‚‡Z© Dcw¯’Z A¶Z cigvYyi mgvbycvwZK|
e¨vL¨v t g‡bKwi, †Kvb mgq t †Z †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi msL¨v n‡jv N Ges AwZ ¶z`ª AeKvk dt †Z dN
msL¨K cigvYy †f‡½ hvq|
dN
∴ fv½‡bi nvi I = dt
m~Îvbymv‡iÑ
dN
– dt α N
dN
ev, - dt = aª“eK ×N
dN
ev, - dt = λN

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-331

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

dN
ev, dt = -λN
dN
∴ N = -λdt ----- (13.7)
GLv‡b λ GKwU aª“eK, Gi bvg †ZRw¯Œq ¶q aª“eK| mgq cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †ZRw¯Œq e¯—zi cigvYyi msL¨v n«vm
cvq, myZivs mgxKi‡Yi c~‡e© FYwPý †`qv nj|

dN
mgxKiY N = - λdt mgvKjb K‡i cvB
LogeN = -λt + C --------------- (13.8)
GLv‡b c cÖwZwU mgvKjb aª“eK, G‡K fv½b aª“eK e‡j|
hLb t = 0, ZLb N = No= †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_© Dcw¯’Z cigvYyi cÖviw¤¢K msL¨v|
∴ mgxKiY (13Ñ8) n‡Z cvB
LogeNo = C --------------- (13.9)
GLb mgxKiY (13Ñ8) Ges (13Ñ9) n‡Z cvB
LogeN = -λt + logeNo

ev, LogeN - LogeNo = -λt

N
ev, Loge N = -λt
o

ev, N = e-λt
N
o
wPÎ t 13.6
∴ N = Noe-λt --------- (13.10)

Bnv †ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~Î| GLb G mgxKi‡Yi mgq t †K x A¶ eivei Ges A¶Z cigvYyi msL¨v N †K y A¶
eivei A¼b Ki‡j (13.6) Gi b¨vq †jL wPÎ cvIqv hvq|

D`vniYÑ1
1
i¨vW‡bi Aa©vqy 4 w`b| KZw`b c‡i i¨vW‡bi 20 Ask Aewkó _vK‡e?

g‡bKwi, mgq t, Avgiv cvB N = Noe–λt

ev, N = e -λt
N
o
N 1
GLv‡b No = 20

∴ 20 = e -λt =
1 1
e λt

ev, e λt = 20 ev, λt = loge20 = 2.3026 × log1020

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-332
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

2.3026*1.3010 . . 0.693 0.693

ev t = . λ= = 4
λ IitJ~M
2.3026*1.3010*4
ev t = 0.693
= 17.29 w`b|
13.4.4 t Aa©vqy (Half life)
‡h mg‡q †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cÖviw¤¢K †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v †f‡½ A‡a©K nq, †m mgq‡K H c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy e‡j|
Avgiv Rvwb, †h †Kvb mgq †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cigvYyi msL¨v N= Noe-λt
GLv‡b, No = cÖviw¤¢K †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v
λ = fv½b aª“eK Ges
N = t mgq ci cigvYyi msL¨v|
No
hw` c`v‡_©i Aa©vqy T nq, Zvnv n‡j hLb t=T, ZLb N = 2

∴
No -λ T
2 = Noe

ev,
1 -λ T
2 =e
ev, loge2 = λT
loge2 0.693
∴ T= =
λ λ
0.693
A_©vr Aa©vqy = nJñj is∆mT --------------- (13.11)
1
∴ T∝
λ
Aa©vqy fv½b aª“e‡Ki e¨¯—vbycvwZK|

D`vniYÑ2
GKwU †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cigvYy msL¨v 10 erm‡i n«vm †c‡q A‡a©K nq| 20 ermi ci cigvYyi msL¨v KZ n‡e?

10 erm‡i cigvYyi msL¨v A‡a©K nq e‡j Bnvi Aa©vqy = 10 ermi|

0.693
∴Τ=
λ
0.693 0.693
λ= T = 10
= 0.0693 ermi|

Avgiv Rvwb, N = e -λt

N
o
GLv‡b, t = 20 ermi
AZGe, 20 ermi ci cigvYyi msL¨v n‡e
N = Noe-λt = Noe-0.0693∞20

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-333

GBP Gm wm †cÖvMÖvg

1
ev, N = No×4
A_©vr 20 ermi c‡i cigvYyi msL¨v cÖv_wgK cigvYyi msL¨vi Pvifv‡Mi GKfvM n‡e|

13.4.5 t Mo Avqy (Mean life or Average life)

†ZRw¯ŒqZv GKwU ¯^ZtùzZ© NUbv| †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji mKj cigvYy GK m‡½ fv‡½ bv| G‡`i Avqy k~b¨ n‡Z Amxg
ch©š— nq| G Kvi‡Y †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡ji Avqy ej‡Z cigvYy¸‡jvi Mo Avqy eySvq|
msÁv t †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_© Dcw¯’Z mg¯— cigvYyi †gvU Avqy I H cigvYyi msL¨vi AbycvZ‡K eySvq| G‡K τ
Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
g‡bKwi, c`v‡_©i cÖviw¤¢K A¶Z cigvYyi msL¨v No Ges t mgq c‡i †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v = N| GLb awi, Lye Aí
AeKvk dt †Z dN msL¨K cigvYy we‡qvwRZ nq| dt AwZ ¶z`ª e‡j Avgiv ai‡Z cvwi, dN msL¨K cigvYyi
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avqy t|
∴ mg¯— cigvYyi †gvU AvqyÑ
∝
= ⌠
⌡-t.dN
t=o

Avevi, N = Noe -λt

∴ dN = – Noλ.e -λt .dt
∴ mg¯— cigvYyi †gvU Avqy
∝
⌡t.e -λt.dt
= Noλ ⌠
t=o
No
=
λ
∴ cigvYyi Mo Avqy
1 No
τ = No .
λ
1
= ------------ (13.12)
λ
∴ †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i Mo Avqy Gi fv½b aª“e‡Ki wecixZ ivwki mgvb|

13.4.6 t Mo Avqy Ges Aa©vqyi g‡a¨ m¤úK© (Relation between mean life and half life)
Avgiv Rvwb,
0.693
Aa©vqy, T =
λ
1 T
Ges Mo Avqy τ = =
λ 0.693
Aa©vqy
A_©vr Mo Avqy = 0.693
∴ T = 0.693×τ -------------- (13.13)
BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-334
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

13.4.7 t wdkb I wdDkb wewµqv (Fission and Fusion Method)

eZ©gv‡b cigvYy n‡Z `ywU c×wZ‡Z kw³ Drcbœ nq| h_vÑ
1| wdkb (Fission) Ges
2| wdDkb (Fussion)|

wdkb t hLb fvix cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm wewk−ó n‡q cÖvq mgvb f‡ii `ywU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq Ges wecyj cwigvY
kw³ wbM©Z K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K wdkb e‡j| †hgbÑ BD‡iwbqvg‡K (92U235) wbDUªb Øviv AvNvZ Ki‡j,
236
BD‡iwbqvg wbDUªb‡K †kvlY K‡i cÖ_‡g A¯’vqx BD‡iwbqv‡g (92U ) cwiYZ nq Ges c‡i wewk−ó n‡q †ewiqvg
I wµcUb wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq| G c×wZ‡Z cÖPyi kw³ wbM©Z nq|
235 1 236 141 92
92U + 0N →92U →56Ba + 36Kr + 3on1 + kw³
(A¯’vqx)

wdDkb t hLb GK ev GKvwaK nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU A‡c¶vK…Z fvix wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i Ges
AZ¨vwaK kw³ wbM©Z nq ZLb Zv‡K wdDkb e‡j| †hgbÑ UªvBwUqv‡gi IH ( 3) mv‡_ wWD‡Uwiqvg (ID2) hy³
n‡q wnwjqvg Drcbœ nq| G‡¶‡Î cÖPÛ kw³ wbM©Z nq|
3 2 4 1
1H + 1D →2He + on + kw³|

13.4.8 t k„´Lj wewµqv (Chain Reaction)

k„´Lj wewµqv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv GKevi ïi“ n‡j Zv‡K Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ evwni n‡Z †Kvb Drm ev kw³i cÖ‡qvRb
235
nq bv| G wewµqv GKvKx Pj‡Z _v‡K| †hgbÑ BD‡iwbqvg 92U ( )
cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm‡K GKwU D”P
kw³m¤úbœ wbDUªb w`‡q AvNvZ Ki‡j wdk‡bi Rb¨ wbDwK¬qvmwU cÖ_‡g `yBwU wbDwK¬qvm †ewiqvg Ges wµcU‡b
cwiYZ n‡e| Ges m‡½ m‡½ wZbwU wbDUªb Drcbœ n‡e|
G wZbwU wbDUªb AviI wZbwU wbDwK¬qv‡mi wdkb NUv‡e| d‡j AveviI cvIqv hv‡e bqwU wbDUªb| G bqwU wbDUªb
bqwU wbDwK¬qv‡m wdk‡b NwU‡q mvZvkwU wbDUªb Drcbœ Ki‡e| Gfv‡e BD‡iwbqv‡gi wbDwK¬qvm †kl bv nIqv ch©š—
cÖwµqvwU Pj‡Z _vK‡e| G cÖwµqv‡K k„´Lj wewµqv e‡j|

wPÎ t 13.7

BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-335

 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

mvims‡¶c
cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv t †Kvb c`v_© n‡Z ¯^Ztù‚Z©fv‡e †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U, Zv‡K cÖvK…wZK †ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZv t K…wÎg Dcv‡q †Kvb †gŠj‡K †ZRw¯Œq †gŠ‡j cwiYZ Ki‡j †h †ZRw¯ŒqZv N‡U, Zv‡K K…wÎg
†ZRw¯ŒqZv e‡j|
Kzix t cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 3.7×1010 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY‡K GK Kzix e‡j|
iv`vi‡dvW© t cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 106 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY‡K GK iv`vi‡dvW© e‡j|
†ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~Î t †Kvb gyn‚‡Z© †ZRw¯Œq cigvYyi fv½b ev Ae¶‡qi nvi H gyn‚‡Z© Dcw¯’Z A¶Z cigvYyi
mgvbycvwZK|
Aa©vqy t †h mg‡q †Kvb †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i cÖviw¤¢K †gvU cigvYyi msL¨v †f‡½ A‡a©K nq, †m mgq‡K H c`v‡_©i
Aa©vqy e‡j|
wdkb t hLb fvix cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm wewkó n‡q cÖvq mgvb f‡ii `ywU wbDwK¬qv‡m cwiYZ nq Ges wecyj cwigvY
kw³ wbM©Z K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K wdkb e‡j|
wdDkb t hLb GK ev GKvwaK nvjKv wbDwK¬qvm GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU A‡c¶vK…Z fvix wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i Ges
AZ¨vwaK kw³ wbM©Z nq, ZLb Zv‡K wdDkb e‡j|
k„´Lj wewµqv t k„´Lj wewµqv Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv hv GKevi ïi“ n‡j Zv‡K Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ evwni n‡Z †Kvb Drm
ev kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|

cÖ‡qvRbxq mgxKiY t

†ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~Î N = Noe–λt

0.693
Aa©vqy t T =
λ
1
Mo Avqy t τ =
λ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ t
K. mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| GK Kzix A_© cÖwZ †m‡K‡ÛÑ
(K) 3.7×1011 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY
(L) 3.5×1011 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY|
(M) 3.7×1010 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY|
(N) 3.8×1010 Avjdv KYvi wewKiY|
2| Aa©vqyi mgxKiY wb‡Pi †KvbwU?
0.693
(K) T =
λ
0.673
(L) T =
λ
1.693
(M) T =
λ
BDwbU †Zi c„ôv-336
 c`v_© weÁvb 2q cÎ

0.603
(N) T =
λ
3| Mo Avqy I Aa©vqyi g‡a¨ m¤úK©Ñ
T 0.693
(K) τ = 0.693 (L) τ = T
0.603 0.793
(M) τ = T (N) τ = T

L. msw¶ß cÖkœ t
1| cÖvK…wZK I K…wÎg †ZRw¯ŒqZvi msÁv wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.1
2| Kzix Kv‡K e‡j wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.2
3| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~ÎwU wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.3
4| Aa©vqyi msÁv wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.4
5| wdkb, wdDkb I k„´Lj wewµqvi msÁv wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.7 I 13.4.8|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYyi cix¶vjä djvdj eY©bv Ki“b| Aby‡”Q` 13.1.2, 13.1.3
2| iv`vi‡dv‡W©i cigvYy g‡W‡ji ΓwU¸‡jv wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.1.4
3| †ev‡ii cigvYy g‡W‡ji e¨vL¨v w`b| Aby‡”Q` 13.2.1
4| †ev‡ii nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi cigvYy Ges nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi eY©vjx ZË¡ e¨vL¨v Ki“b| Aby‡”Q` 13.2.2
5| †ZRw¯Œq iwk¥¸‡jvi bvg, cÖK…wZ I ag© wjLyb| Aby‡”Q` 13.3.3
6| †ZRw¯ŒqZvi ¶qm~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Ki“b| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.3
7| Aa©vqyi mgxKiYwU e¨vL¨v Ki“b| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.4
8| Mo Avqyi m~ÎwU e¨vL¨v Ki“b| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.5
9| wdkb, wdDkb I k„´Lj wewµqvi eY©bv Ki“b| Aby‡”Q` 13.4.7, 13.4.8

BDwbU †PŠÏ c„ôv- 337