Ch17 Part 1
Ch17 Part 1
Ch17 Part 1
Fisure 17.1. spmy chrmber rvpe !t rume scrubber lco!rtsy S.hu(e & Ko*r .q Co )
417 dILICATIONS TO EAUIPMlNT DESICN
bottom co lection bas n. Co(osion is preventedbY the tower chlhney. Water to be cooled comes trom
c o n 5 t r ! c t l o n e n t i r e Y o i i n e . t m a t e r i a l ss u c h a s the pla.t and ls sprayedover the top ot the pack
r e d w o o d ,5 t a i n l e $s t e e l a, n d p o . c e L a i n . l.!. r ilows dow. over the materiaL,which is
ln tha largestapp icarlons,such as recoo ing ! s u a l l yw o o d o r p l a s r i cs l a t t i n qp, e r h a p 3
s0 ft high,
ot rhe cool ng water us€d in power pla.tsi natural and .a .s lnto a po.d below the tower, Waler iroh
d r a i t c o o l i n q t o w e t s a r e o i t e n u s e d .F i g u r e 1 7 . 2 t h i s p o n d i s . e t u r n e dt o t h e p l 6 n t .T h e a i r e a v i n q
s h o w ss u c h a n i n s t a l l a t i o n w i t h t h e . a t u r an r a t l rhe rop of rhe tower is warm and moist. on con
cool ng towe. loohing oler the resi oi the pLant. t a f i i . g t h e c o d e r a m b i e n ra i r , m l c h o t t h e m o s
Each of ihep towers ls rouqhly the size of a t u r e c o n d e n s ei so r m i n g a s t e a mp l u m e t h a t d r i f t s
footba L lleld stood o. e.d, some 300 it tall by w i l h t h e w i n d , T h i s p u m e c o n l a i n ss at s T r o mt h e
2 5 0 l i i n d i a m e t e rT. h e t o w e r i s b u i l t o l r e l n l o r c e d water treatment and cotros on p.oducc trom the
c o n c r e r ev a r y i n gk o m 5 i o l 2 i n . t h i c k .T h e h y p e r plant which havelreenknown 1o causeproblemsas
bo ic shape resu ts lrofr the lact that ihe moisr r h e y d e p o sr d o w n w i n d .A k o , t h e p l u m ei t s e l f@ n
alrflow up such a chimn,"ytakesslch a form natur c a u s el o g g i n g ,r o a d i c i . g , a n d a d dt o n a r a i n f aI
a y , 6 n d c o n s i d e r a b Lsea v i n g n c o . c r e i e c a n b e d o w n s t r e a ml r o m t h e p l a n t . C o n t r o l o t t h e s e
o b t a i n e d b y c o n l o r m i n gr o i h k s h a p e .A c r o $ e c oo g c a l p r o b l e m si s a s m ! c h a p a ( o f t h e d e s l g n
s e c to . ! v i e w o r s l c h a r o w e r i s s h o w i i . F i g u r e e n g i n e e r 'rse s p o n bs i l i t y a s i s t h e p r e d i c t i o no f t h e
1 7 . 3 .A i r e f t e 6 t h e t o w e r t h r o l g h t h e o p e n r i n g t h e r m a la n d m e c h a . i c apl e r f o r m a . c e o t h e t o w e r .
a r o ! n d t h e b o t t o m ,i t s e l ls o m e2 5 k h t h , f l o w s! p G e n e m lr h e r m a ld * Q n o ' t h e s et o w e 6 l o r o w st h e
rlyough a packinq m{ter al over wh ch lhe warm m e t h o d sd e s c r i b e d i n t h h c h a p t e rb , ut mecha.ical
w s t e r i s d i s t r i b u t e da, n d g o e sf i n a l l y ! p t h r o ! 9 h desigtrp , l u . n o f l o w b e h a !o r , a n d m o s t n J l o w
;i
;IF
El*
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.w
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ATILICATIONS TO EOUIPM'NI DESICN
;i;ili\
v"'''..,','..1 \
'idd moud& o . \ \
rs'd*{"i \ ilt-" \
.l"r\.\
l.r.i
_il-
- ' j ]i '
lll
ril lr,
tl
s n g e r o n ! r o w e r , n s o m e w h a ts m a e r c o o t i n g p . e $ u r e .O n t h i s d i a g r a n r h
, e c o n c e n r r a t i oonf
lowerui d rectly counterclrrent i ow mav be Lrsed. saturatedgas s pofted againstiemperarurefro.n
F i g o . e 1 7 . 5 p c t u f e sr h i s t y p e o t r o w e f . I n r e f n a data thar musr in qe;era be obtaiied
c o f s t r L r c r l o ni s s i m l a r t o r h a r s h o w n i . F t q ! r e
'17.4.
F o r t h es p e c i ac la s e
o f i d e ast o l ! t i o n is. b o r h
V a r i o u so t h e r , c o . t d c t i n g
d e v i c e sa r e l s e d r o phdses,the saturatio. ocuscan be p olted ffom
d e h u m i d i l ya r o r t o r a m o v ea s n g l e c o m p o n e n t f l r e r e s dt s o f B a o ul s a n d D a h o n ' sl a w . a l c ! l a .
rrorn a nonco.densablegas, Oiten pncked rowers
a f e u s e d io r w a s h c o l u . n r s i . w h c h c o n t a c t i n os
essentially stalewhe. A coitactor of thh sori k
s h o w . i i F i g u r e 1 7 . 6 .T h e s ed e v i c e sa f e l s e d t o {17.r)
c o i t a c t r h e q a ss u e a mb r h \ e v r d t i q ! d \ , t c e p r n g
t r r e r q u d { r e a m s s c p r r a r ew J t e r l e t e j e c r o 6a r e
freqlently usedto co.de.se or "scrlbii a vapor
/)r = partial pre$lre of condensobe com
t r o m a 9 a s s t r e a m .T h e e j e c ( o 6 h a i d e l a r o e p o n e n ti n t h e g a sp h a s e
v o l u m e so f w a t e r a . d p r o d ! c e i n t i m a i ec o c u r f e n t P= toral qasphasepressure
contacting of the two phases Pi =vapor pre$!re of condensabe com-
PTL{SE
fuJL TIONSAND DETNITIONS yJ, r : saruration mo c liaction of con
d e n s a b l ec o m p o n e n ti . r h e e q u i i b
A s i n p r e v i o u sc o n s i d e r a t i oonf m 6 s r r a n s f r a n d rium vapor and llquid phees,
heat fiansfer proc€sses, nr the simutraneous respectrvey.
t r a n s l e ro f h e a ra n d m a $ , r h e d i r e c t i o no f r r a n s f e r
a.d ihe extent of this tfinsier are convo ted by I n t h s c a s e r, = I s l n c et h e l i q ! i d p h a s et s a s i n g L e
the equiibrlLm condition toward whtch rhe
tranefer tends. Therefore, a siarehent of phase
e q l i l b r i u m i s . e c e s s a r ya s a b a s i sf o r a p p t € r t o o P"
r, =; 117.21
T h e p h a s ec o n d i r i o n so l q d l v a p o r m i x t u r e s
3rc convenreniY co.centration L i n e so i c o n s t a n lp e r c e n ts a l u r a t i o nc a n a t s o
tempe.alure dragram plofted for a sing e dnsrant 0e piotted o. this diasram, wtete percenr
dPrrc^lod! r o E a L r s r E N rD L S L c N
i
.l
Molesvarorlmok non.on.
atm/ar6, or md e rr!crion/
ooc tdcrion, ex!re$ed
rco!
lOO:j
r I o 1-i_
3xlo5
_
Yj x 0.4224
);11\
Since n thls deveopmenr 12 and Y, wte where the slbsriprs w and 1 refer to the wick
c o n d i t i o n sa t t h e a d a b a t i cs a t u r a ot n r e m p e r a t u r e , s u r t a c ea t i h e w e t b u l b t e m p e r a i u r ea . d r o t h e
E q u a t l o n1 7 . 2 1c a nb e w r i l t e n b ! l k { a 5 i e n p e r a i u r e .T h e r a t e o { s e n s i b e h e a t
transfer to ihe wick q follows rhe !s!a convection
d,, (r'. r,)=\"{Yr - Y") 111.21.) and radlation mechanisms. The rare ol ma$
where the sLbscfipt sa refeE ro the adiabarlc transier of component a toward the wick /V, aho
s a t ! r a t o n c o n d h i o n c o ( e s p o n d i n qt o t h e n i t l a l r o l l o w st h e u s u a lg a s . p h a sm e a $ r r a n s l e rm e c h a n
g a r p h a s ec o n d i t i o n sd e s i g n a l ebdy t h e s r b s c r i p r1 . i s m - T h e c o e f f i c i e n trs. a n d r , a r e r h o s ei o r h e a t
E q u a t l o n T 7 . 2 l a g l v e st h e r e l a l i o nb e t w e e n l r a n s f e rb y c o n v e c i i o na n d r a d i a t i o nt o t h e b L l b .
t h e l e d p e r a t u r ea n d h u m i d i t y o f a g a s a r a n y 8y uslru r., lt is a$omed thai the radlant.heal
e n t e r i n gc o n d i t i o na n d t h e c o f t e s p o n d i n g c o n d- t r a n s l e rm a y b e a p p r o x i m a t ebdy
tions io. the sane gas at irs ad abatlc satuiation ( 1 72 4 )
remperaiure.Thusi ii both rhe ad abattc saturatton
temperatlre and ihe actua temperature of a gas A i s t e a d ys t a r ea, l l t h e h e a tf i a n s f e r e dt o t h e w i c (
a r e k n o w n , t h e g a s h ! m i d i t y i s o b r a i n a b t eT. h e s used io vapo. ze /r/, mo esof liquid, or
h u m i d i t y a t t h e a d i a b a t i c - s a t u r a t ci oonn d i t t o nc a n
b e t o l r d i r o m i h e s a t u r d t i o nl o c u s ,a n d t h e g a s
111.251
humidiiy can the. be fo!nd nrro!9h €qlation w h i c h e x p i e s s et hse c o n d i t o n t h a t t h e r a t e o l
1 7 . 2 1 r , N o t e a s o t l r a t E q r r t i o n 1 7 , 2 1 ?w a s d e . s e n s i b l e h eta. 3t . s f e rt o t h e w i c k i s e x a c t l ye q u a
veloped irom owtall naterial and enthatp,/ bat. t o t h a to r t h e l a t e n h t e a cl a r l e df r o mt h ew i c kb y
,r.rs betweco the in tial gas cond tloo and the
a d a b 6 t i c - s a l u r a t l ocno n d i t i o n .T h u s , i t s a p p t i c . C o m b. i n s E q u aor n s 1 7 . 2 2 , 1 7 . 2 3 , a n d
a b l eo n l y a t d l e s et w o p o i n l s b u t m a y n o t d e s c r l b e 1 7 . 2 5Ve l d s
t h e p a t h f o l l o w € db y t h e g a s a s i r b e c o m c s a t ! . \ h c + h , ) A ( Tj - T w )- - k r A ( Y j - Y w l l *
o r , i f t h ea r e aasv a i i a b fl o
e r h e a ta n dm a $t r a . 5 f e r
O . e o f t h e o l d e s t ,a n d s t i I t h e m o s t c o m m o n ,
m e t h o d so f m e a s u r i n 9 l h h e u m i d t y o l ! g a ss t r e a m rj -r" = .l!+tY* t,t 117.26)
tnt r ntl
is to measlre $ 'wer.bu b temperatlre" aswe as
i t s t e m p e r a t l r e .T h k i s d o i e b y p a $ i n g t h e q a s E q u a to n 1 7 . 2 6r e l a t e st h e w e t b o l b t e m p e r a .
r a p i dy p a s ta t h e r m o m e t ebr u b k e p t w € t w i t h t h e t u . e t o t h e 9 a sh ! m i d i y , j u s t a s E q l d t i o n 1 7 . 2 1 a
liqud Ihat iorms lhe vapor l. the gas stream, d i d v r l t h t h e a d i a b a ct { a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ,
U s u al y l h e t h d r n r o m e t ebru b l s e n c a s e id. a s a i u r p r o v i d e d t h a t p f e d i c r a be v a i L e s o l t h e l e r m
ate! wlck, Duri.g th s proce$, f thc gasis not ky\-llhc+ht) c . n b e o b t a i n e d .T h i s 6 t i o o l
saturatcd,some llqukl is svaporatedffom rhe satu. r r a n s i e rc o e l l c e n t s o b v i o u sy d e p e n d su p o n t h e
rated wick into the moving gas streom, .arying p a r i i c u l . .t o w , b o u n d a r y a, n d r e m p e r a r ! r ec o . d
w i h i t r h e a s s o ca t e d a t e n r h e a r , T h el . r e . t h e 3 r t l o n s e n c o u n t e r e d1. n m e a s L r i n gw e t . b ! l b t e m
r e m o v a r e s ut s i . a o w e r . g o f r h er e m p e r a r u roef p-"r.rure, severalprecaltlons are made to enslre
r h e t h e r m o m e t e rb ! l t r a n d w i c k , a n d t h e r e t o r e t h . t r e p r o d ! c i be v a l u e so i t y l a / ( r . + r , ) a r e
e e a rw l l b e l r a f s t e r r e d1 0t h e w i c k s u r f a c e
s e n s i b lh o b t a i n e dT. h e r a d i a t i o nc o e f l i c i e n it s m i n i m i z e db y
by coi@cr o. trom the gas stream and by radja s h i e l d l . gt h e w i c k ( r o m t h e s ! t r o u n d i n gs u r i a c elsf
t o n f . o m t h e s ! ( o u . d l n q s , A t s r e a d ys t a t e ir h e the surtacerare hotier rhan the wet.bLlb tempera.
, e r h e a r i o w t o i h e w l c k w l l b e z e r o ,a f d r h e t u r e . 6 a s m o v e m e . rp a s l t h e b ! l b i s m a d e r a p i d ,
lemperaturewil be @nstant. The werbutb otten by vioging thc thermom.ter through the gas
tempe.atore rs tlre temperatureatta ned di sready as is done wlth ihe siing psychrometeror by insert
nate by the ihefmohete. exposedto rapldly mov- ing the wet bulb the.mometer in a connriction i.
in9 gas.Thus, dre rare ol heat rransier to the wick t h e g a s t l o wp a i h .U . d e r t h e s ec o n d l t l o n sE q u a t i o n
, r o v i d e dr h a r ; l l p
;iL ^;.,.ffiln,".'i;:'":.l."iJ:' c o d m n ,0 t o r ep r o b a b l vr h e r e, , , o _ u
',1vfi "f,un* "
s a r ! r aor n c o . d r t i o n sa,. d E q u a n o n
r e r a t e":iii$'ll.
t 7 . 2 6 dw t r i r h
;::;':l?fl
d , rp on i s w ( h n r"";li:.:1'J,.:1.,,::[:fl
;-t.,,,,1:
rsh eh L j m l d ' liyo r h ew e r . b ub t e m o o f a r , ; h es y s l e mr h ew e t . b !b r e l r ro n s
;l:';:1:,";:,::,li::::ir,il?,"liii ::"*.,
a r e d e n t i c a lT h e r e f o r et h, ead,abaric.sdruratio;
r e m p _ 4 a r uerqeu a t sr h e w e r . b u t b r e m o e f a r u rf E.r
r n e a r . w a R rs y s r e n F
r .o . s y s t e most h e ri h a . a i r .
w a r * , r h s . o n ( i d e n cde o s . o r o c c u ra, sc a nb e
s e e fr o m t h e p s V c h r o m e (cr h c&rs
9 , v e nb y p k r v
Ifitl:il'[";i.".!#,]..i#: i:Ti:il:
;:l ;J:::::t
' cdr
^-":",?":;'"
dfo
;:;:,;;:?:,:lt:i.t;:
h a s r l r a n s f e r p r o c e s s 4 so c c u r r n n 1 l i
qddenK
of ntere;t
I.
il:T,fl':ill.j;'J]."
.li
:-i
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l
.133
Fisrre 17-10- Pa(ial and toG $ruration tineson a vh = vd,t + \v: vd,v) (percenretuiation)
(17.35J
ArPLrcAnoNsroLo!ri$FN1 D!srcN
:y
"s
./
,,y 005:
a
a
'17"t"","(
!' -".,1411-
"^,
p l b l i s h e df o r s y n e m so t h { t h a i a i rw a t e r( 1 5 ) . adi:batlc saturaion temperaturecurve passes
w i r h b a s ed s i f f e r e n 'tr o m t h o s ec h o s e h n e r ef i 6 ) , t h r o u g ht h e 8 0 p e r c e . sl a t u r a t l ocnu r v ea t 9 9 o F
w l t h s l g n i l i c a nqtu a n t i i i eos l a t h i r dc o m p o . e n t aid y '-_0.0540.Th*e corditionswi I be thoseof
p r e r . t ( 1 7 ) ,a . d w i i h d f l e r e n tv a r l a b l euss e da s t h e a l rl e a v i ntgh ed r y i n gc h a m b e r .
m a i o rc o o r d i n a t eTsh. e c h a r g t i v e ni n F i g u r e1 7 . 1 3
h for rhe samesystemai rhe sametoral presslre E x . n p l c 1 7 . 2 .D e t e r m n e t h e e n t h ap y ,
a.d lsins the samebase5for A = 0 ror borhdry a I relatlveio dry air at 0'C and sarurated waier ai
and waie.. Hereq!antitiesaregivenbasedupon l 0 " C ,o i a r a t 8 0 " C ,1 0p e r c e nhru m i dr y .
m o ! o f d r y a l r a n d i t s a $ o c l a r ew d a r e ra, n d a t l
v au e sa . eg i v e ni n S l u n i t s . solution The desiredanswer can be read
V a ro u s. e p r e s e n toant so t t h e i n f o . m a r l o.. d r e c iy f i o m t h e h u m i d k yc h a r rF l s u r e1 7 , 1 3A. t
ihe humiditycharthavebeendeveopedior special t h e c o n d io t n s q v e n , t h e a d i d b a t i cs a i u r a r i o n
c o n v ee n n c ei n d o i n 9p a r t c u l a rc a l c u l a t l otnhsa r t e m p e r a t u ries 4 1 " c , a 1 4 7 " c t h e e n r h a l p vo f
musrbe p€rformedrepeaied y, The broadapp ica. saturatedair is readto be 6400ioo a/mo or dry
b i l i t yo l t h e a f t a n g e m e!nste dh e r et o a v a r i e t o yf
c h e m i c ael n O l n e e r l n cag l c u l a t i o nhsa s d a d e t h i s Thh a.swer cai be checkedby findiogrhe
charta favoritesinceGrosvenor proposd ir (61. n e . t h a r p yu s i . 9i h e p r o p elra t e nat n ds p e c l l ihce a i s .
r n a n yh u m i d i i i c a t i oann d d r y l n gp r c b l e m sr,h e F o ra n yv a p o r g ams i x t u r e ,
c o n v e n l e r coef t h e u n i t " m o e so f v a p o rp e rm o e H = c b l T - T o l + Y l c , \ T - T a )+ | , o ]
o l d r y g a s a n d t h e e a s ew i t h w h i c h m a r r a
b a l a n c ei ns a yb € e v au a t e df o r c h a . 9 i n q 9 u a n t ier s (17.10)
o I v a p o ri . a c o n s t a . q t u a n r i t yo f d r y g a so v e r . F e r er = 0 . 0 8 8m o H ? O / m odl r y a i f .T h e fc b ,t h e
shadow other considerations, The use of the rpecific heatof air, may be takei as 29.08jolte/
h L r m i d l ct yh a r l r i u s t 1 6 t ebdeo w . m o l e e c .; s , t h e s p e c i f l hc e a to f w a t e rv a p o r a ,s
3 3 . 8 9 ;a i d r o 6 s 4 5 , 0 7 0i o ! l e / , n o lS. ! b s t l r u t l n q
E $ n ' t ' l e I 7 . 1 . A r e n r - r er h ed . Vn sc h a m b e r i n t o E q u a t i o1n7 . 1 0E v *
o f a t r a v d r y e ra t 2 1 0 " Fa l t e rh a vr q b e e nh e a r e d
irorn an arnbent conditon ol 70oFand50 percenr a = 2 9 . 0 8 ( 8-0 0 ) + 0 , 0 8 8 t 3 3 . 8 9 (-800) + 4 5 , 0 7 0 1
r e l a t i v eh ! m i d t y . l i t h e 6 i r l e a v e st h e d r y . 9 . 6 5 3 1j o u l e s / i i oolf d r y a i f
c h a m b eart 8 0 p e r c o nht u md i t y a st h er e s L rol tf a n
a d i a b a t i c { a t u r a tpi or o
n c e swsi t h i nt h ed . V e rw, h a t N o t e t h a t r h e d i i l e f e n c eb e t w e e .t h e s e t w o
s t h e t e r n p e r a t l raen d h u m i d i t yo f t h h e x h a u s t answeGls only a litl e greaterthan I pe.c€nt,even
t h o l g h t h e c o n d io
t n s w e r ec h o s e nn t h e h 9 h
h ! m i dt y r e g i o n
w h e r eE q u a r i o1n7 , 3 7i s . o l o n g e r
S o l u t i o tTr h e h u m i d l t yo f a m b i e . ta i r m u s t
f i B t b e d e t e r mn e d ,s f c e t h i s h u md t y w i I n o r
S t i l l a t h l . d m e t h o do f d e t e r r n i n l n!gh s
c h a n g len t h e h e a t i n p gfoce$F , r o mt h e h u m i d l t V
e n t h a l p yi s t h r o ! 9 h u s e o t t h e c u . v e sf o r t h e
. h a r t l A p p e n d i xE l 4 ) v , = 0 . 0 2 6 2a t 7 0 ' F .T h e f
e n t h a l poyl d r y a n do l s a r ! r a r eadk a sl n d i o r e db y
E q u a r i o n1 7 . 3 6A . t 8 0 ' C , r h e e . t h ap y o { s a t u r
a l e . la i r h 4 4 , 0 0 0j o u e / m o o f d r y a l r ,a . d r h a ro r
0.0262= a- :;': P, = 0.0256arm l h e d r y a i r i s 2 3 0 0i o ue / m o l T . h e e f t h ap y o r a r
a t l 0 p e r c e n t s a t u r a r i soinh e .
a n d f r o m E q o a t i o n1 7 . 4 . , p , = 0 . 5x 0 . 0 2 5 6
= 0 , 0 1 2 8a r m .T h e nf r o mE q u a t i o1n7 , 6 , H = 2 3 0 0+ ( 4 4 , 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 )x 0 . 1 0
= 6 4 7 0j o u l e / m odlr y a i
0 . 0 t2 8 / 09 8 7 2
0.0256/0.97 44 CALCULATIONSFORHUI{IDIFICATION
AND
= 49,3 percenr DEIITJMIDIFICATION
O|'E({TIONS
F r o mt h e h u m i d i l yc h a n ,t h : ss a i ! r a t i oq. i v e ys = The designof equipmentto catryour humidifd
0 , 0 1 2 9w h i c hw i l l b e 6 n s r a . t t h . o u g h
t h eh e a r t . g t i o n a n d d e h u m i d i f i c a t i oonp e r a t l o n ds e p e . d s
process.At rhe enfianceto rhe drying chambe., upon the conceptsand equarionsdeveoped In
Y = A . O 1 2 9a r d T = ? 1 0 " F . T h e a d i a b a i iscn r a C h a p t e 61 5 a n d 1 6 .A s d i s c L s e rdh e r et,h e d i r e c
t l o n t e m p e r a t u rwei l l b e 9 3 q F ,a n d r h e c o n s i a o t t on ot rhe transferproce$es3ndtheir .atescn be
r.r7
c o . t a . t e d b y a . o o e r q a sv . D o r
m x i ! r e . r v l r s a f l h e a l d r e r f a r ' e f t e d r o w a r . tt | .
l l i s p n i s c .A s r . e n r r , t h e s q n so f i h ! t f v i n g . t o f c e
( e . t r f a . d t . a . 5 1 erra r , qaJr ep o s r i v eb a s c i ! p o n t h e
c o n v e r r i o nd s s c rb c d a b o v e
C ! s . s m a y t e . r e r r t r e r e t h e s e . sb e h e r r i r r j
r l r t e r l h e a r r r a n s l c r n o n p o s j r ed r e c lo f s T h s
\
rhe lwer erd ot warercoo.g
I o w e 6 w h e r et h e w a t D rh a sc o o c d b e o w t h e h k
g a r t e n p s a r u r e . T h i s o v e r c o oi q s p o s s t b t e
rrc.use rhe at..r heartrinsler trr overshaaon,r
r h c 5 e r j rb l e r r e r r r . a r s f . r . T h e t r u . t c a f f o t c o o
F s u r e1 7 . 1 4 .C o i d l o D s l d r h u n r r r r
b e l o wn r e w e t b u b L e r h p e f . l u foc f r h e e r 5 ,3 5r r r s
d e t € r m i n e db y w r l t n g e n r h a p V a i d [ a r e r i r 5 r r o u . d L o v e .T r i l s c a s - ps s h o w r I F ! ! r e l 7 1 6 .
b a a n c es q l a t i o f s a . r l r a i e e q u a t o n sa n d r r y c o m r n r h e 5 co p s r a to f s , r i t . s i . d r t L . n r i ( i e jo f b o l t j
b r n r g t l r e s ee q L a to n s i n r o n r e a p p c a b t ed e ss n h u u t 3 i ( l m r $ r r f s f n . r e s i g nt i c a n r ; e n L t r d l p y
o ! a n c e sa r d l r e a ri t u n s i e f 1 3 r c e q ! 3 r o n . h l s r
e q ! a t i o n s .l n r h i s s e c r o n ,r h e s ec o n c e D cw b e
t r i e r e l o r eb e w r l t r e . n a m e r . r h c h d r e r : t r 1
a D p r i e dr o r h e s p e c i d c o n d i r i o n ss ! f r o ! n d t n ! l i r e
a n c e sa f d n d s sI l i s r e r r i r c e q r r r ! r j r . T h . r c r o : e ,
o p e r a t r o ro t h l h i d f c a l i o i a n d d d h u n d t . r r i d n
t n c a . i l y s s o r I l e n e r a ' r i f s f e i D f o c e sD r rv ors !
e q ! o n r e n t .T h e d c v eo p m e . t i s e r r c r t v p d r dt e r o
n o E , C t , p r e f t t 5 o . d t b d I I e , r r r r J . t u , tc r !
t h a t ! s e d e r r l i e rf o r h c i r l - t r a . s f ear. d n r a s i . f i r f s t - a r
b . r I h e J r; r { n r L rrL. br
h a d e h u r j d i l i c 0 to . p r o c e s sa, ! ! ! r m v a p o f c o n sd c fe d s i r ! l r ! f e o u s t l r .
gas .n xtu.e s contootedw th a coo qLrd vapor T h e n o r n o f cr t l r e r n d O h v j t c a d r a n ( s f c l
a r e s h o w n n F i q u r € 1 7 . 1 7 .T h e c o r ( L ; o ; r h c r c
c o . d e n s e sk o m t h 3 g i t sp h . s e ,t h e g a sp h a s ec o o t s ,
d i f f e r 1 . o n r h o s eo l F q ! r e 1 6 , 5 j . r h o t l t r e q r i d
i ' . d l h e q ! d s w a r m e ! , E o t h s e n s i be d r d . r e n r
p f a f r s p r c s L | n e d1 0 b c d s r g c c o n r D o . c . ( ,
h e s t a r e t r a . i r e r s t t o w a d t h e q ! d p h d s eT. h e s e
r c r e ncr! w i ( i r t h e s o ! r e n r l r . g a s
s r i o w n s c h e n r acr. t y i n F o ! r e Dhrsr. Aj
1 7 . 1 4 .l i r h e f o r m a o o f v e . r o i , r h c s a s D f a ; e s D e r o r et,h e s r b s c rp ( s I r f d 2 r . f , . r | ) t l j c L r n r L ! .
syste , a.n hear afd 0r$.kanst.r a.d top ol r i. col! r
r a r e sa . a q u a n t i te s a r e p o st i v e w h e . t r a n s t e ri s
t o w a r dt h e g a sp h a s eT. h h s s . c o n v o f r i o ni s c q r i v a . r : = l q u k l l l o v r 'r i r e . t o ( , j r d j r f r l r .
e n t t o n e a s u .n 0 d s t a n c ei n t h e d r c c t t o nl o w a r r l c o r u m . , b t r ' o t e / h (r o r n r o / r )
yr = llowrarcoi
t h e g . s p h a s eT. l e n , h e a r a n d m a $ . t r a n ! f . rq ! a n l r r 5p h a s e" l I e r i n q r h . c o L , n r r .
t i t i e sf o r t h s p h y s i c asl i r u a to n w t b c . e s a rv e . l b m o o / h r 1 o rn j o t / s )
y'=iow . a t e o r s o r u d n t ,o r , ? f v qrs.
l b m o l e / h rl o r n D / s )
Fiqui.17.r5Cord r onrin 3 -or nqrorvy Fqun r7.t6 cord r.i r lrr .ri , .,ftl
v.|jn|1v' Most commonly, the col!mn will operate
nearly adiabaricallywiih q ' 0. The approach io
adiabatic operation will be closer the laiger the
c o l u m n d i a m e t e r .F o r t h i s s l r u a t l o n ,s i m i l a rb a -
ances lor rhe dilferentiaj h€ight (d?) wil be
writlen- The conde.sable component baLance
v'dY= dL (r7.41)
T h e c o n e s p o n d i negn t h a l p yb a l a n c es
117.42)
f the rate of sollte iransferbeMeen ph.sesis
small comparedto ihe totaL flow stream,an
average vaue of L mav be used,and rhechangein
e n t h a l poyl r h e i q ! i d p h a sm
e a yb ee x p r e s s 4
e di i
ll fesLrlted solelyifom ihe changein lemperature at
conslalrt!peciiicheat.Thus,
Fisuro17,17,NonEncaru@
lor thegenera fi7.43)
proc.$.
humd flcotion
Yz = moleratio oi soluteto solventgasat the
top oi the co[].rrn
H v r = e n t h a l p yo l g a s p h a s ee i t e r i n g t h e For the cha.gein gsrphaseenthalpy,the expres.
column, Btu/1bmole ol "dry" gas s o n i n t e . m so i t e m p € r a t u ri se f l g o r o u isf c h i s
( o r j o ue / m o l )
f l l , = e n t h ap y o f l i q u i dp h a se n t e r i ntgh et o p V dHv = V dlch(Tv - rol + Y-to)
of the column, 8tu/lb mole of liquid
lorjoultmo) - v'ch dfv + v'l,a dY 117.44)
q = heat transferredto the column l.om its
s u n o u n d i n gBst,u / h r( o .j o ! l e l s ) Fateequatlonsfor heatand masstansier canaLso
I 1 , r y = t s 6 p p r a 1 r , .o r l i q u i d a n d g a s p h a s e s , be wrltteo. Here, how€ver,co6rpicationsarise
respec!rvery because of the fact that heat is rransfeftedfrom
dz - a dilleft.ria heightol co umn packing, t h e b u l ko f t h e l i q u i dp h a steo t h e l i q u l dg a sl n r e r
faceentirelyasa resuilof the temperalurepoten.
A = i r t e r f a c i a l s u d a cf i€' ?, ( m ? ) t i a l , b u t t r o mt h e i n t e r f a cteo t h e b u l k o f t h e g a !
a = interlacea.ea,it?/fC ol cotumnvotume phase,heat ls iransferiedby two mechanisms. On
( o r m 2 / n 3o f c . l u m nv o l u m e ) the gdrphaseside oI the lnterJace,heat is trans
S = towercrosssection,ft, {or m?) t e i i e da st h e r e s L l ot f a t e m p e . a t ! .peo t e n t i aa, n d
the latentheata$ociatedwirh the masslransferis
On this basis,for a towerof constantcrossseciiofi t.arsferredasthe resultoI a @ncenlration driving
a no v e r a lml a t e r i a l b a l a ngci vee s iorce, The qlantities of heattransJetred by these
two mechanisms are separaied asthe iwo termso.
L 1 L 2 = V 1- V 2 { 1 7 . 3 8 } t h e. i q h ts i d eo f E q 0 a r i o1n7 . 4 4 .
A m a i e r i a l b a l a nt ocer t h ec o n d e n s a bc loem p o n e n r With these ideas,equationslo. the heat
tra.sferprocess€s indicatedin Equations17.43and
17.44 €n be wrilten separately.For rhe liqlid.
v'lY2 - Y1) - L2 L1 (17.39)
giv*
a n d a n e n t h a l p yb a l a n c e 1""
-cL drL = hLalrL T , ld z 111.451
L 2 HL 2 + V H v | + q = L l H L 1 +
(17.40) whereIi= the intedacialtemperatu.e,
"F
For lhe qasphasesensibe-hearrransfer, E ! ! a r i o . 1 7 . 5 1i s 6 d e s i q ne q ! a i i o . s m i t a r i o
v E q ! a t i o n s1 4 . 6 2 a n d 1 4 . 6 3 e x c e p rt h a r t h e
lrerri
ch drv = h"a(r, - rv) dz 111.46) . e m d r i v i n gf o r c e t s e x p r e s s eads a n e n t h a t p vd i t
i
rerence. Enihalpy is an exrensiverhe.modvnamic
arrd,ror rhe qasphrse arent.heattransfer, property. As such, ir cannor be a drivins torce for
a n y t r a n s t e ro p e r a t i o n .T h u s . t h e m a i h e m a r i . a r
t e a d st o E q L a t i o n1 7 , 5 i s h o u t db e
^ a d Y - ) \ a k y a t y ,_ y l d z 117.47) exanined. F 6r, in rhe s.erqy batances,rhe toral
t
r o w p e r u n r t r i m e i s f i x e d .T h e e n r h a t o vr e r h s a r e
then 'tpecif c entha py, , basedlpon a jixed mass
v ; " r h e S a sp h a s em o l e r a r i o o t s o t u t et o o r m a t e r i d l s e c o n d .I n r h e b r r c d e sq . e q u a ro n .
E q l a | o n I 7 4 9 . r h od n v n q f o r c e6 a r u n c ro n o f r
so venr at rhe ifrerface
a . d r i r h e q l a n t i r i e st h a r w o u t d b e e x p e c t e dr o
c o n t r o tr a r e so f h e a ra n d o f m a $ r r a n s t e rO , .tv I
Dryelopmctrt oi lie Desigrfqurliotr
the ro(uilous caserhat r = I en d be sub$ luted
T h e e n t h a r p yb a a n c ee q u a t t o n a s n d t h e r a t ee q u a r o r d r e s er a n d ) f l n c t o . s t n a l o t h e r c a s e s
. o n s g r v e na D o v ec a n n o w b e c o h b i r e d r o o t v ea E q u ao r . r 7 5 t w o l r db e w n l t e .i \
d e s i g . e q ! a t i o n . t h e I o r m o f E q u a t i o n1 4 , 6 1 .
T h e s ee q ! a t i o n sw l l r e l a t er h e c h a n g en g d . p h d s e .__Yilllll!r)
I _ ,_,-
t e m p e r a t u r ea n d m o a r h u m i d i t y t o t h e r a t e so f S l , r a l l c ^ t f , +^ o Y , t l q . T r + t d y ) l ' ) " '
h e a r a n d o 1 m a $ r r a n s ' e rr o , o r f r o m , r h e q a s
p h 4 e . T h l s , c o m b i i n s E q ! a t i o . 1 7 . 4 4 w i t hE q ; & ( 1 7 .1ba )
1 a . s 1 7. 4 4 a r d 1 7 , 4 7,
Itrtcsmtion of (h. Desistr Eqorriotr
4Hv = hcall - Tvl dz + ^akya(yt- y) dz r n t e 9 r a t i oinn dc 6 t e db y E q u a r i o .1 7 . 5 1i s
i- u s u ay p e r t o r m ebdy u sn g v a t l e so f y ' a n dk y ,
a v * a g e do v e rt h e c o u n n h e i g h tT. h t s . f t o d ! c 4
117.48) s m a e t r o f i n t i g h !o t t h e t o w c o . c e n r aot n o t
t o r r h e g a sp h a s e S , e p a r a t i f g( y r i r o r n r h e r i g h t w a t 0 rv a p o ri . t h e g a s5 t r e a mB, e y o n dt h s ,k n o w .
s d e o t t h e e q u a t i o . a . . l 4 e s i g n ani Ot , . / k y { ^ a sr , e o g eo r t h e r ea t i o . b e t w e etnh e e f t h aD Vi n t h e
l r r ep s y c h r o m c tcr r a t i o ,g v e m i n g a sp h a s a e n dt h a ra t t h eg a l t q l i d n r e r t a c e
s n e c e $ a r yS. u c ha r e t a ot n c a . b e o b t a . e db V
. 1 Hv = k I a l ( c t , r T t+ \ a Y i ) - t c h . r v + \ a y ) ) ( t z ' r o wc o n so e rn g t h c r r a n s f eprr o c e $o n r h e t q ! i d
i s d € o r r r j e i . r e r l a . e C o m bn , n 9 r h e e n r h a r p y
(17 49) D a r c e l E q u a r i otn7 . 4 2 w ) rh,he {r!drdisrr
r a t , "l E q u a r i o1n7 . 4 5q) i v e s
ln pltting. into $k eqlario. tot hcatkr.tr, t\e
asumpro. rs made rhat a, the area per !nit
v o u m e o r t o w e r , i s r h e s a m ef o r h e a rt r a f s t e ra s i 1
dHv = hLalTL T) d, 117.s2)
a
s r o r m a $ r r a n s f e rT, h i s w i | b e r . ! . o n y a r s l c r j
h i g h q L d r a l e s t h a t t h e t o w e r D a c k i n oi s c o m r n . c o m b i . i n gr h i se q u a t j ow
n i r hE q o a r i o1n7 . 5 0 ,
pletely wer. lf / is eqra ro t, tr I ; for rhe
a r w a r e r s y s r e mu n . r e r n o r m a l c o . d i r i o n s ,r h c !4 .. Hy 11 (r7.53)
t e r m s w | r h n p a r e . t h e s e sn E q u a t o . 1 7 4 9 a r e
e n t h a r p i e s a s d e f i f e d b y E q L a1 t7i o . 1n0 E q u a t o n 1 7 . 5 3a p p t e sa r a n y p o n r i n a n
.
a r w a r e rc o n r a c t i n gd e v t c e F . roh it, rhelemper3
V'
dHv - kva(H, Hvtdz lt7.5o)
' L r e a n d r h e e . i h a t p y o f t h e i n t e r f a c ec a . b p
a d e l c r m i n e dd r a . v p o n r l o r w t r , . h r h e t r o ! d
t e m p e E t L r e{ r L ) r h F q r s e n r h d t p y1 H v a n ! r h e
),
r J ! o o r r h e r q u d p h J 5 ch p d rr r a n , l e rc o c t t . r e n rr .
V .lHv r n e q a l p n a 5 em a $ t r a N i e r c o e i c i e n tb a s e dL o o n
JHw ikraul, i )ott' 'z m o l e r a t i o d r i v i r q t o r c e sa r e k n o w n
i=
T h e i r i t e . l a c ec o n dr i o . s c a n b e o b r s i n e r l
1 1 7a 1 ) t h . o u g l rE q u a r i o r t / . 5 3 ! s i N ! r
!:aphica meihod.