Ch17 Part 1

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Seventeen

SimultaneousHeat and Mass


Transfer- Humidiflieation..

In every caseinvoLvng massrransfer,hear must cornpo.ent,aod the gasphaseconssts of a non


a h o b e t r a n s i e i i e dW. h e na c o m p o n e ni st t r 6 n t c o . d e n e be g a s ,u s u a l l ya i r ,i . w h i c hs o m ev a p o r
i e r e d l r o m a g a sp h a s et o s o l ! t i o ni n s l l q ! i d l r o m l h e l q u i d p h a s ek p r e s e n iB. e c a l s e oi the
p h a s et ,h e a t e n lh e a ta s s o c i a tw ed l r hi h e c o . d e . - , e b a sc f e l a to n s t o r o p e r a .
i n h e r e nst i m p l l c i t yt h
sationls evolved. Whena components tlansletred l i o n sl n v ov i n gs i m ! l t a n e o h ues aat f d n r a stsr a n s f o r
from soLution l n o n e s ov e n t t o s ou t i o . i n a w b e d i s c u s s el n d t h s c h a p t e irn r e a t o n t o
s e c o i d ,a s i n l q u i d . i q u i de x t f a c t i o nr ,h e d i l f e r . h d o d i r c a t i o na n dd e h o m i d i f i c a t i o n .
encebetweenthe hea!sof solLrtio.of the solfie i|r T h ep r i . c l p l eosl s l m u l t a n e ohues6 ta n dm a s s
the two sollentsk evoved,SimiLar heateliactstre t E n s l e r a s d e v e o p e dh e r ef o f e v a p o r ar nt o r a
p r e s e ni nt d i s t i l a t j o na,d s o r p t o ne, a c h l n d g r, y i i g , l q u i d w t h o ! t a n e x t e r n ahl e a t
e t c , r a v e r yc a s et ,h e i n t e r f a c i tael m p e r a t ! rwei fundame.!b r o r e a c r i okni n e t i c sT,h e p r o b l e mosf
a d i u sitt s ef s o t h a ta t s i e a d ys t a t et h er a t eo f h e a t m a s st r a i s l e rt o a p o i n to f r e a c t i o a n n do l h e a r
t f a n s f ew r l l b a l a n c teh e e q uv a l e n tr a r eo i h e a t transloa r w a yf r o m i t a r e e r a c ly p a r ae l . T h e
t r a n s f ears s o c l a tw ed i t ht h em a slsr a n s f e 1 r ,no p e r a , chemical reactlo. docs ioi, however, al ow
r i o n sw h e r em a s st r a n 5 f epr r o c e e dbsy e q u i m oa f t h e . m o d y o a mel q c u i i b r i u mt o e x i s ta t t h e i n t e r .
c o u n l e . d l f l u s l o6nsi, n d l $ l ! l a t i o no,r i . o p e r a ! i o n s face,wh*eas equl b.lum doesexkt at the inter
whefelhe atent.heat effectsa.esmal, asin liquid. f a c ei n v a p o r i z a t i coans e T s .h er a t eo t t h ec h e m i Q a l
l q u i d e x t r a c t l o ng, a sa b s o r p t i oinn d i l u t es o u . r e a c t i o nm u s tb e l i c l l d o d n a n e v a l l a t l o n ol a
r i o n s ,a n d l e a c h i f s h , e a t t r a n s f e ri s o f m i n o r r e a c l i okni . e t l c s t u a t l o .
imporlanceasa ratelimitingmechan sm. n orheru,
p a r t i c u l a rwl Vh e f et h e r el s a n e t t r a n s f eor f m a s s
HUMIDIFICATI0N:
INDUSTRIAL ANIJ
AIPLICATIONS
fron the gasphaseto a condensed phase,or vlce
[QUIPMENT
verea.the hearrransterrate h lnportanr. !n these
c a s e sl t, s i g n i l l c a n tlliym i t st h e r u t ea t w h l c hm r $ H ! m i d i l i c a t i op
nr o c e s s emsa y b e c a i r l e do ! t t o
c a nb et r a n s i e i i e Idn, s t i l l o t h eor p e r a t l d nss! ,c ha s c o n f i o lt h e h u h i d l t yo f a s p a c eo r , m o r eu r u a L y ,
b o i l i n gc,o n d e . s a t i oe. .v a p o r a t i oann,dc r y s t a l l i z a to coo and recov* water by contactingit with
t i o n , m a s sa . d h e a t i a n s f eor c c ! rs i h L l t a n e o u ys l o w h L m i d i t ya i r .T h e w a t e rl h a t h a sl o s th e a t o
l n a r g ea m o u n t sb,u t t h e r a r e sa t w h i c hr h es i m u l t h e a t m o s p h e rcea n t h e n b e r e u s e di . h c a t
taneoust.ansferof ma$ and hear occur can be e x c h a n g erB l r o u g h o uat p l a n r -A t e r n a t i vye, n r e
d e t e r m i n ebdy m e r e Lcyo n s i d e r i tnhqe r a r eo f h e a r w a t e r@ ud b e c o oe d i n s L r l a c h e e a te x c h a n q e B .
t r a n s f ef r o n a ne x t e r n a l s o l r c e . T h ec h o i c eG o n eo l e c o . o mc s ,w r h t h e d e s i s . e r
Or rhoseoperations whereboth heattranner w a t e ri . h e r e n ti n l h e
& l a . c i n gt h e l o $ o l c o o l i n g
a n d m a $ t r a n s f ear f f e c t h e r a t e ,h L m i d i l i c a r i o n an watercontactcooleragainstthe costot suppLv
a.d dshrmidilicario ene t h e s i m p l e satn da r ea l s o i n ! a . d h a n d l l ntgh e c o o l l n gs o u r c e
lo lhes!rrace
ihe mst di.ect applicatlons of the theory. Here, c o oe r a . dt h eh i g h e r c o n otlh es u r l a cue. i t s .
ooly two components andtwo phases arei.votved. DehumidiUcation is practicedmostcommonV
T h e l i q u i d p h a s em , o s ro f t e n w a r e . ,i s a s i n gE a sa s i e pi n a n a i rc o n d l i l o n i nsgy s t € ml t n a y a l s o
be Lsedasp3ri of a solventrecoverysystem,bur i. ot iquid Trie scrubbers a.e ofren apptied io
t h e s ea p pi c a t o n st h e c o . d e n s a bvt ea p o ri s n o i r e n r o l i n qd l n s f r o m a l a s s t r e a mo f f o r r e a c rn q
water bur insreada solventsuchas rrchtorerhy r h e r q u d w i t h a c o n r p o . e n ro f i h e g a ss t r e a ma s
l e n e ,b e n z e n eo,r m e t h a n o .A . y o n e o f t h e s c w e l l a s t o r r e m o v a o I a c o n d e n s a b lceo m p o n e . l
a p p l i c a t o ncsa n , i . p r i n cp l e , b e c a r i e d o u t i n
s i m i l apr i e c eosf e q u i p m e nTt h . ed l r e c r i o nosI m a $ As water Ior process coo! ng has beoome
transferand heat transrera.e determinedby the m o r e p r e c o u s , t h e r e c o o l i n ga n d r e u s eo f r h -
relal'onbetweenthe h!midiiy and temperature of w a l e r h a v eb e c o m ec o n r m o n , l \ r l o soif r . . m e c h a n
the i.ler gas phaseand the temperatureot the draft coolng towys are urd,
c o n t a c t i n gq u i d .T h eu n l rs i z et,h ec o n v e n i e nocte arfioush thls cooins can also be do.e n spray
r'ecovering gasor iquidphases, afti the marertats oi p o n d so r i n a r g eh o L d i . sp o n d s .S D . a yp o n d sh a v e
c o n s t r u c t i ouns e da l l l i m l t t h e a p pi c a b i t i t oyt a the <lisadvailaqeol smal capacily for a g ven pond
si.g e pieceof apparatus. a r e aa n d 3 r g ew a t e r o s s e sT, V p c a l s p r a yn o z z t e s
T h e m o s t o b v o u si o r n o f h u m i d i f i € r i o . r o r t h e s ea p o l i c aot f s d e l i v e r5 0 9 3 / m i n e a c ha t
equpment s the spraychamber.l-lere,rhe contact- about 7 ps g. They are locatedaboui 6 ft aboverhe
i n gl i q u i di s s p r a y eadsa m i s tl n t o r h eg a ss t r e a m , p o d d s l r r a c e a . d s p a c e da b o u t e v e r y 4 l t . l n
Gasvelociryls kept low sothar thecontacrrimeis exposeda.easthe pond mighr be s!fto!fded by a
h i q ha n ds o t h a t t h e r ew i l b e o n y a s m a ta m o u n t l o u v e r e dl e . c e a b o u r 1 2 I r h g h t o r e d u c ew n d
oi llquid physicay en$ainedid the gassvea.n l o $ e s E m Dr l c a c o f t e a t o n i a r c a v aa b e r o d r o w
T h e s eu n t s a r e ! s l a l y r e s t cr t e d t o s m a l t { c ed e s t i m a ot n o l t h e s i ? eo { s p r a yp o n d n e c e $ a r v1 o ra
o p 4 a t i o n sa n d a r e f r e q u e nyt u s e di i h u m d t t y glven d!ty at kiown air coid;tions and sOray
controo l i a r o o mo r p l a n tw h e r ee i t h e rh u m i d i . n o z ze s p a c l . ga . d d e s l g n1 9 ) T y p i c a w a r s o a d -
f i c a t i o i o r d e h ! m i d i l l c d t i oonf i h e i . t e t a i r i s . g r a t e sf o r s p r a vp o n d sa r ea b o u r5 0 0 b / h r f i , o t

T h e f l m e s c r u b b esrh o w i i n F g u r e1 7 . 1i s a lvlore typlca y, aod especia V fo. targe.coo .


v a r l a t i oonf a s p 6 y c h a m b e rH. e r e t, h r o a tp t e c e s n g d u r e s , c o o l i n gt o w e r s a r e ! s e d . T h e s et o w e (
are usedto a$Lrreclosecontactof gas8nd quid a r e m o s t o r t e . o f w o o d c o . s r r u c t i o nw t h m l l t p e
stfeams, and lhe a ternateopenareasa low sopara. w o o d { a t d e c k s .A l ! m n ! m , s t e e i ,b r c k , c o n d e r o ,
t o o o f t h e t w op h a s * ,N o z z l cea p a c i t i a
e rsen o r m - and asbestosrroa.d casiNs have also been usn,
a l l y 5 - 1 0 g a l / m i no f w a t e f w i r h r h r o a tp i e c e s The water ls sprayed above the top deck and
haidl n9 300 ft3/hin of gasper q6 on per m nute tickes down throlgh the varo!s d€cksro a

Fisure 17.1. spmy chrmber rvpe !t rume scrubber lco!rtsy S.hu(e & Ko*r .q Co )
417 dILICATIONS TO EAUIPMlNT DESICN

bottom co lection bas n. Co(osion is preventedbY the tower chlhney. Water to be cooled comes trom
c o n 5 t r ! c t l o n e n t i r e Y o i i n e . t m a t e r i a l ss u c h a s the pla.t and ls sprayedover the top ot the pack
r e d w o o d ,5 t a i n l e $s t e e l a, n d p o . c e L a i n . l.!. r ilows dow. over the materiaL,which is
ln tha largestapp icarlons,such as recoo ing ! s u a l l yw o o d o r p l a s r i cs l a t t i n qp, e r h a p 3
s0 ft high,
ot rhe cool ng water us€d in power pla.tsi natural and .a .s lnto a po.d below the tower, Waler iroh
d r a i t c o o l i n q t o w e t s a r e o i t e n u s e d .F i g u r e 1 7 . 2 t h i s p o n d i s . e t u r n e dt o t h e p l 6 n t .T h e a i r e a v i n q
s h o w ss u c h a n i n s t a l l a t i o n w i t h t h e . a t u r an r a t l rhe rop of rhe tower is warm and moist. on con
cool ng towe. loohing oler the resi oi the pLant. t a f i i . g t h e c o d e r a m b i e n ra i r , m l c h o t t h e m o s
Each of ihep towers ls rouqhly the size of a t u r e c o n d e n s ei so r m i n g a s t e a mp l u m e t h a t d r i f t s
footba L lleld stood o. e.d, some 300 it tall by w i l h t h e w i n d , T h i s p u m e c o n l a i n ss at s T r o mt h e
2 5 0 l i i n d i a m e t e rT. h e t o w e r i s b u i l t o l r e l n l o r c e d water treatment and cotros on p.oducc trom the
c o n c r e r ev a r y i n gk o m 5 i o l 2 i n . t h i c k .T h e h y p e r plant which havelreenknown 1o causeproblemsas
bo ic shape resu ts lrofr the lact that ihe moisr r h e y d e p o sr d o w n w i n d .A k o , t h e p l u m ei t s e l f@ n
alrflow up such a chimn,"ytakesslch a form natur c a u s el o g g i n g ,r o a d i c i . g , a n d a d dt o n a r a i n f aI
a y , 6 n d c o n s i d e r a b Lsea v i n g n c o . c r e i e c a n b e d o w n s t r e a ml r o m t h e p l a n t . C o n t r o l o t t h e s e
o b t a i n e d b y c o n l o r m i n gr o i h k s h a p e .A c r o $ e c oo g c a l p r o b l e m si s a s m ! c h a p a ( o f t h e d e s l g n
s e c to . ! v i e w o r s l c h a r o w e r i s s h o w i i . F i g u r e e n g i n e e r 'rse s p o n bs i l i t y a s i s t h e p r e d i c t i o no f t h e
1 7 . 3 .A i r e f t e 6 t h e t o w e r t h r o l g h t h e o p e n r i n g t h e r m a la n d m e c h a . i c apl e r f o r m a . c e o t h e t o w e r .
a r o ! n d t h e b o t t o m ,i t s e l ls o m e2 5 k h t h , f l o w s! p G e n e m lr h e r m a ld * Q n o ' t h e s et o w e 6 l o r o w st h e
rlyough a packinq m{ter al over wh ch lhe warm m e t h o d sd e s c r i b e d i n t h h c h a p t e rb , ut mecha.ical
w s t e r i s d i s t r i b u t e da, n d g o e sf i n a l l y ! p t h r o ! 9 h desigtrp , l u . n o f l o w b e h a !o r , a n d m o s t n J l o w

Fiqrrc 17.2. A hyoorboliccoo ins tower ln ope.atan at a pow olrnr (Cou{By


423

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:l _ r74 00rren.]ll (gIlrEJr


l9S4!'Eg1 s{!:!
"l -- .__ _ _.!$3.!_{!ti5d.!M.re, or&dwE bd.

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.w

,hehvperb.
c c.! nq,.w*sh.wn
n Fe!,e
if;:i;n,Tfl:T:ff1:1"f
ATILICATIONS TO EOUIPM'NI DESICN

prediciion are beyond the scope of rhis book. '17.4


Figure is a cutaway drawinq of a
F u r t h e ri n { o r d 6 t i o ni s a v a i l a b l ien R e f e r e . c e3s, 4 , d o ! b l e t L o v r i,n d u c e d . d r a cf to o n s t o w e r . H e r ea i r
5 , 1 2 , a n d2 4 . ente6 borh sldesof rhe rower a.d I ows acro$ rhe
In intermediaresized water coolinq app ca. path of the la ins water to a ce.tral d!cr. A fan
tions, Io.ced or i.duced draft rowers are usua ly pllls the alr up the ducl andb ows r out the top
used. lnduced dr2tt towers are prefe(ed becalse o f t h e t o w e r ,W a t e ri s d i s r i b l t e d l n i r i a L Lbyy f o o d
t h e y p r e v e n tt h e r e c i r c ua t l o n o i t h e h o m d i l i e d i . s a d l s l r l b u t o rp L a t ec o n t a i n i n g
p o r c e l a i n o z ze r
dlr. n these towe6, ians are ocated on rhe iop ol throughwhlch lhe warerI ows onro rhe pac(ing.
t h e t o w e r , a i r i s p u l e d i n t o o L v e r sa r o u n dt h e Packi.g ls of wood slat consrructio. a$embLed
botrom ot the tower and !p through the decks ! v t h o ! t n a i L s .T h e d r l f t e i m n a t o 6 , w h c h a r e
c o u n t e r c ! t r e n tt o t h e w a t e f t L o w , I n t h e a r g e s r w o o d b a f i l e st h r o u g hw h c h t h e a i r p a $ e sb e i o r e
t o w e r ( c a p a c i t i eLsp t o 1 0 0 , 0 0 0g a l / m i no l w a t * ) , e n t e r i n qt h e f a . i r e d u c ee n t r a i n m e not f w a l e r a n d
a i r m a y b e p u e d i n r h . o u g h t w o o p e ns d e so r r h e t h u s f e d l c e m i s t c o f e n t i n t h e a i r d i s c h a r q el droh
tower and op ro a centra ian through inc i.ed t h e i a n , S u c h a r o w e r w o u L db e a t r o u r4 8 ' t w i d e
baffles, Empircal co(elarions are avatabe to b y 3 0 f t h l s h w i t h a l a n 1 4 i t i n d l a m e t e rS. e v e r a
i a c i l i t a t ec o o n g i o w e r s ee d i o n a i d d * g . 1 1 ) . u.lts may be consrr!cted end to end io glve !

;i;ili\
v"'''..,','..1 \
'idd moud& o . \ \
rs'd*{"i \ ilt-" \

.l"r\.\
l.r.i

_il-

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lll
ril lr,
tl

Fiqtrc 17.4. Tanwr! cros f nducpd drrr .ootins


roq.r. {Couiesy The Mintv co )
Fisur. 17.5, A doobe.fldw ^duced diaft cootin tow* brnk.
lcourtesythe
M . i q y c o m p a n y)

s n g e r o n ! r o w e r , n s o m e w h a ts m a e r c o o t i n g p . e $ u r e .O n t h i s d i a g r a n r h
, e c o n c e n r r a t i oonf
lowerui d rectly counterclrrent i ow mav be Lrsed. saturatedgas s pofted againstiemperarurefro.n
F i g o . e 1 7 . 5 p c t u f e sr h i s t y p e o t r o w e f . I n r e f n a data thar musr in qe;era be obtaiied
c o f s t r L r c r l o ni s s i m l a r t o r h a r s h o w n i . F t q ! r e
'17.4.
F o r t h es p e c i ac la s e
o f i d e ast o l ! t i o n is. b o r h
V a r i o u so t h e r , c o . t d c t i n g
d e v i c e sa r e l s e d r o phdses,the saturatio. ocuscan be p olted ffom
d e h u m i d i l ya r o r t o r a m o v ea s n g l e c o m p o n e n t f l r e r e s dt s o f B a o ul s a n d D a h o n ' sl a w . a l c ! l a .
rrorn a nonco.densablegas, Oiten pncked rowers
a f e u s e d io r w a s h c o l u . n r s i . w h c h c o n t a c t i n os
essentially stalewhe. A coitactor of thh sori k
s h o w . i i F i g u r e 1 7 . 6 .T h e s ed e v i c e sa f e l s e d t o {17.r)
c o i t a c t r h e q a ss u e a mb r h \ e v r d t i q ! d \ , t c e p r n g
t r r e r q u d { r e a m s s c p r r a r ew J t e r l e t e j e c r o 6a r e
freqlently usedto co.de.se or "scrlbii a vapor
/)r = partial pre$lre of condensobe com
t r o m a 9 a s s t r e a m .T h e e j e c ( o 6 h a i d e l a r o e p o n e n ti n t h e g a sp h a s e
v o l u m e so f w a t e r a . d p r o d ! c e i n t i m a i ec o c u r f e n t P= toral qasphasepressure
contacting of the two phases Pi =vapor pre$!re of condensabe com-

PTL{SE
fuJL TIONSAND DETNITIONS yJ, r : saruration mo c liaction of con
d e n s a b l ec o m p o n e n ti . r h e e q u i i b
A s i n p r e v i o u sc o n s i d e r a t i oonf m 6 s r r a n s f r a n d rium vapor and llquid phees,
heat fiansfer proc€sses, nr the simutraneous respectrvey.
t r a n s l e ro f h e a ra n d m a $ , r h e d i r e c t i o no f r r a n s f e r
a.d ihe extent of this tfinsier are convo ted by I n t h s c a s e r, = I s l n c et h e l i q ! i d p h a s et s a s i n g L e
the equiibrlLm condition toward whtch rhe
tranefer tends. Therefore, a siarehent of phase
e q l i l b r i u m i s . e c e s s a r ya s a b a s i sf o r a p p t € r t o o P"
r, =; 117.21
T h e p h a s ec o n d i r i o n so l q d l v a p o r m i x t u r e s
3rc convenreniY co.centration L i n e so i c o n s t a n lp e r c e n ts a l u r a t i o nc a n a t s o
tempe.alure dragram plofted for a sing e dnsrant 0e piotted o. this diasram, wtete percenr
dPrrc^lod! r o E a L r s r E N rD L S L c N

ratlos.On the conceniration-temperature dlagrah,


linesol constantpercentsatlrationwill be shaped
like the saturationcutuebut willbe 3r proportio.
ally lowerconcentrarions.
An alternativeconcentratronexpressrons
rhe relativesatuntion, which h ddined as the
partiaLpressureof condensabLecomponentpresent
dividedby the partia pressure
of condensable com
ponentpreseniat sai!ration.
100P, 100J,
Percertrelariveeturat on = i-i- = y"
\p.1,
\1141
whereagainthe subscriptr rete6 to satoraton.
R ea t l v es a l u r a i i oinst h em e a s u rneo r m a l Yu s e di n
r e p o n i n gw e a t h edr a l a .A s s h o w nb y E q u a t i o n s
17 . 3 a n d 1 7 . 4 r, e l a i i vsea t u r a t i ol sna r a t i oo f m o l s
iiactions, in dlstinction from percent sarura'
t o n , w h i c hl s a m t i o o I m o e r a t i o sS, i n c ev = r /
\ 1- y ) ,
lAOy
= - r=
-t looy {1- y,)
Pe(e.tsaturaron y, y, \t_yl
11,
or the perc€ntsaturatio.is equa
F s u . e1 7 , 6 .A d . i d d r o r a l l o w . 9a m ut . to the percentre atrvesturanon f7 s)
plc washto b. u{d n clr.n ns dus fum{ m u j t i pl e db y ( l - ' / , ) / ( 1- y )
or varroriiom as$nrsam. Theds s. takes
advrfta. or tlrbu ent .nd wst.cydone S i n c ey J > ' / , t h e p e r c e n ts a l u r a l i o nw i l l a l w a Y s b e
icr on ro q vr soodcoiacrins anderiecrivr €ss than, or io the limlt equal lo, the pe.ce.t
sepiratiod at scvera *aqc5. {Courtesy
T r a d i t i o n aL v , m o L er a t i o u n i t s a r e p r e f e t r e d
becauselhey are based on the unchanqing !nit
s.lrratb, s d e ' i n e da s q u a . t i t v o I n o n c o n d e n s aebg a s ih e n c e ,t h e v w
be used here. However, host pfactical app icanons
rcay. !!r l . v o L v et h e a l r - w a t e . s v s t e ma t 1 a t m t o t a l p r e s s u r e
- { 1 = 100 a n d i e m F e r a t ! r e sb e t w e e n 5 0 a n d 1 3 0 ' F . F o r
*."*,"..1i""
,, M" thase cases,concentrationsare ow e.ouCh so lnat
y = v , a n d r h e p € r c e n ts t u r a t r o n a h d p e r c e . r
" M" r e l a tv e s a t ! r a t i o na r e p r a c t l c a L ye q u a l .l . s v s t e m s
11r.3) other than air-water or at high temperatuteswith
the air water svstem, the concenratrons v ano vi
m a y b e s i q n i f i c ; n t l yh i g h e r ,s o t h a t v i s n o t e q u a l
Y= molc ratio of condenlbleto non t o y . T h e r e l o r e t, h e g e n e r a l l t yt h a t / 3 v s h o u l d
conrrensabe component presdnt
Y" = mole ratio preseniai saturation F o r m o s ro l i h e s y n e m so f i n d L s t r l allm p o . t '
L,1",Mb = notecutat welghG oi con.lensable a n c e ,t h e q a s p h a s ei 3 d i u t e , i h e p r e $ w e r s r o w ,
and noncond€neble componen|s,
a n d R a o u k ' sl a w i s f o L l o w e dE. q u a r i o n1 7 - 2€ n b e
respec!very.
u s e dt o c a l c ua t e t h e s r u r a t i o n o c u s ,a n d p a r t r a
N o r e r h 6 r t h e p e r c e n ts a t ! r a t i o nc a . b e d e l i n e dl n eturation ca. be expre$ed in terms of Epor
r e r m s o l m o L er a i i o s a s w e l l a s i n t e r m s o f m a $ pressuresand pan ar pre$ures.
p",""n,*t,,.tion = I9I = laop,/(P- 4) computed retaiive to rhe enrhatpy of
some
Y, P"IIP P,) arb /) ltf .o.d.or ,.{.r,, r' o r,pb"r-
.o'olor,,"1not bp oq. .d .o.,
",d".pkr!.
-rcoP{!
p"lp
2 ' o. b" .t!
p) "r pd,L.d,d,.t

{17.6) $rv. fo thd ai-


U d ro llp fP "- Fajor ro b" /flo ,o
p"""n1,"r..iu"*,u,"tio. =Iq = 9@1 .o,
y" P" .1e
e1 J., q"
nDrsle -f6,o ".
111.4a) Lsed cF s.en
when rheair wa&r svsremisdiscussed, Frg sr L|j o d r dd tor 5 L L-,, lf" bd es d,p
ii has U-r'drd'0 \ 1?.O, lrro"\e,,rFerl1ror
p r a c r i c teo c a l l t h ew e i q hrt a t i o oj
or wter vaporto dry air the humidhy.Tne note To,n or r d\ bE rd d'eo ro r!e
dop.op. ar" t:.p1
rat'o or thesp componenls5 cated the ,/r/a/
numldttv, wneteasrctatrrehundtry ald percenr
s v . o n v m o u sw i t h . e / a t l , e a n d H= . , { r ro)+yllo+c,(r ro)i
percent satufttion_ This no.ienctature has
irequenaybeer usedfor sysrehsthat do not co.- n7.10)
t a n w a t e rs, o r h a ti r i s n o r u n c o m m oifo h e a .o f
Le hunidlty at erha.atn at or 10 seea huni.tity fo=he bxe renpr"r/e rere J2"c io.
o a g r a mr o rt h eb e f z e n e - Ns?v s t e m t]5). oorncomponents
l i h ! m i d l i c a t i o i c a t c oa t i o n s ,t r s t f e . .\o= the t8tentheatot evaporation
ol warer
q u e n a vn e c e $ a Vr o t . o w t h ev o t u m ae n ds p e c r r ar the b6selemperature,
c Bt!/tb mote
n e a l o r t h s g a $ v a p opr h a e . F o r r h s l s e . t h e
hunid volune is definedasthe votumeof I b oi
andthe eftectof pre$ureor theenthstpvof the
d r y 9 J sp l u si t sc o n t a i n evdr p o . ,s i mt a rV r h eh o t a r q u r d s g n o r e d .l n t h l s e q ! i l i o n , b o | h . ^ a n d . -
h l m r t j v o l u m ei s t h e v o t u h eo f I b m o t eo f d r v f a v e D e e nr a ( e . a s( o n n a n t h l h s a r s u ; o r o . ;
n o t t e n a b t e ,t h e s e s p e c i f i c h e a t s m ! s t
9asprLrs 'ts contanedvapor,Thus,
r r e g r u t e dm e a . v a l e s a p p t i c a b lb
be rhe
e e t w e e nI a n d
vh-\1+Y)\35g\& 117.1) O r h e r l e r m s ! e d t o d e s c rb e v a p o r . q am s ,(.
r u r e s6 r e t h c d e w p o n t , w e t b u b t e m p e r a t ! r ea, r d
a p p l e st o r h o s ec o n d i t i o nws h e r et h e p e r i e c t . o a s a(laoat
ciallrario. remperarrte, T|'e dew Doi.t is
law is valid.here, Vh i\ the notathuthid vatu;e r n a t p o n r a t w h i c h c o n d e n s a r i obne g i n sw h e n
Sinila y, \he molal hunid rerr is detioedasrhe the
pres!re or temprature is chanqedover
h e a tc a p a tcy o r I t b m oe o f d r y g a sp u s t h a ro t a mixture
o r r r x e d @ m p o s i t i o . .U s l a I y t h e r e m p e r a t u r eis
rtsa$ocrared vapor.That is, Dwered at co.nanr pressure,so rhar rhe dew po nt
rempe€ture
1 1 7 . 8 ) ( lhe steadyts obra .ed. The @t butb tempe.atjrc
sraie iemp*at!re arrained by a wet.
a f e t h e h o a h u m i d h e a ta . d o u r D t h e r h o m e t e r e x p o s e dt o a r a o d t v n r o v i n o
t h e n o a l h e a r c a p a c i t i eosf @ m p o n e n t sb ( n . . _ s t r D a ho l t h e v a p o rq a s h i x r u r e . T h e b ; b o r r h ;
tundenebie 9*) and, (conden$blevapor) wet.bL b therfrometer is coared with the same
qlrd that lormsthe vaporin rhevdpor
Ihe enthatpy of rne uaporqasm xture k not o d sm r ^
ure. Ine wer.butb remperarLreis
generarryg ven any speciat name. However re ard ro rhe
ir ire n u h o l V o r r h e g a sp h J s e a, sw r i t b e s h o w nb e t o w .
n G c u a r i o n s B v a n d t o g yt o In's feraiio. alows the use oi rhe wet.b,rth
remperatLrecoupled wtrh rhe iemperatureitselj as
{ r 7 . 9 ) a m e a s u r oe r h u n i d i t y .
Ihe adiabaticstuntion temperature s it\e
w h * e H l r l l r e e n r h a t p yo t I b n o l e o t d r v a a s r e m p e r a r u r er h a t r h e v a p o r l a s m i x t u r e w o u d
plus rhar of ic cor'tdlnedvapot, and H^ all H-
;e saturared throuqh an adiabaric
ft€ mo a enrhatpies or .omponenB b anl d process. Many ot rhe processesdiscu$ed
respecrivelV Th. e 5 ee n f l j ap i e s m u s r ,o f b u t s e , b e in this
chapie. and in Chapter T8 @cur approxihatetv
.rl3

a d i a b acr a y , s o r h a L t h e a d i a b act s a r u r aot n concentration diagram are shown schemfiically in


t e m p e r a t u r ei s a p a r l ] c ua r l y u s e l u la n d i m p o r t a n t F g u r e I 7 . 1 0 a . d q L a n t i r a r l v e liyn A p p e n dx D t q ,
q u a n r i i y T h e r e l a r i o nb e r w e e nt h k r e m p e r a r u . e r h e h u h i d i t y c h a r tf o r t h e a
a . d r h e g a s p h a s eh u m i d l t y w i l L 6 s o b e s h o w .
AdirbrIic-Satumtion TenpeElk.
F o r c o n v e n i e n c et h e s e d e l i n i r i o n sa r e c o l T h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n r h e a d l a b a t i sc a r u r a i t o n
r e c r e di n T a b l e 1 7 . 1 . T h e F l u r a t i o n t o c L sa n d t e m p e r a r u . ea n d r h e g a sp h a s eh u m i d i t y c a n b e
p a r r i a sl a l u r a t l o n c u r v e s o n t h e t e m p e D t u . e d e v e l o D ebdy c o n s d e r i n qr h e p r o c e s b y w h i c hn r e

Tablel7.l DEllNiTlONs OF tlUl\llDrTYTERIltS

i
.l

Molesvarorlmok non.on.

atm/ar6, or md e rr!crion/
ooc tdcrion, ex!re$ed
rco!

lOO:j

vA" 1r+ n x 359;__92P

r I o 1-i_
3xlo5
_
Yj x 0.4224
);11\

ara'ned bya w-atbu b

ian.raf diz'J condit ons


lij":"lj,,.o.:1",, 11".opor r," roweJ.,r_e
"".
- /,2 rre rh p4drr
,L,,,2' ./ w I r eorrre .op;i.,r" r;41,
r n e n b e r h e a d i a b a t i s. a r d r a r o nr p m n e r
Y/.w' r . . '" '
lLl::
s a * d:1o e d . . 1 2 . r n". "' .;; '' ;ii:.
s d " p n . e" , e _ p e , , . , . ; ; . i.
s: rowe-17,,) rav o" u"
i::,,j:T_{
u!c! <) ,. a o D r y r 1 9 t i e s p , e " r c | | o"rop,v
.
-s FaL.riI
Fisuru.17.7.canerathumid : -
fjcarioi
c L l T 2- T l y , - y j l -
l c h , t T ,- r o )
gas can be sturated. A geierat ,)ofzl
humidifrcalon Ich.tr. fa. _ta\.t ,t/.16
:iilii',:JTT,J.ii','Ji,l,1;'; :""j".J:,,:L LrLfq ol I' e nJ. id feot, a! . ne .ep
or lne oflier be(ause
d.d! n rdrnr
c o u m n , e s p e c r i vw s u b s cprt s r a n a v i e f e r
r q u r oa n o v a p o rp h a s erse s p e c r iyv,eI a n d y , rteo ch1=c6+ Yjc, and ch2- cb+ y2c"
o f r o w o f t i q L r i d , a n vd a o o r
y i 5t h e m oa t f t o w
r a r eo f n o n .
a ma'iena
bs'ance cr2=crl Y G d- f 2 . r f ,1/
li,,'T"""hr
ili"""lliXli.iij;
\L?-L1)-VlY2-YlJ ( 1 7 .11) cLlT2 - To)tY, - yi) -
a f d a n e n t h a t p yb a 6 n c eg i v e s IchltT, _ ral
_ Y 1 c , ( T 2_ T a l
q-L2HL2-L1HL. = vtHJ2 _H..' rt7 1'-, L Yx,'T, _ Tat ! .af,l
lor tll gereEl
-r o orocess ro be soecisied ano _ 1.,,(rr _ ro) + Ioyr
o e r a d _ ea d i a b q r . cs e . e r a r, e s r r i c r . o . is. r r l
r
rTporeo, rst, .o iear ca. oe br
117.181
to6e-, or o r0. Seco"o rre,iqu,o sr,*m
nir, r,"
Reana.gins andcoltecting telms wiI give
r € c v ce d , r . r h : s d a J , a r r r e a d ! . t d r e = r, ^
L c h l l T r - T 1 l . t y r - y t \ c L ( T ,_ r a )
As,rFe orcce$ colr.nu$. rre qu,d reiooar.,ie
w L o e c o h ec o r s t a r r ,a l d r \ L s i o n e t s e r
s . o t en e d . _ lo-c.(r, - ro)l
w r o e D r o L g F rl o l f e t o w e , o r r a k e nf r d m i r h . i17.19)
tne ,qr d The o. v et,ec, o^.,q" r,"o,on Thebracketed termsin thh squatiof afeeauat
r." !o
r o w e rw r r a v eo n t h e , q u i ds t r e a hi s t h a t ." shownby rhe ro|owinqenthapy
r r w | o e v a p o n z e dj r r o r h e
s;he or #3;,il ","
S a ss r r e a h . U . d c r
r n e s ac o n d r to n s , E q u ! t o n 1 7 .t 2 b e c o m e r
HLtLz Lj) = V'lHv2_ Hv1) = t H L 2 H L a )+ ( H L a_
:1j.13) H"o)
C o m b i n i . gE q u a ro . s t 7 . j t d n d T7 . 1 3r o e t i m i n J r e + tH"o H,2)
= cLtT,_Tat+ | ro)+ .,(r, ,.0)l
t
HLIY2 Hvi Y1l = Hv2
l17.i4l 111.20)
The en$a p s (dn now be expre$ed E q u a r i o n1 7 . 2 0e r p r e s s etsh e r e i ! t r
i n t e r m r. r o b l dn e dw h c n
mda Erent hear a.d humid heir o e r e r m r n r nAqr , H. ? = l, bv !,.0 a .,fi ,.
a j q i v e nb v w n t r h r h e s y n e m h e r eo n e h o l e
Equalon | /. tu. or c;moone.Lr
B r 6 r c o o r e da 5a t i q u i dt o I o , , s t h e n
cLlrL, y1t = tch,trv2 _ lcooriTan,;
Tr)ly2 Tol / o , a n d 6 i r n a ty h e a t e da sa v a p o r
bac[ ro r. ThF
+ Ior,l - I.,1(r/r ro) + rorr l
s u m m a n o no f e n t h a t p yc h a n q e j
,r.no ,t
patn wrr eqrd rhe d tferen.e
b e r w e m r i"a' .r" ud.."( j
117.151 nrrr €nrhatpreb s e c d s e e n r h ap V 1 5i n r r p
turl
Now,if thefurrherre\rl.honrsnaderhrr , ' u , , .' v d r n g r f e I n d i c a t e d
subsnruhon q ve5
me bwer be $ ra rhat rhe qas and trquid phdsej ch1lT2 Ttl =lalYt y2) t11.2jl
430 TO EAUIPM
NPLICATIONS ENTDISICN

Since n thls deveopmenr 12 and Y, wte where the slbsriprs w and 1 refer to the wick
c o n d i t i o n sa t t h e a d a b a t i cs a t u r a ot n r e m p e r a t u r e , s u r t a c ea t i h e w e t b u l b t e m p e r a i u r ea . d r o t h e
E q u a t l o n1 7 . 2 1c a nb e w r i l t e n b ! l k { a 5 i e n p e r a i u r e .T h e r a t e o { s e n s i b e h e a t
transfer to ihe wick q follows rhe !s!a convection
d,, (r'. r,)=\"{Yr - Y") 111.21.) and radlation mechanisms. The rare ol ma$
where the sLbscfipt sa refeE ro the adiabarlc transier of component a toward the wick /V, aho
s a t ! r a t o n c o n d h i o n c o ( e s p o n d i n qt o t h e n i t l a l r o l l o w st h e u s u a lg a s . p h a sm e a $ r r a n s l e rm e c h a n
g a r p h a s ec o n d i t i o n sd e s i g n a l ebdy t h e s r b s c r i p r1 . i s m - T h e c o e f f i c i e n trs. a n d r , a r e r h o s ei o r h e a t
E q u a t l o n T 7 . 2 l a g l v e st h e r e l a l i o nb e t w e e n l r a n s f e rb y c o n v e c i i o na n d r a d i a t i o nt o t h e b L l b .
t h e l e d p e r a t u r ea n d h u m i d i t y o f a g a s a r a n y 8y uslru r., lt is a$omed thai the radlant.heal
e n t e r i n gc o n d i t i o na n d t h e c o f t e s p o n d i n g c o n d- t r a n s l e rm a y b e a p p r o x i m a t ebdy
tions io. the sane gas at irs ad abatlc satuiation ( 1 72 4 )
remperaiure.Thusi ii both rhe ad abattc saturatton
temperatlre and ihe actua temperature of a gas A i s t e a d ys t a r ea, l l t h e h e a tf i a n s f e r e dt o t h e w i c (
a r e k n o w n , t h e g a s h ! m i d i t y i s o b r a i n a b t eT. h e s used io vapo. ze /r/, mo esof liquid, or
h u m i d i t y a t t h e a d i a b a t i c - s a t u r a t ci oonn d i t t o nc a n
b e t o l r d i r o m i h e s a t u r d t i o nl o c u s ,a n d t h e g a s
111.251
humidiiy can the. be fo!nd nrro!9h €qlation w h i c h e x p i e s s et hse c o n d i t o n t h a t t h e r a t e o l
1 7 . 2 1 r , N o t e a s o t l r a t E q r r t i o n 1 7 , 2 1 ?w a s d e . s e n s i b l e h eta. 3t . s f e rt o t h e w i c k i s e x a c t l ye q u a
veloped irom owtall naterial and enthatp,/ bat. t o t h a to r t h e l a t e n h t e a cl a r l e df r o mt h ew i c kb y
,r.rs betweco the in tial gas cond tloo and the
a d a b 6 t i c - s a l u r a t l ocno n d i t i o n .T h u s , i t s a p p t i c . C o m b. i n s E q u aor n s 1 7 . 2 2 , 1 7 . 2 3 , a n d
a b l eo n l y a t d l e s et w o p o i n l s b u t m a y n o t d e s c r l b e 1 7 . 2 5Ve l d s
t h e p a t h f o l l o w € db y t h e g a s a s i r b e c o m c s a t ! . \ h c + h , ) A ( Tj - T w )- - k r A ( Y j - Y w l l *
o r , i f t h ea r e aasv a i i a b fl o
e r h e a ta n dm a $t r a . 5 f e r

O . e o f t h e o l d e s t ,a n d s t i I t h e m o s t c o m m o n ,
m e t h o d so f m e a s u r i n 9 l h h e u m i d t y o l ! g a ss t r e a m rj -r" = .l!+tY* t,t 117.26)
tnt r ntl
is to measlre $ 'wer.bu b temperatlre" aswe as
i t s t e m p e r a t l r e .T h k i s d o i e b y p a $ i n g t h e q a s E q u a to n 1 7 . 2 6r e l a t e st h e w e t b o l b t e m p e r a .
r a p i dy p a s ta t h e r m o m e t ebr u b k e p t w € t w i t h t h e t u . e t o t h e 9 a sh ! m i d i y , j u s t a s E q l d t i o n 1 7 . 2 1 a
liqud Ihat iorms lhe vapor l. the gas stream, d i d v r l t h t h e a d i a b a ct { a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ,
U s u al y l h e t h d r n r o m e t ebru b l s e n c a s e id. a s a i u r p r o v i d e d t h a t p f e d i c r a be v a i L e s o l t h e l e r m
ate! wlck, Duri.g th s proce$, f thc gasis not ky\-llhc+ht) c . n b e o b t a i n e d .T h i s 6 t i o o l
saturatcd,some llqukl is svaporatedffom rhe satu. r r a n s i e rc o e l l c e n t s o b v i o u sy d e p e n d su p o n t h e
rated wick into the moving gas streom, .arying p a r i i c u l . .t o w , b o u n d a r y a, n d r e m p e r a r ! r ec o . d
w i h i t r h e a s s o ca t e d a t e n r h e a r , T h el . r e . t h e 3 r t l o n s e n c o u n t e r e d1. n m e a s L r i n gw e t . b ! l b t e m
r e m o v a r e s ut s i . a o w e r . g o f r h er e m p e r a r u roef p-"r.rure, severalprecaltlons are made to enslre
r h e t h e r m o m e t e rb ! l t r a n d w i c k , a n d t h e r e t o r e t h . t r e p r o d ! c i be v a l u e so i t y l a / ( r . + r , ) a r e
e e a rw l l b e l r a f s t e r r e d1 0t h e w i c k s u r f a c e
s e n s i b lh o b t a i n e dT. h e r a d i a t i o nc o e f l i c i e n it s m i n i m i z e db y
by coi@cr o. trom the gas stream and by radja s h i e l d l . gt h e w i c k ( r o m t h e s ! t r o u n d i n gs u r i a c elsf
t o n f . o m t h e s ! ( o u . d l n q s , A t s r e a d ys t a t e ir h e the surtacerare hotier rhan the wet.bLlb tempera.
, e r h e a r i o w t o i h e w l c k w l l b e z e r o ,a f d r h e t u r e . 6 a s m o v e m e . rp a s l t h e b ! l b i s m a d e r a p i d ,
lemperaturewil be @nstant. The werbutb otten by vioging thc thermom.ter through the gas
tempe.atore rs tlre temperatureatta ned di sready as is done wlth ihe siing psychrometeror by insert
nate by the ihefmohete. exposedto rapldly mov- ing the wet bulb the.mometer in a connriction i.
in9 gas.Thus, dre rare ol heat rransier to the wick t h e g a s t l o wp a i h .U . d e r t h e s ec o n d l t l o n sE q u a t i o n

s = \ h c+ h , l A t r t rwl (17.22) r, r- =\# rv-- v.t 117.26a)


and the rate of ma$ tra.sfer from the wick is
where rhe kylr. rario is rhat obrain€dundef
(11.23) t u r b ! l e n t . l l o cwo n d i t i o n s .
4ll
Eo e 1 r I o w p d q s e , . y . r d e . s L c rq r
, tr?J " 'o lnq :
P '' d dc(Lru'.'eor i o r t p i F d r . w d r p rl,h e b e t o ._ ,
jt:. t:',?":':" a " d t u r d l i l g L o l i o l t o r , " "q u r e c o n p t e , .
i::;ii;" rt rrre
h, ^-- , p ,o56 ;'"::1",,1ft j;';":.li::.,;:.:"::;;;
J"'::.'
B t u / rhbo r e ' F 1 1 7 . 2 7 1
a-"*\ p";) : luT, '. . g1: .5, " ' - d b r r r , ea o . a o a rsi cL u , . . . o - e c r " .
equo o r d o p s' o r r e v p dat i y i n , n q o . . h c
whenair isthe noncondensabte
gas,and n ! n , r d, t \ h . t " t o , F a r n o . e i r h e .
.he, quro oro.
,. / /vtu\o 56
(ti 28) i,*l li;ll:iil i1frl,?,lt :tJ:;JT_:,
a=1,, I ,v* ' r o r o r . r L o . r p{ " . . b - t b
r " t d r r o *n.,a , " o , i i . ,
r o _ r ^ o t h rgr a r s T h e d a l a u p o n
whr.h Eaualior i,';,'r:.1";il.t;:;:i j: ?.""1:,::;ti:r.
;i,xJ :,%it"#Hil[?,. ii,,iii;-,11i ::"i:;i:1"""' :.:tii::tili;:il,"i
;ff1;,,T,"":?i,,llfl:
withvarious eases frowinq j.? :;,:?T.,;;
P on r , 4 o n F , q d r et 7 . 8 s f o r p L r r e
ar for
i.iJ ;::::,i: ti:.'"Ti:::lr"i
o . r ' 4 , p o r f r a \ e . i r d i c a r er sn a r iJ"l;,T:;
w,r r c nr n e / v s (= / r ' F .= 0 . 7 0 .F o r t h i ( h^,tr *e cr,.".,"
E q u aot n sr 7 . 2 7a n d j T . 2 B a i u e h - / k -": .; . .' = ; - ; )
Btu/lb.io e.F to, zs.oa]i,t*7,"i.ci e,."ii- ; :H,H::i"iillf :tiT":.;1,."" jr:'."":,
:11
t h e a i rw a r * s y s r e m
o i v e, - / t , il."r.ls" :iJ';1;;T;"i#;-:t,i::i'i:lti
fjl.';,'T;1",",,?:H::"'"%"jt.;,'i Hli q ! r o c o u t dr e m a i nc o n s t a n r
n t e m o e r a t u rjer r h .
a oa 0 a t ( . s i u c i i o n p o i n r ,w t h
;:i,:H'ii :"",'il:Jtii,'li,f i/-;J:i::"11",:
o r r e r i p e r a t u raen d h u m i d i r y p i#".1i1:i, l'"ii,Tl:'i:.f;;,":1,L"yl,
r h eo a sf o t . w i . . .

, r o v i d e dr h a r ; l l p
;iL ^;.,.ffiln,".'i;:'":.l."iJ:' c o d m n ,0 t o r ep r o b a b l vr h e r e, , , o _ u
',1vfi "f,un* "
s a r ! r aor n c o . d r t i o n sa,. d E q u a n o n
r e r a t e":iii$'ll.
t 7 . 2 6 dw t r i r h
;::;':l?fl
d , rp on i s w ( h n r"";li:.:1'J,.:1.,,::[:fl
;-t.,,,,1:
rsh eh L j m l d ' liyo r h ew e r . b ub t e m o o f a r , ; h es y s l e mr h ew e t . b !b r e l r ro n s
;l:';:1:,";:,::,li::::ir,il?,"liii ::"*.,
a r e d e n t i c a lT h e r e f o r et h, ead,abaric.sdruratio;
r e m p _ 4 a r uerqeu a t sr h e w e r . b u t b r e m o e f a r u rf E.r
r n e a r . w a R rs y s r e n F
r .o . s y s t e most h e ri h a . a i r .
w a r * , r h s . o n ( i d e n cde o s . o r o c c u ra, sc a nb e
s e e fr o m t h e p s V c h r o m e (cr h c&rs
9 , v e nb y p k r v
Ifitl:il'[";i.".!#,]..i#: i:Ti:il:
;:l ;J:::::t
' cdr
^-":",?":;'"
dfo
;:;:,;;:?:,:lt:i.t;:
h a s r l r a n s f e r p r o c e s s 4 so c c u r r n n 1 l i
qddenK
of ntere;t
I.
il:T,fl':ill.j;'J]."

.li
:-i

olosooogto:s:or
ihm44!0&rrx*-!/p,/]

Fistle ll,a_ Ihe hrio hc/k.v tt wt burb rhe.momerv i,l


{'?)r'v eermi"ro"
ota'* cr'"- io"j
:i;la:#,si;;eili
4ll ArncArruNsrofolqPMrNrDrsrcN

For the transport of hear and of m$s occur T h o s ,r h e L e w i s i e l a t i o n


h o l d sl o r t r a n s t e r w i r h i ra
r i n q b e t w e e nr h e i n t e r l a c ea n d a p o i n t i n t h e m a i . comp etely rurbdle.r regime ot ^r'p,= rr'sc. Near
b o l k o l a t u r b u l e n t y f l o w i n gg a sn r e a m s u c h a s the I uid boL.dary, as for insi.nce wlth transpo(
p o i n t 2 o f F l g L r e1 7 . 9 .r h e g e n e r al r a n s p o r e t qua b e i w e e np o i . t s / a n d 1 o f F g u r e 1 7 . 9 , l a m i n a r
r i o n ( E q u a t l o n1 3 . 6 1 )c a n b e w r i t i e n f o r t h e t w o flow p.evaih, and d and ? are la.se in comparibn
mechanisms.For heal lransier rh s becomes to Eq md E!. In this reqion Equaiion 17,31

:= h,^r= -p."tT l1i.2sl -


A ldLD p c P nt (17.34)
;
Equation
13,61
hwrlten ";
a.d lormasstransler As beiore, ?, = ^/q when //s" = lp,, but rh s
4 t r + E N l. 4 \ r + E t u t^ t , e q u a l i t yo t P r a n d t a n d S c h m i d tn u m b e c a s o d 0
N"
m a n d st h a l d = t . T h u s ,a g a l n ,
A )dLo lNLh BT
{17.30) = (r 7 34r)
lr, "'
w h e r er h ei o m e . c l a t u ries a s g i v e i n C h a p t e1r 3 .
E q ! a t i o n1 7 . 2 9m a y b e d l ! i d ebdy E q ! a t i o n1 7 . 3 0 T h e L e w i s r e l a t i o nt h e n h a s b e e n l o u n d i o
1 o o b t a i i , a f t o rs m p l i c a t o n ,t h e v a l u eo f t l r e h o d f o r e a c hp a ( o f t h e l r a n s f e rp a t h f r o m / t o ? ,
r a to o f t f a n s f e. o
r elficlents. o r f r o m t h e i n t e . f a c et o a n y p o i n t n t h e m a i ng a s
s t r e a m ,a n d 1 1 ! s l o r t h e e n t r e t r a n s f e .p a t h , 1
:= ____: , : pcPRT ( 1 73 1 ) / u p r = & s " , l f & p , + d s ! t h e L e w i sr e l a to n n r l s t
&s ly r .rr }q be modilied to n ke EqIEN for torbllent tran$
port and a/? Ior lam.ar rranspo(, fh s equa ty
F o r c o m pe t ey t ! r b u l e n t r d . s p o r ts, u c ha s o f & p , w i t h & s . i s l o u n d 1 0 h o d t r u e f o r s i m pe
thar betwecfpo nts I a.d 2 of F glre 17j9,d ond m n a l o m i c a n dd a t o m l . g a s e sb,u t l t l s n o t l a l i d l o r
, l a r e n e si s l bv s m i I c o m p a r er d
o 6 q o r € N .T h e n m o f e c o f i r pi c a t e d f ! i d s . O f c o u r s c , t h e m o s t
l m p o r t a n t s y s r e mt o w h i c h t a p p i e s i s a i r w l h
\17.32) s m a l lc o . c e n t r a t i o nosl w a t e .v a p o r .
V / h e . ei r a p p l l e s ,t h e L e w i s r e a t i o n i . n p l e s
t h a t r h e m e c h a n l s n so i h e a t a n d o f m r * t r a f s f e r
The r*ms 'f. a.d 1r rcpreicnr rhe ratio ol ths a r e l d e . t i c al y d e p e n d e n t! p o n t h e I l o w c o n d i .
d i l f e r e n c ei . f i a . s r c c . L D r o p e . r Vb e t w e e f t h e ! i o n s B o t h t l r ee d d ya n d n r o l e c u l adr f l ! s i v t i e sf o r
n t e r l a c ea n d t h e b u l k i l u k l t o t h e d i i i e r e n c el f h c . t t r a f s f e r e q u a l r h e e d d v a n d m o l e c ue d I
t h i s p r o p e . t Vb c t w e e nt h e i n t e . l a c ea r d t h e d r a x i - f u s i v i r i e sf o r m a s s t r a n s f e r f ] e . c e , t h e f e l a t v e
Num valle I the i ! d. Th!s, thc r vl les usla v n p o r t a i c e o l e d d y r o m o e c u l a ft r a n s p o r ot i h e a t
a r es i g h t y l e $ t h a d L 0 a n ! ? , : 7 4 . s t h e s a m ea s t h e r e a l i v e i m p o r t a n c eo f e d d v r o
m o l e c ! l a rf i a n s p o f ro f m a $ ( s e C h a p t e rI 3 ) , T h e
s i m p L i l i 6 r i o nos l c o f c e p ta n d o r d l c ! a t i o n a lp r o -
(17.31) c € d l f . s r h a r $ L t f o r t h o s es y s r e m sr o w r c h t h s
L e w s r e a i i o . a p p l l e sa r em a j o ro n * . T h e . e s ut i n g
i o r t u r b u l e n lrr a . s p o f t i r a n l d e a l 0 a 5s y s t e du . d e identlty ol the wet bulbtemperat!re equaton
( E q u 3 t o n 1 7 . 2 6 r ) a f d t h e s d i a b a tc s a t ' r r aot n
. . v c o n d i ro f s o f N s . w i r h A / p , .
e q u a tc n ( E q l a l o n 1 7 . 2 1 , ) h a s a r e a d y b e e n
For the Lewis re atlon to hol.l, Fq mlst equa s h o w . . i l w l b e s r o w n b e l o wt h a t t h i s l s o n e o l
F, This requiresequaliry of /r/s" wilh ^/p, even in t h e s m p L i f i c a r i o npse r mi t i n g t h e c o m b l n a l i o no i
ihe regnneof complete turbulen.e. t e m p e r a u r cd i f l e f e n c ea n d m o e { a t i o d i l l e r e n c e
F o r e q u a lP r a i d t a n d S c h m i d r. u m b e i 3 , y a= d r v i n g l o r c o s t o r h e a l a n d m a s st r a . s t e r n t o a
r, a n d a h o E q = F a s s h o w nl n C h a p t e r1 3 ( s e e singLe a ! a s p e cl i c e . r h a l p V
d r i v n 0 l o r c ee x p r . s s e d
E q u r i o n 1 3 . 1 0 9 ) . A l s o a r L o w c o n c c n t r aor . d i f l s r e n c e W i l h i h l s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n c, a c u l a r i o n s
( e P : l q r r . , = r v . F r o mr h i j i.volvinqequpment in whi.h hear and ma$ are
t , a . s l e t r e d s i m ! t a n e o u s ya r e f o m o r e c u m D e r
( r7 . 3 3i ) s o m e i h a n t h o s eI o r e q L l p n r e . w t h e r eo n V h e a to .

l
.133

measuremen l i tnse, so f c o n s t a nwr e r b ub t e m p e r a


The previoudydescribed concepisand definitions In4de r,&1. plor"o jn0FoJ o,,t7./odl
a r en o r m a l l p
y r e s e o r egdr a p h i € | | yo n a , , h u m i d i r v
i , o r r " r ' h r o , q 1 1 1 " . d n g po
chart.' Such a chart aop iesto a sinotenon.on hpekiure and hLmidiry covered by a sinqle tne
densable and a sinqe conde.sabte componentar a or.olto- s d t . b Lb r e r o q d u j e . L o L o o r ' / 2 r
iixed total pressure. From the charr,intormation 'r06 f.r lte rile 4,, be...oo.,.In L4oo,q I I
o n r h e h u m i d i t y r, e l a t v eo r p e r c e . ts a r u r a t i o n , .
r o , q a s e so f f t . e d c o m p o s i t i o .
h u m r dv o r u h e a, n d h L m t dh e a ro r r o t a te h r h ao v both :r and , vary appro marety as Jr12 The
shouidbe obtainablefrcm conveitenttymeas!re; nd,5diilJsinr/t/t.d.e,o,
qlantitiessuchas the dry- and wet-butbtemoera / s i g t r . J o v e .q 4 - .
corcentratior range. Thus, rhe variarion tn &.- i!
s l i g h ta n d m a y
The sarurationtocus and tinesof constanr l o n o c c u r s b e c o . s i d e r e nd e g t i s i b l e w h esna i J . a
pe.ceotor relativehumiditya.e of primaryimpon. at low mola humidhy.Forthetinesto
be straighrand par.Iet,
ance on the humidiry diaqram. As discussed c o r s t a n rr h r o u g h o u r the ratio kr tr,./h- must b,a
prevDusry,rhe saturaiiontocls is direcry retated t h e e n t r e r a n g eo f r a n d y
cove.ec by rhe charr. Th!s, /Vsc and t_ must
ro rhe vaporpressurecurve, a.d ir wi aDoear e t n e r b e c o n s r a n t
u v a r y i n a c o m p e n s a l i nw qay,
r c u s h l ym s h o w ii n F i s u f e1 7 . 1 0O . f s i m i l acr u r v a _
s y s t e h , r h e n e s a r e a D D roi.
lure will be linesof consrantpercenleruratio. or lrutely stralght and para let and are often so rep_
of constantre ativesaruration,tf inesol @nstanr
percentsaturanonare ptoned, th€y wi|t fat ar C u r v s c o n n e c t i n ga l 1p o i n t sh r v , . q r h e s a m e
ordinatesdirecrlyproporrionaro the ordinateof ..
a d r a b act j a l o f a r i o n r e m p e r a r ! r ed r e a 5 0
the Ftlration locusat the samelemperature,For otorred
o n t h e h u m i d i r v c h a ( a n d a f e l s e t ! I n c ac u a .
e x a m pe i f Y r = 0 . 1 0 a t r r , y a t I j f o r r h e 3 0 tr0ns concer.in! humidticaton and drvrno D,o.
p e r c e nst a t u r a t l ocn! r v ew i t t b e 0 . 0 3 .l f t i i e s o I c e $ e s .F r o m E q l a t i o n 1 7 2 t ! , t h e t o p e o f t i e L n e
c o n 5 i a nrte r a ! v es a t u r a r i oanr e p t o t r e d n, o s ! ( h c o n n e cn t g anV poinr and its adkbaric.sat!rarion
drrectpropoftionerists.Th s is evidentirom rhe t e m p e r a t u r ew i | b e - c r j l l r , .
d e f i n j t i o no f f e l a t i v es a r u r a t i o nE,q u a t i o n1 7 . 4 . I c^ is cofsta.r
over the ra.ge ot temperat!re and hum ditv
The re ative.saiuration cLrrves wi atwaysbe tower c o v * e d b y ' h e l o c ! ! o f a p o r f r s h a v i n ot h c
thanthe equivaie.tpercentsatorationcurues, same
Onty @ , a o a t r c . s r u G r i o ir e m p e G t ! r e ,r h r J ; w
aso
one or the measures of partiat satu.ationi, norm. o e t f e s o p e o r l h i s o c u s . c e . e 1 3 tr ' . c / r s n o t
ally presented on a singlechart. c o n s r a n tb ! t i . c r e a s e a ss the huhidirv ncreasej.
In orde. to at ow immediate detefirinslio. of nen, the toc!s poinrs
t h e a b s o l u rheu m i d i t yf r o mw e t , b u t tbe m p e r a t u r e e t u r u r o n r e m poefr u r l r e , o f i , r e d a d i a ! d t c .
uslrtiy cated an
a o r n o act i a r u r a r i o . t r n e ,, w i t b e c o . c d v e
!oward
a s s n o w ni n F i 9 u . e1 7 . ] ] t . F i o u r ei 7
II rhe
a o r a D a l , c { J r ! f a r i orne m p e . a r u r a
snd the weLbutb
r e m p r a t u r ea r e s h o w . f o r a ! . q t e p o n r ( r ,
| , ).
or a.y o js syrem tor
wn,cn the Lewis re at o. ho ds, thc
con5rJ.r
a o a u a rc s a r ! r a t i o n r e h p e f r r ! . et , . e
and the con
a trrtret b u L r e m p c r a r L r te, . e w o u t d L e d e n r i c J l

humid votume cafnor be


presented on coordinates of
humidity ve6us
Iemperature, and so a s€parate vot!me ve^!s
r e m p e r a t L r pe t o t h u s L at y h a d e . o . t h t s o r a r e
l)
s n o w nr h e s p e c i i i cv o l u f r eo f n o n c o n d e n s a b t e . . m
p o n e n i a n d a e t h e s p e c i f i cv o t u m e
oI saturare.J
vapor{as mtxtlre Froh rhese curves, the
humid
volme or my vapor{asmtxlure
can be dcre.
mrned fiom the percentsaturarion

Fisrre 17-10- Pa(ial and toG $ruration tineson a vh = vd,t + \v: vd,v) (percenretuiation)
(17.35J
ArPLrcAnoNsroLo!ri$FN1 D!srcN

Fi9ure17,11. CosGir wei-b!Lbr!mperarorsa^dad ab ic{dur.rio^nempciaturu


curuesoi I humid vch!d.

soL!tionlaws,and lhe r€adersho!ld be especlaV


v/, = hlmid volumo of moist gasat fj c a r e f ! l w h e n t h e v a p o rc o . c e n t 6 t i o nb e c o m e s
v d , y = s p e c i f i c v o l ! m eo f d r y g a sa l 1 1
T h ee n t h a l poy l a v a p o r l a s m i x t u m r ea ya s o
4 = h u m l d v o l ! m e o i s a t u r a t egda sa t f j
b e d e t e r m l n erdn o r ed i r e c t y f r o m t h e h L i m i d i t y
F o f c o n v e ne n c e ,t h e s e c l r v e s a r e u s l a l y s u p e . c h a r tw t h o u tu s eo f E q u aot n 1 7 . 3 6T. h h m e t h o d
m p o s e do . t h e h u m d i t y c h a r t l s i n g a c o . n m o n usesthe f6ct that the inesof constantadlabatic.
t e m p e r a t u r es c a e b u t a n n d e p e n d e . tv o ! m e s a t u r a t i ot ne m p e r a t u6r e
r ea 5 0l i n e s o n f earLycon
! t a n rc n r h a L p Y ,
E n t h a l p y n f o r m a t i o n s p l o t t e ds e p a r a t e liyn This fact cai be shownby rearnngng EqLra
r h e s a m e w a y a s i s t h e v o L u m e n f o . m a t i o n .A s t i o nI 7 . 2 1 a
c , rI r + I ' " Y l = c , , r , , + I , , Y " , ( 1 7 . 2 1 b )
H = Hdtr + \H, - H ttr) ( O e r c e nsta t u r aor n )
a n da d d i n g- c r j I 0 t o b o t hs i d e o
s f theeqlatlon
(17.36)
c,r (11 ro) + I", vr = c, r (I- - ro) + \r" r".
where the slbscr pts "dry" and r refer to dry and
, da l l e . t h a p V
s a t u r a t d c o n d t i o n s ,r e 5 p e c t i v e iay n 1 1 12 1 c )
v a l u e sm l s r b e . e a d . t a s i . q l e t e m p e r a l u r eA. s T h e r i g h t s l d e o f E q ! a t i o n1 7 . 2 1 re q u a l st h e
w i t h r h e v d l u m ep l o t s ,d E e . t h a p y d u r v e s' o r d r y e . r h ap y a r r h ea d i a b a rsi ca t ! E to n p o i i t ( 4 , ) i l
a n d f o r s a i u r a l e dq a s a r e s u p e rm p o s e do n t h e ., r equalsthe nrea. valLre of ., betweenfo and
h u m d l t y c h a r t u s n q t h c s a m 3t e m p e r a t u r e scale f , i a n d l l l - = \ 0 , S i m ia r l V ,t h e l e i t s i d e o r
b u t a n i n d e p e . d e ner n r h ap y o r d i . a t e . E q l a t i o n1 7 , 2 1 .e q l as t h ee n t h ap V a t a n y p o i n t
B o t h E q u a t i o n s1 7 . 3 5a . d 1 7 . 3 6a p p y r j g o r o. the constantadlabatic$rLration temperat!re
o u s y o . l y t o i d e a ls o l L t i o n s t h a r i s ,s o l u t i o n sI o r c!tue ldr ) if.rr equalsthe meanrh betweenIo
w h i c h t h e . e k n o c h a n g ei n v o l l m e a n d n o h e a t a n nI r a n d f a g a i n t r , d= t r o T
. hus,
eflecr when rhe two componentsare mixed relard
e $ o f t h e m i x t u r ec o . c e . r . a t i o . - I n m o s t c a s e s
{17.37)
w h e r e E q ! a t i o n s1 7 . 3 5a . d 1 7 . 3 6a r eu s e d t, h e g a s a n d r h e a d i a b a t i sc a r ! r a i i o nc u r v e@ u L d a p p e a r a s
p h a s ei s a v e r y d i l u l e s o L u l l o no l c o m p o n e n tlsh a t a straight, horizonta Line when ploted on
a r e c h e m i c al y i n e r t t o e a c ho t h e r ,a n d t h s a s s o m p eitha py temperature coordinates as drow. in
lio. oi idea so rtion behavor n closely fo lowed. F i g u r e1 7 . 1 2 .T h e f a c t t h a r a n a d i a b a t i cp r o c e s6s
c a s e o u s s o l u r i o n sd o . o t a L l v a y si o l l o w i d e i beinOconside.editseli indicatesthat A, = 0.
415

tu,p crp ploted on @ordnaresor motatt_Jmiditv


vqsls refperarL@ i r r h h c h d l . s r n c e l h ec h d n : i
ror rre ai,*arer syrpm, tt-e tiles of
@nsLn
c d i c b d t ivct L r " r ' o 1 t e m p e i d t u ea i € d o t i n " ;
;i
consranr wq butb renperdLJrp.The tine, dre
nearrysftdightand p.ra te and drespacedar even
Ghpe.arureinetuatsatonq rhe sarurarioncurve,
uveaayrngthe basic chad are two orheGt one
w r t hc o o r d i r a t eosf h u h i d v o t u m v€e A u r r e m D - p r i .
ture on which are plonedrhe volumesof drv aid
Fisure 17.12. Adiabdic sar!ret on curve on enthatov eturat& air,andonewirh @ordinates
Empemru.ecoord n{s oi entiralov
veBus remperatureon which are ototred rh-o
Theapproxihation enthalpres of dry and saruratedair. The temoera
. in rhisequatioiarisesfrom rurescateis identicatfor allrhreeplots.
he same€usesa.d is oi the sameorderof hadnj.
tude as the inaccuracyin 4sumins rhe adiabaiic. As wirh any pre*ntatronof rhermodvnamic
o a r d ,t h e d e t a i t so f r h e c h a r rd e p e n du o o n
a r e $ r a i g h ra n d p a r a | e l U
. sn a rhe
t h s r eJ t o n ,t h ee . t h a t p yo f a i y v a p o r g am sY$em .epresented,the unirs chosen.the bases
s ixtrr; useo,and the tangesot p, T, and f shown.The
can De determineddirecdy from rhe sarurared.
v a p o re n r n a t pcyu r v ep l o t t e do n r h e h u m i d i t vd i a - c n d r tg r v e ni n A p p e n d i xO t 4 a o pi e sa r a t o r a l
g r a mE , r r o r sa r eI n ss n i f i c a nat t o w v a p o 6 pressLrre or I arm for the binaryair waler synem.
r ncen- rrgn ncaft changes in torat pressureor ouanflries
o r a r h r d c o h p o n o nst l c hs sC O , w i p r o h i b k
A . h L h i d i t yc h r r ri o r t h e a i r w a r esr y s r e m
st the
( pJssure s given n st unrts n Fiqure u s eo. r t h e c h r t , U n i t sa i eg i v e nb 4 e d u p o nI
armo^spner b
| / , r r a n o1 nr n g r r s h m o r eo r d r y d i r ,a n de n r h a t p i*ees e t c u t a r euds i n o
! . i t 5 i i A p p e f d i \ D - 1 4T. h e basesor H = 0 for dry air at 32oFEnd I atm roraj
e t u r a t o j l r o t u r , n s o f t i : e d p o r c e nht u m i d i t y , pre3surcand for tiqiridwater at 32.F
a n a i n e so r c o n s r a natd i a b J r i c . s a r u r at et inopne r a . and at its
trrpre po nt pressure,HLrmiditychartshavebeen

:y
"s

./
,,y 005:
a
a

'17"t"","(
!' -".,1411-
"^,
p l b l i s h e df o r s y n e m so t h { t h a i a i rw a t e r( 1 5 ) . adi:batlc saturaion temperaturecurve passes
w i r h b a s ed s i f f e r e n 'tr o m t h o s ec h o s e h n e r ef i 6 ) , t h r o u g ht h e 8 0 p e r c e . sl a t u r a t l ocnu r v ea t 9 9 o F
w l t h s l g n i l i c a nqtu a n t i i i eos l a t h i r dc o m p o . e n t aid y '-_0.0540.Th*e corditionswi I be thoseof
p r e r . t ( 1 7 ) ,a . d w i i h d f l e r e n tv a r l a b l euss e da s t h e a l rl e a v i ntgh ed r y i n gc h a m b e r .
m a i o rc o o r d i n a t eTsh. e c h a r g t i v e ni n F i g u r e1 7 . 1 3
h for rhe samesystemai rhe sametoral presslre E x . n p l c 1 7 . 2 .D e t e r m n e t h e e n t h ap y ,
a.d lsins the samebase5for A = 0 ror borhdry a I relatlveio dry air at 0'C and sarurated waier ai
and waie.. Hereq!antitiesaregivenbasedupon l 0 " C ,o i a r a t 8 0 " C ,1 0p e r c e nhru m i dr y .
m o ! o f d r y a l r a n d i t s a $ o c l a r ew d a r e ra, n d a t l
v au e sa . eg i v e ni n S l u n i t s . solution The desiredanswer can be read
V a ro u s. e p r e s e n toant so t t h e i n f o . m a r l o.. d r e c iy f i o m t h e h u m i d k yc h a r rF l s u r e1 7 , 1 3A. t
ihe humiditycharthavebeendeveopedior special t h e c o n d io t n s q v e n , t h e a d i d b a t i cs a i u r a r i o n
c o n v ee n n c ei n d o i n 9p a r t c u l a rc a l c u l a t l otnhsa r t e m p e r a t u ries 4 1 " c , a 1 4 7 " c t h e e n r h a l p vo f
musrbe p€rformedrepeaied y, The broadapp ica. saturatedair is readto be 6400ioo a/mo or dry
b i l i t yo l t h e a f t a n g e m e!nste dh e r et o a v a r i e t o yf
c h e m i c ael n O l n e e r l n cag l c u l a t i o nhsa s d a d e t h i s Thh a.swer cai be checkedby findiogrhe
charta favoritesinceGrosvenor proposd ir (61. n e . t h a r p yu s i . 9i h e p r o p elra t e nat n ds p e c l l ihce a i s .
r n a n yh u m i d i i i c a t i oann d d r y l n gp r c b l e m sr,h e F o ra n yv a p o r g ams i x t u r e ,
c o n v e n l e r coef t h e u n i t " m o e so f v a p o rp e rm o e H = c b l T - T o l + Y l c , \ T - T a )+ | , o ]
o l d r y g a s a n d t h e e a s ew i t h w h i c h m a r r a
b a l a n c ei ns a yb € e v au a t e df o r c h a . 9 i n q 9 u a n t ier s (17.10)
o I v a p o ri . a c o n s t a . q t u a n r i t yo f d r y g a so v e r . F e r er = 0 . 0 8 8m o H ? O / m odl r y a i f .T h e fc b ,t h e
shadow other considerations, The use of the rpecific heatof air, may be takei as 29.08jolte/
h L r m i d l ct yh a r l r i u s t 1 6 t ebdeo w . m o l e e c .; s , t h e s p e c i f l hc e a to f w a t e rv a p o r a ,s
3 3 . 8 9 ;a i d r o 6 s 4 5 , 0 7 0i o ! l e / , n o lS. ! b s t l r u t l n q
E $ n ' t ' l e I 7 . 1 . A r e n r - r er h ed . Vn sc h a m b e r i n t o E q u a t i o1n7 . 1 0E v *
o f a t r a v d r y e ra t 2 1 0 " Fa l t e rh a vr q b e e nh e a r e d
irorn an arnbent conditon ol 70oFand50 percenr a = 2 9 . 0 8 ( 8-0 0 ) + 0 , 0 8 8 t 3 3 . 8 9 (-800) + 4 5 , 0 7 0 1
r e l a t i v eh ! m i d t y . l i t h e 6 i r l e a v e st h e d r y . 9 . 6 5 3 1j o u l e s / i i oolf d r y a i f
c h a m b eart 8 0 p e r c o nht u md i t y a st h er e s L rol tf a n
a d i a b a t i c { a t u r a tpi or o
n c e swsi t h i nt h ed . V e rw, h a t N o t e t h a t r h e d i i l e f e n c eb e t w e e .t h e s e t w o
s t h e t e r n p e r a t l raen d h u m i d i t yo f t h h e x h a u s t answeGls only a litl e greaterthan I pe.c€nt,even
t h o l g h t h e c o n d io
t n s w e r ec h o s e nn t h e h 9 h
h ! m i dt y r e g i o n
w h e r eE q u a r i o1n7 , 3 7i s . o l o n g e r
S o l u t i o tTr h e h u m i d l t yo f a m b i e . ta i r m u s t
f i B t b e d e t e r mn e d ,s f c e t h i s h u md t y w i I n o r
S t i l l a t h l . d m e t h o do f d e t e r r n i n l n!gh s
c h a n g len t h e h e a t i n p gfoce$F , r o mt h e h u m i d l t V
e n t h a l p yi s t h r o ! 9 h u s e o t t h e c u . v e sf o r t h e
. h a r t l A p p e n d i xE l 4 ) v , = 0 . 0 2 6 2a t 7 0 ' F .T h e f
e n t h a l poyl d r y a n do l s a r ! r a r eadk a sl n d i o r e db y
E q u a r i o n1 7 . 3 6A . t 8 0 ' C , r h e e . t h ap y o { s a t u r
a l e . la i r h 4 4 , 0 0 0j o u e / m o o f d r y a l r ,a . d r h a ro r
0.0262= a- :;': P, = 0.0256arm l h e d r y a i r i s 2 3 0 0i o ue / m o l T . h e e f t h ap y o r a r
a t l 0 p e r c e n t s a t u r a r i soinh e .
a n d f r o m E q o a t i o n1 7 . 4 . , p , = 0 . 5x 0 . 0 2 5 6
= 0 , 0 1 2 8a r m .T h e nf r o mE q u a t i o1n7 , 6 , H = 2 3 0 0+ ( 4 4 , 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 )x 0 . 1 0
= 6 4 7 0j o u l e / m odlr y a i
0 . 0 t2 8 / 09 8 7 2
0.0256/0.97 44 CALCULATIONSFORHUI{IDIFICATION
AND
= 49,3 percenr DEIITJMIDIFICATION
O|'E({TIONS
F r o mt h e h u m i d i l yc h a n ,t h : ss a i ! r a t i oq. i v e ys = The designof equipmentto catryour humidifd
0 , 0 1 2 9w h i c hw i l l b e 6 n s r a . t t h . o u g h
t h eh e a r t . g t i o n a n d d e h u m i d i f i c a t i oonp e r a t l o n ds e p e . d s
process.At rhe enfianceto rhe drying chambe., upon the conceptsand equarionsdeveoped In
Y = A . O 1 2 9a r d T = ? 1 0 " F . T h e a d i a b a i iscn r a C h a p t e 61 5 a n d 1 6 .A s d i s c L s e rdh e r et,h e d i r e c
t l o n t e m p e r a t u rwei l l b e 9 3 q F ,a n d r h e c o n s i a o t t on ot rhe transferproce$es3ndtheir .atescn be
r.r7

c o . t a . t e d b y a . o o e r q a sv . D o r
m x i ! r e . r v l r s a f l h e a l d r e r f a r ' e f t e d r o w a r . tt | .
l l i s p n i s c .A s r . e n r r , t h e s q n so f i h ! t f v i n g . t o f c e
( e . t r f a . d t . a . 5 1 erra r , qaJr ep o s r i v eb a s c i ! p o n t h e
c o n v e r r i o nd s s c rb c d a b o v e
C ! s . s m a y t e . r e r r t r e r e t h e s e . sb e h e r r i r r j
r l r t e r l h e a r r r a n s l c r n o n p o s j r ed r e c lo f s T h s
\
rhe lwer erd ot warercoo.g
I o w e 6 w h e r et h e w a t D rh a sc o o c d b e o w t h e h k
g a r t e n p s a r u r e . T h i s o v e r c o oi q s p o s s t b t e
rrc.use rhe at..r heartrinsler trr overshaaon,r
r h c 5 e r j rb l e r r e r r r . a r s f . r . T h e t r u . t c a f f o t c o o
F s u r e1 7 . 1 4 .C o i d l o D s l d r h u n r r r r
b e l o wn r e w e t b u b L e r h p e f . l u foc f r h e e r 5 ,3 5r r r s
d e t € r m i n e db y w r l t n g e n r h a p V a i d [ a r e r i r 5 r r o u . d L o v e .T r i l s c a s - ps s h o w r I F ! ! r e l 7 1 6 .
b a a n c es q l a t i o f s a . r l r a i e e q u a t o n sa n d r r y c o m r n r h e 5 co p s r a to f s , r i t . s i . d r t L . n r i ( i e jo f b o l t j
b r n r g t l r e s ee q L a to n s i n r o n r e a p p c a b t ed e ss n h u u t 3 i ( l m r $ r r f s f n . r e s i g nt i c a n r ; e n L t r d l p y
o ! a n c e sa r d l r e a ri t u n s i e f 1 3 r c e q ! 3 r o n . h l s r
e q ! a t i o n s .l n r h i s s e c r o n ,r h e s ec o n c e D cw b e
t r i e r e l o r eb e w r l t r e . n a m e r . r h c h d r e r : t r 1
a D p r i e dr o r h e s p e c i d c o n d i r i o n ss ! f r o ! n d t n ! l i r e
a n c e sa f d n d s sI l i s r e r r i r c e q r r r ! r j r . T h . r c r o : e ,
o p e r a t r o ro t h l h i d f c a l i o i a n d d d h u n d t . r r i d n
t n c a . i l y s s o r I l e n e r a ' r i f s f e i D f o c e sD r rv ors !
e q ! o n r e n t .T h e d c v eo p m e . t i s e r r c r t v p d r dt e r o
n o E , C t , p r e f t t 5 o . d t b d I I e , r r r r J . t u , tc r !
t h a t ! s e d e r r l i e rf o r h c i r l - t r a . s f ear. d n r a s i . f i r f s t - a r
b . r I h e J r; r { n r L rrL. br
h a d e h u r j d i l i c 0 to . p r o c e s sa, ! ! ! r m v a p o f c o n sd c fe d s i r ! l r ! f e o u s t l r .
gas .n xtu.e s contootedw th a coo qLrd vapor T h e n o r n o f cr t l r e r n d O h v j t c a d r a n ( s f c l
a r e s h o w n n F i q u r € 1 7 . 1 7 .T h e c o r ( L ; o ; r h c r c
c o . d e n s e sk o m t h 3 g i t sp h . s e ,t h e g a sp h a s ec o o t s ,
d i f f e r 1 . o n r h o s eo l F q ! r e 1 6 , 5 j . r h o t l t r e q r i d
i ' . d l h e q ! d s w a r m e ! , E o t h s e n s i be d r d . r e n r
p f a f r s p r c s L | n e d1 0 b c d s r g c c o n r D o . c . ( ,
h e s t a r e t r a . i r e r s t t o w a d t h e q ! d p h d s eT. h e s e
r c r e ncr! w i ( i r t h e s o ! r e n r l r . g a s
s r i o w n s c h e n r acr. t y i n F o ! r e Dhrsr. Aj
1 7 . 1 4 .l i r h e f o r m a o o f v e . r o i , r h c s a s D f a ; e s D e r o r et,h e s r b s c rp ( s I r f d 2 r . f , . r | ) t l j c L r n r L ! .
syste , a.n hear afd 0r$.kanst.r a.d top ol r i. col! r
r a r e sa . a q u a n t i te s a r e p o st i v e w h e . t r a n s t e ri s
t o w a r dt h e g a sp h a s eT. h h s s . c o n v o f r i o ni s c q r i v a . r : = l q u k l l l o v r 'r i r e . t o ( , j r d j r f r l r .
e n t t o n e a s u .n 0 d s t a n c ei n t h e d r c c t t o nl o w a r r l c o r u m . , b t r ' o t e / h (r o r n r o / r )
yr = llowrarcoi
t h e g . s p h a s eT. l e n , h e a r a n d m a $ . t r a n ! f . rq ! a n l r r 5p h a s e" l I e r i n q r h . c o L , n r r .
t i t i e sf o r t h s p h y s i c asl i r u a to n w t b c . e s a rv e . l b m o o / h r 1 o rn j o t / s )
y'=iow . a t e o r s o r u d n t ,o r , ? f v qrs.
l b m o l e / h rl o r n D / s )

Fiqui.17.r5Cord r onrin 3 -or nqrorvy Fqun r7.t6 cord r.i r lrr .ri , .,ftl
v.|jn|1v' Most commonly, the col!mn will operate
nearly adiabaricallywiih q ' 0. The approach io
adiabatic operation will be closer the laiger the
c o l u m n d i a m e t e r .F o r t h i s s l r u a t l o n ,s i m i l a rb a -
ances lor rhe dilferentiaj h€ight (d?) wil be
writlen- The conde.sable component baLance

v'dY= dL (r7.41)
T h e c o n e s p o n d i negn t h a l p yb a l a n c es

117.42)
f the rate of sollte iransferbeMeen ph.sesis
small comparedto ihe totaL flow stream,an
average vaue of L mav be used,and rhechangein
e n t h a l poyl r h e i q ! i d p h a sm
e a yb ee x p r e s s 4
e di i
ll fesLrlted solelyifom ihe changein lemperature at
conslalrt!peciiicheat.Thus,

Fisuro17,17,NonEncaru@
lor thegenera fi7.43)
proc.$.
humd flcotion
Yz = moleratio oi soluteto solventgasat the
top oi the co[].rrn
H v r = e n t h a l p yo l g a s p h a s ee i t e r i n g t h e For the cha.gein gsrphaseenthalpy,the expres.
column, Btu/1bmole ol "dry" gas s o n i n t e . m so i t e m p € r a t u ri se f l g o r o u isf c h i s
( o r j o ue / m o l )
f l l , = e n t h ap y o f l i q u i dp h a se n t e r i ntgh et o p V dHv = V dlch(Tv - rol + Y-to)
of the column, 8tu/lb mole of liquid
lorjoultmo) - v'ch dfv + v'l,a dY 117.44)
q = heat transferredto the column l.om its
s u n o u n d i n gBst,u / h r( o .j o ! l e l s ) Fateequatlonsfor heatand masstansier canaLso
I 1 , r y = t s 6 p p r a 1 r , .o r l i q u i d a n d g a s p h a s e s , be wrltteo. Here, how€ver,co6rpicationsarise
respec!rvery because of the fact that heat is rransfeftedfrom
dz - a dilleft.ria heightol co umn packing, t h e b u l ko f t h e l i q u i dp h a steo t h e l i q u l dg a sl n r e r
faceentirelyasa resuilof the temperalurepoten.
A = i r t e r f a c i a l s u d a cf i€' ?, ( m ? ) t i a l , b u t t r o mt h e i n t e r f a cteo t h e b u l k o f t h e g a !
a = interlacea.ea,it?/fC ol cotumnvotume phase,heat ls iransferiedby two mechanisms. On
( o r m 2 / n 3o f c . l u m nv o l u m e ) the gdrphaseside oI the lnterJace,heat is trans
S = towercrosssection,ft, {or m?) t e i i e da st h e r e s L l ot f a t e m p e . a t ! .peo t e n t i aa, n d
the latentheata$ociatedwirh the masslransferis
On this basis,for a towerof constantcrossseciiofi t.arsferredasthe resultoI a @ncenlration driving
a no v e r a lml a t e r i a l b a l a ngci vee s iorce, The qlantities of heattransJetred by these
two mechanisms are separaied asthe iwo termso.
L 1 L 2 = V 1- V 2 { 1 7 . 3 8 } t h e. i q h ts i d eo f E q 0 a r i o1n7 . 4 4 .
A m a i e r i a l b a l a nt ocer t h ec o n d e n s a bc loem p o n e n r With these ideas,equationslo. the heat
tra.sferprocess€s indicatedin Equations17.43and
17.44 €n be wrilten separately.For rhe liqlid.
v'lY2 - Y1) - L2 L1 (17.39)
giv*
a n d a n e n t h a l p yb a l a n c e 1""
-cL drL = hLalrL T , ld z 111.451
L 2 HL 2 + V H v | + q = L l H L 1 +
(17.40) whereIi= the intedacialtemperatu.e,
"F
For lhe qasphasesensibe-hearrransfer, E ! ! a r i o . 1 7 . 5 1i s 6 d e s i q ne q ! a i i o . s m i t a r i o
v E q ! a t i o n s1 4 . 6 2 a n d 1 4 . 6 3 e x c e p rt h a r t h e
lrerri
ch drv = h"a(r, - rv) dz 111.46) . e m d r i v i n gf o r c e t s e x p r e s s eads a n e n t h a t p vd i t
i
rerence. Enihalpy is an exrensiverhe.modvnamic
arrd,ror rhe qasphrse arent.heattransfer, property. As such, ir cannor be a drivins torce for
a n y t r a n s t e ro p e r a t i o n .T h u s . t h e m a i h e m a r i . a r
t e a d st o E q L a t i o n1 7 , 5 i s h o u t db e
^ a d Y - ) \ a k y a t y ,_ y l d z 117.47) exanined. F 6r, in rhe s.erqy batances,rhe toral
t
r o w p e r u n r t r i m e i s f i x e d .T h e e n r h a t o vr e r h s a r e
then 'tpecif c entha py, , basedlpon a jixed mass
v ; " r h e S a sp h a s em o l e r a r i o o t s o t u t et o o r m a t e r i d l s e c o n d .I n r h e b r r c d e sq . e q u a ro n .
E q l a | o n I 7 4 9 . r h od n v n q f o r c e6 a r u n c ro n o f r
so venr at rhe ifrerface
a . d r i r h e q l a n t i r i e st h a r w o u t d b e e x p e c t e dr o
c o n t r o tr a r e so f h e a ra n d o f m a $ r r a n s t e rO , .tv I
Dryelopmctrt oi lie Desigrfqurliotr
the ro(uilous caserhat r = I en d be sub$ luted
T h e e n t h a r p yb a a n c ee q u a t t o n a s n d t h e r a t ee q u a r o r d r e s er a n d ) f l n c t o . s t n a l o t h e r c a s e s
. o n s g r v e na D o v ec a n n o w b e c o h b i r e d r o o t v ea E q u ao r . r 7 5 t w o l r db e w n l t e .i \
d e s i g . e q ! a t i o n . t h e I o r m o f E q u a t i o n1 4 , 6 1 .
T h e s ee q ! a t i o n sw l l r e l a t er h e c h a n g en g d . p h d s e .__Yilllll!r)
I _ ,_,-
t e m p e r a t u r ea n d m o a r h u m i d i t y t o t h e r a t e so f S l , r a l l c ^ t f , +^ o Y , t l q . T r + t d y ) l ' ) " '
h e a r a n d o 1 m a $ r r a n s ' e rr o , o r f r o m , r h e q a s
p h 4 e . T h l s , c o m b i i n s E q ! a t i o . 1 7 . 4 4 w i t hE q ; & ( 1 7 .1ba )
1 a . s 1 7. 4 4 a r d 1 7 , 4 7,
Itrtcsmtion of (h. Desistr Eqorriotr
4Hv = hcall - Tvl dz + ^akya(yt- y) dz r n t e 9 r a t i oinn dc 6 t e db y E q u a r i o .1 7 . 5 1i s
i- u s u ay p e r t o r m ebdy u sn g v a t l e so f y ' a n dk y ,
a v * a g e do v e rt h e c o u n n h e i g h tT. h t s . f t o d ! c 4
117.48) s m a e t r o f i n t i g h !o t t h e t o w c o . c e n r aot n o t
t o r r h e g a sp h a s e S , e p a r a t i f g( y r i r o r n r h e r i g h t w a t 0 rv a p o ri . t h e g a s5 t r e a mB, e y o n dt h s ,k n o w .
s d e o t t h e e q u a t i o . a . . l 4 e s i g n ani Ot , . / k y { ^ a sr , e o g eo r t h e r ea t i o . b e t w e etnh e e f t h aD Vi n t h e
l r r ep s y c h r o m c tcr r a t i o ,g v e m i n g a sp h a s a e n dt h a ra t t h eg a l t q l i d n r e r t a c e
s n e c e $ a r yS. u c ha r e t a ot n c a . b e o b t a . e db V
. 1 Hv = k I a l ( c t , r T t+ \ a Y i ) - t c h . r v + \ a y ) ) ( t z ' r o wc o n so e rn g t h c r r a n s f eprr o c e $o n r h e t q ! i d
i s d € o r r r j e i . r e r l a . e C o m bn , n 9 r h e e n r h a r p y
(17 49) D a r c e l E q u a r i otn7 . 4 2 w ) rh,he {r!drdisrr
r a t , "l E q u a r i o1n7 . 4 5q) i v e s
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a
s r o r m a $ r r a n s f e rT, h i s w i | b e r . ! . o n y a r s l c r j
h i g h q L d r a l e s t h a t t h e t o w e r D a c k i n oi s c o m r n . c o m b i . i n gr h i se q u a t j ow
n i r hE q o a r i o1n7 . 5 0 ,
pletely wer. lf / is eqra ro t, tr I ; for rhe
a r w a r e r s y s r e mu n . r e r n o r m a l c o . d i r i o n s ,r h c !4 .. Hy 11 (r7.53)
t e r m s w | r h n p a r e . t h e s e sn E q u a t o . 1 7 4 9 a r e
e n t h a r p i e s a s d e f i f e d b y E q L a1 t7i o . 1n0 E q u a t o n 1 7 . 5 3a p p t e sa r a n y p o n r i n a n
.
a r w a r e rc o n r a c t i n gd e v t c e F . roh it, rhelemper3
V'
dHv - kva(H, Hvtdz lt7.5o)
' L r e a n d r h e e . i h a t p y o f t h e i n t e r f a c ec a . b p
a d e l c r m i n e dd r a . v p o n r l o r w t r , . h r h e t r o ! d
t e m p e E t L r e{ r L ) r h F q r s e n r h d t p y1 H v a n ! r h e
),
r J ! o o r r h e r q u d p h J 5 ch p d rr r a n , l e rc o c t t . r e n rr .
V .lHv r n e q a l p n a 5 em a $ t r a N i e r c o e i c i e n tb a s e dL o o n
JHw ikraul, i )ott' 'z m o l e r a t i o d r i v i r q t o r c e sa r e k n o w n
i=
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1 1 7a 1 ) t h . o u g l rE q u a r i o r t / . 5 3 ! s i N ! r
!:aphica meihod.

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