A Use of English fe Addie Kacontents TeceLNUIVAGS LEXICAL ITEMS 1 Articles Homographs (absorb - band) Phrasal Verbs (account for — be in with) Word Formation (im, in-, un-) 2 Nouns Homographs (bank ~ bridge) Phrasal Verbs (be into — break out) Word Formation (2; ik, i-,dis-) More Practice 1 3 Present and Past Time Homographs (carry - claim) Phrasal Verbs (break through - carry on) Word Formation (under-, over-) 4 Future Time Homographs (clash - connection) Phrasal Verbs (carry out ~ climb down) Word Formation (de-, non-, mis-) More Practice 2 5 Modals 1 Homographs (consideration - cross) Phrasal Verbs (come about - deal with) Word Formation (-ise/ize, -ty, -en, -ate) 6 Modals 2 Homographs (cut - dry) Phrasal Verbs (do away with — fall apart) Word Formation (-y, |, ful, -less, -ish, -proof) More Practice 3 7 Relative Clauses Homographs (duty ~ feature) Phrasal Verbs (fall back ~ fork out) Word Formation (-able/-ible, -al, -ate, -ative, -ike, -ly) 8 — Gerunds & Infinitives _ Homographs (tertile - follow) Phrasal Verbs (get about — get up to) Word Formation (ly, -ward(s), -ways, -wise) More Practice 4 9 Conditionals Homographs (foot ~ get) Phrasal Verbs (give away — grow out of) Word Formation (ante-, pro-, anti-, contra, hyper-, hypo, inter., intra) 10 Unreal Past Homographs (green - hit) Phrasal Verbs (hand down — hold out (on)) Word Formation (co-, con-, col, com-, cor-, sym-, syn) More Practice § 11 Passive Homographs (hold - lit) Phrasal Verbs (hold over lay aside) Word Formation (-e, -or, -ar, -¢@, -ment, -ion/-ation/ n-ition/-tion) PAGE a 35 37 53 68 70 a3 99 101 7 132 134 149 164 166contents NIT 12 Impersonal ‘IT Homographs (match ~ path) 183 Phrasal Verbs (lay off - look in on) Word Formation (ty, -ism, -ery/-ry,-ist, -ness) More Practice 6 195 13 Reported Speech Homographs (pay - propose) 197 Phrasal Verbs (look into ~ make off with) Word Formation (-age, -a, -an, -an, -ship, -hood) 14 Participles Homographs (pull ~ ring) 24 Phrasal Verbs (own up - pull up) Word Formation (-ory, -phobio, -most, -bound, -()cide) More Practice 7 227 15 Clauses and Linking — Homographs (roll sharp) 229 Words Phrasal Verbs (put behind ~ run over) Word Formation (poly-, mult-, mono-, uni-, demi-/semi-fhemi-, b/d, tr-) 16 Adjectives and Adverbs Homographs (sheer ~ smother) 246 Phrasal Verbs (run through - settle in) Word Formation (pseudo-, quasi-, para-, vice-, arch, re-) More Practice 8 261 17 Inversion Homographs (soar - squeeze) 263 Phrasal Verbs (sottle on ~ start off) Word Formation (down-, up-, sub-, trans-) 18 Emphasis Homographs (stagger ~ strike) 276 Phrasal Verbs (stay up ~ talk out) Word Formation (selt-, aut(o)-, fore-, counter-) More Practice 9 288 19 Miscellaneous Homographs (string - tone) 290 Phrasal Verbs (talk out of ~ top up) Word Formation (out., extra, ultra-, post, after. retro-) 20. Summary Skills Homographs (touch - wil) 305 Phrasal Verbs (touch down - zero in on) Word Formation (be-, bi-, by(e)-, bio-) More Practice 10 : 320 Appendices i 322 Phrasal Verbs Section 327 Word Formation Section 342 Prepositional Phrases Section 350 Prepositions Section 352Introduction BALANCE 3 - Use of English and Grammar is aimed at students of Advanced English, with special emphasis on helping candidates for the new Cambridge CPE examination. BALANCE 3 provides solid, reliable guidance and practice covering the grammatical points that proficiency candidates are expected to have mastered and the lexical skis that are tested in the CPE Use of English paper. The importance to students of having excellent lexical sills at their command can be seen from the following overview of the CPE Use of English paper, as defined by UCLES. ee "and Foou Open cloze 15 ‘A moxlified cloze text containing fifteen gaps. Grammatical/lexico-grammatical Word formation 10 ‘Atext containing ten gaps. Each gap conesponds to a word. The stems’ of Lexical | the missing words are given beside the | text and must be transformed to provide the missing word Gapped sentences fhomographs)} 6 Questions are made up of three discrete sentences. Each sentence contains one 4 Lexical (eg -collocation, phrasal gap. The gapped word is common to the verbs, idioms, patterns in which three sentences. Candidates must write 4 lexical items occur) ‘one word which is appropriate in all I three sentences. Key word transformations 8 iscrete items with a lead-in sentence 4 and a gapped response to complete. i Lexical/lexico-grammatical inga given word. Et Comprehension questions and | 4 questions | Two texts with two questions on each summary writing task onthe texts | text. The summary task requires and 1 selection of relevant information from Question focus: awareness of summary both texts. use of language [recognising writing task fi and understanding the force of lexical items, rhetorical and stylistic devices and referencing). ‘Summary tests information selection, linking, sentence construction, The oustanding features of BALANCE 3, distinguishing it from other Use of English and Grammar books for advanced students, are its wealth of detail and its dedication to presentation and teaching aspects of some textbooks where students are, all t00 often, lft to their own devices, Coupled with these qualities, the wide variety of tasks in this book should ensure that students get plenty of valuable practice, not only in tasks specific to the new CPE Use of English paper, but also to the Michigan ECPE grammar section and other advanced exams, for example, the Cambridge CAE exam.Introduction Structure of BALANCE 3 - Use of English & Grammar BALANCE 3 consists of 20 units, each divided into a grammar section (consisting of a detailed presentation followed by tasks) and a lexical items section, The work in BALANCE 3 is consolidated with More Practice sections (one after every two units) Structure of the Unit Grammar Learners ate taken from FCE level with a thorough review of everything they should already know, and theit knowledge is entiched with sophisticated details presented in’a more advanced way. The presentations include clear explanations with examples and tables where appropriate. Details of language specific to any particular grammar phenomenon have been inchided to enrich the learner's knowledge while femifarising them with the concept. To ensure that students can benefit from thorough practice of any phenomenon, each grammar presentation is followed byan average of more than eight tasks, which cover a wide-ranging variety including editing, rewniting, open cloze, ‘multiple matching and key word transformation, In most units the last grammar task is based on conversational ‘grammar in the siyl of the Michigan ECPE grammar section. The grammar section in Unit 20 is devoted to giving ‘students valuable guidance and step-by-step practice in the summary and related skills necessary for part 5 of the new CPE Use of English paper. Lexical Items Homographs: 12 words are presented in each unit, with exarnples to illustrate the different meanings. This followed by a task based on the presentation, giving practice in CPE paper 3, part 3. Phrasal Verbs: These are presented through a task-based approach followed by an appropriate task for practice. Students are also directed towards the Phrasal Verbs Section atthe back of the book, which gives a unit-by unit list of the phrasal verbs dealt with in this way, including explanations forthe different meanings of each verb accompanied by ‘example sentences. Word Formation: Using the presentations in this part of the section, students gradually build up a better understanding of the wide variety of affixes used in word formation and the meanings of each one. The presentation of each group of affixes with examples is followed by a task for practice in those affixes, then students are given further : practice with an exam-type word formation task (CPE paper 3, patt 2) Collocations: Each unit has a task-based presentation of a specific type of collocation (eg — adverb + adjective) Set Phrases: 20 set phrases are presented in each unit with examples and explanations, and each, presentation is followed by a related tas. Confusing Words: This part ofthe lexial tems section consists of a task specially designed to help students distinguish between words with similar meanings or uses, and is preceded by a presentation in which the different relevant meanings of the words used are given. Prepositional Phrases: The task in this partis designed to highlight some established prepositional phrases, The Prepositional Phrases Section at the back of the book lists the phrases used in alphabetical order according to unit. Prepositions: This task revises and consolidates the student's knowledge of prepositions. The Prepositions Section atthe back of the book lists all the iterns encountered in this task as well as giving prepositions where this may be useful for words in the Confusing ‘Words task. This section is organised in the three following alphabetically listed groups: ‘verbs with prepositions, nouns with prepositions and adjectives with prepositions. Progress Tests (in a separate pack) ‘The Progress Tests allow for regular consolidation and revision as follows: a set of 10 tests (1 for every 2 units) a set of 4 tests (1 for every 5 units) a set of 2 tests (1 for every 10 units) a final test.The definite or ind i uncountable and plural countable nouns used in a general meaning Water is essential for good health. Cars pofluto tha environment BUT: The water we drink is not clean, J enjoy a good red wine. (not: a good tresh water) ‘The car polltes the environment. 2 abstract nouns (general meaning) lence, courage, experience, intelligence, knowledge, patience, tolerance, violence, wisdom, ete Silence is golden, BUT: The silonce in the room was unbearable. She has a very good knowledge ofthe subject. (specified or defined) ‘S names of games Jennifer plays chess. 4 meals aways eat rut before dinner. BUT: The brealfast that Gregory prepared was a real feast Colin prepares a very nutntious breakfast. (when it is specified) 5 the word nature (when it means everything that is non-human or not made by humans, or the creative force of life) He tries to live in harmony with nature. BUT: She described the nature of th proposal. (when nature refers to the basic quality or character of something) 6 the word home ‘Mandy is at home. BUT: It was the only home she had ever known. (when it is described or defined) 7 colebrations, days, months, seasons Christmas is coming. BUT: We wish you a Meny Christmas. {In August we're going to Istanbut BUT: The August we spent togathor was great ‘8 names, surnames, titles ‘Mr Jones called while you were out. BUT: A Mr Jones called while you were out. (the speaker doesn't know the person) The Lees have gone on holiday to Reykjavik (when referring to a family or when we want to Cistinguish between two people of the same name) Doctor Lvingstone, Professor Chomsky, President Mandela, Captain Scott, General de Gaulle, Chancellor Adenauer BUT: the Prine Minister, the President of Peru, the Count of Monte Cristo on 8 geographical features continents Asia, Atica, eto countries China, Greece, ote BUT: the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Netherlands, the Vatican, the) Ukraine, (the) Gambia, (ihe) Lebanon, (the) Sudan, (the) Yemen cities, towns and villages Bejing, Tokyo, London, et BUT: the Hague emountains (Mount) Everest, Olympus BUT: the Mattorhom, the Eiger and mountain ranges the Alps, the Himalayas planets Jupiler, Venus, efe BUT: The planet Jupiter, etc, the Earth However, wo say on Earth, ‘islands Tasmania, Guernsey, Rhodes BUT: the isle of Siye and groups of islands the Bahamas street names King's Road, Park Street, ete BUT: The High Street, The Drive, The Strand 10 buildings such as stations, airports, palaces, castles, churches Paddington Station, Gatwick Airport, Blenheim Patace, Alnwick Castle, Salisbury Cathedral, Westminster Abbey 411 parts of stations or airports Platiorm 15, Terminal 4, Gate 22 12 restaurants and hotels (when the name is a person's name ending in 's or s’) Jimmy's (restaurant), Smiths’ (restaurant) BUT: The Black Bull, The King’s Head (when the name is like a pub name) NOTE: iis best fo use the name ofthe restaurant or hotel sit is used/written bythe loos (wth or without an arte) 43 bridges Vauxhall Bridge, Tower Bridge, eto BUT: the Bridge of Sighs, the Forth Road Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge 44 universities Cambridge University, Lancaster University BUT: The University of Cambridge 48 North/South/East/West South Africa, East Asia, Southern italy BUT: the West (poltical/geographical), the south of (England), the FarlNear[Midae East, the North/South Pole, the East/West Indies, the EastfWest End (of London) eee TE NRE |Unit 1 Articles eeneries The indefinite article is used! 4 when referring to something for the first time or if we are not referring to a particular thing/person Wy don't you take a taxi? BUT: Alter something has been mentioned for the fist time, and is repeated, we then use the definite article. There Is a fly in the room. Cover the baby’s food or the fy -willfand on it 2 with expressions including haif, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion ‘ong and a half tonnes, one tonne anc! a halt, half a tonne, a hallonne cow We have a halt-term holiday today. 2 hundred|thousandimilion copies, otc a dozen eggs 3 when replacing per twice a day, €2 a kil, 80 km an hour 4 when stating someone's job or profession She is a pilotidoctorfelectrician. 8 in exclamations before singular countable nouns and in certain common exclamatory phrases ‘Such a thing experience! What a shame/piyinuisance_bore! 6 with the following expressions have @ chil, a cold, a cough, a headache, a pain, a sore throat, a temperature BUT: have (a) toothache, (a) stomach-ache, (@) backache, eto 8 with little/few Note the effect of the use of the indefinite article with title/few. (See also Unit 19) Rob hes a few friends. Rob has few fiends. In which of the two sentences above does Rob have (a) a satisfactory social life, and i whick does he (2) rot seem to be satisfied? Kay got a little help from her friends. Kay got ite help from her trends. In hich of the two sentences is Kay (a) happy with her {oiencs, and (6) in which to she? sin Ua} St The definite article is used for: 1 nouns where we are talking about something speciflo/detined mean the boy at the front of the quove. The March ofthat year was extremely cold. or something that has already been mentioned James is a teacher. He's the teacher / lke best of all Whether singular or plural, countable or uncountable. Of all her presents, she particularly iked the CD, the binoculars and the soap, 2 singular nouns for something unique The sea fs too cold for ma, even at the equator. The airlatmosphere is being affected by the hole in the ‘ozone layer. ‘3 making a general statement about ‘a type of animal or class of animals The panda ison the verge of extinction ba class of thing The car is considered a luxury possession. BUT: Cars are quite expansive. © for representatives of a certain group The lighthouse keeper leads @ fonely ile. d for a class of people. the rich, the elderly NOTE: Tike es to nationals uhen ne oe refering tothe wl ation inese, the Danes, the Mexicans. Wherein isthe purl (fermed with s) of the werd for person fren A country, we may ont the orice (ty ‘Greeks, (the) Itaians BUT the British 4 when talking about musical instruments ‘She thinks I should learn to play the violin. but when describing somebody playing a musical instrument, we can also say: Sue played a violin and Julian played a celta, 8 nouns which represent an institution the Church (the whole system of an organised jon and its representatives) the Lavy (the whole legal system and its representatives) NOTE: ‘atthe cinema (lace) ‘the early days of cinema (the industry) ot the theatre (place) carer inthe theatre (the industry) tpn as tl ed rot) she was onthe radio (pagranes) echeracen tsa posta progronnesthe istry) turn the telson on (he eppiance ‘a caeer indice (the system end profession) take the medicne (ls, a 6 in phrases using two comparative forms the earl the better The more you shout, theless they fste. NOTE: When we refer toa person city, country, ete ard we want fo define ‘them we may use the atic the X: My uncle once worked fn a hospital where Che Guevara was working as a doctor. ¥: Do you moan the Cie Guevara? V: My sister lives in Berlin now. W: But it won't be anything like the Berlin of the 1970s! "esentutl benniemc isnt ALart fe Ein ets There are a number of-words which are used either with or without the definite article, depending on the circumstances in which they are used. Mnieeieoiunniues BEB ich sentences refer (a) to the place where work is RAL Which sentence invotues a bed being used for its main carried out, and which (2) tothe activity invokved? function? 1 have always admired the work she does in her Ralph and two of his tends were siting on the bed, research laboratory. ‘Max has boon In bed! al morning. On his way to work he met an old tind, fi Joyce has been at work since 6:00 am. WER ich ofthese sentences invclve people using or visiting The novelist is hard at work on his latest stoty. these places for their primary purpose? Eligeee cae ee ve been in hospital for a week now. hich sentence refers (4) toa political (or other) pas He works at the hospital. ‘and which (5) toa place where work is carried out? oe eae By then, people knew that Bill had been In office for ‘She was sent to prison for six months. {00 long. He goes to the prison to teach iteracy sls. Jane is atthe office just now, and I think thal two of ‘Asits Sunday, Im sure yout nd him at church. her colleagues are in the office with her. ‘She was at the church ananging flowers. ea nent wed a Bye ee ; The children should all be at school. ysontpeople invotved consier fo be their town? a When frst went to Peterhead, the fown was sil Ue Gest a ee te ne at quite a quiet place. Tom had been in court as a witness, but iast week Sally and Kate got into the jeep and went to town for ‘somebody took hin to court for vandalising her car. their weokly supplies. The painters arived at the court to give it afresh BEIM wich sowences mention the wen the conte of sailing? Bett ‘ve bought a cottage by the sea. They're bringing the patient back from theatre. Uncle Jack went to sea atthe age of thirteen. (the room where the surgical operation was (On his last voyage, he was at sea for six months. performed) We went to the theatre lastnight and saw a realy good play. Rua uesuetsnies Atticles are not used in the following phrases. These phrases usually contain prepositions (See also the Prepositional Phrases Section at the back of the book.) all day, all night ‘at sunset, at midnight, at dawn, at dusk, at fs, at fast, a night by bike, by car, by air, by train, by boat, by bus, by plane by chance, by force, by law, by day, by night, by heart ‘sin danger, in rouble, in debt, in stock, infact, (comelgo) in peece ‘for example, for good ‘from time to time, from A to Z, from nine to five, from time immemorial, ‘rom bad to worse, ‘rom hand to mouth, from beginning to end, from end to end ‘rom north to south ‘on foot, on board, on business, on holiday, on strike, on call under construction, under considerationUni wei srt mcmama eet Articles GRAMMAR TASKS TASK 1 Categorise the following nouns. National Gallery Earth Thames (tiver) Middle East Time (magazine) Australia Times (newspaper) Heathrow (airport) Ukraine Acropolis With The Without The Optional The - TASK 2 Add the where necessary. linda enjoys work she does at the Animal Shelter. b She's at work every day at 7 o'clock to feed the animals. a a On his first day there, Patrick decided to explore town, b He has now bought a house in the suburbs, but he goes to town by bus every day because porking is so difficult. el a Alter thirly years ot sea John decided he had had enough. b So he built a hotel near sea and now enjoys going out fishing in his boat, fa @ The first decision Mary Taylor took as Prime Minister was to redecorate office. b During her four years in office she accomplished a radical reform of the health service. i a David read the children story before they went to bed. b In their room, the children's toys were strewn everywhere, even under bed. Hogue Sahara Desert Vatican Sudan Crete Atlantic Russian Federation Europe Mars West Indies a Pauline works in hospital as a receptionist. b Her brother has to stay in hospital for at least another week, the doctor says ‘a Margaret finds it difficult to travel so for to prison to visit her brother. b Sho was shocked when he was sent fo prison for computer hacking Journalists crowdes be a sensational trial b A prominent politician was being taken to court ‘over a breach of contract. 9] ‘a We can always learn from experience 'b Yet what will that child learn from experience she has gone through? 10 cout, as it promised to a Chaos reigned after the teacher left the classroom. b Chaos he found when he returned was unbelievable. | somone Neg eone beTa NSA RArticles | :saaeaanaanaapneneannnaensenssananasmaamnasneennne tens TASK 3 Fill the gaps with articles where necessary. Dear Natalie, Ive got (1) ----- bad news, 1m afraid 1 wortt be able to go to (2) ----- Bahamas with you after all, what (3) ----- pity! (a) ----- doctor has just told me 1 have to stay in (5) bed for (6) ---.- next three days at (2)... least. She says tve got (8) severe respiratory tract infection. tve got (9) temperature, (10) --.-- sore throat and (11) ----- headache that makes me feel as though there's (12)... tight band around my skull. (13) ‘medicine (14) -.... doctor gave ime tastes like (15) ----- poison, and | have to take it four times (16) -.... day. stil (17) ---- body is (18) -.... wonderful thing and tr sure tll make (19) speedy recovery, and (20) ----. sooner (21) ----- better! Enjoy your holiday. tve heard that (22) -.... food there is fantastic. Love, Carmen TASK 4 Read the following postcard and correct any mistakes concerning the use or omission of the articles. Dear Carmen, T's such shame that you couldn't come. I'm having time of my lifel It's not just rich whé spend their holidays here, either. I've met all sorts of people. ‘Some of them just le on the beach all the day long, while others are more. adventurous, Tomorrow I'm going to explore this island from the end to the end, by a bike, believe it or not, It will probably take me all the day, but I'm sure I won't regret it. Get well soon. Love, Natalie TASK 5 Choose a word from the boxes to fill each gap. Then add either little, a little, few or a few. ES Eo | 111 was worried that someone was following me, | 4 The living room is rather small, but is got so I contacted the police, but they were of in it that it seems quite 2 Trying to plan a holiday off the beaten track is} 5 We've made hardly any headway in the fight not easy. | contacted a firm called "Adventure against muliple sclerosis. The main reason is that Experiences" which gave me -- but | still need more, ~ has been carried out. 6 Martha was upset because she was unable to 3 Stephen seems fo spend ailot of time on his own, | repay a bank loan. But then her friend Tanya told her she had cand would help her. Although he's got they all seem to be busy. 10Unit 1 TASKG Read the following paragraphs and put one, a, an, or the in each space where necessary. ol ieaces aay et ainret| en ie ta} |e 5 : areal : eon foimer colleague of mine who happened to be a * 6) “ ri ‘had to ch staying of (3) ---. some hotel. she was (aye rcurees (8) Bee EAN 7 to (7) unfamiliar currency, working out how leaving that day and in (4)... .- hurry, but we ‘expensive (8) ---- ko of potatoes was, and (aioe oases ie ee coe ED carefully checking (9) -... coins they received in over (6) ----- ‘ld times, She is now (2) --—— aa eer change, However, it meant that (10) --- price of peal (8) Beer un one (2) oa (11) -.-. same goods in (12) - different tesearch Into (10)... genetic engineeting. LE baad be Coal C111 was told that there was (1) ----- certain Ms Blake at (2) -.--- reception desk, asking for me. She turned out to be (3) Ms Blake | had contacted regarding (4) - ---- dinner we were organising for (8) ----- Ambassador. (6) ----- guest speaker would be a distinguished academic in Ms Blake's field, so was hoping to obtain (7)... - background ings ping information from het. Although she had (8) ..... cold, she very kindly agreed to help. TASK 7 - Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 1 He writes to her occasionally, when he remembers. time ~ he remembers. She hears .- 2 You can't drive down that road while the new bridge is being built. under While the new bridge — fo traffic 3 There was a rapid deterioration in the situation. bad The situation -—- - very quickly. 4.1 happened to find these old diaries in the attic quite accidentally. chance came _- - =: . - the attic. 5 James says that bus drivers will refuse to work tomorrow. on According --- Se, <----2-- tomorrow. 6 Unfortunately, it lock several attempts for Mary to stop smoking completely. good Only alter several attempts -- -, unfortunately 7 I'm working overtime because | owe money. since I'm working extra -- debt. 8 They have very litle money to live on now she is unemployed. hand They have beenUnit d Articles TASK 8 Fill the gaps with nouns from the boxes and add the or a(n) where necessary. There are four extra nouns which you will not need to use. company danger peace harmony, intelligence fear knowledge | SR place WHA) depression tolerance media, Picasso 1 Sorryl | thought you were on your own. | didn't realise you had - 2 Everyone who's anyone goes to that new restaurant, I's become 3 Do you think . exaggerate the violence connected with football matches? Mee of modern artis not @ requirement for this post, bul it would be an advantage. 5 The solicitors in this practice must be making a lot of money. They've got -- hanging in their reception area. 6 Jake does not seem to realise 7 In a multicultural society we all need to develop -- that followed the ceasefire was shortlived. lo eal! he's in, defying a multinationel company. ssou..2+ lowards different ethnic groups. 8 Unfortunately, TASK 9 Expand the following phrases. Then use them in sentences of your own. 1 €8/kilo 5 have/halfterm/holiday 2 half/tonne 6 hole/ozone layer 3 what/pily 7 fly over/equator 4 sooner/better TASK 10 Rewrite these headlines as normal full sentences, adding the or a where appropriate, and making as few other changes as possible. (1) CURRENT stock EXCHANGE (6) Road Chaos Blamed on Government Res RRaMS SELEARINEEAT RY (Unemployment soaring among graduates (2)Compurer to oust schoolbook (7) LATEST CANCER REPORT NOT PUBLISHED (9) POLICE IN CLUBS TO KEEP PEACE (@) Manhunt in mountains for little Sally's killer (4) Young need second foreign language, (9) EURO BLAMED FOR LATEST RECESSION Says Education MinisterTASK 11 - Conversational Grammar Choose a, b, ¢ or d. 1/-Mr Smith catfed while you were out “Is ------ who lives down the road?" a that o Mr Smith, bhe a Mr Smith that the Mr Smith 'd who the Mr Smith 2 How often clo you have fo ako the medicine?” The doctor said —- all take it twice a day bb me to toke it Wwice o dey 6 to take it fwice the day 1 should take it vice a day 3 "Can we tlk about this problem?" "Not now. .- al'm in a hurry i lm hurried Clive hurried itm in the hurry 4-How much does your truck bleh: "| think it’s about - @ one and a half ton ba ton and one half cone and a half tons da half and one tons what’ that bulaing on the comer? “W's a residential -- a home for an elderly . bhome for elderly € olderly home d home for the elderly 5 ‘Do you think we shoutd move house?” "Yes, and - ee secs sr ' sooner is better © the sooner a better the sooner is better 7 'S0 what happened to the ker "He was sentenced to 2. life in prison bile in prison C life in the prison Alife in a prison 8 "Did you enjoy your time in Lisbon?" "Yes, I did, .....- very hospitable.” @ The Porluguese is b Portuguese is © Portuguose are d The Portuguese are 9 What are you studying in Biology at the moment?" "The flowers that grow a wild in noture wildly in nature wild in the nature din the nature wild 10 Why are you wearing a tuxedo?” "Tve been invited... in honor ‘of the mayor." 2 fo a dinner bin a dinner © to dinner ot dinner 11 "Your voice sounds funny "That's because -——-—— I caught 0 sore throat bh ve got the sore throot ¢ I've got a sore throat 4 the throat is sore 12:0 you wan 9 come tothe movis?* ‘rean't. | have - a. work to do bo do 0 work ¢ work-to do d works to do 13°Can I speak to Janet, please?” "she's stil... Why don't you call her there?” ain office b at job G inthe job dat the office 14 What time does the ship safl?* == by midnight bbe on the board C have on a board be on board 15 "Matthew's excited about starting school." "know. He's been talking about it 2 all day long ball the long doy ¢ all the day long dalla long day eeLexical Items MeN oYeNce Seas ceUNeN Ania CHEAT Fs Berit meetin rine cue HUES ae Uc Ene Were dnenicel sa Pr aierorilin cs Tener Ae Meike De ee es net iene sentria PLES sens) eeucsis ti 1 ABSORB (v) a These brick walls absorb heat during the day. (lakeldraw in heat/gasliquid) bb We need some time to absorb the nows. (Cake information, et nto the mind and understand i) ‘© When jogging, wear shoes that absorb the impact of your {oct hiting the ground, (‘educe the effect of impact’shockichange) dd Her latest film is guaranteed lo absorb your interest. {hold someone's attentionvinterest completely) 2ACT (n) a Itwas an act of great cruelty. (something done) 'b The first act was boring. (a main division of aplay/opera) ¢ Parliament voted in favour oft Act. (a lav) d She's not really upset - i's an act. (a pretence) ¢ The coniedy act ison after the interval (@ shor pice of entertainment) 3 ACTIVE (ad) a She's got an active mind. (physicaly/mentaly vel) b Some university students are poliicaly active. {ivolved in a particular activi) ¢ This fs an active volcano. (working, functioning, able to produce eects) 4 AFFORD (v) ‘a don't go to the cinema any more; | can't afford the time. (have enough moneytime tobe abie to do something) 'b This government can't afford any more scandal. (be abl to witstanddo something without seious damage) ¢ The room affords a view of the mountains. (oivelprovde st) BAIR (0) € Let's go out for some fresh al. (the miture of gases that we: breathe) 'b Do you know Bach's “Air on a G-string"? (melody, tune) ¢ He had an air of confidence. (cheracte/appearancelatmosphere) 4 Silence, please. We're on the ar. (being broadest) G APPLY (v) ‘a We'l have to apply for permission. (Cequest sth, usually in wing) bb Apply tha glue to both surfaces. {outispread sth on to sty ¢ That doesn't apply in this case. (be relevant) d Just apply your common sense. (make use of € You should apply yourself to your work (rake tu use of energyhhoughts) APPRECIATE (v) ‘a She’ knows how to appreciate good food. (Understand and enjoy the good qualities of sth) bb Try to appreciate my position. {understand sth end take i into account) © Fd appreciate iti you'd clear up before you go. (be gratetl for «Sadly, paintings often appreciate in valve only wien the artist has ded. (increase in monetary valve) 8 ATTEND (v) a Why didnt you attend the meeting? (be present a) 'b Please attend carefully to whet I'm about (0 say. (pay attention) ¢ Could you attend to the matter, please? (dea wth) 9 AWKWARD (ad) a Seals are graceful in the water, but awkward on land. (Gumsy) bb This machine is very awkward to use. (Gift to usefeary) ¢ hope they don't ask any awkward questions. (omberrassing, inconvenient) «d Watch your step with Mr Sinith; he can be an awkward ‘customer. (dificult to deal with, uniting to help) 10 BACKING (n) a We'll need some backing for the project. (helplsuppor, usually financial) bb The new curtains have got a satin backing, (material that is used to make the back of something) ¢ Our band is doing the backing on their new CD. (swusical accompaniment 17 BALANCE (1) 1a We try 10 achiove a balance between traditional and ‘modern values. (equltvium) bb I havent got much in my bank balance. (an amount that et) «¢ How do tightrope walkers Keep their balance? (the ability to stay upright) 12 BAND (0) a She's a singer ina rock band. (a group of musicians) bb The suitcase has two metal bands around it for extra strength. (a stip of meta, ete) A band of aid workers arrived in the region this moming. {@.g10up of people doing something together) d My radio's always tuned to the FM band. {a range of numbersfarountsradio waves, tc) ¢@ The company car is purple wih a pink band down both sides. (@linelsripe coloured dtferent from the colours) on either sido of i 14 mtn ses nna saaeen SE mmm Lexical Items TASK 1 - Homographs ‘Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. @ There will be « questionondanswer session at the end of the conference which will -- delegates the opportunity to get more information. I'd love a holiday on the Galapages Islands, but | really can't ¢ The managing director warned that the company can not - sprit, any rhore bad publicity, possible fo eee. ital 2 They gave us so much information that it was = a mere fifeth of the country’s b According to the lotest figures, education continues to... gross national product. ©-Sally wants to find a job that will really _- her. 1 a The spider has a bright red - -- ... down the centre of its back. bAln) ---- of rebels is believed to be hiding out in the mountains to the north of the village. 19 ot the Festival tonight. ~ © My favourite 2 John's offensive joké was followed by a(n) b IF you plan to take a lot of stuff with you, use a backpack. I's less suitcase, ¢ Helen made a(n) silence. gesture and knocked over her glass. 4 Close the door, Amy. Don't let the cold in b There were so mony complaints abou! the programme that it wos taken off the € in winter, the island has alo) - of sadness and desolation a | enjoyed the play, though | thought the third —- -- was a bit slow. b Parliament passed an) - --. --- banning the hunting of birds and foxes. ¢ The police officer wondered if the suspect's shock was real, or just a(n) Bob is teaching his children how to... good books and music. b Don't go out of your way to help Simon: he won't... it Buying the house will be a good investment, since itis bound to -—- --- in valve. Daisy might be eightyfive years old, but she's still more =... - than many people half her age b lodine is the ingredient in most antiseptics. € The environmental group played afn) -...-.. -----+ role in preventing the construction of the motorway, Paneer EERE re RN REEEREReeT aOR (15Unity Lexical Items ee eerie (LENS MNTGTS SS = tat Nod study the Phrasal Verbs Section - Unit 1 at the back of the book. Then match the phrasal verbs and oxpressions with BE with their meanings below. 1 rolyon 6 be about fo experiencetbe in trouble 11 fotalfresultinfmake senso 2 inquire about 7 bohavelpertorm badly 12 be under the authority of 3 want, search for 8 be frienaly with 18 bo fl with 4 stop opposing 9 reply rudely 14 explain, S expect fo happen 10 alsapprove of 16 be punishod forlbe responsibfe foram good qualities ine a account for fanswer to - ik be after - t b actup - gask after — | be down on. add up back down ‘be down with d answer back - i bank on be in for - @ answer for... bargain for o be in with - = ; TASK 2 - Phrasal Verbs Choose one of the phrasal verbs or expressions in the presentation to complete each sentence, putting the verb in the correct form. 11 was very disappointed when John didn't turn up because | -- 2Why ........-.-.... ? He's usvally such a quiet child. Has some! 3 I'm afraid he'll have to his negligence in court 4 Ho's in hiding because the police him. 5 IF this is your fist visit ta a factory, you might - _--.a shock at the noise level. 6 How ~ his sudden decision to sell the business? 7 Pete - ~~ a group of musicians, 30 | don't see much of him nowsidoys 8 | don't understand this; it just -- “1 Why should he want to leave? 9.1 had planned a quiet weekend with my sister, but when she turned up with her five children | got more than I had -- ecu 10 Parents need a lot of patience with teenagers who always ..- MCL MEn Neen | Prefixes “The prefix im- is added to words beginning with m, p orb. When un- is added to the front of a word, it forms: his help. 1g upset hime ~~ when given advice. Both prefixes mean: 1 an opposite (with adjectives, adverbs and nouns): 1 the opposite: immodest, impossible, Imbalance, insane, unhappy, unambiguously, uncertainty | Infinite 2 the reverse of a process (with verbs that describe 2.to put sth/sb into a certain state/place: imprison, ’ that process): uncork, undress, unhook ‘impart, impound, imperil, impoverish, inflame, inbred 3 an adjective that means that the process 3 In: intake, indrawn, Implant, immigrant described by the verb has not happened (with | past participles): unanswered, untested, unaffected TASK 3 - Word Formation Add the prefix im-, in- or un- to each item below and write the new word. _. Mangle - ~ 10 justice -- A learn 2 sound - 5 just --- 6 defensible - 3 maturity -- 19 = 4 migration 8 mutable -- 10 semanas |ee Lexical Items TASK 4 - Word Formation Practice Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line, You can refer to the Word Formation Section at the back of the book. Air pollution & asthma Parents are being warned that when they send their children out to play they should first check pollution levels. They may unwitingly be puting their children at risk of developing a long-term and (1) - ~--1:. lifethreatening POTENTIAL condition, asthmo. The (2) _. of asthma among children hats risen dramatically in PREVAIL, recent years. It has long been known from previous studies that smog causes bronchitis, increases in school (3) -- ‘and decreased lung function. However, ABSENT the latest studies show that children living in (4). - cities and particularly SMOG those who play strenuous games, are three times more likely to develop csthma thon children living in areas with cleaner air. Smog has been known to trigger costhme attacks, but now itis shown that ozone, one of the main components ‘of smog, can (5) --- —- cause asthma, ACTUAL Experts have been encouraging children to exercise more in order to improve their general fitress, yet itis now believed that increased (6) —-.. ~ on “ditty” EXERT days is harmful to children, rather than (2) - =. Researchers emphasise BENEFIT that children still need to exercise to keep fit, and that they should sill be encouraged to play team sports. However, parents and coaches need to be (8) --- -- of — MIND ciirpollution levels and limit (9) —- ~ physical exercise on days when these PROLONG lovels are high. There is some (10) - for parents in these latest studies. They indicate REASSURE that it is only children who participate in three or more strenuous sports who are most at risk. The message seems to be: exercise is good, but ovoid exercise on “dirty” days. COLLOCATIONS Collocations are words that often go together. Collocation is a ee Meme ince ete ice tee groups of words (eq ~ arificial/ialse/take) that are easily ote eee ae uke cee ‘only collocate with specific words. For example, strong coffee is a collocation because strong collocates with coffee and Ree ee ke cole Resco Cum gee a TASK 5 - Adjectives and Nouns For | - 9, find one noun which does not collocate with the adjective in bold. 1 artificial sweetener/lake/limbs/light/sympathy/owers 2 false eyelashes/flowers/alarm/passport/bottom/teeth/impression/modesty 3 counterfeit fur/money/banknote/coins/currency/documents 4 mock exams/execution/lriend/sympathy /batile/horror 5 fake fur/painting/teeth/certificale/tan/leather 6 feable excuse /drink/light/invalid/attempt/joke T weak dollar/economy/stomach/subject (at school)/name/coffee 8 comfortable life/shoes/bed/position/time/couch/flat 9 convenient position/bus stop/time/parking place/excuse/life SRR See 7Lexical Items SET PHRASES - PRESENTATION 4 Don't get cold feet now. You promised to go bungee jumping with mol be nervous or frightened) You can't see craters on the moon with the naked eye. (without the ei of binocutars ora tefescope) 3 | know he shouts lot but his bark Is worse than his bite. (600m much mare unpleasant, ce or violent than you realy are) 4 The woman's hat looked so furiny I couldn't keep a straight face. (seem nol fo be amused) '8 The match had just finished and the players were all out of breath. (breathe heavily alter exertion) 6 Stop beating about the bush and just tel him, (try 10 avold saying sth or answering inmediatey) 7 Ho passed the exam with flying cotours. (in an exceptionaly successful way) 8 Employees are up In arms about the closure of the factory. (be very angry about sth and protest slong) 9 Make sure you don't let the cat out of the bag. Nobody must know about this. (disolose sth that was secret) 10 He loses his temper at the drop of a hat. (quicky, without hesitating) 11 Don't let your success go to your head (make sb conceted) TASK 6 - Set Phrases 4121 was on the verge of signing the contract when | had second thoughts. (be just about to do sth) 113 When Stephen asked fr his own car, his father put his foot down. (sso your authority fo prover th fom happening) 14 He's got'a chip on his shoulder. He's very cilfficult to talk to. ehave nul or aggresse Because you fel sor ota You have been vate unt) 45 Perhaps it's just as well we haven't told her the bad news yot, Sometimes ignorance is bliss. {b0u are beter off ot knoing) 4G Could you repeat that please? I'm a bit stow on the uptake this early in the morning. (ake tine to understand things, be uninteligent) 47 You can't put any more clothes in that suitcase; i's already bursting at the seams. (0 ful) 418 | told you not to lia to the manager. Now you're in deep water! (in serous trouble) 49 Life has always been easy for Richard, He was born ‘with a silver spoon in his mouth, (born into a privileged family) 20 I'm so angry with Arnold, I'm going to give him a plece of my mind. (loll sb exactly what you think oftheir bad bobavious) Fill the gaps below with the appropriate set phrase from the list above, changing the form where necessary. 1 Don't worry about working for Mr. Foster. His - 2/3 Mary was -- 4 Honestly! John 5 You've got to 6 The farmers ove - your - 8 | found it very difficult to 9 You can hardly talk to him any more. | think his fame has - 10 After running up the stairs, | was so - 11 When I see her I'm going to -.--- her - insulting. 12 He's 14 There are so many students at our university, 15 Sarah has never had to do a day's work in her life. She was jumping off the diving boord when she - and now everybody knows You can't let him freat you like that. ebout the low prices they are getting for their produce 7 He wouldn't give me a direct answer; he just kept « now. I'd like to know how he's going to get out of this mess. his when he tripped over his briefcase. aces ep - leould hardly speak. . What she said fo me was reclly my - 18 pga sree EES TESTESLexical Items CONFUSING WORDS = PRESENTATION ‘condense ~ make smaller/more compact contract - become shorterinarrower decline ~ get worse/lower decrease ~ (cause to) become less, deduce — work out from the facts doduct ~ take away (irom a total) diminish - (be) reduce(d) (in importance/size) discharge ~ allow sb to leave (nospital, the army, otc) disclose ~ make sth known (usu. information) dismiss ~ (1) reject sth as unimportant (2) askiorder sb to leave, sack sb dispel ~ remove (doubts/tears) display ~ show dissolve - officially end (an organisation arrangement) TASK 7 - Confusing Words ‘evacuate - empty a place in a time of danger ‘exhibit ~ show publicly ‘expel — force to leave ‘expose - (1) leave sth unprotectedjclearly visible (@) show that sth is bad or immoral extradite - send a suspect back to another country for tral flail ~ wave wildly and energetically flaunt — show (of) in an obvious way flourish — hold sth in a way that makes people sea it flout ~ intentionally disobey rules lower ~ reduce (volume/amountjvalue) minimise ~ reduce sth unpleasant to the lowest possible level (risk, danger) reduce ~ make less (in sizoamountvalue) reveal ~ fot sth be seen or shown Study the meanings of the verbs listed above, then decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. 1 Alor Goofs rpid promotion, be --- his power by using the company helicopter. exposed B flaunted C revealed D dissolved 2 They --- the rumours as being unfounded. A dismissed B dispelled C minimised D flouted 3 Alter being wounded in action, Ben was - ~~ from the army on medical grounds. A discharged B evacuated C dismissed D expelled 4. Helen hos always -- a tendency to overreact melodramatically A disclosed € revealed 5's disgusting how Jenny hr first CD has become a hit B exposed, D exhibited her success now that A flaunts B flouts C flourishes D foils (ith aeienadinninntocerto saved the bey, E A disclosed B oxposed C displayed D deduced 7 The manager's first task wos to --- the guests from ihe boralne Hote Adimiss B expel ais rae Dewevole 8B | want you fo --- the report info « onepage slolement. A minimise B deduct © condense D diminish 9 The restaurant --- €20 from the woiler's pay for breakages, reduced B deducted , e € diminished D decreased 10 It took the journalist five years lo --- the plilicion's lies for what they were. A displ B disclose c mae D flaunt {1 The judge -- the elderly witness os soon as she had tesified. A dismissed B extradited C discharged D dispelled 12 Our productivity --- when our raie of pay was cul A declined B reduced 6 contracted D lowored 43 The town council thought it could -— the kaw, but the court ordered it to demolish its unsafe buildings A flaunt B flout GC flourish Dial 18 The muscle -. so suddenly thal | felt « sharp pain. A contracted B foiled © condensed D declined 15 The commitlee was --- when the project funding foiled to materialise. Rexiradited 6 discharged B dissolved D declined / eeaemantnoseetneenmaesn ye fy apne ecmeneemrauA en encemememcicc 19Unit 1 Lexical Items [munaanmaneeioeeecmommmemenscanssuale, TASK 8 - Prepositional Phrases ‘There are ten paits of prepositional phrasesin the boxes. Choose the right phrase to complete the sentences below, using one item from each pair, For reference, use the Prepositional Phrases Section at the back of the book, ee aida ads) Pca Aancus x ei icoun Ee cy cme nuts Po ane from’ serateh/up toiserdich ea Ee eke i EOIen oma 4 Should drug addicts be able to get « heroin substitute 2 , but we need to discuss it further. 2.| agree with you - 3 We had intended fo go to the Galapagos Islands next week, but the children have come down with the measles so our plans have gone - 4 4. O'Leary wos dropped from the team as his footbolling skills were not - 5 This information is no use now; it needs to be more -- 6 We lost our lead in the yacht race when the wind blew us --.----- 7 ls amazing how Celia took so many setbacks... 8 How many parents worry that their leenagers are totally —_ 9 His real name was Mallimarachi, but his colleagues called him Malli 10 The sailing boat | was on was becalmed the first time"l was -.. TASK 9 - Prepositions Fill each gap with the appropriate preposition. For reference, use the Prepositions Section at the back of the book. My parents displayed a distinct lack (1) -- judgement when they decided (2) - = the boarding school they were to force me to attend. It was supposed to have a reputation (3) -- character building, but my own evaluation of the’ place was that they specialised (4) -- _ running a concentration camp. | don't believe that my parents would have been so enthusiastic (5) iti they had known that it was notorious (6) - high turnover rate (of both staff and pupils). Alihough | warned my parents _ my misgivings, they were not at all sympothetic ime, 50 | realised that | would have to take responsibilty imy own solvation. Unfortunately, | was captured during ~----- school (7) -- (3) (9) my escope bid, but luckily | wos expelled (10) - because of 20ReSwermns san ‘petenatinenasonmae nats t U nit 2 Nouns Look at the types of nouns, their definitions and the examples. Type of noun Definition Example r = an be counted and have a singular tf ‘i spun news) form and a plural form baat: Uuneount nouns have only one form and can not ‘damage be preceded by a or an mass nouns refer to a substance are alvays used with a determiner ar nouns: sandistil, sae and take a singular verb phat noun ‘are always flowed by a plural verb ae won they ae the suboct collective nouns _| _refer to a group (of people, animals or things) Peet compound nouns ‘consist of two or more words hitch-hiker {Gometimes waten 28 one) ri abstract nouns Toler to something that can not be ales seen or touched sonerate nouns Toler fo something we Gan S60 of Touch coin those nouns which Begin witha capital eter the Taj Mahal Re (names of people, places, cer unique things or beings) |"? 74! Maha ‘Countable nouns have a singular form and a plural form. ‘The commonest method of forming a plural in English is to add the letter s. duck ~ ducks Pronunciation: After a k, p or f sound the s is pronounced /s/. Alter other sounds itis pronounced /2f, but after ce, ge, se, or ze it is pronounced /1z. Nouns ending in ch, sh, ss or x take es in the plural. bench ~ benches Some nouns ending in o take s and others take es. ‘io - kilos, cargo ~ cargoes (See Appendix - Unit 2 for details.) The following nouns drop the f or fe and add ves: calf, elf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, scarf, self, sheat, shelf, thief, wife, wolt cal- calves. The following may co the same, oF may take an s in the plural: dwarf, hoof, whart, ohar!- cWvars or owarves. Others just take s: beliet, chef, chief, clit, proof, reef, roof. bolt belts Nouns ending in y drop the y and take ies if the y follows a consonant. pastry - pastries BUT: If the y follows a vowel thoy take s. buoy — buoys. The following have a different plural form: (wojman = (women goose-geese child - children foot-feet mouse-mice ox -oxen tooth - teeth louse ~ lice g The following do not change in the plural: sheep {air/spacejoratt fruit deer counsel fish (fruits and bison barracks fishes also exist, cod series but are unusual) salmon means trout (and many ther types of fish) hh There are foreign words that take plurals according to their language of origin. bureau bureaux BUT: bureaus in American English (See Appendix - Unit 2 for details) Others have long since become anglicised by most users. gymnasium ~ gymnasiums.Unit 2 TH oC em Nouns pe ay al gains nds svat mae EUS mass nouns: water, cloth, cust diseases/illnesses: malaria, measles, mumps languages: Spanish, Dutch, Arabio natural phenomena: thunder, lightning, hail games/sports:footbal, billards, chess feelings: happiness, misery, anger school subjects: history, physics, sociology EE] Some uncount nouns can be used in a particular sense with a/an.’ help: a great help knowledge: a good knowledge of the neighbourhood hatred/love: a love of art/a hatred of racism —_pity/shame: it's a pityishame that . Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by referring to a bit/plece of + the noun. ‘She gave me a piece of advice. That's a useful bit of information, ‘There are many other words which can be used with specific uncountable nouns when bit or piece are inappropriate. a box of matches (See Appendix ~ Unit 2 for more examples.) [0] Many uncount nouns can also be used as‘count nouns with a related meaning. Here is a list of some of the more common words which are in this category, together with definitions. cloth the materaliabric - Control over others, or strength po acloth a pleco of materialfabric used for a apower 1 arightoreuthorly heki by a parson orgroup| ‘pariculse purpose 2 a person or group with authority | fortune luok rubber the elastic waterproof substance | a fortune a large sum of money ‘extracted trom certain trees | glass _ the material used for window panes arubber an eraser | aglass a type of drinking vessel mado of glass shelter (condition of) coveriprotection trom bad} | gossip conversation or chat about other people's Weather or danger ; ates fa shelter a place where someone can stay to avoid a gossip a person who enjoys talking about other dangerlbad weather ‘people's alfaie space the area where everything exists (except hair ‘the mass of fine material that grows on the | the Earth and its sky) | head space _anarea that is emply or available for use ahair one fine strand of hair Iron the metal used for making tootshveapons an iron a household eppliance used for removing creases from clothes wood the material that trees consist of awood a large area of treesiforest youth the period in a person's life before aper the material for writing or printing on ‘maturiyladlulthood a pe a youth ayoung man A Some nouns are always in the plural form and take a plural verb. | clothes, police, pants (and al items of clothing consisting of two legs or parts), binoculars (and all tools and instruments consisting of two parts), particulars, outskirts, goods, wares, premises (house/ottice with buildings and land), riches, valuables, thanks 8 Certain words have a different meaning when they are in the plural form. Here is a list of some. arms ) greens (green vegetables) belongings (possessions) minutes (the written record of a meeting) ‘customs (money paid to the goverment on imported goods) quarters (lodgings) damages (financial compensation) pains (efor, trouble) glasses (spectacies) Seales (a weighing machine) |SRE 1@ Coulson q SE ‘A These are used to describe a group of things, animals or people, and they are sometimes called group nouns, team family audience cast council company minority «= crew goverment class majority herd committee orowd press horde B When we use a collective noun referring to a group of people, the singular form of the noun can be “followed by a singular or plural verb form, depending on whether we see the group asa whole or as a number of individuals. The team has won the cup. The team have played well. We may even make this change within the same sentence, especially when using possessive adjectives. The class was told (o expect their exam resuls the following week, but they were desperate fo find them out before then. Secs senses mmaerneR ‘A There are three different basic types of compound nouns: ‘one word: toadstool separate words: machine (ool hyphenated words: jackin-the-box B Plural form of compound nouns ‘machine tool(s) passer(s)-by headtight(s) ‘mother(s)-in aw sharpshooter(s) wellavisher(s) BUT leyabout(s) jack-in-the-box(es) There are two ways of showing possession, either by using the Saxon genitive or by using of. ‘A The Saxon genitive This is formed either by adding ’s or the apostrophe by itself to the noun. We adds to singular words and to plurals that do not end in s. the cat's whiskers the women's choices We add the apostrophe by itself to plural nouns: ending in s. the teachers’ meeting *After names ending in s we can do either. Thomas’ parents Thomas's parents [Both have the same pronunciation: /‘tomasez/) * Classical names ending in s usually také the simple apostrophe. ‘Archimedes’ Screw *The Saxon genitive is used to show possession by people, countries or animals. It is also used for: yehicles ond means of transport: the ship's whee! ‘expressions referring to time: a days pay, a months eave ‘expressions of money + worth: €70'3 worth of stamps shops: the chemist’s, the grocer's Various common expressions: fo your heart's content, ‘ winter'sisummer’s day BUT: a springlautumn day B Possession with of ~ 4 We normally use this form © when talking about something belonging to a thing, the sides of the box © when the possessor is followed by a phrase or clause, the children of the people sharing our coach 2 Sometimes the possessing noun is changed to an adjective. the walls of the city —> the city walls 23Unit 2 TASK 1 In the following text, some nouns are mis-spelt or used incorrectly. Find the mistakes and correct them. ‘There may be more than one correction in each line. When | applied for a job as receptionist at a doctor's surgery, my fiends gave me some depressing advices. The unemployment statistic is getting worse all the time, they said, and good works are hard to find, so | should be prepared for dissapointment. I felt very nervous on the day of my interview. There was a fierce electrical storm with thunders and lightrings, and the bus, my usual mean of transport, didn't turn up, so | had to walk. When | finally arrived, the first thing the doctor asked me was whether | had any experiences. | admitted that my only previous paid job was picking tomatos the summer before: hardly one of the oriterions for choosing a receptionist, Atleast | could assure her that my maths were good, and that | am one of those persons who can be discreet. When the interview was over, she said I could expect to hear from her by the end of the week. | hope the news are good. TASK 2 . Fill the gaps in these sentences by putting some, a, an, or the where necessary. In some cases there are two | possible answers, She gave me = assistance with the project, She gave me -------- good advice about but | sill need more help. investing my money. What -------- terrible weather! ~ grief you feel now will gradually ease. I'm afraid of --.-.--- dork. W's such ---..- pity he failed his driving test ga again! Hoaded ---.------ luggage on to the trolley [} | and wheeled it out of the terminal building. Wellies eee ana information about computer Fai courses at your college. | pauahace rubbish was piling up in the streets os | the refuse collectors’ strike continued into its That criminal has second week. 24d@ A su NEN rae TASK 3 Unit 2 Nouns ‘Match the words in the first box with the words in the second box to make compound nouns. ‘Then complete each sentence with a compound noun from your list. thead 2 passer Brush Slay 5 credit 6 hay Tearh 8 bank TASK 4 Rewrite each sentence, using the noun given, 1 The victims were awarded €1,000 as compensotion for the injuries they had suffered in the accident. damages 2 When the climbers reached the huge rock, they shelter found protection from the stom 3 Two teenage boys have been charged with breaking ino a % slealing sports equipment. foung People's Centre ond youths 4 The government has promised to reduce spending on weapons of war. arms 5 They are authorities in their field due to their ability fo abserve ond deduce. powers 1 When lucy slipped on the icy pavement and fell, some... stopped to help 2 The two opposing armies have agreed loa after six months of conflict. 3 You should try to avoid diiving during the morning - i b 4 Rob is allergic fo pollen and suffers tersbly fom wooo. every spring. 5 So for this year we've had three _---. measuring above five on the Richter scale. 5 He was very careful no to disturb her since she complained of having a terrible headache. pains 7 Let's ask John to keep the writlen record of the meeting; he’s a speedy notetaker. minules 8 Thot he has the potential to be a top chef is shown makings by his elaborate pastry constructions. 9 The chances of his winning an Olympic medal fave an even are slim, since he doesn’ temperament. odds 101 moved up so she could sit next to me as the hall was packed for the astronauts talk. spaceTASK 5 - Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given, 1 The sheer magnitude of the concept was be | was - jldering. scale é of the concept. 2 How much do you earn, now that you've been given a promotion? earnings What ——- ae ici _---... promoted? 3 The area around the hotel boasts plenty of restaurants. vicinity There ----...- woes the hotel. 4 They say that that bridge is a remarkable engineering achievement. feat That bridge -.. a .. of engineering, 5 The motive was provided by a small piece of paper. fragment A. i ZAERO GeO ERR SUM Sis asc Te ee eee de the motive. 6 The vieather was good for a few days, so we were able to do some sailing. meant A spell -- .. to do some sailing. 7 What first atracted me vias her liveliness. vivacity twas - ist place. 8 The fire at the military base caused damage to four aeroplanes and two helicopters. aircraft Six «the fire at the military bose. 9 It's not easy to find a property suitable for offices. premises Suitable —- oon to find, 10 She was suddenly inspired, and solved the puzzle. flash With a. the puzzle. TASK 6 State whether each of the words below is followed by is, are or both. oulskirls —- scissors == gold - hweozers crew - feom ---_- police ..--- water information jeans oxygen ---.- past government winter decrease --- wage -—- advice absence - savings -.--- TASK 7 ‘Write the plural form of the following nouns. fotherinlaw - mouse phenomenon person - axis chef oasis - voléano — leat appendix basis anal deer series criterion 2 crisis.TASK 8 - Vocabulary Practice - Nouns Choose a,b, € or d, 11 The sky was suddenly it up by a ----- .- of ightning. a stroke bray flash 4 beam of locusts ate all the wheat in the field. 3 We caught tv siiver - 2 Hrouls b calf & salmon 4 goose 4 Please accept this git as a... a lump piece chit W token of our good will, 5 She plucked her eyebrows with a pair of @ tongs b sheors, 6 pliors d tweezers 6 The potice found an article of the victim's - the suspect's car. a clothing identity: € toiletry handwriting 7 Salting sole around the world is quite a ~ daring. @ feat 9 burst fit 4 patch 8 When it dawned on her that she could have done ‘more to help, she felt a pang of : 2 anger b doubt ¢ guilt d worry 9 u 2 13 4 15 ‘The bus is the cheapest of transport. a way b method © means d mean They ail laughed and nodded in a chorus of 2 ogreement 1b dissent ¢ happiness A songs Thanks tothe fhefighter's family was saved. a deed b move cack ‘ection ‘She gazed sorrowtully through the frosty - glass. a mirror b window © pone splinter We've just had a weather: a scrap b gust state 4 spell - of bravery, the - of unseasonably cold This room could really do with another coat of - aur 4 wool , € paint decoration Ina sudden burst of - ‘from top to bottom. 2 goodwill b applause disorder energy , he cleaned the houseUnit 2 eae i es alee @! Lexical Items elon eeeeepeeeen saint semen ascacsenges + BANK (n) 2 /M1get some money out ofthe bank. {a business organisation that provides sonices connected with money) tb The restaurant ison the eft bank ofthe river Seine, {he land along the side of ave) «¢ She's in charge of the hospital blood bank. {a place where something i stored unt needed) «A bank of black clouds rolled in from the east (a mass of fog/cloudsist, et) He satin front of a bank of computers. (@ ow, o serie of rows, of machines/ats/switches) 2 BARE (au) ‘a These trees are bare in winter, (without leaves) b His bare fect were covered in mud. (without clothingtootweas) ¢ The cupboard was bare. {empty - used for cypboardsttooms/shelves) <4 We only want the bare facts. (basic, most impcxtan)) @ The increase in sales was a bare 1%. (very small 8 BASIC (a) 2 Freadom of speach is a basic right {very important, necessary) b My knowledge of physies is rather basio. (simple, wth only tho bar essentials) Being able to communicate is a basic social ski, {@ stating point, sth which canbe built on) 4 BEAR (v) I can't hear to talk about I, (endure, tolerate) b Wl this chair bear my weight? (suppor) © You will have to bear the responsibilty. (accept) d Tho apple tree should bear lots of fut this year. (produce) «The building stil bears the marks of the shoot-out. (have a mark or characteristic) { Bear lft stright after the bridge. {turn and continue in a partcuar rection) ‘9 Only soldiers are allowed to bear arms. (hold, carry) 5 BED (n) als Sarah stil in bed? (piece of turiture used for sleeping) bb The wrecked ship was found on the sea bed. {the bottom of the sea/a er) There's @ bed of strawberries next tothe wall. (G'e00 of ground special prepared for plantsiowers) d Did you find a bed for the night? {accommodation ina hotehosptal) 6 BILL (n) ‘a Have you paid the phone bill? {@ wten statement ofthe amount of money owed for {goods of services) bb The bid was carving a wom ins Bil. (oa% ocean brs) MPs ao stil debating the bill. (@ proposed new law which has to be voted on} 4 There are some famous namos on the bill or tonight's show. (alist of entertainers, ec fora show/concet) 28 TBITE (a) : a He took a bite out of the carrot {ammount of sth ~ esp. ood tken into your mouth by biting) I haven't had a ite since breakfast. (sth to eat) My mothers working on an antidote for snake bite inher lab. {ine makirury eased by en animalsnakeinect when ities you) «The fisherman is stil wating for abit. {shen afi takes tho bait fom a hook) 8 BLOCK (n) ‘ How di they lit each block of stone when they were building the Pyramids? (a large, sol, rectangular oieca) bb She works onthe fiteenth floor of he ofice block in the city Conte, (alge building dived into separa fatsotices) «© The cinema is only & block from here. {an are in a townety wih stats onal four sides) «lItwe book a block of seats i vil be cheaper. {a1numbor of satstickes(shares ragarded a a singe unit 9 BODY (1) a His whole body was covered in a rash. {the whole physical structure ofa personianima) 'b Her body is being flown back to her home town. (corpse) «She is the president of the main trade union body. {@ group of poopie who deal with sth official) The body ofthe aeroplane was damaged in the lire. (the main part ofa carfolane, ete) Blue Lake isthe cleanest body of water in the region. {alarge area of water, eg ~lake/see) 10 BOLT (n) «a For extra security, we've fastened a bolt to the window. (@ piece of metal that slides across to lock a windomdoor) bb The sales assistant showed me a bolt of blue sik. (@ erge quantity ot rol of fabric) Did you see that bolt of lightning? (a ash of Fghining) The prisoner made a bolt forthe gate, (the act of suddenly running avey) 11 BREATH (n) a His breath smelt of gatfc. (the air that you take in and let out when you breathe) bb She always brings a breath of common sense to the ‘proceedings. (a small amoun!) expressions: be out of breath, calch your breath, hold your breath, waste your breath, etc 42 BRIDGE (n) ‘We walked over the bridge to the other side ofthe river. (eth bul vera rverfaiwaylroad so that veiclespecple can ‘1038 to the other sd) bb The programme is designed to be a bridge between schoo! nid work. (ys that helps overcome ferences between two ‘peoplelgroups of peopleythings) ¢ The captain stood on the bridge. {tio raised part ofa ship, rom which its steered) d He pushed his glasses up to the bridge of his nose. {the narrow top part of the nose, between the eyes)|e Keocmene Se On Te RR a ae Lexical ltems TASK. 1 - Homographs ‘Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. 2 Alo) ----- - of lightning lit up the sky, followed by a deafening clap of thunder. 1b Afler he burglary, the police advised us to fit an} .- - to the back door. 6 The police officer kept a ligh! grip on the suspect's arm, fearing that he might make ‘(n) - = for it. 2) A holdey nex Monday, so we've got along wookond bi Let's have our picnic on the river - ~ under those trees. € Johnny is putting all his pocket money in his piggy a 8 The government was shocked to find out how big a - the health budget. bI'm starving ~ I haven't had ala) all day. You have to be very patient to enjoy fishing; some days you sit there for hours before you get a(n) @ a Don't waste your - b Tooth decay can couse bad - Her appalling manners took my he's saving up for a scooter. the flu epidemic had taken out of trying to convince him; he won't listen. vying @ The government plans to freeze the price of ........._. foodstus, such as bread and milk. b The hotel was pretty =, but ot least the rooms were clean and the staff were friendly. Teaching the —- «kill of reading and writing is the schoo! first priority -- for the repairs to the car was much lower than he had expected. 1 Parliament will vote today on the new anti-crime -- CThe bird's red _........... makes it immediately recognisable. a The forensic pothologist who examined the -........... said thot there was no reoson lo suspect foul play. How much will it cost to get the - - of the cor resprayed? © The governing - of the college is elected annually. i These fish eat the plants that grow on the : bF you'll make the - , il dust the furniture - of the river. © We're going to plant roses and daffodils in the flower -Unit 2 ESC Lexical Item: Study the Phrasal Verbs Section ~ Unit 2 at the back of the book. ‘Then match the phrasal verbs and. expressions with BE with their meanings. ens 1be into ‘be on to abe oft 5 bo up against 3beonat —‘ 6be upto NES 7 bear on 11 blow over 8 bear out 12 blow up 9 bear up 18 break away 10 bear with 14 break in ascold.criticise =... beontirm - aun ¢ leave/be bad/dislike/be away from work - dcome to an(uneventful) end -- eseparate fromfleave .. fexplode a tace. TASK 2 - Phrasal Verbs Choose the correct expression for each sentence, h be patient _ i do/be capable of - .- jrelate to - kbe cheerful, courageous -.-. discover - My daughter has been into/on to/off computers since she started lessons at school, and now she wants me to buy her one. 2 She is very excitéd because she is sure she is on at/on to/up against a new discovery. 3 He grobbed her arm, but she was off/bore out/broke away and left. 4 There was tension in the area, but no-one expected violence to blow up/bear out/break in. 5 Please bear up/out/with me; | will explain everything 6 ls there any chance of the scandal breaking away/blowing over/bearing out before the election? 7 Her account of what happened bears up/on/out your story. 8 There are many factors which bear on/are up to/break in the situation we are facing, 9 How are they up agains! /bearing with/bearing up during this examination p rd? 40 My boss is always on at/on to/up against me because | sometimes arrive late. Prefixes: aA When a- is added to the front of a noun, adjective or adverb: 1 it indicates the opposite or absence of something atheist, amoral, apolitical, asymmetricelly 2 it means in the stated condition or way alive, aloud, aboard, ablaze, acti, alresh, alko, aight ics Il- is used before words starting with L and It- before words starting with Rr Both prefixes mean not. They form words which have the opposite meaning. ititerate, legal, ict, legitimate, iraional, relevant, inraguler, Iresistibe, nesponsible Note the spelling: tlre 30 When dis- is added to the front of a word, it changes the meaning in one of two ways: 1 opposite!negative cisenprove, disadvantaged, oisbeliet 2 stoppingiremoving disinfect, disconnect, disarmament Dis- is generally used with words that describe a process, quality or state.casa Lexical Items TASK 3 - Word Formation Add the prefix a, i-, ir- or dis- to each of the words below and write the new word. - 6 reversible 11 liberal - -- 16 kin - ~ 7 ypical - 12 flame 17 regard continue — 13 placed - =. 18 symptomatic -- - 9 resolute = 14 courage 19 replaceable - -- =10 embark - 13 inferested — ~- 20 order -—- TASK 4 - Word Formation Practice Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. The Decline of the Frog ‘The frog has been evolving for 350 milion years. Its evolutionary 0) ~ means tht its found in a remarkablo. ADAPT @ = of ervironmens all over the work. The VARY frog is a (3) ~------ creature which, up til now, has HARD survived catastrophes which have wiped out more spectacular ‘species such as the dinosaur. But now, many types of frog are critically (4) - and some may even have died DANGER. ‘out. Many are now being bom with serious (5) - ~~ » DEFORM such as an extra leg, or no eyes. This is of great concern to (6) - who point out ENVIRONMENT that the frog is one of the planet's “sentinel species", an early-warning signal of disease, (2) -..,and pollution. The frog INFECT lives both in water and on land, eats a wide range of food, and has @ habitat ranging from swamp to desert. Itis theretore very (3) - t0 environmental change. SENSE ‘Scientists have not yet collected enough data to be able to pinpoint ‘the cause of the decline of the frog, but there is no (9) - - SHORT ‘of possible suspects, Habitat loss, the rse in the use of fertiisers and pesticides, and the (70) - high levels of utr. INCREASE violet raiation are high on the list, Whatever the cause, the plight of the frog could wel be an inaction of disaster to come. TASK 5 - Nouns defining amounts or groups For each sentence, choose the item or items in bold that collocate. More than one item may be correct. 1 There wasn't a drop of oll/wine/food left in the house. 2 always take what he says with a lump/pinch/grain of sol 3 Add a dash/flash/squeeze of lemon juice to the sauce 4 We took photographs of the flock of birds sheep /horses. 5 Not a single crumb of cake/bread/sandwich remained on the plate 6 He pulled a wad of coins/notes/issues out of his pocket. 7 The hotel provides complimentary sathets of shampoo/fruit/instant coffee for each guest 8 What is that bunch of keys/grapes/roses doing on the floor? 9 She owns a chain of cinemas /shops /hotes. 10 Shall we order another round of drinks /sandwiches/toast? 11 They could just make out a wisp/puff/bundle of smoke on the horizon. 12 Has the batch of cokes/biscvits/samples been delivered yet? 18 You haven't go! « scrap/shred/sheaf of evidence to support your accusotion 14 Please accept this gift as a term/pang/token of our gratitude. 16 Droves/Bundles/Hordes of touris!s come to ths island every summer. 31+1 They won't pay me unl Irish the job and I cant fish iit ‘hey dont pay me. I's a catch 22 situation. (a situation there is n0 way out of) 2 That argument cuts no ice with me. | suggest you think again. (ilo impress or ifluence) 3 The boss knows what you've done, and you can't avoid her all day. You'll just have to face the music. (out yourself in a position whore you willbe cicised or punished) 4 Of course we're going to invite Sheila to the party. That goes without saying, (be so obvious you don need to say i 5 I's no use explaining the pittals to him, he won't listen to you, Hell just have (o learn the hard way. eam fram your stakes) Im amazed by how she manages to make ends meet on ‘such a gral pension. (have ust enough maney fo manage financial) 7 The article doesn't actually say so, but reading between the lines you can tell that taxes are going to go up. (0 aware of sth although itis not expressed openly) 8 Stophen is just as musical as his mother. It must run in the family. pass a characteristic or talent rom one (generatian to another) 9 | was thinking of buying a new car but now I'm having. second thoughts, (change your mina) 10 We dont want him to suspect wee giving him a surprise ppatly, Make sure you don't spill the beans. (et information slp out) TASK 6 - Set Phrases 444 The scandal is bound to come out. They can't just sweep it undor the carpet, (discourage tho discussion ofan unpleesant subject) 42 Ho usually makes an amusing comment at the beginning of his speech to break the ice. help people to overcome thelr shyness and fee! more at ease) 43 She said | was a genius, but she said it tongue in ‘cheek. (not seriusly meaning whet you say) ‘44 I's typical of John to throw cold water on someone: lse's brilliant idea, (say aiscouraging things about) 48 As soon as he walked into the computer shop he realised he was in his element. {in enjoyable conditions wel suite fo your tastes or abilities) 4G I can't hold a candle to my sister as fer as aristic talent Is concorned. (be fit to be compared with) 417 She's a real frond, She's always ready to help when the chips are down. (when a sivation is vey serious or iticut) 18 When smuggled vehicles are confiscated they come under the hammer. (be sold at auction) 49 As the mooting drew to a close, the committee felt well pleased with their achiovements. (end gradually) 0 Wait until you've heard the whole story; don't jump to ‘conclusions. (craw an inerence from insufficient evidence) Fill the gaps below with the appropriate set phrase from the list above, changing the form where necessary. . | his 1 George is - 2i'sa to finish the course unless they give me the grant 3 None of them can 4.My qualifications - 5 The day - 6 Remember you can always count on me --- 7 He dreaded going home os he knew he was going to have to - 8 You don't need fo tell him he's expected fo alend the meeting. It 8 Many children don't listen to their porents' advice, so they end up - 10 If you decide to hand in your notice, we're going to have a har time 11 She won't tell us exactly what she expects of us. We'll just have to when he's coaching the junior basketball team. He really loves it. =. They won't give me the grant until finish the course but | can't afford her. She's brilliant ~ with the committee. They needed someone with extensive experience. ~ and, fired but contented, we made our way back to the farmhouse. just on my salary, 12 John was rude to me and so was his father. Rudeness must . - - j 13 At first she lold mo she wanted fo go on a ten-day cruise, but now | think she' 14 was a shocking affair ond they tried unsuccessfully to 15 Have you ever noticed how people who have no ideas of their own are always ready to - olher people's suggestions? | |broaden ~ make sth wider, increase its range disreputable ~ having a bad reputation dissolute ~ immoral elongate ~ (cause to) become longer (often unnaturally 50) ‘eminent ~ respected for particular skiisfachievements. ‘expand ~ increase (in size/numberlimportance) extend — add to sth to make it longer/bigger insolent ~ intentionally rude/disrespectfu i unable to pay debts 19 ~ coveringtlreating sth to stop hheat/sound/electricity passing through it insulting ~ offensivejtude Irresolute — urtable to act or take decisions irreverent — not showing as much respect as expected TASK 7 - Contusing Words Lexical tems Irrigated ~ atificilly supplied with water invitated ~ annoyed Isolated — not connected (with each other) Iengthen ~ make longer notorious ~ famous for sth bad pre-eminent - more important/powertul than others prolong ~ make sth last longer renowned - wellknown, famous reputable — having a good reputation revered - respected and admired very much stretch — (1) use up a resource (2) make longer {@) goltake sth to or past a timit (@) spread over a large dstance/areatima Study the meanings of the words listed above, then decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. 1 IF you want good aflersales service, you should buy your appliance from ala) --- deoler. Arenowned B eminent Crovered D reputable 2 The company tried expanding too quickly and soon became ---. insolvent € dissolute 3 Is il ue that some drugs prescribed by doctors do nothing but --- the potions suffering? B insolent D reputable elongate B expond Cextend D prolong 41 mork the students! exams right oway so | don't --- their. agony. extend B stretch © prolong D lengthen 5 The general remained ---, even as his army was being routed due to the lack of decisive leadership. Airesolute B dissolute insulting Dinsulating 6 Tho earlier model is -—- for its unroliabiliy A notorious B irreverent € disreputable D pre-eminent T This region is for its fine wines. A eminent B revered € reputable D renowned 8 There are gaps in the bridge's joints to allow the steel to --..in hot weather. lengthen B broaden C expand Dextend 9 This now sitcom is « hilariously --- sendlup of the legal profession. A insulting B irreverent C insolent D inrtating 10 Jennifer's wedding really --- her parents' budget A stretched B elongated © extended D insulated 11 As well os being a(n} --- scientist, he professor ‘wos an accomplished musician. Aeminent B notorious © reputable D revered 12 We can't afford to -- the debate to include any other issues. A expand © broaden B stretch D elongate 13 The priest was torinented by guill when he looked back on the -~- lifestyle he had led in his youth, Rinsolent B iresolvto C insolvent D dissolute 14 The cirport lounge had been specially - cffor! to keep out the scream of jet engines in an A isolated B insulated € iigated D irritated 16 Fortunately, here were only a few --- incidents of looting alfer the earthquake notorious B insulated C isolated D dissoluteLexical Items TASK 8 - Prepositional Phrases Choose one preposition and one noun from the relevant boxes to make a phrase, Then use these phrases 10 fill each gap. Use each item once only. Forreference, see the Prepositional Phrases Section at the back of the book, (yo! new management een We're all amazed and delighted. 2 This shop is now - ete: 3 itwas a bit .- to remind him of his past failures. 4 Meanwhile, diplomats from both counties are working =.=. fo ensure the success ofthe talks. 5 | was not ollowed to report the minister's comments, because they had been strcily 6 They offered to pay me whatever | demonded, so long os it was - ne TJeremy wos --........----- to understand their abrupt change of policy. 8 "I'd like to osk you a few questions; [ust you know," said the constable | 9 The diamonds were sold... then smuggled out of the country. 10 Mary couldn't afford a holiday, because her "shopping therapy" had left her 3 TASK 9 - Prepositions | Fill each of the blanks with a suitable adjective from the list. For reference, see the Prepositions Section at the back of the book. Passe ieee cies Teenie ial Piscine feels) Brae) “1 It wasn’t long before the bookcase was --. with woodworm, 2 How could a reporter be so ---- fo the suffering of the sailors! widows? 3 It wos never intended that legal aid should be .- = fo so many people. | 4 Your appoiniment is --- upon our gelling a satisfactory report from the security department 5 Personal problems like thal are hardly ~-. to serious study. | Bit was - of John to believe he could toke that decision for the boss. | 71 wouldn't say that hunting is with the ethics of a vegetarian | 8 The spartan conditions at their resort were = of the holiday camps of their childhood. 9 Such a policy is -- with the wishes of the electorate, and will lead to the government's downfall 10 The new bus shelter was soon __ with advertising leaflets. 34Unit 1 & Unit 2 TASK 1 - Open Cloze i Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. k TRAFFIC JAM HELPS ROBBER ESCAPE A robbery look place yesterday afternoon at (1) busy branch of Better Bank on (2) ---------- ovlshitts of the city. (3) ---.....-. youth wearing a (4) ---------- of black jeans and carrying two guns, (5) - ~ of which was a water pistol, demanded that the cashiers hand over day's takings. Stuffing the money, which (7) .......--. soid to amount to well over 3,000,000, the young man fled (8) ....-.--- foot. The police, who (9) --- ~ called immediately, took (10) ..-.....- hour and a half to get to the bank. The reason given was that trafic (1)... unusually heavy because public ransport workers were (12) -......... strike. The “the country, probably robber got away and is thought to be somewhere in the south (13) -- planning to board a ferry for France. to) - of the police officers was less fortunate. She is (15) hospital, suffering from (19) ~ broken arm and ai fractured skull. When interviewed in her hospital bed, she said, "What (7 job! | find myself in lifeshreatening sitvations at least hice (18) ---........ week, and yet this is the first time I've been injured. And (19)... cause? | fell down a flight (20) _ stairs at the scene of the robbery. Pathetic! | think is lime to start looking for a now job." TASK 2 - Multiple Matching Match each of the count nouns in the box with the appropriate uncount noun. bag bar carton coat cup drop feat fit flash jar lump ray roar sack scrap sheet slice _ state stroke wave -- of honey tto of inspiration - of soop a. of emergency i - of coffee 1B0- of genius of fruit juice tha. of endurance - of vornish Ba. of food -.of rice 16a- of coughing - of fertiliser a. of sunshine - of il Ba. of approval - of meat 19.0 of ice dO Cie ence - an, Of coal) a of enthusiasm TASK 3 - Multiple Matching Match the collective nouns in the box to the nouns they relate to, board bunch crowd fleet __— flight ~— flock ~— gang herd litter pack panel school shoal swarm tuft of hair/grass 90 of bees/locusts of robbers labourers 100 - of directors of gropes/keys/llowers ta - of ships/lorries/buses of sheep/goals /birds 12a of people - of cows/deer/elephants 13.0 of experts of dogs/wohves/cards/lies Ma - of sleps/stoirs/birds of puppies/kitens/piglets. 18a. of whales/dolphins/fish of fis ee ee}ai Unit 1 & Unit 2 TASK 4 Fill each gap with a noun from the box. Some of the words must be used in the plural. (EEREEREE (SETS) (BY FEE ENT EE SERS) BEE 6 She look great - ==... to explain the situation to her staff. 1 Palice ore looking for the two ‘who witnessed the stabbing last night, 2 Remember to take your personal - © T Local authorities are assessing the extent of the with you when you leave the hostel. ge = caused by the flood 3 Have you heard the latest - 8 We ware given lois of useful - They say that Damien's going to resign, and on the quickest way to gel to our destination. Estelle is going to become manager. 9 MI Etna is one of the few active 4. We've got three -- SS Our faveutiie’ Sve ieeaas in Europe. is Susan, who married our youngest son. 10 The smuggler broke out in a sweat as she 5 The children's hair is full of s approached ..---2--2----- Weill have to try that stuff from the chemists. TASKS Read the sentences below and cross out any unnecessary articles. 1Gillian works of the Chester's in the High Street. She is in the Cuslomer Care department. She has a wealth of the experience in dealing with the difficult customers 2 The weather forecast for the coming week is generally fine forthe time of the year, although there will be the snow in the North 3 The Mv. Willioms, the music teacher, organised the concert which the school put on the ast year. The school orchestra performed the seasonal music, and the choir sang the Chrisimas carols from around the word 4 The mobile phone is no longer considered a luxury. For the mos! parents, ts the bes! means of keeping inthe touch with their children, 5 The theatre has not suffered because of the television. In fact, the television is used lo advertise tho theatrical productions, 6 The earthquake destroyed the whole villages. The courage of he rescue workers was phenomenal. The roscve dogs and their handlers were also flown in to help in the rescue operation 7 Tho pat is os bes ne sping, before he heat ofthe June turns the countryside into « brown and withered landscope. 8 Since my parents were out for the dinner, | intended to relax in front of the television for the evening, but the Unexpected arrival of my uncle rom ou of the town meant a change of the plan. TASK 6 Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. The boss is (1) work today. She's down (2)--.....--- the flu, and wasn't up. @)- = coming in to the office. That means | hove fo cope on my own with Harry, the new ‘assistant that we're breaking (4) ---------- . Not a pleasant thought! The problem is that, up to now, he's been working as a freelance and isn't used to answering (5) -- anybody. | feel as though I'm up (6)... --- one of the biggest challenges of my career. Harry's always up (7) ---------- something odd whenever | turn my back. And if | say anything, he accuses me of being down (8)- «him. He always insists on getting his own way, too, and won't back (9) - I don't know what will become (10) = us all if | don't sort out the problem soon. 36pssst i cca: Present & Past time Unit 3 disses ‘Actions which aro rolated to the present can be expressed by the Present Simple and Present Continuous, and sometimes by the Present Perfect Simple and Present Perfect Continuous. The Present Simple is used for: 1a permanent state or long-term situation that exists at present Gabriel enjoys listening to classical music, 2 habitual or reqular actions applicable to the present Frances often walks to work. '3 general truths/scientific facts: Deciduous trees shed thoir eaves avery year. 4 describing processes: When the water boils, it passes through the coffee in the fier, '5 newspaper headlines to describe recent events Blizzards bring county to standstil 6 in sports commentaries: Churchill intercepts the ball and passes to Chamberlain. (The present continuous is also possible in commentaries.) NOTE: For Present Sinple ond Present Continuous used fer Future Reference, see Unit 4 The Present Perfect Simple is used for: 4 actions in the past that affect the present: We have finished our chores, so we can relax now. 2 actions that began in the past and are stil going on: CCharfas has supported us sice wa stated our undertaking. 8 actions that have just finished: Our quests have just let. 4 actions at an unstated time in the past (life experience): Kato has been to China NOTE: Uses 3 and 4 are more strictly related tothe past, but often have a bearing on the present. The Present Continuous is used fo! 4 aclions happening at the moment of speaking | can't hear you; a workman is drilling holes in the wall 2 something which is regarded as a temporary situation: Lucy Is living with her grandparents just now. 3. temporary action still in progress: Our class fs currently learning about the passive voice. 4 developing or changing situations: ‘My marks for composition are getting better. Technology is developing all the time. 8 a habitual action which surprises or annoys the speaker’ ‘Mike Is always interrupting me! This use of the present continuous is accompanied by such words as always, constantly, forever, etc. The Present Perfect Continuous is used for: 1 actions that began in the past and are still continuing Avril has been washing the car for half an hour now, 22 actions that have just finished, leaving visible results: I'm exhaissted; I've been working flat out. 3 actions that have just finished but have surprised or annoyed the speaker: What have you been doing io my computer? | can't get itto work now. Use let) State verbs describe states (and convey a sense of permanence). Compare: Tread a wide range of books and magazines. (action) State verbs usually refer to: Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste Emotion: adore, desire, lslike, fear, hate, ke, foatho, dete, love, need, want, wish Possession: belong, have, own, possess ‘Amounts: coniain, cost, equal, measure, weigh * State verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses because of the element of permanence impli meaning. J dislike going to the dentist for fiings. (state) Mental processes: believe, consider, doubt, expect, forget, guess, hope, imagine, know, prefer, realise, recognise, remember, suppose, suspect, think, understand Other states: appear, apply, be, consist, depend, deserve, ft, hold, matter, mean, owe, seem, trustUnit 3 Present & Past time DIFFERENCES IN MEANING Certain state verbs may be used in a continuous tense with a different meaning from that of the verb when used as a state verb, and some of them may even appear in a continuous tense when we wish to emphasise thelr relevance to a short period of time. ‘* He has the lists of the names you need.(possess) ‘Sue fs having a nap. Can you call back lter?(take) ‘I think tat sho wil develop the project sucvestly. (opinion) 1'm thinking of moving to another city. (consider) * Indian food tastes delicious. have a specific flavour) Sho Is tasting the salad dressing fo check whether there Is enough garic int. (ty) #1 see what you mean. (understand) ‘Tm seeing my dentist tomorow. (have an appointment) © This bunch of roses smells wonderful. (have a specific smell) Look atthe dog. He is smelling a car ire. (est by snifing) * She looks unhappy. What's wrong? (appear) The new teacher Is looking atthe Ist of names. (examine, check) © This blanket feels very rough. (have a specific texture) eel that she would be bette off not gang. (think) BUT: Ifeellam feeling better. ‘My stomach achesils aching. © My choice of clothes depends on whether its warm or ‘col outside. (change or be determined according to what is said) | The faimers are depending on the weather being warm and sunny from now until harvest time, (rely on, {have to} place trust in) «Tell me ifthe shoes ft you. (be the right size/shape for sth/sb) The workers are fitting setety devices to all the ‘machinery in the factory. (install, put in the correct position) © Mark is quite unhelpful atthe best of times! (to describe character, etc) wonder wiy Mark Is being so helpful; i's quite unlike him! (to describe an example of temporary behaviour) * J expect youl get a leter from them before long. ((o express an assumption) ‘Samantha is expecting a baby! (temporary situation) PAST TIME | Actions related to the past can be expressed with the Past Simple, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect, Simple and the Past Perfect Continuous. As we have noted above, the present perfect is also used to desoribe ‘something that happened at an unstated time in the past. The Past Simple is used for: 1 () actions that took place at a specific time in the past: Jean got a new job ies! week. (i) states that existed at a specific ime in the past: ‘Last year Jim lived ina hostel (Gometimes the time may not be mentioned but is Understood): - How was your skiing holiday? = Itwasn’t bad but Sally broke her leg. 2a series of actions that took place in the past, one after another: She sat down, opened her newspaper ‘and did the crossword, past habits and states: When Iwas a child [liked pasta and ate lois of spaghetti 4 actions that took piace in the past but won't be repeated: Shakespeare wrote “Hamiet” NOTE: We can cso express past habits with used fo and would, ond we ‘can express past states with used to When | was a child | used to like pasta and | used tolwould eat lois of spaghetti 38 The Past Continuous is used for: 1 actions in progress at a specific time in the past: Peter was interviewing job applicants al ast woek. 2 actions in progress when another action took place: While { was having a bath the phone rang. 8 two or more actions in progress at the samo time in the past: While { was jogging I was listening to ‘music trough my headphones. 4 actions that are in the process of changing She was becoming taller and taller. 5 describing the background to a story: twas a wild right; the wind was howling and snow was falling. 6 talking about plans in the past: We were leaving for Paris the next moming so we had to get up earl. Talking about plans in the past that we don’t intend! to carry out or haven't carried out (was/were going to): | was going to attend the seminar but it was posiponed. | 8 talking about future plans vaguely (washvere | | | thinking of: Peter was thinking of applying to a university in England. 9 polte requests (wasiwere wondering): (was wondering | could have all he information available, NOTE: ‘The post continuous of verbs that describe a shert action (ring, noc, ite) shows thatthe ection isrepecte (et continu). | was belng Interrupted all moming.The Past Perfect simple is used for: 4 actions which took place in the past before other past actions: {accepted the offer they had made. 2 actions which took place before a certain time in the past: By the second lesson she had learnt all of her students’ names. 3 talking about plans that have not been carried out: had hoped to meet her in Tokyo, but she was in Lisbon. The Past Perfect continuous is used for: 4 actions which were in progress in the past and had started before another action took place: We had been calling for tifleen minutes before anyone heard us. 2 actions that had been in progress and then had visible results in the past: Cecil had been worrying about the exams so much that he became itl, Sequence of Actions Look at the following combinations of tenses which refer to past time. We checked the figures and published them. (We understand the ordinary sequence of events.) We checked the figuras and then published thom, (Then aids our understanding.) We published tho figures after we (had) checked them. (After aids our understanding, and itis normal but Not necessary 10 use past perfect with after.) INTIL ‘She cfdn't confess until he police contonted her with the evidence. {When one actions triggered by another) We checked the figures before we published them. (We understand the ordinary sequence of events.) Before we had checked the fours, our vals published their book. (In this example, the past simple action ‘comes before the past perfect action, which is the ‘opposite of the normal past perfect. tis important to remember ths effect when using before.) Note that we ‘want to stess two things: 1) Our rivals published thelr book fist. 2) The publication occurred before the checking had become @ completed action. When I patd the bill 1was given a receipt (We understand the situation generally.) When | had paid the bill was given a receipt. (We wish to make clear which action comes first) Only when | had pala the bl was | given a receipt. (See Unit 17 for presentation of inversion) GSU EG eur SSA Past Habit Past Habit can be expressed either by Simple Past or by used to/would. ‘Finnegan welghed all the fut that he unloaded! from the lonies. Finnegan used to welgh all the fruit that he unloaded from the lorries, Finnegan would welgh all the frult that he unloaded trom the fortes. Past State Past State can be expresed elther by Simple Past or by used to. fi Finnegan welghed a mere 65 kilos when he worked at the market, Finnegan used to weigh a mere 65 Klos when he worked at the market, Used to Itis important to understand the differences between Used to (do), be used to (doing) and get used to (doing). Look at the examples below. Fay used f0 give speeches in public. (past habit) Fay Is used to giving speeches in public, and Is quite relaxed when she does it. (is accustomed to) Fay got used to giving speeches in public ater she had done a few. (became accustomed to} have been/gone to/in Note the differences between have been to, have gone to and have been in. ‘The Smiths have been to the museum, but they don't want {0 g0 back again, (this tells us that the trip is over) The Blacks have gone to to the museum, and they ve called ime to say they are having a nice tine. (the trp is not yet over) The Fosters have been in the museum for three hours, but they stil haven't seen everything (indicates the duration, 80 far, of the visit) |e eee ee =| 3)CRAG ar TASK 1 ‘Match the examples on the right with the descriptions of use on the left. actions in the past that affect the present- -- ‘A Awoman goes up to a police officer and says, "You're | 2 headlines... under arrest." j 3 actions which took place before a certain time in B Marcia was thinking about what her next step shouid be. : C Monica has been correcting compositions for two hours. | D While John was having a shower, he was singing along 5 fling jokes or stories [sed for dramatic effec)... to he aco, | 6 a series of actions in the past, one offer another. E The band had been playing for an hour when th lights T hébitval actions which cause surprise or area annoyance... F She got up, put the keto on, and sat down to read the paper, G The news starts at 9.00. H I've broken my feg, so I can't go skin. 8 aclions that began in the past and are still continuing --— 9 two actions in progress atthe some fimé in the post. 10 timetables_.. | Blast rocks cinema complex. 1 11 setting the scene for a narrative. J He had finished his essay by ten o'clock. 12 actions in progress in the post, which had staried _K When Iwas a teenager / went o pares every weekend. TASK 2 Choose the correct item. In some cases, more than one may be correct. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 before another action took place. . - L Molly's always getting into trouble! Is he staying here at the moment/since yesterday/for long? The company is doing very well ately/now/ihis year. ‘The wind was getting stronger by then/minute by minute/lately. I've been here before/in 1999/five times. I's been snowing for ages/all moming/since lunch time. I'd been living with my parents up fo then/unil | found this job/for a long time. Now that/While/No sooner I've had my bath, | feel more relaxed. The work was finished by six o'clock/until morning/already.Unit 3 Present & Past time TASK 3 Read the texts and put the verbs in a suitable form. Sometimes more than one form is possible; in these cases, which form do you think is more effective? "Good morning, and welcome to Highcroft Grange. There (1) (be) @ house on this site since 1580, but the present house (2) ------- (date) from 1735, The house (3) ae (aivays belong) to the bailey family, but the present owner, Derek Bailey, (4) ------------- (now live) in the south of France. The Grange (5) -.-- (be) administered by the Heritage Foundation, which (6) --- (restore) the house over the past five years. At present it () - (Work) on roof and chimney repairs, Now, if you will please step t this way, the tour will begin in the Great Hall. The house (8) - (close) at four o'clock, but the grounds (9) ~~ (remain) open until six otlock and (10) -——--- (be) well worth a visit, Teas (11) - (be) served in the stables between four. and six. We (12) (hope) you enjoy your visit to Highcroft Grange.” -- (generate) a great deal of interest. [The case of the Montague twins (1) (odvertise) on the The story (2) --- (start) over @ year ago when the Montagues (3) —- Internet for a child to adopt. They eventually (4) ------ adopl) twin boys who (5) — (be born) in South America. Their grandmother (6) -------------. {look} after them with increasing difficulty alter their mother (7) ------------ {abandon} them. The twins (8) ------ (settle) down happily with the Montagues However, six months later their natural mother (9) - (appear) on the scene and (10) - (claim) them back. She (11) -- {now take) the Montagues to court, The hearing is fixed for next week. Mrs. Montague (12) ~-» (say), "This (13) -------- [be] a very. trying time for us and the boys." The twins (14) - ill live) with the Montagues, who (15) ‘they will retain custody of the boys. Their lawyers, who (16) - three months, (17) -------- (believe) that they (18) —--- -----+ (hope) that ~ (work} on the case for (have) a strong cose. TASK 4 Choose the comect alternative. In some cases, both may be correct, 11 see/I'm seeing Sarah this evening 2 You are/You are being childish. Stop it at once! 3 The soup in that restaurant always tastes/is always tasting revolting. 4 My back aches/is aching. Have you got an aspirin? 5 Robert has cleaned/has been cleaning the house since 9:00 this morning. 6 I've worked/I've been working for this company since | graduated. 7 | think I'd better stay in tonight. | feel/I'm feeling a bit under the weather 8 She has owned/has been owning both these hotels for ten years. 9 Rebecca is on holiday in London, and she loves/is loving every minute of it 10 Every summer of his childhood, he was going/would go for long walks in the meadows. ‘11 Before she retired, Helen was/had been a neurosurgeon 12 It's nearly len years since | went/I've been to the cinemas 18 Jenny has gone/has been to Manchester. She just phoned from there to say she's having a great time. 14 Matthew used to be/would be « nurse, but now he's training to be a pilot. ante on remernneremaon aay A]Present & Past time TASK 5 Choose from the verss in the box to fill in the gaps in the sentences. Make sure each verb is in the right tense and form, There are three extra verbs which you will not need to use. QED SD 1 My first day as a waiter was disastrous. First | - ‘and then | dropped a bowl of soup on the floor. Blin: 3 There's something wrong with the clock. It 4 The frontpage headline in yesterday's paper was: Refugees some wine in ¢ customer's lap, 9 only full cco the table when my dinner guests arrived. midnight for the last ten minutes! -- persecution. 5 While lan - i. -- the carpet, the doorbell rang Cie s* - eight African countries so far this year, and | plan to go to another five by December, T The temperature -----..--.--- -- lower and lower. It will soon be below zero. 8 Anita - .. the flower beds for three hours by the time we arrived. TASK 6 ‘Making as few changes as possible, rewrite each of the following sentences using the word given. 1 You can fit 25 litres of wine into this barrel. T Their new CD resembles the music | used to holds . listen to in the seventies. sounds 2.1've got an appointment with my doctor this afternoon. seeing 8 My favourite actor is in that new play that's on ct the Roundhouse Theale. appearing ‘owns 9 There's an odour of sweaty socks in Bill's. bedroom. smells 4 Sorty. | had no idea you were before me in the queve. realise 10 One foot is the same as 30 centimetres. equals 5 Get on the scales and see how many kilos fi you've put on, weigh 11 James is still paying off his debts. owes 6 Andrea became accustomed to living in Tokyo 12 | can't staid cockroaches. loathe afer she'd been there for a few months. usedTASK7 Read the two paragraphs below, which are the beginning of a newspaper atticle. Check whether the verbs are inthe right form. Correct any you think are wrong, i In the summer of 1997 Ken (1) began to suffer from blinding headaches, One evening he (2) threw down his cor keys as he (3) had arrived from work and (4) was taking off his coat when he (5) collapsed. He (6) was rushed to hospital and within two days (7) has lapsed into a coma, For his wife Christine, this (8) was nothing compared with the shock she (9) was receiving seven weeks later, When Ken (10) came round, the civil servant she (11) used to be married to for 30 years (12) had disappeared, and in his place (13) was a teenage bey, Brain damage (14) destroyed most of Ken's memory, 13- 14---- coat 10-- = 1 12 TASK 8 - Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given, 1 They haven't corresponded with each other since the war. to The last time... ~ during the wr 2 They embarked on this venture four years ago. They -. = four years. 3 The launch of the space shutle is expected in four hours' time, off The space shuttle is due other, aren't we? hasn‘t been working for the past week. order This lift... Z 6 John disembarked from the ship straight aller he had packed his suitcase, off Immediately before — of --- week now. his suitcase. T He is usually shy when he meets strangers. first He tends... eee -- people. 8 He soon got accustomed to working here because of the friendly almosphere. used Te RCON De ec aeacncsepanntar to SOMONE edu ae es to the friendly atmosphere. 9 When | read his note | realised he was about fo resign. point When I rac his note | realised he - -+ fesignation, 101 worked as fast as possible all morning and managed to finish the job. at | worked a ; es RRNA NRE | AS -- the job done.Present & Past time TASK 9 - Conversational Grammar Choose a, b, ¢ or d. 1 "Sandra doesn't ike working in an office, does she?” No. = being outdoors all day." She used to b She is € She's used fo She was used 2 vdohn's got some weird ideas, hasnt he?" “He sure has. Inever know ~~~." 2 what he was talking about bb what he talks about ¢ what he talked about 4 what he's talking about 3 *Did you enjoy your trip to Turkey?" “Yes. It was the frst timo —- al went there b | was there c Id been there d I've gone there 4:"You cant have seen Anna yesterday. She was abroad” “Maybe ——---- by then" a sho's come back b sho wos coming back 1 sho comes back 4 she'd come back 5 "Are you stil at the Central Hotel?" "Yes. = there since I artived in New York.” al'm slaying b I've been staying I'd been staying dl stay 6 “Your house fooks great now it's been painte yes. It. a long time ago." a should have been done b should have done ¢ would have been done d was to have done 1 "Td like two tickets for this evening's performance, please.” “Sorry. The last seat ------. a hod just been booked b hos jus! booked ¢ has just been booked 4 had just booked 8 “George is very sociable, Isn't he’ "Yes, he Is now. But he = when he was a kd.” a wos being very shy b would be very shy ¢ was used to being very shy d used to be very shy poets aaonracepemnenennremni os nomonecnen remo SS 9 1 eian’t know that Bill was Betty's husband* ‘on yes, ....--. for ten years now." a They're married b They've been married ¢ They were married { They're being married 40 "bic you have plenty of tio to prepare for your dinner party last night?" "Not realy. ~ when they arrived.” | was sill eooking b I've just finished cooking 6 | finish cooking d Id been cooking 11 “What's got you so angry?" ‘it’s David - is things al over the place.” a he had olways left b he's always leaving che has always left | d he's been left 12 "Do you find it hard to stay awake at night at your new job?" ‘No, ...---- the night shit." i | used to working b I'm used fo work ¢ I'm used to working d | got used to work 18 “Did you know the man who crashed into your car?" ‘No, but -...-- him at the previous intersection, {alking on his cell phon ald soen I'd boon sesing c I've seen 1 was seeing 14 ‘Why are you covered in dirt?" + im the garder a'd been working b I worked cl've worked I've bean working 16 "Did you see what happened during the match fast night?™ Wo, ------- hockey on TV." | never watched b I'm never watching I never watch I yeas never watching 44 ees |HOMOGRAPHS “PRESENTATION 4 CARRY (¥) a Can you carry my suttcase for me? {hold sth and take it with you) bb The new buses can carry 95 passengers. {ake sthisb somewhere) ¢ Cockroaches and rals carry diseases. (spread infection ete) All the company’s produats carry a sit month guarantee, (ave as apart or esl) ‘e Sounds carry very well through water {canbe heard from a distance) 2 CARVE (\) ‘a She's going to carve a chess set from this piece of wood, {enako sth by cutng it om wood! stone, ee) bb Gould you earve me another sie of boot? (cut cooked meat) ¢ He carved his initials on the desk (cut writing design iio tho surface of sti) d She's going fo carve a successful career for herself. {eueceed in ereting a careoniche) 3 OAST (v) ‘a We'll cast him as an eccentric millionaire in the fm, (choose sb to acta particular olin a playfinvTY production) 'b The moming sun cast ong shadows on the grass. uin, cre) © Cast your fishing line into the water, then wait (hrow) d The statue will be cast in copper. (give a shape to hot liquidmetal by pouting itirio a mou) IV cameras mod he pine mpier when he casts vot, (vote in an election ec) A CATCH (v) Catch the ball and throw It back to me, old of and stp a mong obec bb How many fish did you catch? (capture, veo) ‘© Dress warmly, or you might catch @ cold, (becone ill wih a cold cisease) We'd better huny if wo want fo catch the last bus. {get on a bus, boat, train, tc) © Don't fet them catch you picking their apples. (discover sb doing sth wrong) expressions: catch a gimpse of, catch your breath, catch fre, eatch you fale, catch sight of, ete 5 CHAIN (n) a She was wearing a siver ehain around her neck, metal rings or links joined together) bb He owns a chain of restaurants. (a rarer of connec things) © This chain of islands is becoming @ popular eco‘oursm reson. { group of things/people aanged in a ine) Unfortunately, we're in @ chain, so it may be some tine ‘before we can buy the house. (a number of people who ate all buying houses/ats from one another, so that bach sale ‘depends on the previous sale) 6 CHANGE (v) a Waitt dhe traf lights change to green, (aketbecore deen) bb / think you should change schools. rans oa citron lero oc) e's your turn to change the baby’s nappy. fresh clthes/covering on sthst) Do I have to change (airs) 10 get to Leeds? (eewe one vehicle and enter another a erder to continue a jour) one aay an ea ENC Suna AR MNOS Unit 3 a5 Lexical Items T CHARACTER (1) ‘Her character fs quit ciferent from her sista’. altho aie of a person/place thet make them dint rom others) bb Old houses hava much more character than new ones. (amistue of qualiios that are seen as adiirable) ¢ I enjoyed the book, though the main character was tunconvinaing, (a person ina bookiotay, et) d He was a man of good character. (reputation) 8 CHARGE (n) a There willbe a smell charge for delivery (money atoceived fr condlenics : bb He denied the charge of murder. (a formal accusation) She's in charge ofthis department. {having contol ofkesponsibiy for) d He led the charge against the opposing team. {an allack by sldiersfootballrseid aria, el) Asmail electrical charge was recorded during the experiment, {the amount of elecricy ina battery, ec) 9 CHECK (v) {a Check your work for spelling mistakes. (examine, inspect) bb Wo nocd to check the spread of the disease. (alt the progress of) ‘© She checked her ggage, thon went through passport ‘contol. (chow your icket and hand over your cases a an apo) Ii just check on ine children. (cake sure sivsb is sete, corect, tue) 40 CHIP (n) a Let's havo fish and chips for supper, {@long tin piece of deop-fed potato) b This cup's gota chip inf he place where a small piece hes been broken off) ¢ Ive chocolate chip cooks! (a sal piece of something} He had only one chip left, s0 he to stop playing. {2 paste counter used to represent money in gambing games) 11 CIVIL (ad) Chill unrest fs increasing. (concering evens thal happen within « couniry and that involve dierent groups of peop) bb We got married in a cll ceremory. (not comected withthe amy or the church) 1¢ You could at least try to be chil! te and helpful, but not necessarily friendly) 4 Property disputes come under civil lav. {fo.do wth private afais, not ees) 12.CLAIM (v) a Did anyone claim the wallet you found? (assor a right to sth) bb He claims to be a billionaire. (decta that sthis tue, but inet prog ¢ You are entitled to claim unemployment benef {apply tothe government, an insurance company, et for money Which you have a right to) The chieren claim most of my atonton, (need, deserve) 45Unit 3 Lexical Items (escent een TASK 1 - Homographs ‘Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences. a The bill includes a 10% service - The manager is away at a conference, and has left her deputy in... € The youngest daughter took - of the family business when her father retired. a ie treatment b Although he was quite © Maggie is a senior - rights campaigners fight for everyone's right to equal opportunities and equal =. to us, his manner was cold and distant. ~ servant who works as an adviser to the Education Minister. a This supermarket is part of a(n) - b We're still investigating the She always wears a silver. owned by a multinational corporation. of even's that led to his sudden disappearance. ~ with matching earrings. 2 His poor performance in the television interview has --- doubt on his ability to do the job. b She ---- ~- @ disapproving glance at the boy who had dropped his ice cream wrapper on the pavement. ¢ The fisherman -- his net far out into the middle of the river. | don't look very respectable. Can you weil a couple of minutes while | b Brendan's gone to the library to -- «= his books. G's going to be a difficult journey, since | ~ three times. Is it true that they're going to -- «@ road through this beautiful countryside? bi you'll ~ .- the turkey, I'll serve the vegetables. © He's managed to - nice little niche for himself in the company. a She leads a healthy lifestyle, and b He always - ~ a lot of cash with him 6 The crime of kidnapping - « long prison sentence, her age very well @ Aller she had ‘on things at the factory, she went back to her office bb The cabin crow every passenger's name against a list © Fortunately, a change in the direction of the wind the advance of the forest fireTee eed ssa Study the Phrasal Verbs Section ~ Unit 3 at the back prepositions/particles in the box to make a phrasal ver! ‘When you have finished, go back to the Phrasal Verbs meanings each of these phrasal verbs has. of the book. Then match the verbs with the b with the meaning given, Section at the back of the book and see what other 1 overcome difficulties: break - - up (on) start suddenly: burst -- 2 stop working together: broak - op 9 visit a place: call - e ‘3 cause: bring - f aside 10 return a phone call: call - se, 4 ignore: brush — - through 41 visit a person: call - zs 5 improve by study: brush ive, 12 cancel: call - 6 strengthen: build fee 13 succeed: carry - - T meet accidentally: bump -- ae Z on at TASK 2 - Phrasal Verbs Revmite the sentences, replacing the words in hold with one of these phrasal verbs and making any othernecessary changes. (The meaning of some of the phrasal vers in this task may be different from the meaning given above.) 11'm afraid | have to cancel the meeting, since | «am going to Madrid. 2 She wanted to impersonate the boss, and she had the daring and the abiliy to accomplish it 3 When we moved to another counity we Felt we had left the past behind us and storied a new life 4.| went to night schoo! to revise my knowledge of accountancy so | could get a job. 5 When she saw what her brother had done, she started laughing. 6 She ignored the child's questions and continued talking to the class 7 If you continue behaving in that way you will find yourself in trouble one of these days! 8 She managed to overcome their rampant sexism and become the first female member of the club. 9 What do you think caused him to have a stroke? 10 | sant to go to the bonk to money.Unit 3 Lexical ftems (Upetsrtenten areata ties nisin neem cl WORD FORMATION = PRESENTATION Prefixes | (Ee Gs | UNDER- (below) UNDER-OVER- OVER: (from above/outside/across) | undergrowth (o) underage (ad))foverege overboard (adv) | underdog (n) undertone (n)fovertone overseas (aa)) | undergraduate (n) ‘underarm (adi)foveraa overcast (ad)) | undertine (¥) underground (adj)iovergroundd overlap (v, 0) underte (¥) undercooked (ad))/overcooked, overdew (n) | Lndercover (ad) undersized (ad))loversized ‘oversee (V) understate (v)/overstate | UNDER. (not enough) —_underpopulated (ad))/overpopulated OVER. (too much) | Lunderpriviteged (a) undenworked (ad) overworked ‘overdrawn (eo) tnderfund (¥) understaffed (adi)ioverstatfed overdose (n, v) undemourished (ad) underestimate (vloverestimate ‘overdressed (ad) undervalue (v) underuse (v)loveruse overdue (ad) underdeveloped (ad)/overceveloped ‘overcrowded (edi) underoharge (v)lovercharge | NOTE: | With some words, the meaning of the prefix is ess obvious: overcome (i), overawed (ad), overhear (1), oversight (n), overwhelmed (ad), underwhelmed (ad), undertake (1) TASK 3 - Word Formation | For each sentence, fil the gap with a word beginning with over- or under-, using the stems in the box, ‘Make sure the words are in the correct form. cast dress staff ie charge If you go to that restaurant, check your bill carefully to make sure you haven't been - 2 Why didn't you tell me that everyone would be wearing jeons and Tshirts? | felt te oe in my suit and tie. of sleeping pis and wos rushed to hospital. «drinkers. 3 He took an __ 4 The publican was fined for serving -————---- 5 According to the forecast, tomorrow will be --. with a chance of showers. by €200. GI'd better put some money into’my bank account: i's T Two of our colleagues resigned last week, so the office Is now 8 The film got rave reviews, but in my opinion it's RCHPRen Ws le on de of sndcla Ord UNE Bed can Dacre su 10 To describe his pigty of a flat as "a trifle untidy" is the... 48 pameeeuamncre ae usaricn eon acuta RNR oe,TASK 4 - Word Formation Practice Use the word given in capitals at the end of some lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. CLASSICAL MUSIC — ENDURING THE TEST OF TIME Mention classical music to any group of (1) ---------and nearly all of them YOUNG val rink thal noses in GEV, Consebtng ths @) <0 reaction, PREDICT one Ght be Isenptod to slave hol classical music wll dis out within the ext Sven yeors. Yet despite young people's (3) - -- to classical music, AVERSE ils status has not diminished over the years The (4) - _ is that only a small percentage of the population, an IPL lie; is Koaping elas) ele lives FOF ineGineo, when @ radio’ aida which caters (5) - to classical tastes asked their listeners to choose their ‘i EXCLUSIVE voted for Bruch's Concerto. OVERWHELM favourite piece of music, they (6) - No.1 in G minor (Op. 26), not octhsen bf Bach The cllciouaclos chose Bruch, a composer (7) --- unknown to the general public. VIRTUAL However, it could be that every generation develops an (8) - of [APPRECIATE classical music when it reaches o certain (9) - Ithas been soid MATURE thal you have to be over fifty years old to really appreciate clossical music. Bur if that wore 50, all brilliant classical (10) -— would be in their fillies PIANO at the start of their careers, which clearly they are not. COLLOCATIONS TASK § - Collocations with Time For each sentence, choose the correct altemative from the words in bold, 1 We're just hanging around, murdering/killing time until the taxi arrives. 2 Time flis/speeds when you're having fun. 3. Don't be so old-fashioned; you've got to run/move with the times. 4 He's been sentenced fo five years in prison for forgery, and did/tade time for burglary when he ‘was younger. In this time zone/region, we're three hours ahead of GMT. Find out in front of/ahead of time how much money you'll need for the trip. Time delays/drags when you're bored. This clock may be old, but it keeps/tells good time Sorry, I'm really pressed/hurried for time‘at the moment. Can I call you back? 10 They've extended the time deadline/limit for applications until 30th December. 11 No matter how busy she is, she always makes/creates timo for her friends. 12 "Take/Mark your time. There's no rush," said Molly. 13 There was hardly any traffic on the roed, so we made fast/good time, 14 Time's over/up. Stop viciting and close your test booklets. 15. We'll be working against/with time to get the job finished on schedule. | euutatemanierertnirRi a oe eneRatoniscrEmNN NMR «AQ ead]8l]8Lexical Items Sais eel 1 Ifyou tall stockholders the market is going into a slump, they'tall selloff their stocks and then well really be in trouble. It's a self-fulfilling prophecy. (a prediction which, when voice, brings about the precited outcome) 2 must have done something wrong. He looked daggers at me. (ook at sb with hatred o fury) 3 Do you understand this memo? | can't make head or tai of it. (understand) 4 Do you think we can get away with bending the rules, or ate we going to get into trouble? (hteret ules fo suit your ‘purpose, enabling you to do sth tha the rules usualy prevent you from doing) 5 Well, 'm not going to earry the can, Allred will have to ‘admit the delay was mostly his foul. ako af th blame) 6 Dontjust sit by yoursel in tho commer Ike you dd atthe lat patty, Youvve got to come out of your shell, and start mixing ‘with people. (overcome you ritual reserve and speak reel) 7 He'll have to fall into line with company policy, whether hho wants to or not. (cantorm fo routine or custom) 8 Inflation is getting out of hand. Why don't they do something about i? (out of controf) 8 Alter she apologised to he father, Mary promised to turn ‘over a new leat. (hanga your bahviou, make a tesh str) 10 They just voted with the'r feet and walked out ofthe meeting en masse. (show your dfssatisfaction by leaving) TASK 6 - Set Phrases mann nate ans ca 11 Leally don't think you'e going to be promoted ater \wotking therefor only a week. That's wishful thinking, (a hope or wish that is very unlikely o come tus) ¥2 Oh Gear, Ive put my foot init again. fold him his ‘daughter looked very much like him, but it wasnt his daughter at all. was his wit! (cause embarassment vith taclss remark) 43 fm not going to bandy words with you. Just do itt (enter int an argument) 44 This ie the last straw! I'm not taking any ore of his insults. (beyond the lin, the breaking point) 45 He thinks he can eal the shots but he doesn't really have authoy over the rest of us, (make the decison) 416 Clee has come up In the wot, Ive heard she hes become realy iniuential in her fed. (prove your + professional and social standing) 17 1ve gota fooling that his family are tying to dive a wedge between us. (cause bad fangs noe weaken a letionshp) 18 Drinks are on the house! (paid for by the restaurant, hotel etc) 19 Whon she throw the crink in his face he didn’t turn a hair not show any emotion or surprise) 20 When his mother stars talking you can't get a word in ‘eigeways. id it impossible to take part n a conversation because sb is talking contiwously) Fill the gaps below with the appropriate set phrase from the list above, changing the form where necessary. 11'm fed up with - 2 Anthony has really - 3 it's is - SIF were you | wouldn't - dangerous. = every time something goes wrong in our department. ~ since he started university. He's become much more sociable. - to assume that the company is going to adept all our proposals 4 You'd better ask Sandra what we should do. She's the one who -- with him, He's very unpredictable and might even be ~ here. 6 Alier forgetting where | hod porked the car, and then discovering Id got a parking ticket, the flat tyre wos really — 7 Thoyll all have to BI can't 91 really _ my he'd already been sacked! 10 I'm not happy with my exam cesuls, Starting next year I'm going to - 11 Unemployment was so high that a large percentage of the workforce - emigrated. 12 Don't tell them they're going to fail he exo. It may turn out to be @ 181 don't like talking to her on the phone because | 14 You don't have to pay for the coffee. I's 15 Why would he say such tertibl things abou! me io my bes riend? Is he trying to - 50 smo sess crt i RN now. The new teacher doesn't put up with any nonsense. - of this exercise. Can you explain it io me? when | asked him whether he was enjoying his new job. | didn’t know and work harder. their - - and srt neg tiie