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/ 20
In This Chapter
13.1 Introduction 135. Making Simple Queries
13.2 Some MySQL SQL Elements 13.6 MySQL Functions,
133 SQL Command Syntax 13.7 Aggregate Functions
134 Sample Database
“SQL, Structured Query Language, was developed in 1970s in an IBM Laboratory. SQL,
Maatimes also referred to as SEQUEL is a 4th generation non-procedural language. The
procedural languages just need to be specified “WHAT” of the problem and not a detailed
cabout HOW itis o be done’, Since SQL. is non-procedural and that is what makes it
nple, it makes an RDBMS possible.
ening oceinenaatyngs caee’s
structure (i Changing security settings for system (HD FEnmiNNE say being _non-rocedual
users for working on databases or tables (i?) Querying database Gescribes WHAT all data is to be
i ing the database contents. retrieved or inserted ot modified
(2) Inser
s , deleted, rather than specifying
: ee is Je queries. But before 9"
This chapter is dedicated to making simp code describing HOW to perform
that let i talk about some important elements of SQt- ae Gave ost “ONG IR
4 om
13.2 Some MySQL SQL Elements
has certain elements that play an importan,
S plementation of SQL ; E
The MySQL eee database. In this section, we shall talk about some basic g le
defining/querying a databas oO erenes aa ‘
MySQL SQL that you must be aware of. These basic lemen
(@ Literals (ji) Datatypes (ii) Nulls_ (iv) Comments
13.2.1 Literals
Literals, in general, refer to a fixed data value. This fixed data value may be of charactertyy,
numeric literal. For example, ‘Synthia’, ‘Ekagra’, ‘Raunak Raj Singh, “8° and “305° are all chey,
text literals. Notice that all character literals are enclosed in single quotation marks or out,
quotation marks. Characters that are not enclosed in quotation
marks refer to the schema object names e.g., value refers to a .
schema object whereas ‘valitc’ refers to a character literal. ares eae
To store an apostrophe in a text literal, you should use \’ mum of 53 digits of precsng,
(backslash followed by apostrophe e.g., to store Kush’s in a text
literal, you should write it as ‘Kush\’s’).
Numbers that are not enclosed in quotation marks are numeric .
literals e.g., 22, 18, 1997, 2003 are all numeric literals.
‘i A text literal can have ma
Numeric literals can either be integer literals i.e., without any mum length of 4000 bjs «
decimal or be real literals ie., with a decimal point e.g. 17 is an MySQL5.1.
integer literal but 17.0 and 17.5 are real literals
13.2.2 Data Types
Data types are means to identify the type of data and associated operations for handling?
A value’s datatype associates a fixed set of properties with the value. These properties cause differat
treatment of datatypes. For example, you can add values of NUMBER datatypes, but you cannot”
add values of CHAR or VARCHAR types. Internal datatypes supported by MySQL includett=
‘ones given here.
MySQL uses many different data types, divided into three categories :
© Numeric Date and time,and _ String types
Numeric Dota Types
Fed io TAL 1
) MySQL uses all the standard ANSI SQL.
common numeric data types and their d
signed, the allowable range ' oe |
range is from 0 to 4294967295.
be signe or unsigned. If signed, the allowable range i from 8
the allowable range is from 0 to 255. You can specify a width of up to 4 dig
that can be signed or unsigned. I signed, the allowable range is from
e is from 0 to 65535. You can specify a width of ane SIMPLE QUERIES IN qu
GBR A rinse nee at an
33 to 8388607, If inal red te oF is
cane Ge 109 dig BU allowae St I Maned, the alow abe range i rom
gh neem ae ls from 6 t0 16777215, You can specify
i -9223372036854775808,
1844674407370955161:
an be 9
ged oF wns
to snaasransessarmsgnt HE signed, the att
Erk yaa he allowable ang i trom
at te lee rng em
can define the display length (M) and th
will default to 10.2, where? isthe number
(including decimals), Decimal precision can
yAT(M.D)
flo’ number of decimals (1p), be unsigned. You
of decimals and 10 is the total anol eared
is the P
go to 24 places for a LOA umber of digits
EMD) A double precisi
DOUEMET ength (MD) and the mu Munber ha cenno be
tpt (0) ae he muro dec oy le You defi te dopa
REAL isa synonym for DOUBEAE, Dest Precson can go 5 plas for DOUBLE
CECMALW.D) | An unpacked floating point number that cannot be unsigned, in unpacks
signed. In unpacked decimals, each decimal
corresponds to one byte. Definin,
Defining the display leng
required. NUMERIC is a synonsen foc seed OM) and the numberof decimals (D)
Date ond Time Types
‘The MySQL date and time datatypes are :
A date in YYYY-MM-DD format, between 1000-01-01 ar
‘Acdate DOE MED ore omen -O1 and 9999-12-31. For example, December
A date and time combination in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
iat, between 1000-01-01 00:00:00
and 9999-12-31 23:59:59. For example, 3:30 in the aftemoon on December 30, 1973 would be
stored as 1973-12-30 15:30:00.
TESTA A timestamp between midnight, January 1, 1970 and sometime in 2038. This looks like the previous
DATETIME format, only without the hyphens between numbers; 3:30 in the afternoon on
December 30th, 1973 would be stored as 19731230153000 (YYYYMMDDHHMMSS).
DATE
DATETIME
TIME Stores the time in HH:MME:SS format.
YEAR) Stores @ year in 2-digit or #digit format. Ifthe length is specified = (for example YEAR(2)), YEAR
: canbe 1970 to 0870 to 69) Ifthe length is spefid as 4, YEAR can be 1901 692195 ‘The default
length is 4.
String/Text i
o/ Text ee at, This list describes the common string
Most data that you use in 2
__ datatypes in MySQL.
: ? mid 255 characters in length. (fOr ‘example CHAR@)),
1a ‘fored, Defining a length is not
ao the spectied length wen
database is in string form:
ant 255 craters in ena F example VARCHAR(5)-
vrpen ereating & V {CHAR field ‘oman
fl TS
BLOBS are “Binary Lane oe a
ata, such as images OF riven the two is
ints of data; the diler nd are not case
tive on
se with BLOB or TEXT. ~ a
COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON ig,
536 ;
rINYBLOB ‘A BLOB or TEXT column with @ maximum length of 255 characters. You do not specify
i eT length with TINYBLOB or ‘TINYTEXT. sesh '
saximum length of 16777215 characters. You do not specify |
(BLOB or A BLOB or TEXT column with a1
Meo MREXT a length with MEDIUMBLOB or ‘MEDIUMTEXT. ;
ae 967295 characters. You do no,
LONGBLOB or A BLOB
num length of 4294:
‘or TEXT column with « maximum
LONGTEXT specify a length with LONGBLOB or LONGTEXT.
ENUM ‘An enumeration is a fancy term for list. When defining an ENUYE You Eo a stot
items from which the value must pases Ge ieenibe NID resample fou
wa 1 field to contain “A” or “BY or “C", you your ENUM as ENUM,
(aac) and only those values (or NULL) could ever populate, that Feld.
Difference between Char and Varchar Datatypes
In order to understand the difference between CHAR
clear about fixed length and variable length fields.
'A field is a data element which can store one type of information which is composed of
characters, Number of characters thataa field can store, is called field length or field width, As each
character requires one byte for its storage, number of characters inside a field determine its field
width in bytes (as those many bytes the field requires for its storage).
and VARCHAR datatypes, one must be
There can be fixed length fields as well as variable length fields. de
Fixed length fields have fixed lengths ie., they occupy fixed number of bytes for every data
element they store. These number of bytes are determined by maximum number of characters
the field can store. Not necessarily, all data elements inside a field are of same length, but the
field length is determined by determining the maximum possible characters in a data element.
In fixed length fields, some space is always wasted as all data elements do not use all the space
reserved but processing is much simpler in case of fixed length fields.
Variable length fields have varied field lengths ie,, field length is determined separately for
every data element inside the field. The number of characters in the data element become its
field length. Let us consider a field “Student Name“ is having data elements “KINARI BAZAR”
and “RANG MAHAL”. For the first data element “KINARI BAZAR” field length is 12 bytes
(1 byte for space also, as it is also a character) and for “RANG MAHAL" it is 10 bytes. In
variable length fields, there is no wastage of ing i i i
ee 'g¢ of space, but processing is complex in case of variable hooter 13 + SIMPLE QUERIES IN sq
53.2.3 Null Values
Ifa column in a row has no vak
appesr "th btaminalta ae aa then column is said to be null, or to. contain a null. Nulls can
PRIMARY KEY integrity constrained Yeni they are not restricted by NOT NULL or
known or when a value would Te be me singe use a null value when the actual value is not
8
rpreentavalusofze because thy emote ———
: f zero, becau alent Any
8 @ null always evaluates to Any arithmetic expression con-
0.9 mull To fact, alLoperators | tinin # wll cays erfames
When given anulloperand, _*!
(except concatenation) return null
13.2.4 Comments
‘A comment is a text that is not executed ; it i
zl itis only f i
eer ect heme rp nt A cme
A ae can appear between any keywords, parameters or punctuation marks in a
statement. You can include a comment in a statement using either of these means :
© Begin the comment with /*. Proceed with the text of the comment, This text can span
multiple lines. End the comment with */. The opening and terminating characters need
not be separated from the text by a space or a line break.
> Begin the comment with —~ (followed by a space). Proceed with the text of the Comment.
This text cannot extend to a new line. End the comment with a line break.
© Begin the comment with #. Proceed with the text of the comment. This text cannot extend to
a new line. End the comment with a line break.
A SQL statement can contain multiple comments of both styles. The text of a comment can
contain any printable characters in your database character set. For example,
SELECT ename, sal, job, loc
/* Select all employees whose compensation is
greater than 300. */
FROM empl, dept
WHERE emp].deptno = dept .deptno #joining two tables
ANDsal>3@0; _-- this condition is testingwhether salary is more than 380 or not.
13.3 SQL Command Syntax
The SQL provides a predefined
before discussing them, we must
commands.
ial meaning in SQL. They are understood to be
Keywonis, are eee mcrae ave been printed in capital letters. Commands, or
erties ee ee given by you to a SQL database. Commands consist of one or more
statements, are instructions 81°71 T°" Clauses begin with a keyword for which they are
ts. Examples of clauses are “FROM sales’”
ruments complete or modify the meaning of a clause, In
aes argument, ea FROM is, the keyword. of FROM latinas
is
set of commands that help us work on relational databases. But
be familiar with the conventions and terminology used in SQL
: Set called clauses.
logically a oi, eee, of keywords and argumen COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PrTHoy, 3
Likewise ‘euue = 1500.07" is the argument of the WHERE clause. Objects are structures
ease aRaie ies eves ool eked a? Piya nd nana
Now that we are about to start SQL commands, following table 1) summa
symbols used in syntax statements :
‘Table 13.1 Symbols Used in Syntax Statements
This symbolic way of saying “or”. Thats, whatever precedes this symbol may option
be replaced by whatever follows it
Everything enclosed in tis treated as a unit for the purposes of evaluating, . or other symbn
This means, everything enclosed in it is optional. :
‘This means whatever precedes it may be repeated any number of times.
Whatever precedes this, may be repeated any number of times with the individual occurene,
separated by commas.
SQL and other special terms are in angle brackets.
A stalement in MySQL SQL is completed with a semicolon() ie., at the end of the So
statement, you have to give a semicolon(;). Also, you can write SQL statement in any case,
whether lower-case or upper-case, as the commands in SQL
are not case-sensitive. However the text literals or character 2,
{itera that you specify in quotation marks are case-sensitive, cormangs nga
case-sensitive,
13.4 Sample Database ae,
In the coming sections, you'll be learning about how to use SQL commands on a My
database. But before you start using commands, one more thing you need to do and that is
#0 load a sample database. For this purpose, we downloaded menagerie example database from the
MYSQL site (dev/mysql/com/doc/) and loaded it on our MySQL server ac er given instructions.
(Create a folder namely SampleDB on hard disk of your machine. Say its path is DASampleDB.
You can create this folder on any other drive too. If youintend to do so, simply use that pathin
Place of the “D:\SampleDB” in the coming lines.)
1. To load this database, first you need
SampleDB that you created earlier.
to uncompress the menagerie.zip file in the folder
following text in it :
Drop database if exists menagerie ;
CREATE DATABASE menagerie ;
USE menagerie ;
SOURCE D: /SamplepB/er ¢ CChopter 13 + SIMPLE QUERIES IN SQL
hs
To use Downlon,uncompres then ead to MysGLermne
Example Databases
‘elye dita asl, chan at and estefan te)
wort database (a versions, used mySQL cerications an raring)
_slda database (requires MySQL 5.0 or later
renagee bane (avesons)
3. Replace D:/SampleDB/ with the path of your folder you created earlier, if the path of
that folder is different from D:/SampleDB. (Make sure to use front slash (/) in place of
backslash (\) in paths and pathnames.)
4. Save the file.
5. Now start MySQL. In front of MySQL prompt, type :
mysql> SOURCE D: /SAMPLEDB/MENA. SQL
6. It will create the example database “menagerie” for you. (See fig below)
ae Crt serected, 1 wera 2.0 2)
faeces.
Pe Te rece, win 00 0)
foe ered 8
ner 80 areal “tbysk Sting
7, Now type Show tables; in front of mysql>
! mysql> show tables;
tb will display the lis of tables in your newly crea COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON 9g
540 :
1 “The two tables of menagerie database are as shown below :
Table 13.2 Event Table of Database Menagerie
name date _type 5 remark a
Flutiy 1995-05-15 litter 4 kittens, 3 female, 1 male
Buffy 1993-06-23 litter pups eet c eens
Buity 1994-06-19 | litter 3 puppies, 3 female
Chirpy 1999-03-21 vet needed beak straightened
Slim 1997-08-03 vet ‘broken rib
Bowser | 1991-10-12 kennel NULL
Fang. 1991-10-12 kennel NULL
Fang 1998-08-28 birthday Gave him a new chew toy
Claws 1998-03-17 birthday Gave him a new flea collar
Whistler | _ 1998-12-09 birthday First birthday
lable 13.3. Pet Table of Database Menagerie
name ‘owner | species sex birth death
Fluity Harold | cat f 1993-02-04 | NULL.
Claws Gwen cat m 1994-03-17 | NULL |
Buty Harold | dog f 1989-05-13 | NULL
Fang, Benny dog, m 1990-08-27 | NULL
Bowser | Diane dog, m 1979-08-31 | 1995-07-29
Chirpy | Gwen bird f 1998-09-11 | NULL
Whistler | Gwen bird NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL
cep Benny snake m 1996-04-29 | NULL ~
Puffball_| Diane hamster £ 1999-030 | NULL
A database once created, is ready for further
processing. You must not create database OTE.
every time you log on to MySQL. Just create it although databases
for the very first a cies at ete ee sites
your home machines only. In your school
labs, your teachers keep every thing ready for
you. Just give it a thought, how much extra
work they do to make your learning ef
and fruitful. Don’t a
heartfelt thanks for that sink oe CChopter 13 + SIMPLE QUERIES IN SQL
13.5.1 Accessing Database
Before you start making
queries
database for use. For this afte: oc pa in ne oe ‘you neeg to open the
'ySQL, you need to issue a command :
Use ps
For example, we want tow: abl
: > ork on
flowing command ate ogg sce eam nam mem oe sal wnethe
mysql> USE menagerie ;
Database changed
mysql>
Once the database menagerie is o ymand!
c ed f z
be lesmingihtaghorwhia tomer | film baa aoe Melee wi
13.5.2 The SELECT Command
ate SELECT command of SQL lets you make queries on the database. A query is a command
t is given to produce certain specified information from the database table(s). There are
various ways and combinations, a SELECT statement can be used into. It can be used to retrieve
a subset of rows or columns from one or more tables. In its simplest form, SELECT statement is
used as given below :
SELECT [, ,
FROM ;
Selecting columns ns
For example, if you want to view only the cd
information of two columns riame and owner of hte. O on eae
table pet, you may write your query as | claws | Gwen ‘
jButty MoMaroid
mysql> SELECT name, owner | Fang | Benny |
s ; | Bowser | Diane |
*EROERS 1 Chirpy Gwen 1
Then MySQL will produce the adjacent result | Whistler | Gwen \
which is based on the Pet table of Menagerie a
database, shown in Table 13.2
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
If you want to see the information of columns
| owner 1
1
a name, owner, and species from the table pet, you
Harold oe | will write
Gwen ea |
naroid dog ; SELECT name, owner, species
Benny Bee i FROM pet ;
Diane:
\
Gwen COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHGN Ji
3.5.3 Selecting all Columns
: lecting all
If you want to see the entire table i.c., every column of a table, you need not give a complete
of columns, The asterisk (*) can be substituted for a complete list of columns as follows :
i be li
SELECT * FROM pet 5
This will display all the rows present in the pet table.
13.5.4 Reordering Columns in Query Results ‘
While giving a querying, the result can be obtained in any order. For example, if you give
SELECT species, name, sex, FROM pet ;
the result will be having species as first eer Ts
| species
column, name as second column, and sex as
third column, will be displayed as shown. | cae | Flutty | € {
below. You can write the column names in. Locat 1 Claws: 4 m fot
any order and the output will be having, ! ge 4 Busy lef aft i
information in exactly the same order. age cose aaron
| bird |chirpy | f i
mysql> SELECT species, name, sex Tacs antec ,
Scie Pa ea !
| hamster | Puffball | £ \
ae i )
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
The order of selection determines
the order of display.
13.5.5 Eliminating Redundant Data (with keyword DISTINCT)
By default, data is selected from all the rows of the table, even if the data appearing in the result
gets duplicated. The DISTINCT keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the results of a
SELECT statement, For example, if the Suppliers table stores the names and cities of the. suppliers
and we want to see the cities where the Suppliers belong to. The table may consist of more than
one supplier belonging to the same city but the result of the query Id contain
duplicated city names. ;
To do so, we shall write
SELECT DISTINCT city
FROM Suppliers ;
In the output, there would be no duplicate rows,
enever DISTINCT is used, only one NULL value
is returned in the results, no matter how many NULL,
alues are encountered.
If we consider Suppliers table of chapter 12,
e output in the right. Chopter 19 : SIMPLE, QUERIES IN SQL
panete 13.1 Display distinct species of pets from able pe,
Solution.
mysql> SELECT OISTINCT( species) FROM pet ;
13.5.6 Selecting from all the Rows ~ ALL Keyword ees
tin place of DISTINCT, you give ALL then the result ° <** 1" set (0.03 secy
retains the duplicate output rows. It is just the same as
when you specify neither DISTINCT nor ALL; ALL ic
essentially a clarifier rather than a functional argument,
Thus if you give
SELECT ALL city FROM suppliers ;
itwill give values of city column from every row of the
table without considering the duplicate entries.
Considering the same table Suppliers, now the output
will be as shown here.
XAMPLE 13.2 Display species of all pets from table pet. oeleona
Solution. oases
mysql> SELECT ALL species FROM pet ; eae
| 609
dog
| dog
| bara
| bird
| snake
3.5.7. Viewing Structure of Table Loeasies
just ba u ybasename> ; A.,
learnt just back that Use
