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Co Unit3 p-1

The document discusses control units in digital computers. It covers topics like control memory, address sequencing, microprogram examples, and the design of control units. Specifically: 1. Control memory stores control words that represent the control variables and can be programmed to perform operations. A control unit with a control memory is called a microprogrammed control unit. 2. Address sequencing determines the address sequence read from control memory. It includes incrementing the control address register, unconditional/conditional branching, and mapping instruction bits to a control memory address. 3. A microprogram example shows a 20-bit microinstruction format divided into fields for microoperations, condition codes, and branching. It specifies the information encoded in each

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Sanju Sanjay
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29 views12 pages

Co Unit3 p-1

The document discusses control units in digital computers. It covers topics like control memory, address sequencing, microprogram examples, and the design of control units. Specifically: 1. Control memory stores control words that represent the control variables and can be programmed to perform operations. A control unit with a control memory is called a microprogrammed control unit. 2. Address sequencing determines the address sequence read from control memory. It includes incrementing the control address register, unconditional/conditional branching, and mapping instruction bits to a control memory address. 3. A microprogram example shows a 20-bit microinstruction format divided into fields for microoperations, condition codes, and branching. It specifies the information encoded in each

Uploaded by

Sanju Sanjay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topics to be

• Control covered
Memory,
• Address sequencing,
• Micro program
example,
• Design of Control Unit

•1
Control Memory
• The function of the control unit in a digital computer is
to initiate sequences of micro operations.
• The control unit initiates a series of sequential steps of micro
operations.
• The control variables at any given time can be represented
by a string of 1's and 0's called a control word.
• As such, control words can be programmed to perform
various operations on the components of the system.
• A control unit whose binary control variables are stored
in memory is called micro programmed control unit.
• A memory that is a part of control unit is called a control
memory.

•2
Address sequencing
•Control memory address register specifies the address of the microinstruction,
and the control data register holds the microinstruction read from memory.
•The microinstruction contains a control word that specifies one or more micro
operations for the data processor.
•The next address generator is sometimes called a micro program sequencer, as
it determines the address sequence that is read from control memory.
•The control data register holds the present microinstruction while the next
address is computed and read from memory. The data register is sometimes
called a pipeline register.
•It allows the execution of the micro operations specified by the control word
simultaneously with the generation of the next microinstruction.

•Micro programmed control organization


•3
Address sequencing
The address sequencing
capabilities required in a
control memory are:

1.Incrementing of the control


address register.
2.Unconditional branch or
conditional branch, depending
on status bit conditions.
3.A mapping process from the
bits of the instruction to an
address for control memory.
4.A facility for subroutine call
and return.

a subroutine is a sequence of program instructions that performs a specific task, packaged as a unit. This unit can then be used in programs
wherever that particular task should be performed. •4
Micro program
example

Computer hardware configuration.

•5
Micro program
example

• Microinstruction code format (20 bits).

•The micro operations are subdivided into three fields of three


bits each.
•The three bits in each field are encoded to specify seven
distinct micro operations
•The CD (condition) field consists of two bits which are
encoded to specify four status bit conditions
•The BR (branch) field consists of two bits. It is used, in
conjunction with the address field AD
•6
Micro program
example

• Microinstruction code format (20 bits).

•The micro operations are subdivided into three fields of three


bits each.
•The three bits in each field are encoded to specify seven
distinct micro operations
•The CD (condition) field consists of two bits which are
encoded to specify four status bit conditions
•The BR (branch) field consists of two bits. It is used, in
conjunction with the address field AD
•7
Micro program
example
1. The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address. A
label is terminated
The fields with
specify the a colon (:).
following The fields specify the following information:
information.1.The label field may be empty or it may specify a symbolic address.
A label is terminated with a colon (:).

2.The microoperations field consists of one, two, or three symbols, separated


by commas, . There may be no more than one symbol from each F field. The
NOP symbol is used when the microinstruction has no micro operations.
This will be translated by the assembler to nine zeros.

3. The CD field has one of the letters U, I, S, or Z.

4. The BR field contains one of the four symbols defined in previous Table
5.The AD field specifies a value for the address field of the microinstruction
in one of three possible ways:
a. With a symbolic address, which must also appear as a label
b. With the symbol NEXT to designate the next address in sequence
c. When the BR field contains a RET or MAP symbol, the AD field is
•9
•8
left empty and is converted to seven z•Sehrwoetsa Jbosyhi the assembler.
Micro program
example

•9•9
Design of Control Unit
• The bits of the microinstruction are usually divided into
fields, with each field defining a distinct, separate
function.
• The various fields encountered in instruction formats
provide control bits to initiate microoperations in the
system, special bits to specify the way that the next address
is to be evaluated, and an address field for branching.
• The number of control bits that initiate microoperations
can be reduced by grouping mutually exclusive variables
into fields and encoding the k bits in each field to provide
2^k micro operations

•10
•1
0
Design of Control Unit

•11
•1
1
Design of Control Unit

•12
•1
2

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