DARYLL R. BAYLOSIS G11 HADAR STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY HANDLED BY: MRS, ANGELYN T. NATIVIDAD PERFORMANCE TASK #1 1, Define the following: A, Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. In applying statistics toa scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model to be studied, B, Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and used for the purpose of analysis, It is the raw information from which statistics are created, Statistics are the results of data analysis - its interpretation and presentation, C. A population is a set of similar items or events which is of interest for some question or experiment. A statistical population can be « group of existing objects or a hypothetical and potentially infinite group of objects conceived as a generalization from experience, D. A sample refers to a smaller, manageable version of « larger group, It is « subset containing the characteristics of a larger population, Samples are used in statistical testing when population sizes are too large for the test to include all possible members or observations, E. A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted, A variable may also be called a data item, Age, sex, business income and expenses, country of birth, capital expenditure, class grades, eye colour and vehicle type are examples of variables,F Astatistic is a value that has been produced from « data collection, such as a summary measure, an estimate or projection, Statistical information is data that has been organised to serve a useful purpose. G. A parameter is any quantity of a statistical population that summarizes or describes an aspect of the population, such as a mean or a standard deviation. 2, Differentiate A. Qualitative data is descriptive in nature, expressed in terms of language rather than numerical values. Quantitative research is based on numeric data, Quantitative data refers to any information that can be quantified, counted or measured, and given a numerical value, B, Discrete data and continuous data are both types of quantitative data, The main difference between them is the type of information they represent, Discrete data typically only shows information for a particular event, while continuous data often shows trends in data over time. 3, Enumerate the levels of measurement/scale of measurement Levels of measurement Statisticians often refer to the “levels of measurement” of « variable, a measure, or a scale to distinguish between measured variables that have different properties, There are four basic levels: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal A variable measured ona “nominal” scale is a variable that does not really have any evaluative distinction. One value is really not any greater than another, A good example of « nominal variable is sex (or gender), Information in a data set on sex is usually coded as 0 or 1, 1 indicating male and 0indicating female (or the other way around--0 for male, 1 for female), 1 in this case is an arbitrary value and it is not any greater or better than 0, There is only a nominal difference between 0 and 1, With nominal variables, there is a qualitative difference between values, not a quantitative one, Ordinal Something measured on an “ordinal” scale does have an evaluative connotation. One value is greater or larger or better than the other. Product Ais preferred over product B, and therefore A receives a value of 1 and i> receives a value of 2, Another example might be rating your job satisfaction ona scale from 1 to 10, with 10 representing complete satisfaction, With ordinal scales, we only know that 2 is better than 1 or 10 is better than 4; we do not know by how much, It may vary, The distance between 1 and 2 maybe shorter than between 4 and 10, Interval A variable measured on an interval scale gives information about more or betterness as ordinal scales do, but interval variables have an equal distance between each value, The distance between 1 and 2 is equal to the distance between % and 10, Temperature using Celsius or Fahrenheit is a good example, there is the exact same difference between 100 degrees and 40 as there is between 42 and 32, Ratio Something measured on a ratio scale has the same properties that an interval scale has except, with « ratio scaling, there is an absolute zero point. Temperature measured in Kelvin is an example. There is no value possible below 0 degrees Kelvin, it is absolute zero, Weight is another example, 0 lbs, is a meaningful absence of weight. Your bank account balance is another, Although you can have negative or positive account balance, there is a definite and nonarbitrary meaning of an account balance of 0,4, Enumerate and defined the measure under the following: A, The measures of central tendency are statistical measures that describe the center or typical value of a set of data. The main measures are: 1, Mean (Average): It is the sum of all values in a dataset divided by the number of values, It represents the central point, 2, Median (Middle): It is the middle value of a dataset when it is ordered, If there's an even number of data points, the median is the average of the two middle values, It is less af fected by extreme values than the mean, 3, Mode (Most popular): I+ is the value that appears most Frequently in a dataset, A dataset may have no mode, one mode, or multiple modes. These measures help provide insights into the central tendencies of a dataset, aiding in understanding its typical values, B, Measures of location in statistics help identify specific positions or values within « dataset. Here are some key measures: 1, Percentile: A percentile is a measure indicating the relative standing of a particular value within a dataset, For example, the 75th percentile represents the value below which 75% of the data falls, 2, Quartiles: Quartiles divide a dataset into four equal parts, The first quartile (Q1) is the value below which 25% of the data falls, the second quartile (Q2) is the median, and the third quartile (Q3) is the value below which 75% of the data falls, 3, Deciles: Similar to percentiles, deciles divide a dataset into ten equal parts, providing more granularity than quartiles, These measures help in understanding the distribution and position of values within a dataset, offering insights into the spread and characteristics of thedata, C, Measures of variation quantify the spread or dispersion of a set of data points. Common measures include: 1, Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset, providing a simple indication of overall variability, 2, Variance: A more comprehensive measure that calculates the average squared deviation of each data point from the mean, 3, Standard Deviation: The square root of the variance, offering a more interpretable measure of dispersion in the original units of the data, 4, Interquartile Range (IQR): The range within which the middle 50% of the data lies, calculated as the difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1). These measures help statisticians and researchers understand the extent to which data values deviate from the central tendency, providing insights into the overall distribution of the dataset,REFERENCES https: //www,.google.com/#sbfbu=1&pi= https://www.wikipedia.org/ https://m.youtube.com/