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Operators

The document provides information about operators in Python including: - Bitwise operators like & (bitwise conjunction), | (bitwise disjunction), ~ (bitwise negation), and ^ (bitwise exclusive or) allow manipulating single bits of data. - Logical operators like and and or operate on logical values and do not penetrate to the bit level. Bitwise operators deal with each bit separately. - The bitwise operators &, |, and ^ can be used to check, reset, set, or negate a single bit by applying a bit mask. - Shift operators << and >> shift bits left or right, multiplying or dividing the value by powers of two similarly to multiplying or dividing a base-10

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Shekar G
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24 views

Operators

The document provides information about operators in Python including: - Bitwise operators like & (bitwise conjunction), | (bitwise disjunction), ~ (bitwise negation), and ^ (bitwise exclusive or) allow manipulating single bits of data. - Logical operators like and and or operate on logical values and do not penetrate to the bit level. Bitwise operators deal with each bit separately. - The bitwise operators &, |, and ^ can be used to check, reset, set, or negate a single bit by applying a bit mask. - Shift operators << and >> shift bits left or right, multiplying or dividing the value by powers of two similarly to multiplying or dividing a base-10

Uploaded by

Shekar G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Do not try to:

perform a division by zero;

perform an integer division by zero;

find a remainder of a division by zero.

Python follows left side binding --> 9 % 6 % 3 = 1 (left side binding)

Exponentiation operator always uses right side binding --> 2**2**3 = 256

Operator priorities

Print( 5 * ((25%13) + 100) / (2 * 13) //2)

Variables – No spaces and should not start with a number

Reserved Words
Note: make use of the ** operator to evaluate the square root as:

and

The code outputs:

c = (a**2 + b**2) ** 0.5

Strings
Logical operators

AND
OR

NOT

Logical values vs. single bits

However, there are four operators that allow you to manipulate


single bits of data. They are called bitwise operators. They cover
all the operations we mentioned before in the logical context, and
one additional operator. This is the xor (as in exclusive or)
operator, and is denoted as ^ (caret). Here are all of them:

 & (ampersand) bitwise conjunction


 | (bar) bitwise disjunction
 ~ (tilde) bitwise negation
 ^ (caret) bitwise exclusive or (xor)

Let’s make it easier:

 & requires exactly two 1s to provide 1 as the result;


 | requires at least one 1 to provide 1 as the result;
 ^ requires exactly one 1 to provide 1 as the result.
Let us add an important remark: the arguments of these
operators must be integers; we must not use floats here.
The difference in the operation of the logical and bit operators is
important: the logical operators do not penetrate into the bit level
of its argument. They’re only interested in the final integer value.
Bitwise operators are stricter: they deal with every bit
separately. If we assume that the integer variable occupies 64 bits
(which is common in modern computer systems), you can imagine
the bitwise operation as a 64-fold evaluation of the logical operator
for each pair of bits of the arguments. This analogy is obviously
imperfect, as in the real world all these 64 operations are performed
at the same time (simultaneously).

How logical operators work

The assignment is given:


log = i and j
We are dealing with a logical conjunction here. Let’s trace the
course of the calculations. Both variables iandj are not zeros, so
will be deemed to represent True. Consulting the truth table for
the and operator, we can see that the result will be True. No other
operations are performed.
How Bitwise operators work

Now the bitwise operation – here it is:


bit = i & j
The & operator will operate with each pair of corresponding bits
separately, producing the values of the relevant bits of the result.
Therefore, the result will be as follows →
These bits correspond to the integer value of six.

Negation

Let’s look at the negation operators now. First the logical one:
logneg = not i
The logneg variable will be set to False – nothing more needs to be
done.
The bitwise negation goes like this:
bitneg = ~i
It may be a bit surprising: the bitneg variable value is -16. This
may seem strange, but isn’t at all. If you wish to learn more, you
should check out the binary numeral system and the rules
governing two’s complement numbers.
How do we deal with single bits?

We’ll now show you what you can use bitwise operators for.
Imagine that you’re a developer obliged to write an important piece
of an operating system. You’ve been told that you’re allowed to use
a variable assigned in the following way →

The variable stores the information about various aspects of system


operation. Each bit of the variable stores one yes/no value. You’ve
also been told that only one of these bits is yours – the third
(remember that bits are numbered from zero, and bit number zero
is the lowest one, while the highest is number 31). The remaining
bits are not allowed to change, because they’re intended to store
other data. Here’s your bit marked with the letter x→

You may be faced with the following tasks:

 check the state of your bit – you want to find out the value of
your bit; comparing the whole variable to zero will not do
anything, because the remaining bits can have completely
unpredictable values, but you can use the following conjunction
property:

x & 1 = x
x & 0 = 0
If you apply the & operation to the FlagRegister variable
along with the following bit image:
0000000000000000000000000000001000
(note the 1 at your bit’s position) as the result, you obtain one
of the following bit strings:
0000000000000000000000000000001000if your bit was set to 1
0000000000000000000000000000000000if your bit was reset
to 0
Such a sequence of zeros and ones, whose task is to grab the
value or to change the selected bits, is called a bit
mask. Let’s build a bit mask to detect the state of your bit. It
should point to the third bit. That bit has the weight of 2 = 8.
3

A suitable mask could be created by the following declaration:


TheMask = 8
You can also make a sequence of instructions depending on the
state of your bit – here it is →

 reset your bit – you assign a zero to the bit while all the other
bits must remain unchanged; let’s use the same property of the
conjunction as before, but let’s use a slightly different mask –
exactly as below:

1111111111111111111111111111110111
Note that the mask was created as a result of the negation of all the
bits of TheMask variable. Resetting the bit is simple, and looks like
this (choose the one you like more) →

 set your bit – you assign a 1 to your bit, while all the remaining
bits must remain unchanged; use the following disjunction
property:
x | 1 = 1
x | 0 = x
You’re now ready to set your bit with one of the following
instructions →

 Negate your bit – you replace a 1 with a 0 and a 0with a 1. You


can use an interesting property of the xor operator:

x ^ 1 = ~x
x ^ 0 = x
and negate your bit with the following instructions →

Python offers yet another operation relating to single bits: shifting.


This is applied only to integer values, and you mustn’t use floats as
arguments for it. You already apply this operation very often and
quite unconsciously. How do you multiply any number by ten? Take
a look:
12345 × 10 = 123450
As you can see, multiplying by ten is in fact a shift of all the digits
to the left and filling the resulting gap with zero. Division by ten?
Take a look:
12340 ÷10 = 1234
Dividing by ten is nothing but shifting the digits to the right.
The same kind of operation is performed by the computer, but with
one difference: as two is the base for binary numbers (not 10),
shifting a value one bit to the left thus corresponds to multiplying it
by two; respectively, shifting one bit to the right is like dividing by
two (notice that the rightmost bit is lost).
The shift operators in Python are a pair of digraphs, << and >>,
clearly suggesting in which direction the shift will act. The left
argument of these operators is an integer value whose bits are
shifted. The right argument determines the size of the shift. It
shows that this operation is certainly not commutative.
The priority of these operators is very high. You’ll see them in the
updated table of priorities, which we’ll show you at the end of this
section.
Take a look at these shifts →
The final print() invocation produces the following output:
17 68 8
Note:

 17 // 2 → 8 (shifting to the right by one bit is the same as


integer division by two)
 17 * 4 → 68 (shifting to the left by two bits is the same as
integer multiplication by four)
Final Operators Table

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