Scribd
Upload
8 views

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of computer system structure and operating systems. It discusses how a computer system is divided into four main components: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It defines the operating system as a resource allocator and control program that manages system resources and execution of programs. The document also describes how computer systems are organized with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices connected via a common bus, and how interrupts allow concurrent execution of the CPU and devices competing for memory access.

Uploaded by

Prabhu R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture 1

This document provides an overview of computer system structure and operating systems. It discusses how a computer system is divided into four main components: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It defines the operating system as a resource allocator and control program that manages system resources and execution of programs. The document also describes how computer systems are organized with CPUs, memory, and I/O devices connected via a common bus, and how interrupts allow concurrent execution of the CPU and devices competing for memory access.

Uploaded by

Prabhu R
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

CS8493-OPERATING SYSTEMS

UNIT-I

Lecture1:
Computer System Overview

Staff Incharge
Mr.R.Prabhu AP/CSE
Computer System Structure
 Computer system can be divided into four
components:
◦ Hardware – provides basic computing resources
 CPU, memory, I/O devices
◦ Operating system
 Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
◦ Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
 Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
◦ Users
 People, machines, other computers
Four Components of a Computer System
What Operating Systems Do
 Depends on the point of view
 Users want convenience, ease of use and good
performance
◦ Don’t care about resource utilization
 But shared computer such as mainframe or
minicomputer must keep all users happy
 Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have
dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources
from servers
 Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for
usability and battery life
 Some computers have little or no user interface, such as
embedded computers in devices and automobiles
Operating System Definition

 OS is a resource allocator
◦ Manages all resources
◦ Decides between conflicting requests
for efficient and fair resource use
 OS is a control program
◦ Controls execution of programs to
prevent errors and improper use of the
computer
Operating System Definition (Cont.)
 No universally accepted definition
 “Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating
system” is a good approximation
◦ But varies wildly
 “The one program running at all times on the computer” is
the kernel.
 Everything else is either
◦ a system program (ships with the operating system) , or
◦ an application program.
Computer Startup

 bootstrap program is loaded at


power-up or reboot
◦ Typically stored in ROM or EPROM,
generally known as firmware
◦ Initializes all aspects of system
◦ Loads operating system kernel and
starts execution
Computer System Organization
 Computer-system operation
◦ One or more CPUs, device controllers connect
through common bus providing access to shared
memory
◦ Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices
competing for memory cycles
Computer-System Operation
 I/O devices and the CPU can execute
concurrently
 Each device controller is in charge of a
particular device type
 Each device controller has a local buffer
 CPU moves data from/to main memory
to/from local buffers
 I/O is from the device to local buffer of
controller
 Device controller informs CPU that it has
finished its operation by causing an interrupt
Common Functions of Interrupts
 Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt
service routine generally, through the interrupt
vector, which contains the addresses of all the
service routines
 Interrupt architecture must save the address of
the interrupted instruction
 A trap or exception is a software-generated
interrupt caused either by an error or a user
request
 An operating system is interrupt driven
Interrupt Handling
 The operating system preserves the state of
the CPU by storing registers and the program
counter
 Determines which type of interrupt has
occurred:
◦ polling
◦ vectored interrupt system
 Separate segments of code determine what
action should be taken for each type of
interrupt
Interrupt Timeline

You might also like