I] CHAPTER Introduction to Software Engineering 1 1 Syllabus : a | The Nature of Software, Software Engineering. | .1__ Introduction Computers are becoming an unavoidable necessity or say the part and parcel of our life. We do most of our day’s work using computers and digital devices — to book railway tickets or movie tickets, search for some books on amazon, bank transactions, and any task you name it is done tusing computers. Therefore itis very important to build these computerized systems in an effective way. Building such systems requires certain technical as well as communication skills and capabilities to understand and follow a planned and systematic procedure. .2 Software im Q. _Define software. Software is a set of instructions to acquire inputs and to process them to fuce the desired output in terms of Pettne and perfomance as TU) determined by the user of the software. It is developed to handle an Input- Process-Output system to achieve predetermined goals. Software encompasses of 1. Instructions (Computer programs) 2. Documents (Describes programs) 3, Architecture including Data Structures (Enables programs) Sofware includes things such as websites, programs or video games that are coded by programming languages like C or C+. Output response(s) + Products *# Sorvoss Fig. 1.2.1 : Basic diagram of a software @ Software - a Product and a Vehicle : “goftware plays a dual role both as a product and a vehicle that delivers & product”. @ Software is a product : 1. Delivers computing potentialdisplays react any computer) aan cellular pho” " sinace as ing a Pr ox dering Pra em) e.g. an oper me jexworking soft effects Helps build other software (eB ot hardware but ans anything which is not : antware) in computer (is hardware). ‘a -a about the charac — Software ma os You will get more precise ides hardware from the below table ‘Table 1.2.1 : Characteristics of software ai ware) software tools) ardware, such as windows which is used with hi teristics of software and how it differs from nd how it differs from hardware Sr. Software No. Hardware [1. Titis developed or engineered. Itis manufactured. 2 |i dhesn't wear out as it is not prone to environmental problems. It wears out as thé time passes duc to the affects of dust, vibration, temperature extremes and many such environmental problems. 3, | Thee are no sofware spare parts which can be | When hardware fails, it can , repl Used to replace the software spare parts, as” 4 [Software is untouchable It is the code or | Hi i ardware is a physi i i : {unetions tha tell a computerhardware how | that you're able Wt, ie a 10 operate. It has no substance, teense 5. | Software is usual i ? ly generic but it can also be Iti cao anal Fre ba is manufactured or assembl e | cee seiteation, ording 10 the existing components, mage te | Sofvare is invaluable as cay Bey anya italtable asi can be inalea a | Examples: Microoh Window system that allow 8 any operatin ibis * you 0 contol your Exanph |__| sere 2 nme by cations lke Payrotter ™* Yeo games, 1.2.2 Classes Of Software Software is cles¥ Sofware Engineering (MU-BSc-Comp ) 13 Introduction to Software Engineering ‘Table 1.2.2 : Ditt “rence between generic software and customized software Sr. Generic Software : No- Customized Software [_1._| Designed for broad customer market , ———— Piped beter ond is pot Designed for specific business purposes designed by the procarcgcboctcatons ae [1s an sv and is specications ae osigned jammer. according to a particular firm or organization; it is not open for al 3, | Examples: — ERP/G = sess, OS, Syne aM _ CADICAM | Examples: Legacy systems, Process control fare. systems, Traific management system and : Hospital management system. 4, eet pesere seniors is done for | Custom Software Development is done to _general purpose audience. satisfy a particular need of a particular client. 5. | Requirements and specifications of this | Managed by the customer and influenced by software are managed by the developer. the practices of that industry. 6. | General Purpose software development is | By Buyer's point of view, he prefers to have a tough es compared with Custom made by | Custom Made application developed rather the design and marketing point of view. than buying a General Purpose software as he gets the application done that exactly matches his requirements. 7. | in General Purpose application design and | In Custom Made application, you have a development, you need to imagine what an | specific end-user. Understanding his need and end-user requires. Market Surveys and | analyzing it to get the best out of it helps in general customer demand analysis may help | such designs. in such designs. . ‘Syllabus Topic : The Nature of Software 4.3 The Nature of Software 1 hardware. It is generic Software is classifi System software interacts with computer software. It directly ed into 7 categories as below =to vO Ng 10 tem rating SYS" Oper soter? «tem suPPo! develop een vser and the hardware, . rw system n interface bet 1g system acts a5 22 roan ing system ¢ = (1) Operate erent services 10 USE: Y wwides different tC. fficiently. a 0s, Windows-XP, LINUX e nages hardware more © ; Bs Examples : DOS: system suppor software sstemsuppor software S) a 2) Sytem poe 10 devices or Antivirus racts with 10 devic z + Drivers of ich can inter Example: Dr he 10 device consist of interfacing Programs Sa — Drivers oft as rer 10 device sits own diver programs i T systems fr c and some time recove we viruses from the systems = Antivirus programs remove rmujor data loss. G) System development software + development environment to user. f Examples : Editor Pre Processors, Compiler, Interpreter, Loader etc. Etitor is used to create programs as well as itis used for modification of existing program System development software supports programm ~ Preprocessor works before the use of translators (that means compiler or editors) to replace some segments of eode with some other segment. It is also called as an expansion, ~ Compilers can translate high level programs into low level programs. ~_Intspreters can translate ine by line high level programs into low level programs. o: Louders are the software which can load object codes into 2. Application ‘software Applicaton sofware is only designed to Poblems as per aser’s requirement, Application software i pe can generic of i Prlkation sftvares classified into two eaegorce, ies : the main memory and execute it (Classification of Application software (1) General purpose software | (2) Special purpose sotware fication of A pp) solve user Fig Cla; (Geral rrp ore ig CLL: Class 8 mach nu : Er© somnare Eng ‘Software Engineering (MU-BSc-Comp,) 15 Introduction to Software Engineering [able 1.3.1: C, ‘ Table 1.3.1 : Comparison of system software with application software Sy Ww: is ‘stem software Application software Primarily concerned with = pert ‘eed with the | Primarily concemed with the solution etrerat tt manag eee cine y ith the solution of some sroblems, using the computer computer system. 5 A oa aaa System programs are intended fe y 2 to | The focus is on the application, not on the computin; support the operation and use of the | system. e aie computer itself. Is usually related to the architecture | 1s usually related to the detailed knowledge of the of the machine on which itis to run. | Language and environment. Thus, system programmer must have knowledge of computer architecture. Thus, application programmer must have detailed knowledge of high level programming language which is used to develop application program and environment (operating system) on which they are to run. It is machine dependent. tis machine independent. Used to develop new system | Used to develop new application programs and using programs and using Bootstrapping | cross compiler i.e. again system programs, we can we can make them portable. make them portable. Examples of system software are| Examples of Application software are Paint, ‘Assembler, linker, loader, compiler | Photoshop, Microsoft access etc. etc. 4. Engineering/Scientific software This type of software deals with processing requirements in specific epplicaions, These are specially used for drawing, drafting, modeling, load calculations and analyzing of engineering and statistical data for interpretation and decision making. Examples : CAD, CAM, CAE software’ ‘Computer-aided design (CAD) software, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software and computer-aided engineering (CAE) cttware is used in mechanical, electrical or electronic design; simulation, drafting, and engineering; and analysis and manufacturing; CAD, CAM, CAE and design software runs on rninframes, general-purpose workstations, and personal computers (PCs). Embedded software This type of software is embedded into hardware As & part of larger systems to control its aang runctions. This type of software is embedded in Read-Only-Memory (ROM) of the systems/products. Examples : Keypad control so! where there is a need to input, identify the st as Intelligent Software. Product-line software — Software product link creating a collection o ‘common means of production. ftware embedded in a microwave oven or washing machine decide and take action. These are also called es refers to software engineering methods, (cols and techniques for f similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using afeatures but wre common featur ners or market fic custor rd processor spreads! 1 software (we A fications). sare in Mny control pt inven gratis as the Internet or cr erwork such as the ae 6. Web applications er Oe 8 SP ; 5 sul A web app! ssed via web brc fn browser-suppored language on is cee’ raat. It is C8 # ublicly. Thu in nation pi PHP. ad the business to post informatic ome v 1 applications allowed the ot access. The problem wi generation web applies cl ser and Internet The firstg with a Web brows 1 i seen to anyon tion is th ; atic. this inform cb applicat at the information is stat j estate secant, 5s to do interactive queries agair ations ed the user? ration web applications allowed Beate eocrtion "Web 2.0" g 1 databases from the Web application. "Wel ers Reson © reheat nd web design. It allows communication, informat eb development and wel it i lesign and collaboration on WWW. a powerful business tool for organiz The second: genet a tions in the = Mhird-generation Web application Electronic Commerce (EC) efforts. 7. Artificial intelligence software ~ This software makes use of non numerical algorithms which use data generated in the systerr to solve complex problems that are not amenable to problem solving procedures and require specific analysis and interpretation of the problem to solve it. robotics, exper systems, artificial neural networks and computer games. All these n run either in real-time mode or offline mode. This soft nI free or charged by usage. Thus, they are a een pee es , they are also called Shareware and F a ss epeer Ey reeware. So ese areexclusively designed for web, network or the internet, — 1.3.1. The Evolving Role of Software Software evolu ion is the ter the software init mM used ially and then repea It’s genuine tha, = : and programming lane Co™Putn The software wtitten Such as lines of code, 1200'S are to “ode, Mall ‘more efficient compen 5 at the ~ Nowadays, softy et Versions. “etitectue Today's coft0o™ i all its specie sytem eee ATe includes the ‘oftware are shone = , + Smarter an cementation eS desi ion ED specifican i Pon, to ons,different parts of the technolo; today’s software program n hand with more adv: 1970s, the microcom dT luced. This in turn led or PC and Microsoft The Software Devel of software’ in the ances in computer hardware. In the mid puter was introd to the now famous Personal Computer Windows, lopment Life C i vife Cycle (SDLC) also starte 1980s, ©) also started to appear as a ‘centralized construction Open-source software started to ‘The Intemet and World Wide Web hit in the mid 90 Distributed Systems Sained a way to desi pa Programmers collaborated and rete to create cheaper and timelier s¢ Now, the era ‘computers. ‘appear inte enae'e 'PPear in the early 90s in the form of Linus. wrote the Agile Manife . Hi oftware MBie Manifesto that favored more light weight processes of Expert Sy: “pert Systems, AI, Neural Networks, Parallel computing and Network The ‘early era -one programmer’ > the cae Programmer” is replaced by teams of software engineers, each focusing on '8Y Tequired to build the complete software. And yet the questions asked to TS are same as that asked to the early era lone programmers: Takes more time to develop Development cost is high Defects found even after delivery More that estimated time and budget spent on maintaining the software ‘These concerned questions with the software development have led to the idea of software engineering practice. Syllabus Topic : Software Engineering eee 1.4 Software Engineering Qa Define Software engineering and its Objectives. ® Definition functioning and maintenance of the softwé can be defined as : choice of tech Software Engineering is a systematic, scientific and disciplined approach towards the development, are. ‘As described in the above definition, the systematic and scientific approach in software engineering quirements both by customer and developer. tomer requirements and its analysis to arrive at the Understanding of customer re red methodology to gather cus Use of structut Software Requirements Specification(SRS) i 1d costs. ight estimation of resource, efforts an s Ber tal and testing methodology foensure the quality of sofware BE aien fiware by the customer and users. Ease of installation, demonstration and implementation oe Such an Engineering approach is required 10 ensire nology and architecture to : software is designed with the correct ‘Achieve customer satisfaction Ensure on-time deliveryware Engineering pe developed win zase of mail pores ware development: piety software teil and poor ata ite delivery une cust sive software. fanned taney in maintenance skimately expensi = at ow cost on plane: pittculty i nent process ul “ie quality software ing, systematic espensesin developmen’ Fs to provide ae as project planning, sys io a goal of software eee ‘various phases SUC Prim: sing involves ware engine delivery dae, Some and maintenance. nalsis and design, resting an ic Objectives of Software Engineering are : 7 Basi Define software development plan — Manage software development activities — Design the proposed product — Code/develop the product — Test the product modules, = Invegrate the modules and test the system as a whole: = Maintain the product Software Engincering is the part of a larger subject called issues like hardware platiorm, operating system, performance, scalability and upgrades to develop the uses Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASI MagicDraw), software quality testin writers. Thus, a good software en, software, ems Engineering which considers and interoperability between platforms, software. While considering these issues, it as E) tools (e.g. ArgoUML, Case Studio 2, 'g tools, code generators (e.g, XMLSpy, UModel), and , , and report sineer must know how to use these tools to develop quality * Key challenges of Software Engineering : Heterogeneity : to use th execution environmenss,F sonwaro Engineering (MU-BSo-Comp 1.5.1 Qua 1-9 Introduction to Software Engineering Software Enginee fare Engineering rests on an occ; Se *ganizational commitment to quality, whi improvements in Software cagineering rosea’ oe to quality, which leads to continuous : = einen (Quatty Grane Bo us on quality is always the primary goal of software is qualitative if it i and understood easily, if it is modifiable and accommodat und ly fable and accommodates new faction and is completed in time within budget . - Remember : High quality - Why ? Less rework! Project timeliness 1.5.2 Software Process [[@.__What is the need of Software Process 7 When building a product, it's importamt to go through some predictable steps ice. called process that helps you to create a timely and high quality product. A process is the foundation of software engineering. It defines a framework that must be established to ensure effective delivery of Software Engineering technology. The key use of a process is : . - Producing models, documents, data, forms and reports. - Establishing milestones. - Software Quality Assurance (SQA). — Software Configuration (change) Management (SCM). 1.5.3 Software Engineering Methods Method is an ordered way of developing a software. This includes the suggestions for the process to be followed, the notations to be used, the rules governing the system descriptions and the design guidelines It provides the technical “how to's” for building a software. It includes how to implement the following generic processes - Communication — Requirements Analysis — Design — Testing — Maintenance — Program Construction ; (ethods it y the process to be producing software. They include suggestions for eae the EG aReen = pening the system descriptions which are produced and 1 design guidelines. 1.5.4 CASE Tools ie Z ods, For example; They provide automated or semi-automated support for the process and the met a tool used in software ‘Aided Software Engineering t00! us = CASE represents Computer process. - ACASE tool is 2 activities within aso! development ter-aided product specially designed to support the software engineering comput feware development process.Qt a2 as a4 as as is are: Visual Stud gio NET Examples of CaS° tool! stion CASE tools toois -Bo of levelopment * = land Audits Cate mays tata models -UML editors CASE tools used fo CASE tools -Refactoring 00'S code er CASE tool 1 CASE tool -CVS, ete Version contra Benefits Improves the productivity of code automatically Generates small p Improves software quality ied with other tools say, with cod Review Questions Define software and state its characteristics. tor to work with coding Can be inte Ditorentiato between system software and application software Define Sonware engneering and its Objectives. Explan the layered tochnology of Software Engineering, What s the need of Software Process 7 "Gently the folowing into types of sofware,