2021 IEEE PES/IAS Power Africa

A Review on Optimal Placement of Distributed

Generators for Reliability Improvement on
Distribution Network
1
M.A. Aderibigbe, 1A.U. Adoghe, 1F. Agbetuyi 2
A.E Airoboman
1 2
Department of Electrical and Information Departent of Electrical/Electronic Engineering
Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria. Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria.
[email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Abstract-- The astronomically high demand for electrical astronomical and more than 90% of power system
power globally nowadays and the inability of the already reliability issues and costs occur in the distribution
strengthened existing infrastructure coupled with the high cost networks, hence planning and designing reliable
of investing in new expansion program by the utilities, distribution system is highly inevitable [2]-[3]. Therefore,
necessitated the need for distributed generations to be injected incorporating Distributed Generations (DGs) with optimal
into the distribution networks in order to meet consumer
placement consideration on the distribution systems will go
electricity demands. However, connecting DGs for optimal
result to the distribution networks is an oculus task and a long way to forestall power system interruption to
created a lot of technical, economic, environmental and consumers for reliability enhancement. These distributed
regulation difficulties with more enfaces centered around generations are small capacities and environmentally
power system reliability. In this paper, a review on optimal friendly generating units of 10MW or less which are
placement of distributed generators for reliability decentralized and modular in nature with high flexibilities
improvement on distribution networks is presented. Majority [4]. These modular distributed generations can be installed
of the work study centred on using both analytical and Monte quickly by utilities or end users and without the need for
Carlo simulation methodologies in finding the impact or effect
2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica | 978-1-6654-0311-5/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/POWERAFRICA52236.2021.9543266

large scale utility projects with their insistence bottlenecks.

of penetrating WTG and PV on reliability of distribution
These are characterised for improving reliability and quality
system while some researchers referred to distributed
generation (DG) without been specific on DG types used. of distribution system, reduction in fuel used, reduction in
However, very view studies were conducted on operation and maintenance work, pollution emission rate
ETAP/NEPLAN methodologies for sizing and allocating reduction, environmentally friendly and defer the
PV/ESS/Diesel Generator on the distribution systems for transmission and distribution investment period [5].
optimal reliability result. Also, the impact of energy storage However, connecting DGs to the distribution networks is an
system degradation, economic studies, reliability cost, cost oculus task because the distribution systems were not
benefit analysis and worth analysis of PV/ESS/Diesel designed for power generation, as they are expected to flow
Generator as DGs was least mentioned by most researchers in one way from the utility sub-stations to the end users. This
the course of their investigation. Moreover, distributed
situation created technical difficulties and raises a lot of
generation integration into the real distribution system for
optimal reliability result using Supervisory Control and Data fundamental questions which bothered on metering, pricing,
Acquisition (SCADA) System was least talked about by most dispatching and above all the placement of distributed
researchers. generations on the distribution network for optimal
reliability improvement to customers.
Index term: conventional power system, distributed
generation, distribution network, reliability. II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Alberto et al [6] investigated the impact of distributed
I. INTRODUCTION generation and energy storage on reliability of supply
Investments in power system in the past are geared toward network using 15kV distribution network feeder with four
generating units and transmission network reliability which distributed generators connected to the system. The load
required long time planning, capitally intensive and when demanded was modelled on hourly basis over a year for a
they are elusive, large number of customers will have to particular day in a month while using analytical method in
contend with energy supply interruption. Nowadays, assessing the reliability impact on distribution network with
electrical power systems are experiencing tremendous DG and energy storage system. The analytical result
structural transformation from vertical approach system showed that both conventional and wind DG technologies
where electricity is received at the load centre through exhibit significant contribution to reliability of the network
transmission and distribution network systems to horizontal system compared with PV technology. Abdulaziz et al. [7]
approach system where customers can chose a preferred evaluated distribution systems reliability containing
supplier from the existing suppliers based on reliability and renewable distributed generations using 33/11kV Roy
cost. Also, deregulation of the electric power utilities have Billiton Test System (RBTS), Bus 2 distribution network
paved ways for customers to search for value added with Wind Turbine (WT) and Photovoltaic (PV)
services from their utilities, otherwise they look other ways technology. Monte Carlo simulation method was
[1]. The grids are ageing, energy demand keeps on employed after modelling the out power of both WT and
increasing, cost of expanding the existing system PV. Three cases were treated, the system without micro-

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2021 IEEE PES/IAS Power Africa

grid, with micro-grid and with storage system. The order to determine the system reliability index as related to
result showed that injecting DGs in the distribution protection coordination. The result showed that with
network improved the reliability of the system. incoordination the distribution reliability may become
However, it was suggested that the effect of severe worse than the system without DG installation. However,
weather conditions resulting into forced outages on the no specific type of DG technology mentioned. The authors
reliability of the distribution network should be in [12] investigated the impact of distributed generation on
investigated. Also, suggested to be investigated is the electric power distribution system reliability using IEEE
optimal size and location of DGs for maximum reliability RTBS Bus 6 as test system. Sequential Monte Carlo’s
of the distribution network. The author In [8], evaluated Simulation with minimal path method was used after
and modelled the reliability of distributed energy resources modelling the output of wind-based generation. The results
and smart power distribution system employing smart showed that the introduction of DGs improves the
distribution system with Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine distribution system reliability evaluation index, which
(WT) and Storage System (SS) technologies for the demonstrates the benefits brought by the introduction of
reliability assessment studies. Monte Carlo simulation DGs and islanding schemes. However, it was suggested that
method was used for reliability assessment optimization of the DG impact on reliability of load points in the island
wind power. Matlab and Dig-SILENT power factory are causing dramatic decline of system reliability index should
applied for planning, operation and reliability of future be investigated. In [13] the reliability of a distributed
power system. The result showed that customers could generation connected to distribution System was assessed
reduce their electricity bill and also sell to the utility. using Bus 2 of Roy Billi nton test system known as RBTS
Moreover, with SDS model III, depending on the loading of with four feeders at voltage level of 11kV. Five cases were
the system components, peak load alleviation has shown to studied which centred on inclusion or not of fuses in each
improve the distribution system reliability. However, a lateral, disconnects in the main feeders and a DG at the end
comprehensive reliability model that will encompass of each feeder using analytical method to determine system
interdependency of electrical, communication and control indices in order to know their effects on the system. The
system was suggested for future work. Also, the impact of result showed that adding fuses, disconnects and DGs, the
Wide Area Monitoring, protection and Control (WAMPAC) system reliability increases more and more but the best was
on reliability for a faster decision making should be achieved when all these components are incorporated
investigated. The authors in [9] assessed the together in a system. The authors in [14] assessed the
reliability of distribution system with the integration of reliability of distribution system with distributed generation.
renewable distributed generation using Roy Billiton Test A real distribution system from Tehram utility in Iran was
System (RBTS) as bus test distribution system with used as test system. Analytical method was applied after
Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Turbine (WTG) and Energy modelling of the DGs using three case studies in order to
Storage System (ESS) technologies for the reliability determine the system indices vis-à-vis the impact of DGs on
assessment studies. Markov model was used to assess the the system. The result showed that the impact of DGs as
stochastic characteristics of the renewable distributed standby units did not affect system average interruption
generation resources and their influence on the reliability of frequency index. Also that, system indices determines the
a conventional distribution system. The result obtained location, number and the availability of DG units to be
showed that integration of distributed energy resources used. However, no specific type of DG was mentioned.
(WTG, PV, ESS) into a conventional distribution system Sanaullah et al [15] investigated the impact of distributed
improved not only the reliability of the distribution system generation on the reliability of local distribution system
but also increase cost saving. However, the effect of using Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) as test system and
evaluating a large distribution system with renewable wind turbine generator as DG source. Electric Transient
energy resources was suggested for further study. In [10] Analysis Program (ETAP) was used for the simulation by
the Impact of Distributed Generation on Distribution considering six study cases in order to determine DG
System’s reliability considering re-closer-fuse mis- impact on the system. The result showed that proper
coordination was investigated - A practical case study injection of distributed generation into distribution system
utilising 20kV Sanayeh transmission substation with at a proper location increase the reliability of distribution
20/0.4kV distribution substations as test system. Dig- system. Also, injecting multiple distributed generations at
SILENT power factory 13.2 simulation method was different locations and near to load centers will further
employed after modelling the DGs and the system enhance the reliability of the system. However, further
components. Four different cases were taken into work suggested is modelling several DG technologies either
consideration in order to determine DG impact on renewable or non-renewable energy sources as voltage
distribution system. The result showed that the higher sources and uninterrupted power sources. The authors in
the protection mis-coordination probability, the worse [16] investigated the impact of distributed generation on
the SAIDI and ENS are. However, no specific type of DG reliability of distribution system using a radial distributor
technology mentioned. The authors in [11] analysed the consists of sections and lateral distributors with three
reliability of distribution system with distributed generation junction points as test system. Proper and improper
considering loss of protection coordination using RBTS 2 disconnects at sections and laterals were employed
as test system. Numerical method was used after modelling methologically. The result showed that the system
the DG fault current. Different cases were considered in reliability was improved when DG was connected at a

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2021 IEEE PES/IAS Power Africa

location where it can meet the highest load demand. system, distributed generation and the loads after
However, the system security aspect of power system modelling. Four different cases were considered and the
reliability was not discoursed. Sayed et al [17] result obtained showed that the system reliability indices:
investigated the effect of distributed generation units on the SAIDI, CAIDI and EENS improved while there was no
power system reliability using IEEE standard network change in SAIFI. However, it was suggested to give
which consists of 33 lines and 34 buses. After modelling the consideration to energy storage units with DGs, system load
fuel cell and micro-turbine as DGs, simulation using Virus growth, priority based load restoration and different load
Colony Search Algorithm was applied. The result obtained patterns for different type of customers. Mike et al [23]
showed that DGs injection in the distribution network tends investigated the reliability enhancement in power network
to reducing the outages and improving the reliability of under uncertainty from distributed energy resources using a
distribution system. However, it was suggested using DGs typical UK urban MV and LV as a test system. After
such as wind and solar in order to determine the impact of modelling the test system, distributed energy resources and
uncertainties on reliability and economic indices. Scalera et the load, Monte Carlos simulation was applied and the
al [18] investigated the impact of distributed generation and obtained result showed that the use of energy management
energy storage on reliability of supply using a real 15kV system (EMS) in controlling the operation of energy storage
distribution network feeder. Analytical method was applied installation significantly improved network reliability
after modelling the Energy Storage System (ESS) with performance by reducing frequency and duration of
hourly representative values of load and variable interruption as well as energy not supplied to the customers.
generation. The result showed that both conventional and However, aggregation techniques were suggested to be used
wind DG technologies improved reliability significantly when combining multiple MV/LV networks or different
compared to PV. Also, with ESS installed with PV and energy sectors. Ayman et al [24] investigated the impact
wind DG it shown that there was a tremendous reduction in of distributed generation technology and operation
System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI). techniques on distribution system reliability using IEEE
However, different types of load models were not reliability test system (IEEE-RTS) for conducting the
considered. Gana et al [19] evaluated the reliability of analysis. Monte Carlos simulation (MCS) was used for
distribution system with distributed generation using IEEE simulating the conventional DG units and wind turbine
33 Bus distribution network and Ran feeder from Bauchi generators after been modelled. Four different cases were
distribution network as a test system. DGs were optimally analysed and the obtained result showed that hydro
sized and located in the networks using Modified Particle generation technology recorded the lowest interruptions
swarm optimization and ETAP software was used to model times and durations with respect to other generation
and evaluate the reliability indices. The result showed that technologies with combustion turbine generation
the more the number of DGs injected into the system the technology preferred as back up as against wind energy
more reliable the system. However, only PV DG generation technology. However, the two states model used
technology was considered.The authors in [20] investigated provided an artificial operating history of each DG unit.
distribution System Reliability with Distributed Generation In [25], the reliability of radial distribution system with
Based on Customer Scattering using a distribution system distributed generation based on an improved classification
of 45km length and lateral distributor of 10km length with algorithm was evaluated using two 11kV distribution test
six patterns of customer scattering. Analytical method was system: one connected to bus 2 of the RBTS and the second
used to evaluate the test system with DGs and without DGs. connected to bus 6 of the RBTS in order to evaluate the
The result obtained showed that for all patterns of customer reliability indices with and without micro-grids. A proposed
scattering, SAIFI is constant because restoration time algorithm was applied to the test system and the result
assessment does not affect the interruption frequency of the showed that reliability indices of the distribution networks
distribution system. Also that, location of DGs influence the used in the presence of DGs were improved and that the
result of ENS and AENS and not the customers scattering topology and the type of customers connected to the system
patterns. However, no specific type of DGs was mentioned. are good contributed factors. Mohamed et al [26]
Gao et al [21] assessed the reliability of distribution system investigated the impact of distributed energy resources on
with distributed generation based on Bayesian networks the reliability of smart distribution system using 33/11kV
using Roy Billiton Test System (RBTS) with and without Roy Billinton test system (RBTS) Bus 2 as distribution
DGs. Bayesian network theoretical models was applied to system. DIgital SImuLation of Electrical NeTworks (Dig
the test system with and without DGs in order to determine SILENT) was used for simulating the system with DGs
the reliability indices. The result showed that index was after been modelled. Four different cases were analysed and
strongly sensitive to the location of DGs. However, no the obtained result showed improvement in system
specific type of DGs unit was mentioned. Also, what reliability which depended on the location of DGs in the
happened if DG rating is less than the loads in the island network. However, load points reliability was not
mode should be investigated. Galiveeti et al [22] considered. Shaoyun et al [27] assessed the reliability of
investigated the impact of distributed generation integration low and high DG penetration level on active distribution
on distribution system reliability using a 33/11kV system using transformed IEEE bus 6 as test system which
distribution system of Assam Power distribution comprised of 30 feeder segments, 26 nodes, 23 distribution
corporation limited, Assam, India as test system. Monte transformers, 23 load points, 5 DGs and several switches.
Carlos simulation (MCS) was used to simulate distribution Monte Carlo simulation method was used for simulating the

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transformed test system after been modelled. Different reliability cost and worth analysis considering operational
types of cases were considered and the result obtained strategy and constraints of ESS will be important for future
showed that DG integration into distribution system distribution system planning. Hamed et al [33] investigated
improved system reliability if the system is actively the impact of optimal allocation of DGs on improving
operated. Neto et al [28] investigated the impact of system reliability based on loading effects using a 20kV,
distributed generation on reliability evaluation of radial 32-bus realistic system of Thran Regional Electrical
distribution systems under network constraints using a test Company as test system. The genetic algorithm (GA) was
system composed of two feeders, six load points, two DG, applied to the test system with PV as distributed generation
one normally open switch and six normally closed switches. and the result obtained showed improved system reliability
These were modelled and analytically simulated in order to by appropriately placement of DG with suppressed loading
get reliability indices as regard DGs isolated and effects. However, future research works on cost-benefit
interconnected in distribution network. Case studies were analysis and economic studies was suggested. Sitan et al
examined and the result showed that DG can reduce [34] evaluated the improvement in reliability in a radial
interruption duration with switches either in island mode or distribution system with DG using two types of 33 bus
alternate mode. Also that DG connection in the distribution radial distribution network: one normal and the second
network improved load point reliability indices. However, reconfigured with each consists of components, lines,
methodology for allocating DG in distribution network was cables, disconnects/ isolators as test system. Predictive
suggested as future work. Also that, a total life cycle costs distribution system reliability indices were applied to
for the entire system with or without DG should be different case studies in order to estimate customers
investigated. The authors in [29] evaluated the future power interruption cost and reliability. The result showed that DG,
distribution system reliability including distributed is one of the best methods to improve service reliability and
generation. 33/11kV feeder was connected to bus-4 of the reduce the customer outage costs. However, no specific DG
RBT S as test system.in order to evaluate reliability indices types were mentioned.
of the system. Encoded Markov Cut Set (EMCS) algorithm III NEXT LEVEL OF RESEACH
was used to evaluate the reliability indices after modelling From the review done, much of the work study centred on
test system, the loads and both conventional and renewable using both analytical and Monte Carlo simulation
DGs units. The result showed that average interruption methodologies in finding the impact or effect of penetrating
frequency for all the DG types increased and the average WTG and PV on reliability of distribution system while
interruption duration improved (decrease) and that some researchers referred to distributed generation (DG)
maximum improvement occurred when the conventional without been specific on DG types used. However, very
type DG is connected. However, generalised conventional view studies were conducted on ETAP/NEPLAN
DG was used instead of specific type DG. The authors in methodologies for sizing and allocating PV/ESS/Diesel
[30] investigated the impact of DG on radial distribution Generator on the distribution systems for optimal reliability
System reliability using a distribution test system which result. Also, the impact of energy storage system
consists of 7 sections, 7 load points and one DG. These are degradation, economic studies, reliability cost, cost benefit
modelled and analytically analysed in order to evaluate the analysis and worth analysis of PV/ESS/Diesel Generator as
impact of DG on reliability indices. The result showed that DGs was least mentioned by most researchers in the course
with DG installation reliability indices: SAIFI, SAIDI & of their investigation. Moreover, distributed generation
ASUI are improved. However no specific DG technology integration into the real distribution system for optimal
mentioned. Shengyou et al [31] evaluated the reliability of reliability result using Supervisory Control and Data
Electric Power System Containing Distribution Generation Acquisition (SCADA) System was least talked about by
using an electric power system containing two distribution most researchers.
generations as test system. Probabilistic evaluation method This research work in [35] presented the application of
was applied to different case studies in order to assess and distributed generation (DG) units in a simultaneous
evaluate the system reliability indices which showed that placement approach on IEEE 33 radial test systems for
with DG connected to power system SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI validation of the technique with further implementation on
and ASAI were improved significantly. However, no 56-Bus Hayin Rigasa feeder. The Genetic Algorithm (GA)
specific DG was mentioned. The authors in [32] was employed in obtaining the optimal sizes and load loss
investigated the impact of reliability contribution of an sensitivity index for locations of the DGs for entire active
energy storage system to a distribution system utilising a and reactive power loss reduction. Voltage profile index
modified version Bus 2 of the Roy Billinton Test System was computed for each bus of the networks to ascertain the
(RBTS) as test system. The test system, PV, load and ESS weakest voltage bus of the network before and after DG and
were modelled and simulated by Monte Carlo simulation. circuit breaker allocation. The overall results show an
The result obtained showed that integration of storage in improvement of DG application on the network
distribution system helps improve the reliability of the
worse performing section and the system as well. In IV CONCLUSION
addition, the ESS can be deployed to defer the expensive In this paper a review on the optimal placement of DGs in
and time consuming T&D expansion, while maintaining the power system network for the purpose of improving
system reliability. However, impact of battery energy reliability has been carried out. The paper highlighted the
storage degradation was not considered. Also detailed positive impact that could be realised through this practice.

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This paper, therefore, encourages diverse research in these [18].A. Escalera, B. Hayes, and P. Milan “An Analytical Method to
Assess the Impact of Distributed Generation and Energy Storage on
field especially in areas with poor network reliability
Reliability of supply” 24th International Conference on Electricity
Distribution Glasgow, 12-15 June 2017 Paper 1106.
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