CS 188: Artificial Intelligence

Introduction

Instructors: Stuart Russell and Dawn Song

 Course Staff
Professors GSIs

Dimitris
Albert Yu Angela Liu Carl Qi Daniel Filan Papadimitriou Emma Tao Jeffrey Tao

Dawn Song

Jennifer
Grannen Jiaheng Zhang Jocelyn Chen Jonathan Yang Mesut Yang Nikita Samarin Regina Wang

Stuart Russell Robert Lin Ryan Koh

Saagar
Sanghavi Tiancheng Xie Wendy Lin Xinyun Chen Yanlai Yang
 Course Information
§ Communication:
http://inst.cs.berkeley.edu/~cs188 § Announcements, questions on Piazza
§ Staff email: [email protected]
§ Office hours:
§ Stuart: Monday 9-10.30, Thursday 1-2
§ Dawn: Tuesday 4-5pm from March 15
§ Sections start next week
§ Work:
§ Projects (25%), homework (10% + 10%)
§ P0 (Python) due 1/22, HW0 (math) due 1/25
§ Midterm (20%), final (35%)
§ Participation up to 1% extra (be nice!)
§ Fixed grading scale (85% A, 80% A-, etc.)
 Some Historical Statistics
§ Homework and projects: instruction (iterate/learn till you nailed it)

§ Exams: assessment
 Textbook
Russell & Norvig, AI: A Modern Approach, 4th Ed.

(sorry!)
 Policies (see website)
§ For online lectures:
§ Camera on, mic off
§ Please do ask questions: “Hand Up” or write in Chat
§ Will occasionally split into multiple zoom rooms for collaborative
problem-solving
§ We (staff) are here to help
§ Please do observe academic integrity policies!
§ Please don’t exclude your fellow students!
 Today

§ What is artificial intelligence?

§ Past: how did the ideas in AI come about?

§ Present: what is the state of the art?
§ Future: will robots take over the world?
Movie AI
Movie AI
News AI
News AI
News AI
Real AI
A (Short) History of AI

Demo: HISTORY – MT1950.wmv

 A short prehistory of AI
§ Prehistory:
§ Philosophy (reasoning, planning, learning, science, automation)
§ Mathematics (logic, probability, optimization)
Aristotle: For if every instrument could accomplish its own work,
§ Neuroscience (neurons,
obeying or anticipating theadaptation)
will of others . . . if, in like manner, the shuttle
§ Economics
would weave (rationality, game theory)
and the plectrum touch the lyre without a hand to guide
them, chief workmen would not want servants, nor masters slaves
§ Control theory (feedback)
§ Psychology (learning, cognitive models)
§ Linguistics (grammars, formal representation of meaning)
§ Near miss (1842):
§ Babbage design for universal machine
§ Lovelace: “a thinking machine” for “all subjects in the universe.”
AI’s official birth: Dartmouth, 1956
“An attempt will be made to find how to make
machines use language, form abstractions and
concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for
humans, and improve themselves. We think that a
significant advance can be made if we work on it
together for a summer.”

John McCarthy and Claude Shannon

Dartmouth Workshop Proposal
 A (Short) History of AI
§ 1940-1950: Early days
§ 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
§ 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
§ 1950—70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
§ 1950s: Early AI programs: chess, checkers (RL), theorem proving
§ 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
§ 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
§ 1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
§ 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
§ 1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
§ 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
§ 1990— 2012: Statistical approaches + subfield expertise
§ Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
§ General increase in technical depth
§ Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?

§ 2012— ___: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands again?

§ Big data, big compute, deep learning
§ AI used in many industries
 AI as Designing Rational Agents

§ An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.

§ A rational agent selects actions that maximize its
expected utility.
§ Characteristics of the sensors, actuators, and
environment dictate techniques for selecting
rational actions
§ This course is about:
§ General AI techniques for many problem types

Environment
Sensors
§ Learning to choose and apply the technique Percepts

Agent
appropriate for each problem ?
Actuators
Actions

Pac-Man is a registered trademark of Namco-Bandai Games, used here for educational purposes
 What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?

§ Play a decent game of table tennis?

§ Play a decent game of Jeopardy?
§ Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
§ Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue?
§ Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
§ Buy a week's worth of groceries at Berkeley Bowl?
§ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
§ Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
§ Perform a surgical operation?
§ Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
§ Fold the laundry and put away the dishes?
§ Write an intentionally funny story?
 Unintentionally Funny Stories
Once upon a time there was a dishonest fox
and a vain crow. One day the crow was sitting
in his tree, holding a piece of cheese in his
mouth. He noticed that he was holding the
piece of cheese. He became hungry and
swallowed the cheese. The fox walked over to
the crow. The End.
[Schank, Tale-Spin, 1984]
What do you get when you cross a dog and a vampire?
A bungee
What do you get when you cross a cow with a rhino?
A bungee with a dog
What do you get when you cross a street and a cow?
A bungee with a bungee and a rhino
What do you get when you cross a pig with a cow with a party?
Because the engineers with a dog
 Future
§ We are doing AI…
§ To create intelligent systems
§ The more intelligent, the better
§ To gain a better understanding of human intelligence
§ To magnify those benefits that flow from it
§ E.g., net present value of human-level AI ≥ $13,500T
§ Might help us avoid war and ecological catastrophes, achieve immortality and
expand throughout the universe
§ What if we succeed?
It seems probable that once the
machine thinking method had started,
it would not take long to outstrip our
feeble powers. … At some stage
therefore we should have to expect the
machines to take control
 What’s bad about better AI?
§ AI that is incredibly good at achieving something other than
what we really want
§ AI, economics, statistics, operations research, control theory all
assume utility to be fixed, known, and exogenously specified
§ Machines are intelligent to the extent that their actions can be
expected to achieve their objectives
§ Machines are beneficial to the extent that their actions can be
expected to achieve our objectives
 A new model for AI

1. The machine’s only objective is to maximize the realization of

human preferences
2. The robot is initially uncertain about what those preferences are
3. Human behavior provides evidence about human preferences

The standard model of AI is a special case, where the human can

exactly and correctly program the objective into the machine