Physics Project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

physics teacher Mr. Piyush Tripathi Sir for his guidance and
support in completing my project. I will also like to extend my
gratitude to the Principal Mr. Anirudh Singh Sir for providing
me with all the facility that was required. I also sketch out my
thanks to my vulnerable mates for their guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this project. This project on
Transformers has provided me to cope with the first hand
experience of having such a joyful and educative task.
Signature of the student

TRANSFORMER
An electric transformer is a vital device in the world of electrical
engineering, playing a crucial role in the efficient and safe
distribution of electricity. It is a passive electrical device that
transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction. The primary purpose of a transformer is
to change the voltage level of an alternating current (AC) electrical
system, either stepping it up or down.
Transformers consist of two coils of wire, known as the primary and
secondary windings, which are wound around a common iron core.
When an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it
generates a changing magnetic field within the core. This magnetic
field induces a voltage in the secondary coil, resulting in the transfer
of electrical power from one coil to the other. The ratio of the
number of turns in the primary and secondary coils determines the
voltage transformation.
Transformers are indispensable in various applications, including
power distribution, transmission, and voltage regulation. High-
voltage transmission lines use step-up transformers to minimize
power loss over long distances, while step-down transformers
reduce voltage levels to safer and usable levels for homes and
businesses. Their efficiency and reliability make transformers
essential components of the modern electrical grid, ensuring the
reliable supply of electricity to meet our daily needs.
PRINCIPLE OF
TRANSFORMER :-
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual
inductance between two circuits which is linked by a common
magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two coils that are
electrically separated and inductive, but are magnetically linked. The
working principle of the transformer can be understood from the
figure below:-
MUTUAL INDUCTION:-
Mutual induction is the phenomenon by which when the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changes an EMF is induced in the
neighbouring coil.
CONSTRUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER:-
A transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core. Two coils, a
primary (P)coil with two sides P1and P2 and a secondary (S) coil with
two sides S1 and S2. Both these coils are insulated from the Ferro-
magnetic iron core. The source of the alternate current is connected
to the primary winding and the output is obtained through the
secondary winding which is connected in parallel to a resistance R.
WORKING:
For an ideal transformer, we consider that resistances of the primary
and secondary coils are negligible.
Let the E.M.F. of the alternate current supplied by the A.C source be:
EP = E0 sin(ωt)
Let’s assume that the primary winding to be a pure inductance, so
here Ip will lag behind the voltage EP by 90°. Thus the power factor
for primary coil becomes, cosϕ = cos90° = 0
Let that the number of turns in primary wire be NP and secondary
wire be NS According to faraday law, the induced E.M.F. through one
turn of both the coils will be the same.
Let the flux through one turn be ϕ, the flux through the primary coil
be ϕp and the flux through the secondary coil be Φs.
Φp =NP ϕ
Φs = NS ϕ
We also know by Faraday’s law
dΦ
E=
ⅆt
So for the primary coil this equation becomes
ⅆ ϕs
E s= And for the secondary coil this equation becomes
dt
ⅆ ϕP
E P= Dividing equation 1 by equation 2
dt
Es N s ϕ ⅆ ϕ s
= =
EP N p ϕ ⅆ ϕ ρ
Ns
E S=E P
Np
We know that
P = VI
Here
P = Power
V = Voltage
I = Current
For primary coil this equation becomes
PP = EPIP
For secondary coil this equation becomes
PS=ESIS
For an ideal transformer no energy is lost,
So, , Pp = PS
EPIP = ESIS
I s=Ip
(
Ep EP N p
=
Es ES N S )
Np
I S=I p Note – A transformer that increases the A.C. voltage is known as a step up
Ns
transformer (NS>Np) and the transformer that decreases the A.C. voltage is known as a step
down transformer (NS<Np).
Additionally, an iron core is used because it is a ferromagnetic material which helps in
increasing the strength of the magnetic field
DISADVANTAGES OF
TRANSFORMER
1. Energy Loss and Inefficiency – Transformers, despite their
mystical abilities, can experience energy loss during the
conversion process, like a leak in a magical cauldron. This
means that some electricity is wasted, and not all of it reaches
its intended destination. It’s like a hidden toll that affects the
overall efficiency of the electrical system.
2. Bulky and Heavy – Transformers, like ancient artifacts, can be
bulky and heavy, occupying significant space and requiring
robust structures to support them. They are like majestic giants
that demand careful handling and installation. It’s like having a
massive magical creature that needs a special home, limiting
their flexibility and portability.
3. Heat Generation – Transformers, as they perform their magical
conversions, generate heat, like a fiery breath from a mythical
beast. This heat needs to be dissipated to prevent overheating,
which requires additional cooling mechanisms and energy
consumption. It’s like managing the temper of a fiery creature,
ensuring that it stays within safe operating temperatures.
4. Maintenance and Lifespan – Transformers, like any magical
artifact, require regular maintenance to ensure their optimal
performance and longevity. They may need repairs or
replacement parts, like a mystical artifact in need of occasional
restoration. It’s like tending to a magical artifact to keep it
functioning properly, adding to the overall cost and effort.
5. Environmental Impact – Transformers, while essential for
electricity distribution, can have an environmental impact. They
contain materials that can be harmful if not properly handled,
like a magical potion that must be treated with care.
Additionally, the production and disposal of transformers can
contribute to environmental pollution. It’s like a magical
presence that leaves traces behind, requiring responsible
management.
APPLICATION AND USES OF A
TRANSFORMER
Power Transformers:
The transformers which are used for high voltage power transfer
applications (more than 33 Kilovolt) are called Power Transformers.
They are usually very big. They can occupy a wide area of space.
Distribution Transformers:
The transformers which are used to distribute the generated power
to distant locations are called distribution transformers. At a low
voltage, it is used for distributing electricity that is less than 33
Kilovolt in industry. It also distributes 220-440 V for household
purposes.
Measurement Transformers:
The transformer which helps in measuring voltage, current, power,
etc. is called a Measurement Transformer.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

Signature of the student

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