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Unit 1 - AD

Aerodynamics notes

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
91 views33 pages

Unit 1 - AD

Aerodynamics notes

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rajakannikaies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CCOCCCHESCHOHOSOGSEECEE OSE» ws iE Aus nv AEROaYNANICR. MKA ehponen: f : & « branch of ftsid clgromins oncecned wiih lbsfingy $B mobin of ay => Maiternalical drobp's > Empidical AppONt roti8ed > Compatr imulalions - dx, around on bee ( foo enables Ra waloulebin a) "=~ =e © ee oo ee e- The motion FI ; 4 reo, & momanis oaing one abe” Be osonen foros 4 fei» . aight Rab nef cout > a ronnie press LAreb eins, 8 iy {tous ous O ia boty? Brsic ASHTON = > Hoo pd Jpdauar 0 contra Unda) (Are froeelad FO ca>d > stow popestie pur as Ni Py f, T as An spacial. position , trea) - 7 Foxy pore wo bo. fret 1) anne reonund ia connactyrorn ics A Cbulstel fom, to aayationd 4 Congurvotion 4 ous , Momantern fou valodty: > eapestie 4 Spcomprusiele i seers sik Tronic ~ t : PES OF FLurp Frew : w Steady Pos: we PiP ot de potnt da not charge ostth Ha : x) = o,| #& > ( at L6,iJo %o lat Woe , oo w) unuiody fous: Np PrP at O° point change» wert . Hee wv Cee pie Cees gint Gi) uniform fous = Velocity wat omy Guan Hee down ror conse with Ah fo pea: (3s) 20° i : 38), Consdont gua shone in we sty aa- lugth 4 Ftow in Tho. dia’ s Gi) Non uniform pous: Yat ong fon ys oak oi ov : Aa, (Sa)jstorst 3 w Lorn nas fous: 4 i fused poosttuom mova along val hired patts Cod ssa A ‘gout the Aan bins paige fone FeO” i rhe seh ata - Roe WE i (ui) Tasoant Hows « gS er dyn movd monde ‘rapfion tosses BPP ay : ys high: 5 \ sid post forse PO yoda cto high stony] [PP (Wy Comprustbe fOHe: wid Sntornprosibe. Yous: P= torstant , | Hines, ‘Sonn? ONLY Wingettne or oney — DIREGNON auneqitt longths Aveo, Volume, signet annes rr ‘ae, Ld. 7) Ne Harearrchire force Pe Ty enangy , aohory » y bus The ing en otion a Aolid - on fon which duxohle th. Mofion of grads; Gone AO Than us squot Fox ppl syn a rover mononiun & wr4y op ta ay mut tonasivad. Hoss 2 Berry - gcalams - Horrenhun = yaster. >This aailts in a Couplad aM 4 saat 0 joh dened be four TRE dup $sohOss- tolled Nawian_-Stoke» cayottons wh who aubjpatad bb actus nol. forces: cul undaristond ) ‘ aq version of % aauotforn> Could Bubs cauossons, Co A Sinpligi Solual tf dome. suid problurs 1D DNERGENE THEORENS The: dubworrd ost oo veal pod afowrgh a cleredl Aunlpce a iaiele Jn euol ts HS vouurns ingot ate ali vergence ‘ousy, TRL-A9gIOM. fay. daly : SS pds 2 SM wr ave 8 8 i {atv 2 5 nas —pivergena tReowin v s fevxar ds © $ Ad —_ SHIOS -Raasin "9 LIne x : NTEGROL: sabgct Sh tg an Intigcal, whore the, } aoe! ee gwoluntad along a vtunua The Hw Intaycal, pee werk objec raving Theugh von, aloe of ong fut: unttion to be SURE —INTEARNLS doznds aon Sis a gpwretigtion 4 EHEN agers’ ao ins ws uafpend © Stis double integral ovoloy je fina Inbagiol oy NOLUNE JOLUNE INTEGRAL» ives JU wns to on Taboo ove & 3d. domi - ; vy Abatol eae af, muy nigra (as 4s Yk) A BAR pp (os) ( ts a ae gee ~ ‘ NEcries Con PONENTS | A valor ob 0 point ono currua , of vader an Jw alasornpol ysis 05 0. duro of Huo veders , ont fOHgtAE jp fo catus, Culd THY erygntiol, Comporant of Ho-vedter % anotter wd It tore cus coll Re : normal Camporsnt 4 Haver Ne av Nay CHRIECIBN Co-DRDINGTE SISTEN gis wm routs gfn Fol peal pio och, point coniqualy Sw pore by a pale pag nunacl corordinatan~ do. 80, Blgud Alstontas ob gb Roas mabely eee ; Be pee 2 mos AU OIE! Aedait bys hen y i "i re . , ) Rovass Ss MeHtoral {tows » jtuid poutielos flowing, olneg, THO Aezpm Vins» oately, oboat Sp that oun ants WO Snotatfonal tows: ms » Feat panties owt 4% ate. Btrasrn lint, do not ** DS about fai, own onde 2 AD, 2D, BD ftowe © Sy Wusfey, ve ov us 20* SoG) ue fouy)s UF yCrry? 1 97° - SoG ue tig ado Bete OF gycngr- Sp FED contrat vow 2 CHuld mavirg tossugh it > ie ent sercfoee 8 eee Moving CONTROL voLuNe ? ( Sarna, fuuid ponitdas In do Aare contol volume) = Cb bbbdddddddddddddd ) ath onus 9 Super sand volun. Indugiads. Sf the. veer fond A ous. sh “Ra. divergence — IRoogern {bras : {ie ajar Ss v 3) gras c \§ ane) «do oD GREEN'S THEOREM gi aft do Feds =. Aitenrd -§ at & R % py Ke & Sim Conrecd togion) ost the smoot. Pann xtrba poivly a GE MN foe torinanus postink in on op Asien. tontaining, & Hore : c great Nog 7 Siev-my 4 de a Ry § fas” gene Cc 3) open suas 3 boom by He eat S Pe uior yu Te tia. fase palatal some. sept indogal aA 3 Gfoko's Thais baa shen?) as 8 Cc A) pas » > . ~~ . . > > > > > > > ; , gry? 0: , drsstestoral {04 “gxy #0) “garostonal fou 5 Psanoull's agysction * r fst V5, MNO Py-P + 2CPa- PP aN Pat Wyte yy ta" = yey oT 2 (tact? ane -N For intomprarsitle {touts Confinihy 209 9 DiNy 5 Rae ae ee (PeePD aN" v a Ne) : wes thw BS} ir + [Ee cp = PePo Pe Ret youre Peet” P-Pa= tte ev gooes age, ve taion cee phe > EPL Ae RS 1= (Yah gn er eo $ee pL Sntenyrs dapons) * ERoDNAMICS = a Acrovynamics = 1 7) | UNIT=4 = Tareopvenion TO Low SPpeeD FLOK 'conmaumy — Eounnont CONCEPT OF NNSS Flow Cownida, & Guan oe A onbitOr qintd in 1 7% ride Lat nha damn rough, BUEN Toe ms vuln Yeap cemeg'a’, Canaidat 1. fend orranty, wits vanity “Rok pass Raougf ». gn Hime TAL’ offi CHI A, Ry moved 0 digfonc, Va on Volume aba etwol te “The bore Hea Hour Auypt oul He srodedvolune - TS, SK Hes te Auge of HO oyfidod Nn lt 5 uihet Va ig TRE componsst 4, _wlodsy navmol de A Volum = funpatJ a jraida TR. Abodad voluro oe you Ho mor None =P tMa-dED A — ©) ade F j stig is cts. mas at hoe duet post A" jn tims, db * 1 pes Poul: ' get, the mer aenoasing A pes axcond OY Ig, eluys Is) ’ ine Pratt) # o PMne a i ; © ; : ; Mow, [tool phowuyh A is pra x daly 4 eomponust fw ack f normal forts Oto t ss : NPS FLUX: a Se he la ee id Hoo gous pas ust Area Cig Ise shoes Joye) Be ; Ho > PNW As Pp: A Nox fuse acro's o Buappce ig ammal de sanity camponene | Trineipe : Mans tan he neMhad Gryeatids net cysanyp | BSSUHIP MARL, LFfinite, Conhol volume ee in Apace pERANTOH Nohant 4th fluid 8 Continue ae sles es tomnidan um flows {bl uhavin a ere wd yet Jini omal cand He Pe Mlyy st) EI: Jothis: flow fru connicis | yiome. oe the, Ata: pant toate. Conte Gorjner , He us velo ty te fraida, Re euler ulsmastal, dsp vant iy ds. Abe dv jo on ubnarol conta Volume - Py opyieg NS payee pang forts Contal volun, ok Tod out ef conbel volun N yous 4 ‘ ‘Rong uslpe. @ pb sce: = Tine yobs of BETO ee. = angie Cantal volume!" TNTEgRAL PORN? “Expression FoR @ RomeanHitha asmantal move {tous arrows Ke was “AS! 18, Pinds = PNedS | + dS aluoys.. whieh aol with ox fini apace - This is Principia ef ‘hs Consetvotion ‘DIFFERENTIAL PORH 4 forex’ um obtain Tha. flaw) propertion wb & Ruan poink-> fp ata + Pevas =o — © HP ot ” Hert Aivergenes Raowo-7 BG aa dey.as - fv-(ev)-4- -O s abr Oi Oy » | tat avr @etenay 25 y oF v ly & PPavlwyjd?z=o _O- 8 ap (ev) = 0 ore hich ahold The > antinul tauatton 10-488 ferro ae poe» urhle flow Bred vosiattes RL a pot 17 THO fl00 >. NOvENTIA EQUATIONS Pranctree prea - Time Aa of cdange of Homann ASSUHPTONS. ca, = Fixad foi. Contest volume in | > Pow Ig used » Greanpeosid DERNATION . | | ig. vistour YO?" “From — nauston's Ascond (00d ee toh: fais, Fg THe fore weatb om body 4} reams >ro' won “0 IR | tpt Re obous 8 | gsesa do pace ond tp dtaalop egpranton | slght ida of austen @ in tured 4 it | t ExprESsioN FOR Fo | F is the pe waar on to fst 8 fore aigrtis foo fun Sources: dlorhomognatic foro ony othe Apes which" Thi GPT PoRes * Gpaality ad ot wo distence” on The. ford jnids. Y Gi) SupFAeE FORIES * povewa word Absa’, ADDS oki on tte. Conhol atin Kab ho to nel oly force fan unit ors ossantyd on 168. jou ootae yo te boty pre on tte. elvimontat Volume, cL 6.5 Ppdy »o fd me fx The total besty few ctl on “tho pluie int av 189 boty fore {ppay -@ The dhnankl vbuapee po dna ‘te propwa weliry on ‘Is clsran) of, alga. Ag is pet ped nw pds STR Conhal suuknee by arifenanin ve proba pores Hat 3S sind. ntote Canal Volume yond. which 1s ua to tha Proeuit porn. Sussourdinys soahal wan Fund diectal fore Te in tts. ditadion opposib. ef de: The Combis prusuia foo 1s “fRa._ Auwnmatien af te. leaned force our Ra anki Cone Gutface - paxoun ppeth = “Gpras- -@- S daa visems fos, He Adsos word, Tovreol VIS cous Btrenber alo emarh Oo Aas © Fyistoun Wane. He foal viscous farcea vntcertd on TRO Control cues « OCEGEEEEEESC SS III EFFE CH! Tha tpl pyro aepuiurtad by The uid wr it 18 dwesping, ‘foinias “ho. my Freed Conbal volume 13-9 se le se F= dipp.gar om dbp ds + Feiss —O : +N Ss EXPRESSION FoR. am: F ee it : | thy Hina ats of chong. of, momarhun of Ha fiad weet SWF showugh he food contol velume fa Ra Suan A hyo forma # &, Ps Gi) Nek flow 4 Moran dub sf contol volume vannnes uatjace S = Se ecanmlact momartam vlus, te Unstiody fluctvations ef 3 fous be ini, oe = ERpResion PRG: se Sir. he tow. dos a sustain vilforential in momantun a ib ap satiny ord loauty fa Contol volume, 3 Conyal volumes, serene fo, auapeee - Wa nut joo a monanturh sul of portal avsslgte ainty Ha uty wines sion teomantiin Bare | WERT, he Want flow) nanos he darth (Pv ds) Henn) He Yoo 4 morenhir +} (Pv dsv Nob fow ay reomanhim bul g: Gp (tvas)V -© 3s out oy tte cv wna. AS 164 asx aconel wacross AS is, aie Contat Volisra, thowush S oe) GU) apreunt more 4809 (eu) Japrvert rravh fous jato the CV i mers moresnhum pou put ate CV ascond thor flowing” f HG Ee aw), posing ; 4 por e on ya's cw), mre" ” trio thE CY ” ” ( Expression RI we « Nomanhya ye pe fo tte, damental Volume, AD ise ¢ crdy) NV ¢ Homanton Cortoined wot ony joutont jrvida the CN ey « ¢ pvdy - ‘ ond 118 Hema usta af SOME dus to vasiaada) flow fusnotion IF ; aed yap. = ©: t ot iff ® ‘ « conbiring a wy © 4 DO» ‘ ad tiny 2p at¥ 7 GPP ved) att o, dass. Bevds) 2h eva? <@ ey ; ‘ & op Expeusioo sper te good fre viata ON or it sw thuouyh AL fos en dom) oe oe | peuston’s. aeord ous opted 8 uid for is.) | off Pu dvd + : a | Adi (evans Gris + Gra +Fursa © > Nonenksn acyotion 1s Insgeal fom - \ Cae “e eddad eee ¢¢G dG dG IG FG S4ECE PPE Formas ‘ Foray Ratalin do feo. field preertion alo. point in pots ep Arty gion fans to Rats» 4 oa" Gs -dppas + -dfPer-a — ® {iu Hine duriwolina con ba plocad jngids tho inbgro @ Conhol volume 18 {Pyse + {hes 4s 2- {fp opae afb pg dd F viscous why cantasion Co-ordinate -> Ape whey] e ae: A-Componsnt 4 tan (7), : ary), : ie 1a dd Fuses @ sae 49 eyo ase pat 5 “ ppd AY Pryedg = Salad CIO Coinforsas? Eeev-asyns Herds ° Go gua -O Ss s y , gb ® io Oo 4 Ph ARusous a9 =? Sp teres : sik xu0, : : eas 2b + Pf ADVISOUD «5 s momanhomn aaysossen in ferential sata ee ee : Bley) ee OWN at form urd» | ef comporanh 3r% amount” ue + oN) Ber thy HED cae _@ = 4 7 (PUN) = 2 og Pg + Va) yjsuuis - -@ Fyn 1S, MTT opty do ha Cunstandy , 3D flour g on pede Composite Cod Intorrprostble . viscous CO) Inv isetel Suppow vypstiolingd to A towiby (%2°) 5 Saviseid (Fvitioun 200 Pros with, 0 bey foiun ey oe aii fev av - 3 Bras - © ont view) = 2 | ox @& | a (Pov) = OP | 2 we (Puy) = -2P note 0 Lha morrentury aauadions fr 09 2- Momanium aswotord 40 co visteub 40> _aapations © “SUBSTANTIAL DERWARVES : 4 Grider Aira fwd alarant mong, toa oft wey field is Biuan by Ne Wey) TU invisedd fos “polled the Bulag os wove olla Tha: Naas Spores wishes gr ultmey ani? ve ov (acyetit) s > 2 wew Gage) ee e poral joc 8 . ae atebs Pe Peay mrt Spe ame by, fe fu alan Pie Pea Br Z ib) 2 AL Hiren tay thes onde guld lama: tom mous do, vidijorant’Bocation in ai me ton ¥ py -Plaa dae Karte) & located vat point 10 THe yous ( \| | a SObeeededdoudddddddddddddddddddde A : ®) Expand Pe POuy ZL) anid -funafon Mp Toylor serio » no! ae tn) . ' ye fled + PeRy Cot-m) 40M) tn-ayet rts) pana ess zy =a 7 a Ya =. or : ae 1 ¥ (36), (ty. 0) Ga) (yo-yo (aE), la-%) ¥ = at) het yeoctems , a 2 3 pw) bn seed atl 1 by 4) -t yt -ti : > 1 cn\ (8). © of (ge) (ae) » pe os) Qe) (Et +), tet (5), (r, +f) a, EF) (2) at) Las — .Nvoiog. fina Aad dase in danny Of ae fost cenit rouan 40m point 2 to pointe dim af . df -@ br ph De DP. Grodantonsoun ‘Hera, 20 of CME S a a 38 aia cubstonifal dattvots ua He anit mova tRasugh, pelt + : i fad point 1 3) ee ga ey te ar i : cally de ryunaricolly Spent were sus, DE BE ars. Phy’ ot ot tis, ase gu? @ doasity A tie fl dt an Mi apm me ys bia deh evs a bok eat “3 toby eH se taeeel a bh oe O20 0+ ' OO uty ve ew ert. @ ot ax a4 De kg Deity. aoe ee vhue, y DBeLiod v2 +2 pie tie tee - eat an ey bnew > VA on ay RS 2 = Gubsfaminl dusivothae. “Tite kale 44 chonge ovor8 ca movi pea ‘lornant * | Joca dutint Trea gale 4h chonye ot trod yoint 4 araant © he ects conven dueivadua Tire solr of hon dua 0 te ia al [peation to anvihey 19 ho ow fi who Prtd Pom ovo prsgeatity aca ately yp nob: : ie “Setanta duivotioa oppliey ir wry) foo gel yoni » we DE ET PL Forpartentat Boslamons Ine Formula > Veer Jasnlity : g- (ev) = Po evese O° @) eofirulty eayoston « OP ew PN Foo ot OP Pot N.9p 20 at Dl x toveo DE : : | gt), Momonhra aayatfon : (a tomponsnt) : ale) 3 | sere [tav) « ata + Pisa astbam: xt tu) WY poe, ud erat uo andro: : : : i gg. (pu) = Pacey gow owe fa (ew = wg(hv) se © Ob + Phe thy he te tl) stave —gub 048 In, @y pgu pode eug (pv t@y) ve = aad @ w) a Poe TOP aha tod] 9 5 ot at Pla tl yigus » -@ Wel DE vetev) © ofinuity emustfon = 0+ ol Pow + Pye mur OP 4 PP ey fcous ot ox ow . ae 4V oa) = ah + Phe tHE stous - @ foe: “aE + Pht Eisen “© wt, Poe. ae Py +E6y) viscous --O fe 2 * oe + P24 (F)viscous - -D * > ee disiatins 2 4e Comporanis. eepeensed Tn-torrnd 2h Avbitortiol PO dovatina - Se Tniioecoune BERNOULLIS. Eaanony Conmidts tha a- Comporant of he Morantum easton ee PS nS PRE t BE + Phat vistas - : a inviscid a no ty prey : Ps a age pus eel a liad © ey Pou , udu ePrcay 4, ho 289 = -OP -@- ot ax oy 4 ax 9 how» ‘ 7 =) Did we AUD $090 ; f oh ap EY | mg Shrody tows ae | ‘ oh so. : t 2 Ot y ud Vey wade at ak -@ 4 : gf OF - WY} canted by day é : - tele dab VDL dae + use = - On % Of . Connie, 1a {ou plang, Bhaorlias in 3°? face e | - | ada - le = 0 -& 2 vda-wdy 0 OD s ee y, OP aa -© # adh ae + de dye OE bt? He Ok . ae 3 OE oe ey Z © a bu a|- eae a @ i pu ant Oe. a be 5 De oe % <4 OF Fen ptt coleusss» | : ys Uline) : = dw. Qu dt -@ e dus dda» Bead? ; gub® in @, ; vide = eR AE ui ¢ eas “O° j w Ldh yap © ‘« wid) : d nan py OP 2H ade ‘ ay ee « x Componant ) pd “yp tt az -© Le | Adding esnuationn 6 6.0» : “ : 3 i Pir, - OF cdat OP « 2 saperotrt “le LA 34 + a) ‘ ‘ z = = oz h wm i of dt + + dy 0 abac-dp. -O Sb Or inQdo pe ededty') + ot Pp re petal) -@ . => this is re Ful aauotton: adhith aslolys Ihe choy anvalodtiy alone fr Rabuntino dy oe choy. In puss dP olen fe. Band Absa 4 re 0 “sd row re 2) Steady fou re 3) No besy fores re Ay Sreanprvsine, Yor only 40 pesnoull ea!) - P= Comsfont -) sm blo rags + @: Ne i ~~ yee -f. ine i. oe a we) ew e rant bt he O | i => Bernoulli's aaltosTen.y yshich sales prFV) ot point bon a re Aosonbns to fe LVe GE onothat point 2 on 4S Anrra Absomlins re pr Yaty’= tonttast , along a vstaarling -@ Po se: VS cre pobitont foo rang ee cdot oon) ehonye Spann OME WS pune. to fa over ; D> gir aprimortical fou» tye! holds or org so pote py ev2z Com > thswush out ty {lous Paste Come PMS Of four! Y)PAM LUNES t t a os pone Patty bine pos jracail out 7) fh ofow pn unless {ow Consicles, ay Jayifibatial quid alyrant cgay elymant “K's Ebner A Ports “Hownghy algment “A'. Such & pooh Is espinal os 1 W'S, Anottwr que atnant °B’ poser tRowushy poink 4) nn From alsmunt A Sine TAS fou is unata.ody 1 is veloaly ot 2 Choager woft. Hime» So ttot ths. potfiline dlorarts A & B Ow bipesant canons * vo Fol umber foo yortlines 9 diet quid amunts parsing than not Some. ‘ ie spinel oy “Ihe wah a Nalntily tld is gnu? ‘y vey ed i mouitg, qhowuahe hs ae feet jroo 9 Puan Sf almost Ae but o digger? hs. point 4 be RO. potting 4 fo Boma point “ae 1 aa Ce tation Jo Saran A Mes ji 5 AEB a 1 7 pian A ! . & Ebiund A’ ot ome Laas HM ehnant © cn Bee Eu? oy gana en pele par Ee - posting oc alument “Bs” Porhinas fac noo clipart fost ara, fort jhoioogh A “Aon. poe In Apacs vovboay $9? 2) STREP LINES, f etre A shramlinad 18 a Gunue C9 Hira. ushose lenget at ong el Pe Give He velodily \asiey vot thot pelt « se pow 18 urdody «Ae Acorlted” pottarry 1S Spent oh dijo | : Fabian bacawe HE Vaders aut fushuathg w Not Jn Stead at ait ie ae Hagathule and albtvction ah VM volodily, vesiors ; Prinbs gun fier 5 & investor usp. tena Poshtigan dow dityptant toad elamants gored stavughe Ake. dove pote OM pore - AUeor Sfrearn tines A Pathlinen vat dani Gt + ! N a q “ Skuamlint 1 ay Potting ‘a EQUATION OF A GTRENCUNE $ Fny, 226 dug. 0 Aisctad Aamant of % gtraomit Conichs o SULLarclhe » it ds’ Vedbtty y is ponaltal #9 48 dg xV=0° Aw Be [pl lB) sin0 -O Gn cartszan Coordi nals» ds- ats yprde® Ne oseyp suk dsave | T jie aa at Oe wu Vv wo j yay) 20.) staapewun Dest ae OOS ud) 70 agx = 2 dSxv 0 way - V8% > : eos udz- wan =o ' =O * : eae a Sa BY vox ~ 20" : 3 - ; : comids & Braoraling In. 2-O : gauattin {rior ins is. gute: M pant 3 shor? ata dangent, velo) vaso ite a 4d tA Grooms 1S dyan V is comporosts ob UL ee ee ea 4 sornlind q YH: eee sab da gac eudy © 0° -@ i ve forget P eqn ® 2 @ ow dames hich swans cng. veo) VOI ites aia Sheamliad | 3)SIRENN WBEZ Bart = points ome in 2D- gonsidss, dha: Atetorn] ing which eo spocuty tale phreor “Than Streamlines Yorn & tube in fora « Auch ocbube bo 4 | tess pire FS (D) a | A a ahrcom bias fo fe water eins pause 1b" “e cw nt, moving, 10% yer fold jo. de tes hope MY) person te volnély flsiel alors alo 404 Aptaciton conte an fnpintestimal abgaraling » HEM jrandatys olor, so ‘Linton wistortd- ‘The amount of aaforton exrre = oabg on Tffattainal ford dient comida, “me 2p pirat, Ini Ay POM” py AL Aine “ET ta Bhope of TNS esta ‘olynunt fs NEenysor « Le SYS AL ima Etat!) Aka Shope 4 18 qua domunt wrongs 0 it mous Up’ Tag te aight pe ee sb + aes _[s ALE, a fod aismant DEON Oe th ubich the, Shope OG [Bsomnn Iv sarbinasien 3 NOt = - Notion, get disfoba- = translation word A040H"0° volar ott t's A : . 6 Or& PSS Arps suplounan! of Siete Ap’ ot timo. interval “St = —Ae, ¥ Be ” Be Mas Ae aj te Ba: ~S ape ling “Ac? wat time. 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