Scribd
Upload
59 views6 pages

01 The Cin Object C++

Uploaded by

rehanasifofficial22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
59 views6 pages

01 The Cin Object C++

Uploaded by

rehanasifofficial22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6
Reading Input wlth os Expressions and Interactivity ‘The cin Object, Working with Characters and 3.2 Mathematical Expressions string Objects 3.3 When You Mix Apples and 3.9 More Mathematical Library Oranges: Type Conversion Functions 3.4. Overflow and Underflow 3.10. Focus on Debugging: Hand Tracing 3.5 Type Casting Program 3.6 Multiple Assignment and 3.11 Focus on Problem Solving: Combined Assignment ACase Study Formatting Output The cin Object CONCEPT: The cin object can be used to read data typed at the keyboard. So far you have written programs with built-in data. Without giving the user an opportu- nity to enter his or her own data, you have initialized the variables with the necessary starting values. These types of programs are limited to performing their task with only a single set of starting data. If you decide to change the initial value of any variable, the pro- ‘gram must be modified and recompiled. In reality, most programs ask for values that will be assigned co variables. This means the program does not have to be modified if the user wants to run it several times with differ- ent sets of data, For example, a program that calculates payroll for a small business might ask the user to enter the name of the employee, the hours worked, and the hourly pay rate. ‘When the paycheck for that employee has been printed, the program could start over again and ask for the name, hours worked, and hourly pay rate of the next employee. 86 Chapter 3 Expressions and Interactivity Just as cout is C+4's standard output object, cin is the standard input object. It reads input from the console (or keyboard) as shown in Program 3-1 Program 3-1 1 // This program asks the user to enter the length and width of // a rectangle, It calculates the rectangles area and displays // the value on the screen. 4 Hinclude > length; cout << "What is the width of the rectangle? cin >> width; area = length * width; cout << "The area of the rectangle return 0; Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold ‘This program calculates the area of a rectangle. What is the length of the rectangle? 10 [Enter] What is the width of the rectangle? 20 [Enter] The area of the rectangle is 200. Instead of calculating the area of one rectangle, this program can be used to get the area of any rectangle, The values that are stored in the Length and width variables are entered by the user when the program is running. Look at lines 13 and 14: cout << "What is the length of the rectangle? *; cin >> length; In line 13, the cout object is used to display the question “What is the length of the rect- angle?” This question is known as a prompt, and it tells the user what data he or she should enter. Your program should always display a prompt before it uses cin to read input. This way, the user will know that he or she must type a value at the keyboard. Line 14 uses the cin object to read a value from the keyboard. The >> symbol is the stream extraction operator. It gets characters from the stream object on its left and stores them in the variable whose name appears on its right. In this line, characters are taken from the cin object (which gets them from the keyboard) and are stored in the Length variable, Gathering input from the user is normally a two-step process: 1, Use the cout object to display a prompt on the screen, 2. Use the ein object to read a value from the keyboard. 3.1 The cin Object, The prompt should ask the user a question, or tell the user to enter a specific value, For example, the code we just examined from Program 3-1 displays the following prompt: What is the length of the rectangle? ‘When the user sees this prompt, he or she knows to enter the reetangle’s length. After the prompt is displayed, the program uses the ein object to read a value from the keyboard and store the value in the Length variable. Notice that the << and >> operators appear to point in the direction that data is flowing, Ina statement that uses the cout object, the << operator always points toward cout. This indicates that data is flowing from a variable or a literal to the cout object. In a statement that uses the cin object, the >> operator always points toward the variable that is receiv- ing the value. This indicates that data is flowing from cin to a variable. This is illustrated in Figure 3-1. Figure 3-1 cout << "What is the length of the rectangle? ": cin >> length: Think of the << and >> operators as arrows that pointin ‘the direction that data is flowing. cout <."What is the length of the rectangle? "; cin length; The cin object causes a program to wait until data is typed at the keyboard and the [Enter] key is pressed. No other lines in the program will be executed until ein gets its input. ein automatically converts the data read from the keyboard to the data type of the vari able used to store it. If the user types 10, it is read as the characters ‘I’ and ‘0’. cin is smart enough to know this will have to be converted to an int: value before itis stored in the Length variable. cin is also smart enough to know a value like 10.7 cannot be stored. in an integer variable. If the user enters a floating-point value for an integer variable, cin will not read the part of the number after the decimal point. NOTE: You must include the iostream file in any program that uses cin. Entering Multiple Values ‘The cin object may be used to gather multiple values at once. Look at Program 3-2, which is a modified version of Program 3-1, Line 15 waits for the user to enter two values. The first is assigned to Length and the sec- ond to widtn. cin >> length >> width; 87 88 Chapter 3. Expressions and Interactivity Program 3-2 10 11 12 13 1 Q te 1 18 19 // Tais program asks the user to enter the length and width of // a rectangle, It calculates the rectangle's area and displays // the value on the screen. Hinclude using namespace std; int main() 4 int length, width, area; cout << "This program calculates the area of a"; cout << "rectangle. \n"; cout. inter the length and width of the rectangle " cout eparated by a space. \\ cin >> length >> width; area = length * width; cout << "The area of the rectangle is " << area << endl; return 0; > Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold ‘his program calculates the area of a rectangle. Enter the length and width of the rectangle separated by a space. 10 20 [Enter] ‘he area of the rectangle is 200 In the example output, the user entered 10 and 20, so 10 is stored in Length and 20 is stored in wideh. Notice the user separates the numbers by spaces as they are entered. This is how cin knows where each number begins and ends. It doesn’e matter how many spaces are entered between the individual numbers. For example, the user could have entered 10 20 o NOTE: ‘The [Enter] key is pressed after the last number is entered. cin will also read multiple values of different data types. This is shown in Program 3-3. Program 3-3 // Ynis program demonstrates how cin can read multiple values // of different data types. Finelude using namespace std; 3.1 The cin Object 89 5 int main() int whole; double fractional; ) char Letter; cout << "Enter an integer, a double, and a characte: cin >> whole >> fractional >> letter; | cout << "Whole: " << whole << endl; 15 cout << "Fractional: " << fractional << endl; 5 cout << “Letter: " << letter << endl; return 0; Program Output with Example Input Shown in Bold, Enter an integer, a double, and a character: 45.7 b [Enter] hole: 4 Fractional: 5.7 Letter: b As you can see in the example output, the values are stored in their respective variables. But what if the user had responded in the following way? Enter an integer, a double, and a character: 5.7 4b [Enter] When the user types values at the keyboard, those values are first stored in an area of memory known as the keyboard buffer. So, when the user enters the values 5.7, 4, and b, they are stored in the keyboard buffer as shown in Figure 3-2, Figure 3-2 Keyboard butter 5 [- [2 4 [Enter] cin begins: reading here When the user presses the Enter key, cin reads the value 5 into the variable whole. It does not read the decimal point because whole is an integer variable. Next it reads 7 and stores that value in the double variable fractional. The space is skipped and 4 is the next value read. It is stored as a character in the variable Letter. Because this cin statement reads only three values, the b is left in the keyboard buffer. So, in this situation the pro- ‘gram would have stored 5 in whole, 0.7 in fractional, and the character “4” in letter. Ieis important that the user enters values in the correct order. @& Checkpoint myprogramminglab www.myprogramminglab.com 34 ‘What header file must be included in programs using cin? 3.2 TRUE or FALSE: ein requires the user to press the [Enter] key when finished entering data, 90 Chapter 3 Expressions and Interactivity 33 3.4 3S 3.6 Assume value is an integer variable. If the user enters 3.14 in response to the fol- lowing programming statement, what will be stored in val ue? cin >> value; A) 3.14 B) 3 co D)_ Nothing. An error message is displayed. A program has the following variable definitions. long miles; int feet; Hloat. inches; ‘Write one cin statement that reads a value into each of these variables. ‘The following program will run, but the user will have difficulty understanding what to do. How would you improve the program? // This program multiplies two numbers and displays the result. finclude using namespace std; Yt maint) 4 double first, second, product; cin >> first >> second; product = first * second; cout << product; return 0; > Complete the following program skeleton so it asks for the user's weight (in pounds) and displays the equivalent weight in kilograms. finclude using namespace std; nt main() 4 double pounds, kilograms; // Weite code here that prompts the user // to enter his or her weight and reads // the input into the pounds variable. // ‘The following line does the conversion. kilograms = pounds / 2.2; // weite code here that displays the user's weight 11 in kilograns. return 0;

You might also like