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Variables, Keywords, Expressions,
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Statements
 Program

•Sequence of instructions that specify how to perform a computation.

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•Basic instructions in almost every program:

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–Input: Get data from keyboard, or file or some other device.

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–Output: Display data on the screen or send data to a file or other device.

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–Math: Perform basic mathematical operations like addition and multiplication.

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–Conditional Execution: Check for certain conditions and execute the appropriate

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–Repetition: Perform some action repeatedly , usually with some variation
 Debugging

• Programming errors are called bugs.

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• Process of tracking bugs and correct them is called debugging.

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Types of Errors

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• Syntax Errors

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• Run Time Errors (Exceptions)
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• Semantic Errors
 Formal and Natural Languages

• Natural Languages are the languages that people speak, such as

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English, Spanish, French. They were not designed by people; they

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evolved naturally.

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• Formal Languages are languages that are designed by people for

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specific applications.

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• Programming languages are formal languages that have been
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designed to express computations.
• Parsing is a process to figure out what the structure of the sentence
is.
 Difference between Natural and Formal Languages
Ambiguity: Natural languages are full of ambiguity.

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Formal languages are designed to be nearly or completely

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unambiguous.

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Redundancy: Natural languages are more redundant as compared to

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formal languages.

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Literalness: Natural languages are full of idiom and metaphor. If I say,
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“The other shoe fell," there is probably no shoe and nothing
falling. Formal languages mean exactly what they say.
 Variable Expressions and Statements
• Value is a one of the fundamental thing, that a program manipulates.
• Variable is a name that refers to a value.

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• The assignment statement creates new variables and gives them

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values:

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• >>> message = "What's up, Doc?"

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• >>> n = 17
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• >>> pi = 3.14159
• A common way to represent variables on paper is to write the name
with an arrow pointing to the variable's value. This kind of
representation is called a state diagram.
 Variable
• Variable names must be meaningful.
• It contains both numbers and letters, but they have to begin with a

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letter.

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• Case sensitive.

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• The underscore (_) character can appear in a name.

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• Eg.
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– >>>76trombones = "big parade“ >>> more$ = 1000000
– SyntaxError: invalid syntax SyntaxError: invalid syntax
– >>> class = "Computer Science 101“
– SyntaxError: invalid syntax
 Keywords
• Keywords define the language’s rules and structure and they can’t be

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used as variable names.

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• Python has twenty-nine keywords:

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and def exec if not return

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assert del finally import or try

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break elif un for in pass while
class else from is print yield
continue except global lambda raise
 Statements

• A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute.

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• When you type a statement on the command line, Python executes it

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and displays the result, if there is one.

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• A script usually contains a sequence of statements. If there is more

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than one statement, the results appear one at a time as the

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statements execute.
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 Evaluating Expressions

• An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.

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• If you type an expression on the command line, the interpreter

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evaluates it and displays the result:

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– >>> 1 + 1

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– 2

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• A value all by itself is considered an expression, and so is a variable.
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>>> 17 >>> x
17 2
 Operators and Operands

• Operators are special symbols that represent computations like

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addition and multiplication.

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• The values the operator uses are called operands

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• When both of the operands are integers, the result must also be an

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integer, and by convention, integer division always rounds down.

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• +, -, *, /, %, **, // un
 Order of Operations
• When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of
evaluation depends on the rules of precedence.

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• The acronym PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the order of

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operations:

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– Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force

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an expression to evaluate in the order you want.

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– Exponentiation has the next highest precedence.

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– Multiplication and Division have the same precedence, which is
higher than Addition and Subtraction, which also have the same
precedence.
– Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right.
 Operations on Strings
• Mathematical operations can’t be performed on strings, even if the
strings look like numbers.

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• the + operator represents concatenation.

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• For Example:

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– fruit = "banana"

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– bakedGood = " nut bread“

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– print fruit + bakedGood
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• The * operator also works on strings; it performs repetition.
• For eg:
– "Fun"*3 is "FunFunFun"
 Composition
• One of the most useful features of programming languages is their
ability to take small building blocks and compose them

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Comments

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• It is a good idea to add notes to your programs to explain in natural

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language what the program is doing. These notes are called comments.

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• they are marked with the # symbol:

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•For eg:
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# compute the percentage of the hour that has elapsed
percentage = (minute * 100) / 60
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Questions ??