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    Functional Groups

    Uploaded by

    Dhairya Kumar
    This document provides instructions for testing various functional groups that may be present in organic compounds. It outlines tests to identify alcoholic, phenolic, carbonyl, aldehydic, ketonic, and carboxylic acid groups. For each functional group, it lists the required experiments, expected observations, and inferences that can be drawn from those observations. It also provides an example of how to document the results of these tests when analyzing a sample, such as phenol, to identify which functional groups are present.

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    Functional Groups

    Uploaded by

    Dhairya Kumar
    24 views5 pages
    This document provides instructions for testing various functional groups that may be present in organic compounds. It outlines tests to identify alcoholic, phenolic, carbonyl, aldehydic, ketonic, and carboxylic acid groups. For each functional group, it lists the required experiments, expected observations, and inferences that can be drawn from those observations. It also provides an example of how to document the results of these tests when analyzing a sample, such as phenol, to identify which functional groups are present.

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    Functional groups

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    This document provides instructions for testing various functional groups that may be present in organic compounds. It outlines tests to identify alcoholic, phenolic, carbonyl, aldehydic, ketonic, and carboxylic acid groups. For each functional group, it lists the required experiments, expected observations, and inferences that can be drawn from those observations. It also provides an example of how to document the results of these tests when analyzing a sample, such as phenol, to identify which functional groups are present.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views5 pages

    Functional Groups

    Uploaded by

    Dhairya Kumar
    This document provides instructions for testing various functional groups that may be present in organic compounds. It outlines tests to identify alcoholic, phenolic, carbonyl, aldehydic, ketonic, and carboxylic acid groups. For each functional group, it lists the required experiments, expected observations, and inferences that can be drawn from those observations. It also provides an example of how to document the results of these tests when analyzing a sample, such as phenol, to identify which functional groups are present.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    TEST FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

    The following functional groups have to perform in order and have to write like salt
    analysis.

    i. TEST FOR THE ALCOHOLIC GROUP (R-OH)

    ii. TEST FOR THE PHEHOLIC GROUP (Ph-OH)

    iii. TEST FOR THE CARBONYL GROUP (>C=O) may be aldehyde or ketone

    iv. TEST FOR THE ALDEHYDIC GROUP (R- C=O)

    v. TEST FOR THE KETONIC GROUP (R2 C=O)

    vi. TEST FOR THE CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP (R-COOH)

    vi. TEST FOR THE AMINO GROUP (R-NH2)

    TEST FOR THE ALCOHOLIC GROUP (R-OH)

    Experiment Observation Inference


    Ceric ammonium nitrate test:

    To the organic sample add Red colour formed Alcoholic group is present
    Ceric ammonium nitrate
    solution and shake
    Ester test

    To the organic sample add


    acetic acid and few drops of Fruity smell evolved
    conc. H2SO4 and heat the Alcoholic group is present
    mixture then pour the
    mixture into beaker
    containing cold water.
    TEST FOR THE PHEHOLIC GROUP (Ph-OH)
    Experiment Observation Inference
    Neutral FeCl3 test

    To the organic sample add violet colour formed Phenolic group is present
    neutral FeCl3 solution

    Liebermann’s test

    To the organic sample add Blue/ green colour formed Phenolic group is present
    sodium nitrite and few drops
    of conc. H2SO4 and then
    diluted with water,to the
    diluted mixture add dil NaOH
    .

    TEST FOR THE CARBONYL GROUP (>C=O) may be aldehyde or ketone


    Experiment Observation Inference
    2,4-DNP test;

    To the organic sample add Yellow ppt formed Carbonyl group is present
    2,4-DNP reagent solution and (may be aldehyde or
    shake ketone)

    TEST FOR THE ALDEHYDIC GROUP (R- C=O)


    Experiment Observation Inference
    Tollen’s test;

    To the organic sample add Silver mirror formed on the Aldehydic group is present
    Tollen’s reagent (mixture of inner walls of the test tube
    NH4OH and AgNO3solution)
    and heated in water bath

    Fehling’s test;
    To the organic sample add Aldehydic group is present
    Fehling’s reagent (mixture of Red colour ppt formed
    Fehling’s solution A and
    Fehling’s solution B ) and
    heated in water bath

    TEST FOR THE KETONIC GROUP (R2 C=O)

    Experiment Observation Inference


    m-Dinitrobenzene test;

    To the organic sample add Violet colour formed Ketonic group is present
    m-Dinitrobenzene and NaOH
    solution and shake

    Sodium Nitroprusside test;


    Ketonic group is present
    To the organic sample add Red colour formed
    Sodium Nitroprusside
    solution and NaOH solution
    and shake

    TEST FOR THE CARBOXYLIC ACID GROUP (R-COOH)

    Experiment Observation Inference


    NaHCO3 test (Sodium
    bicarbonate test )

    To the organic sample sodium Evolution of CO2 gas with Carboxylic group is
    bicarbonate brisk effervescence, present
    which turns lime water
    milky

    Ester test

    To the organic sample add Fruity smell evolved Carboxylic group is


    ethanol and few drops of conc. present
    H2SO4 and heat the mixture then
    pour the mixture into beaker
    containing cold water.

    How to write the above experiment in the practical file as follows

    Suppose organic sample is phenol

    TEST FOR THE ALCOHOLIC GROUP (R-OH)


    Experiment Observation Inference
    Ceric ammonium nitrate test

    To the organic sample add No red colour formed Alcoholic group is absent
    Ceric ammonium nitrate
    solution and shake

    TEST FOR THE PHEHOLIC GROUP (Ph-OH)


    Experiment Observation Inference
    Neutral FeCl3 test

    To the organic sample add violet colour formed Phenolic group is present
    neutral FeCl3 solution

    Liebermann’s test
    To the organic sample add
    sodium nitrite and few drops Blue/ green colour formed Phenolic group is present
    of conc. H2SO4 and then
    diluted with water, to the
    diluted mixture add dil NaOH
    .

    Result ; The given organic sample contains phenolic group.

    AIM – To identify the functional group present in the given organic sample B.

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