CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers

Mridul Sankar Barik

Jadavpur University

2023

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 1 / 24

 Pointers - Introduction I

A pointer is a variable that holds a memory address of another

variable

int *p;
int i, j, a[10], b[20], *p, *q;
char *p;
float *q;

Type of a pointer variable defines the type of variables to which the

pointer will point
Pointer Operators
Unary address of operator (&): returns the memory address of its
operand
Unary indirection operator (*): returns the value stored at the address
specified by its operand

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 2 / 24

 Pointers - Introduction II

On the right hand side of an assignment statement a pointer can be

used to assign its value to another pointer

int x=99;
int *p1, *p2;
p1=&x;
p2=p1;
printf("%p, %p %d %d\n", p1, p2, *p1, *p2);

Declaring a pointer type variable only allocates space for it

A pointer type variable must be initialized before used with an
indirection operator
int *p = &i; ⇒ *p is an alias of i ⇒ changing the value of *p
also changes the value of i and vice versa

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 3 / 24

 Pointers - Introduction III

if p and q are pointer type variables, then

q=p; ⇒ value of the pointer type variable p is copied as the value of
another pointer type variable q; here, both the values are addresses
*q=*p; ⇒ value stored at the address pointed to by the pointer type
variable p is copied as the value to be stored at the address pointed to
by the pointer type variable q

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 4 / 24

 Pointer as Arguments I

In C, we can achieve effects of

Call by Value: Any changes
Call by Reference, by using
made to the formal parameters
pointer type variables.
inside a function is not reflected
Although, C does not support
to the corresponding actual
Call by Reference in its true
parameters outside the function
semantics.

void swap(int a, int b){

void swap(int *a, int *b){
int t; t=a; a=b; b=t;
int t; t=*a; *a=*b; *b=t;
}
}
main(){
main(){
...
...
printf("%d %d\n", x, y);
printf("%d %d\n", x, y);
swap(x, y);
swap(&x, &y);
printf("%d %d\n", x, y);
printf("%d %d\n", x, y);
}
}

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 5 / 24

 Pointers as Return Values I

int *max(int *a, int *b){

if(*a > *b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
int main(){
int *p, i=2, j=5;
p=max(&i, &j);
}

A function can return a pointer which is passed as an argument

A function could also return a pointer to an external variable or to a
local variable that’s been declared static

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 6 / 24

 Pointers as Return Values II

int *f(void){
int i;
...
return &i;
}

Once f() returns memory location corresponding to local variable i is

de-allocated; some compilers issue warning messages

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 7 / 24

 Pointer and Arrays I

int a[3] = {1, 2, 3}, *p;

p = a; p = &a[0];
printf("%p", &a[1]);
printf("%p", a+1);
printf("%d", a[1]);
printf("%d", *(a+1));

Name of an array is the address of the first element

Address of ith element is (a+i) or &a[i]

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 8 / 24

 Pointer and Arrays II

int *p[3]; /*array of 3 pointers to int*/

int (*q)[3]; /*pointer to array of 3 int*/
int a[3]={1, 2, 3};
int *e;

q=a;/*produces warning: assignment from incompatible

pointer type*/
q=&a;

printf("a=%p &a=%p q=%p, *q=%p\n", a, &a, q, *q);

/*All four prints the same address*/
e=&a /*produces warning: assignment from incompatible
pointer type*/
e=a;
printf("e=%p, *e=%d\n", e, *e);

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 9 / 24

 Pointer Conversion I

A void* pointer can be assigned to any other type of pointer or any

other pointer to a void* pointer
No explicit cast is required to convert to or from a void* pointer
Conversion from one type of pointer to another may create undefined
behaviour

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 10 / 24

 Dynamic Memory Allocation I

Static memory allocation: storage is allocated by the compiler before

the program is run
To create new storage when the program is running use malloc ⇒
returns a pointer to the allocated memory, or NULL if the request fails

int *p = (int *) malloc(5*sizeof(int));

for(i=0;i<5;i++)
scanf("%d", (p+i));
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%d", *(p+i));
free(p);

free ⇒ deallocates memory

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 11 / 24

 Dynamic Memory Allocation II
Creating 2D arrays dynamically

#define ROWS 5
#define COLS 8
int **b, i, j;
b=(int **)malloc(ROWS*sizeof(int *));

for(i=0; i<ROWS; i++){

*(b+i) = (int *) malloc(COLS*sizeof(int));
}

for(i=0; i<ROWS; i++){

for(j=0; j<COLS; j++){
*(*(b+i)+j)=0;
}
}

for(i=0; i<ROWS; i++){

for(j=0; j<COLS; j++){
printf("%d ", b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 12 / 24

 Dynamic Memory Allocation III

Dynamic memory is allocated from Heap area which is accessible to

all the functions in program ⇒ You can allocate space dynamically
inside a function and return a pointer to it to the caller.

int **createMat(int r, int c){

int **b, i;
b=(int **)malloc(r*sizeof(int *));

for(i=0; i<r; i++)

*(b+i) = (int *) malloc(c*sizeof(int));
return(b);
}
...
int **x;
x=createMat(ROWS, COLS);

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 13 / 24

 Dynamic Memory Allocation IV

Passing 2D array to a function

int printMat(int (*p)[3]){

int i, j;
for(i=0;i<3;i++){
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%d ", p[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}
...
int b[3][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};
printMat(b);

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 14 / 24

 Dynamic Memory Allocation V

calloc() allocates memory for an array of n elements of b bytes

each and returns a pointer to the allocated memory, additionally, the
memory is set to zero.

int *p = (int *) calloc(5, sizeof(int));

for(int i=0; i<5; i++)

printf("%d ", *(p+i)); //five 0's printed

realloc() function changes the size of the memory block pointed to

by p to b bytes. The contents will be unchanged in the range from
the start of the region up to the minimum of the old and new sizes.
p=realloc(p, 10*sizeof(int));

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 15 / 24

 Pointer Arithmetic I

C supports three forms of pointer arithmetic

Adding an integer to a pointer
Subtracting an integer from a pointer
Subtracting one pointer from another
Adding an integer j to a pointer p yields a pointer to the clement j
places after the one that p points to
If p points to the array element a[i], then p+j points to a[i+j]
(provided, a[i+j] exists)
If p points to the array element a[i], then p-j points to a[i-j]
(provided, a[i-j] exists)
If p points to the array element a[i] and q points to the array
element a[j], then p-q is equal to i-j
Performing arithmetic on a pointer that doesn’t point to an array
element causes undefined behavior

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 Pointer Arithmetic II

The effect of subtracting one pointer from another is undefined unless

both point to elements of the same array
Pointers can be compared using relational operators (<, <=, >, >=)
and the equality operator (==, ! =)

int a[10], *p, *q, i;

p=&a[2];
q=&a[4];
printf("%d %d", *(p+2), *q);
printf("%d", p-q);

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 17 / 24

 Pointers and Multidimensional Array I

Consider two dimensional array

int a[ROWS][COLS];

int row, col;

for(row = O; row < ROWS; row++)
for(col = 0; col < COLS; col++)
a[row][col]=0;

The same action can be achieved using pointer

int *p;
for(p = &a[0][0]; p<=&a[ROWS-1][COLS-1]; p++ )
*p = 0;

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 18 / 24

 Pointers and Multidimensional Array II
To set the elements to zero in ith row of a two-dimensional array

int a[ROWS][COLS], *p, i;

...
for(p = a[i]; p < a[i] + COLS; p++)
*p = 0;

Two statements p = &a[i][0] and p = a[i]; are equivalent

For any array a, the expression a[i] is equivalent to *(a+i)
Thus, &a[i][0] is same as &(*(a[i]+0)) or &*a[i] or a[i]

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 19 / 24

 Pointers and Multidimensional Array III

To set the elements in column i of a two-dimensional array to zero

int a[ROWS][COLS], (*p)[COLS], i;

for(p = &a[O]; p < &a[ROWS]; p++)

(*p)[i] = 0;

Here, p is declared as a pointer to an array of length COLS whose

elements are integers

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 20 / 24

 Function Pointers I

Function Pointers are pointers, i.e. variables, which contain addresses

of functions

/*function returning int and taking one int argument*/

int func(int a);

/* function returning pointer to int

and taking one int argument*/
int *func(int a);

/* pointer to function returning int

and taking one int argument*/
int (*func)(int a);

Assign the address of the right sort of function just by using its name

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 21 / 24

 Function Pointers II
Like an array, a function name is turned into an address when it’s
used in an expression
You can call the function using one of two forms

(*func)(1);
/* or */
func(1);

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 Function Pointers III

Example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void func(int);
main(){
void (*fp)(int);
fp = func;
(*fp)(1);
fp(2);
}
void func(int arg){
printf("%d\n", arg);
}

Mridul Sankar Barik (Jadavpur University) CPNM Lecture 11 - Pointers 2023 23 / 24

 Function Pointers IV

Array of pointers to functions

void f1(int, float);

void f2(int, float);
void f3(int, float);

void (*fparr[3])(int, float) = { f1, f2, f3 };

/* then call one */

fparr[2](1, 3.4);

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