Lab Report 4 - Active Filters

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Laboratory Report
Course number: Eceg:-3208 - Electrical Engineering Laboratory 5
Experiment Number: 04
Title: Active Filters
By: Besufekad Mekuria
ID: TCR/0590/01
Section: 1,
Group: 07
Date of Lab. Session: April 18, 2011
Date of Submission: April 25, 2011
AAIT, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, LABORATORY REPORT FOR LAB V, - ACTIVE FILTERS 0
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Section Sub-Title Location

NO
1.1 Introduction Page Two
1.2 Objective Page Two
1.3 Preparation Page Two
1.4 Used Equipment Page Two
1.5 Components used Page Two
1.6 Theory Page Three
1.7 Procedure Page Three
1.8 Results Page Four
1.9 Conclusion Page Five
Active Filters
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Filters are electrical devices that are used to allow certain frequency bandwidths and reject
all others. There are many kinds:
Low Pass Filters: Allows Lower frequencies Rejects Higher Frequencies.
Band Pass Filters: Allows middleBand Frequencies and rejects anything else.
Band Stop Filters: Rejects MiddleBand Frequencies and allows all others.
High Pass Filters: Allows Higher Frequencies and rejects Lower ones.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
To observe the operation of a Actives Filters.
- Using a First Order Low Pass Filter.

- Using Second Order High Pass Filter
1.3 PRE-LAB PREPARATION

Some preparatory questions were answered before the laboratory session as a preparation given
to us by the Laboratory instructors. This manual also included details on what we were expected to
perform in the Lab.
1.4 USED EQUIPMENT

No Description Code/lab Reference Quantity
1 Bread Board 1
2 Oscilloscope 1
3 Function Generator 1
4 Multimeter 1
5 Dual Dc power supply 1
Table 1: Electrical Equipments that were used to set up the circuit for the laboratory procedure
1.5 USED COMPONENTS

No Description Type Quantity
1 Resistors 22k, 1K, 10k, 220k 3
2 Capacitors 0.01µF, 2
4 Operational Amplifier 1
Table 2: Electrical Components that were used to set up the circuit for the laboratory procedure
1.6 THEORY
Filters that we dealt with in this lab were active filters, The main criterion that filters have
to have in order to be considered as an Active Filter is to have an active Component.
In this case the active component was the Operational amplifier (0741).
Low Pass Filters

As stated above transmit low frequencies but stops and rejects low ones.
At very low frequencie, the inductive reactances approach “0” and the capacitive
reactances approaches infinity. This is equivalent to saying the inductors appear short
circuited and the capacitors appera open circuited. Therefore the output voltage is almost
the same as the input voltage(no attenuation).
Whereas at very high frequencies, the inductive reactances approach infinity and
the capacitive reactances approaches 0. This is equivalent to saying the inductors appear
open circuited and the capacitors appera short circuited. Therefore the output voltage is
almost 0 (maximum Attenuation).
High Pass Filters

On the contrary, high pass filters are devices that block lower frequencies and Allow
or transmitt Higher Frequencies without any attenuation (or no loss of amplitude)
1.7 PROCEDURE
1.1 Connect the following Low Pass Filter according to figure “D”:
Figure D: Low Pass Filter Connection Diagram
1.2 Vary the input frequencies and check the corresponding output amplitudes.
1.3 Start at low frequncies and gradually increase to very high Frequencies.
1.4 Connect the High Pass Filter Showed in Figure E
Figure E: High Pass Filter Connection Diagram
1.8 Results
Figure D: Low Frequency (5KHz) without Attenuation
Figure E: High Frequency Rejected(500KHz) Maximum attenuation
1.9 Conclusion
Observations made about Active Filtering Circuits
 This lab was intended to make us see how Active Filtering Circuits manipulate inputs with
with diversified frequencies and Allow only ranges of frequencies according to our
requirement.
 Using the active component (operational amplifier) we were able to design two kinds of filters:
1. First Order Low pass Filter and
2. Second Order High Pass Filter.
Observations made about errors created by Integrated circuitry
 ICs like all electronic devices are perceptible to production of errors:
 Intolerance to Temperature.
 Damage caused by Humidity.
 Greater Resistance due to very small wires.
End of Document

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Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Title: Active Filters

By: Besufekad Mekuria

Date of Lab. Session: April 18, 2011

Date of Submission: April 25, 2011

Section Sub-Title Location

1.2 Objective Page Two

1.3 Preparation Page Two

1.4 Used Equipment Page Two

1.5 Components used Page Two

1.6 Theory Page Three

1.7 Procedure Page Three

1.8 Results Page Four

1.9 Conclusion Page Five

- Using a First Order Low Pass Filter.

1.3 PRE-LAB PREPARATION

1.4 USED EQUIPMENT

1.5 USED COMPONENTS

Low Pass Filters

High Pass Filters

1.4 Connect the High Pass Filter Showed in Figure E

Figure E: High Pass Filter Connection Diagram

Figure D: Low Frequency (5KHz) without Attenuation

1. First Order Low pass Filter and

2. Second Order High Pass Filter.

Observations made about errors created by Integrated circuitry

 ICs like all electronic devices are perceptible to production of errors:

 Damage caused by Humidity.

 Greater Resistance due to very small wires.

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